Comparative Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training and Local-Indigenous Games in Enhancing Physical, Technical, and Cognitive Performance in Youth Football Players: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis

Comparative Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training and Local-Indigenous Games in Enhancing Physical, Technical, and Cognitive Performance in Youth Football Players: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training and Local-Indigenous Games in Enhancing Physical, Technical, and Cognitive Performance in Youth Football Players: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis Leyla Olfati¹, Elaheh Piralaiy², Mostafa Khani³, Reza Isabigloo⁴, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and training based on selective Local Indigenous games on performance indicators and some specific skills in schoolchildren football players. Methodology: This research included 36 youth football players with an average age of 10.10 ± 1.24, who were randomly divided into three groups of 12 people control, HIIT, and local-indigenous games. All three groups were pre-tested, and then the HIIT and local Indigenous games groups performed their training protocol for six weeks (3 sessions per week on non-consecutive days, a total of 18 training sessions). HIIT sessions consisted of 6–8 repetitions of 30–60 seconds of all-out running with 4–4:15 minutes of rest between each repetition. Local-indigenous games also included selected local-indigenous games such as Arada Wordi, Khoros, Haft Sang, Machles, etc. To analyze statistical data, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and one-way analysis of variance were used (P < 0.05). Result HIIT and training based on selective local-indigenous games have a significant effect on speed, hand and foot coordination, agility, pass accuracy, shot accuracy, balance, aerobic and anaerobic power (P 0.05), but there was a significant difference between the two groups in other indicators (P < 0.05). Conclusion Based on the results of the present research, 6 weeks of HIIT and local-indigenous games were effective in improving the physical fitness indicators of schoolchild football players. Due to the many advantages of both types of exercises, it seems desirable to include both types of these exercises in the training program of young soccer players. Football HIIT Local- Indigenous performance Figures Figure 1 Introduction Football is a dynamic sport characterized by intermittent activities requiring diverse physical and physiological attributes. These demands include high aerobic capacity to sustain prolonged activity and anaerobic power for explosive movements such as jumping, shooting, tackling, sprinting, and quick directional changes. Additionally, players need strength for maintaining balance and controlling the ball under opposing pressure ( 1 , 2 ). To perform effectively during matches, players must enhance their physical fitness to respond promptly to external stimuli and make instantaneous decisions. Specialized training programs are essential for developing these attributes ( 3 ). Improving physical fitness and refining skills are integral to enabling football players to maximize their potential. By honing these attributes, players can leverage their natural talents and achieve their peak performance ( 4 – 6 ). Football requires substantial physical strength, which can be cultivated through tailored training routines. The effectiveness of these programs depends on their intensity, duration, frequency, and appropriateness for the athlete's capabilities ( 7 ). To strike a balance between training demands and player tolerance, innovative training methodologies have been explored. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as a prominent solution in this regard ( 8 ). HIIT is a highly effective method for enhancing both aerobic and anaerobic capacities. This training approach has been shown to increase VO₂max, elevate lactate thresholds, improve the ability to cover greater distances during matches and boost high-intensity activities. Furthermore, HIIT contributes to enhanced vertical jump performance and speed development ( 8 , 9 ). While HIIT offers numerous benefits, its repetitive and intense nature may lead to monotony and reduced engagement, particularly among youth athletes. Diversifying HIIT with activities that mimic match scenarios can enrich the training experience by improving players’ technical and tactical skills under competitive conditions ( 10 ). An alternative approach that balances physical development with enjoyment is the incorporation of local-indigenous games. These culturally-rooted activities not only improve physical fitness but also align with the natural inclination of youth toward playfulness ( 11 ). According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, play serves as a critical developmental activity, fostering proper growth and supporting cognitive and motor development. Incorporating games, exploration, and group activities in educational and athletic contexts has been widely recommended ( 12 , 13 ). Local-indigenous games involve movement patterns that stimulate sensory, neurological, and motor responses, promoting motor-perceptual skills and enhancing coordination. These games are adaptable to various social and cultural contexts and utilize minimal resources, making them accessible and engaging ( 14 ). Activities such as Haft Sang and Machles have been shown to improve fine motor skills, coordination, and visual-motor abilities ( 15 ). Studies have highlighted their effectiveness in developing motor skills, such as jumping and creative problem-solving, among children ( 16 ). In the Iranian context, local-indigenous games have been a traditional form of physical activity, deeply intertwined with the nation's cultural heritage. These games utilize the hands, feet, and other body parts in coordinated movements, fostering physical fitness and metabolic activity. Despite their cultural significance, these games have faced gradual decline due to the advent of industrialization and modern lifestyles ( 17 ). However, their potential for enhancing fitness and technical skills in sports remains undeniable, particularly for younger athletes. Recent studies have compared traditional training methods like HIIT with game-based approaches. For instance, Arslan et al. (2021) investigated the effects of Small-Sided Games (SSGs) and HIIT on physiological and psychological responses in young football players. Their findings indicated that while both approaches yielded similar physical and technical benefits, HIIT followed by SSGs reduced perceived exertion and increased enjoyment among participants ( 18 ). These findings underscore the importance of integrating engaging and diversified activities within structured training programs. While organized training programs are often considered more effective than free play, some studies suggest that structured game-based activities may offer unique advantages. For example, Cooper et al. (2018) demonstrated that game-based activities outperformed high-intensity structured exercises in enhancing cognitive and executive functions in children ( 13 ). These findings highlight the versatility and developmental potential of game-based training. Given the dual benefits of HIIT and local-indigenous games in enhancing physical fitness and skill development, this study aims to investigate the combined impact of these approaches on performance indicators and specialized skills in youth male football players. Specifically, this research seeks to evaluate whether six weeks of HIIT and local-indigenous game-based training can effectively improve speed, coordination, agility, balance, and technical precision in young athletes. Methodology This study was a semi-experimental and applied research project with a pre-test and post-test design. The target population comprised male football players aged 9–12 years from football academies in Robat Karim. Following a public call for participation, volunteers meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited. Using G-POWER software with a test power of 0.86, an effect size of 0.25, and an alpha level of 0.05, a total of 36 participants were selected. The participants were purposively and conveniently chosen, ensuring homogeneity based on age, BMI, prior football training experience, and physical fitness levels. They were then randomly assigned into three groups: the control group (n = 12), the HIIT group (n = 12), and the Local-Indigenous Games group (n = 12). The inclusion criteria required participants to have at least one year of membership in a football academy team, no history of skeletal injuries or fractures, no prior use of supplements or medications, and no chronic illness. Exclusion criteria included missing more than two sessions, developing illness or skeletal injury during the study, using supplements or medications affecting the outcomes, participating in other sports programs outside the study protocol, and failing to complete post-intervention tests. All participants and their parents attended an orientation session where the study objectives and methods were explained. Parental consent forms and health questionnaires were completed, and ethical approval was obtained from the Tabriz University Ethics Committee (IR.TABRIZU.REC.1402.119). One week prior to the intervention, all participants underwent pre-tests to assess physical fitness indicators, including agility, coordination, speed, balance, and aerobic and anaerobic power. Three familiarization sessions were held to introduce participants to the HIIT and Local-Indigenous Games protocols. The intervention lasted six weeks, with three sessions per week for the experimental groups. Each session consisted of a 15-minute warm-up, 30–45 minutes of main activities, and a 10-minute cool-down. The HIIT protocol followed the principle of progressive overload and was monitored using heart rate reserve and the Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. The intensity of the Local-Indigenous Games sessions was similarly monitored using the RPE scale. Sessions took place in the mornings (9:00–10:30) at the Pirowzi Football School in Robat Karim. Safety protocols were observed, and a designated supervisor ensured participant security and adherence to health guidelines. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, all participants underwent post-tests to reassess the physical fitness indicators measured during the pre-tests. Participants continued their regular football training under a unified program supervised by a coach on non-intervention days. This methodology ensured reliable data collection while maintaining a safe and engaging environment for all participants. Table 1. Participant Characteristics in the Control, Local-Indigenous Games, and HIIT Groups Variable Control Group (N = 12) Local-Indigenous Games Group (N = 12) HIIT Group (N = 12) Age (years) 10.10 ± 1.24 10.50 ± 1.75 10.20 ± 1.00 Height (cm) 142.08 ± 10.22 144.00 ± 7.54 146.25 ± 6.94 Weight (kg) 32.83 ± 5.57 34.83 ± 6.73 35.33 ± 8.35 BMI (kg/m²) 15.59 ± 0.94 16.64 ± 1.70 17.15 ± 1.95 HIIT Program The study included an initial two-week continuous aerobic training program for familiarization and baseline conditioning. Participants exercised three times weekly for 30 minutes at 60-65% of their heart rate reserve. Following this phase, the HIIT group undertook a six-week protocol as detailed in Table 2, emphasizing short, high-intensity bouts with passive recovery. Training sessions incorporated a standardized warm-up (10-15 minutes) and cool-down (5-10 minutes), with intensity monitored via Polar heart rate monitors and Borg's RPE scale. Table 2. HIIT Training Protocol Week Sessions/Week Repetitions Work Duration (seconds) Rest Duration (seconds) Intensity (% Max Speed) Rest Type Total Duration (minutes) Week 1-2 3 6 45 150 100–110 Passive 17 Week 3-4 3 9 30 150 100–110 Passive 24.5 Week 5-6 3 12 30 150 100–110 Passive 33.5 Participants were unrestricted in accessing water during training, ensuring adequate hydration and safety. Native-Local Games Protocol The experimental group engaged in six native-local games chosen for their relevance to skill and fitness goals, such as accuracy, agility, and balance. These games included activities like Arada Vordi , Haft Sang , Machless , Och Dooz , Arabic Ball , and Khoros Khoros , each designed to improve specific physical and cognitive attributes. Sessions began with a 10-minute warm-up, followed by 30 minutes of gameplay, and concluded with a 10-minute cool-down using simpler games. Intensity was similarly monitored with the Borg RPE scale. Measurement Methods Performance metrics were evaluated using validated tools: Balance was assessed using the SEBT dynamic balance test, where participants extended their leg maximally in eight directions while standing on one leg. Speed was measured with a 36-meter sprint test, recording the time to the nearest hundredth of a second. Agility was evaluated through the Illinois agility test, which required quick directional changes around cones. Anaerobic power was assessed using the Sargent vertical jump test and the RAST repeated sprint test. Aerobic power was measured with a 540-meter running test, recording the time taken to complete 10 laps. Coordination was tested using wall-passing exercises, counting the number of controlled touches within a set time frame. Football skills, including shooting accuracy and passing precision, were evaluated using the Ahperf shooting test and the Mor-Christian passing test, respectively. Statistical Analysis The data were analysed using SPSS 24. Initially, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests assessed normality and homogeneity of variance, respectively. Repeated-measures ANOVA analysed intra- and inter-group differences, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests for significant findings. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05. Results The repeated-measures ANOVA (Table 3) demonstrated significant improvements in most variables, including speed, balance, anaerobic and aerobic power, and football skills, in the HIIT and native-local games groups compared to the control group. However, certain coordination measures and shooting accuracy did not exhibit statistically significant changes. These findings affirm the efficacy of both HIIT and native-local games in enhancing key performance metrics, offering evidence-based support for integrating diverse training modalities in youth football development. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Protocol All participants initially engaged in a two-week aerobic continuous training program (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session, at 60–65% heart rate reserve) to familiarize themselves with the study and increase baseline fitness levels. Following this phase, the HIIT group implemented the exercise protocol detailed in Table 2 for six weeks. Each training session began with a 10–15-minute warm-up (light running and stretching exercises) and ended with a 5–10-minute cool-down period. The control group continued their usual daily routines over the six weeks. Given the diversity of HIIT formats, this protocol was adapted based on prior studies conducted on children and adolescents (19). After two weeks of continuous aerobic training, all participants completed the shuttle run test to measure maximal oxygen uptake and their maximum running speed. Participants in the HIIT group then followed the exercise regimen outlined in Table 2. Training intensity was monitored using Polar heart rate monitors and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Additionally, participants had unrestricted access to water during all training sessions. Table 3. HIIT Training Protocol Week Training Sessions Repetitions Work Duration (sec) Rest Duration (sec) Intensity (% Max Speed) Rest Type Total Duration (min) Weeks 1–2 3 6 45 150 100–110 Passive 17 Weeks 3–4 3 9 30 150 100–110 Passive 24.5 Weeks 5–6 3 12 30 150 100–110 Passive 33.5 Native-Local Game Protocol The experimental group participating in native-local games engaged in these activities three times a week for six weeks, on alternate days. A total of six traditional games were selected, each targeting specific objectives. “Arada Vordi” with Feet (Middle with Feet) aimed at improving precision, speed, and agility; “Haft Sang” (Seven Stones) focused on enhancing agility; “Machless” (Hopscotch) targeted leg muscle power; “Ouch Doz” (Three Sticks) was designed to improve coordination; “Top Arabi” (Arabic Ball) aimed at increasing speed; and “Khoros Khoros” (Rooster Game) focused on improving balance (20). The content of these sessions included a 10-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of main game activities, and a 10-minute cool-down, which involved simpler games. Importantly, none of the participants had prior experience with these traditional games, making them a novel activity for all. Training intensity was monitored using the Borg RPE scale (21). Methods of Variable Measurement Balance Dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). A grid with 8 lines spaced at 45-degree angles was used. Participants stood on one leg at the centre of the grid while reaching as far as possible along each line with the other leg (20). Speed Speed was measured using a 36-meter sprint test. Participants began at a marked starting line and sprinted 36 meters. Their time was recorded in hundredths of a second (20). Agility Agility was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test. This course involved a 10-meter length with a 5-meter width and required participants to navigate a series of cones arranged in specific positions, with time recorded upon completion (20). Anaerobic Power Anaerobic power was evaluated using two tests. In the Sargent Jump Test, participants stood beside a wall and jumped vertically as high as possible, marking the highest point reached with chalk. For the RAST (Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test), participants completed six 35-meter sprints at maximum effort with 10-second rest intervals between sprints, and the best performance was recorded (20). Coordination Coordination was measured using a "Ball to Wall with Foot" test, where participants passed a ball to a marked area on a wall (2 meters away) and attempted to control the ball upon its return. This was repeated within a timed period (e.g., 30 seconds) or for a set number of attempts (20). Aerobic Power Aerobic power was measured using a 540-meter running test. Participants ran 10 laps around a volleyball court, with time recorded upon completion (20). Shooting Accuracy The "Ahperd Football Shooting Test" was used to measure shooting accuracy. A football goal was divided into sections with ropes at specified distances. Participants took 16 shots, with accuracy scored based on the target area hit (20). Passing Accuracy Passing accuracy was measured using the "Mohr-Christian Football Passing Test," where participants attempted to pass the ball through a marked gate from designated angles. Accuracy was scored based on successful passes (20). Statistical Analysis Data were analysed using SPSS software (version 20). Initially, the Shapiro-Wilk test assessed data normality, followed by Levene’s test to verify homogeneity of variance. Repeated measures ANOVA was employed to compare within- and between-group effects over time, with Bonferroni post hoc tests identifying specific differences. A significance level of p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05 was adopted. Results Results from the repeated measures ANOVA (Table 3) indicate significant effects of six weeks of HIIT and native-local game-based training on variables such as speed, hand and foot coordination, agility, aerobic power, anaerobic power (Sargent and RAST), balance, and skill-specific metrics. Key findings include: Significant improvements in speed (p=0.018p = 0.018p=0.018), hand coordination (p=0.006p = 0.006p=0.006), and balance (p=0.044p = 0.044p=0.044). Positive interaction effects between time and group for most variables, including speed (p=0.001p = 0.001p=0.001) and balance (p<0.001p < 0.001p<0.001). One-way ANOVA results (Table 4) highlight significant between-group differences in speed (p<0.001p < 0.001p<0.001), agility (p<0.001p < 0.001p<0.001), aerobic power (p=0.005p = 0.005p=0.005), and balance (p=0.001p = 0.001p=0.001), emphasizing the effectiveness of both experimental protocols compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found in variables such as hand coordination (p=0.199p = 0.199p=0.199) and shooting accuracy (p=0.130p = 0.130p=0.130). Discussion The results of this study indicate that six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises had significant effects on various physical fitness indices, including speed, foot coordination, agility, passing accuracy, shooting accuracy, balance, aerobic power, and anaerobic power. Both interventions led to improvements in these indices. However, no significant differences were observed between HIIT and traditional games for foot coordination, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy, while significant differences were found in the other indices. The study found that speed significantly improved after six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises, with greater improvements in the HIIT group compared to the traditional games and control groups. These findings align with studies by Kendall et al. (2022), Bachet (2019), and Fakri Kouorabasslou et al. (2021), which demonstrated similar effects of HIIT on physical fitness in young athletes (22-24). The discrepancy with Fernández et al. (2012), which reported no improvements, may be attributed to differences in participant fitness levels, lower training volume, and fewer weekly sessions in their study. The probable mechanisms for speed enhancement include reduced creatine phosphate degradation, increased glycogen stores, enhanced glycolytic enzyme activity, improved muscle buffering capacity, and better ionic regulation (25). Additionally, HIIT and traditional games significantly improved hand and foot coordination, though there were no significant differences between the two training modalities. These results are consistent with studies by Dransman et al. (2021), Erdogmus et al. (2023), and Mezcoa et al. (2019). HIIT appears to improve motor unit recruitment, synchronization, and neuromuscular efficiency, contributing to enhanced coordination. The traditional games, on the other hand, offer holistic movement patterns that promote coordination through playful activities (26-28). Agility showed significant improvement in both experimental groups, with HIIT yielding better outcomes than traditional games. These findings align with prior studies, including those by Gokcourt and Kyorak (2021) and Rizkova et al. (2018), which highlighted the role of high-intensity interval training in improving agility through neuromuscular adaptations and enhanced motor control (29, 30). Aerobic power increased significantly in both experimental groups, with greater improvements observed in the HIIT group. This finding is supported by studies by Liang et al. (2024) and Manuel et al. (2021), which suggest that HIIT promotes aerobic capacity by enhancing capillary density and mitochondrial oxidative capacity (1, 31). Similarly, anaerobic power, assessed through Sargent and RAST tests, showed significant improvements in both groups, particularly in the HIIT group. This finding aligns with studies by Mohammadi Orangi et al. (2021) and Liang et al. (2024), emphasizing HIIT’s role in enhancing anaerobic energy pathways (1, 6). Balance also significantly improved in both experimental groups. This result aligns with research by Košuta et al. (2024) and Liu et al. (2019), which demonstrated that both HIIT and traditional games improve static and dynamic balance through neuromuscular and proprioceptive adaptations (32, 33). In terms of passing and shooting accuracy, both HIIT and traditional games led to improvements, but no significant differences were observed between the groups. These findings are consistent with Fakri Kouorabasslou et al. (2021), who highlighted HIIT's potential to improve technical skills such as passing and shooting through repeated high-intensity drills (24). Traditional games, which have regained popularity in recent years, emphasize diverse movement patterns and promote overall physical fitness. These games are particularly beneficial for young athletes, offering improvements in strength, power, coordination, and endurance. Properly designed traditional games can enhance physical fitness while also being engaging and culturally enriching. Conclusion This study demonstrated that six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises significantly improved various physical fitness indices, including speed, foot coordination, agility, passing accuracy, shooting accuracy, balance, aerobic power, and anaerobic power. Both training methods proved effective, but HIIT showed greater benefits in certain indices. Incorporating both HIIT and traditional games into the training programs of young football players appears to be a promising approach to enhancing their physical and technical abilities. Limitations The study faced several limitations, including the lack of blood markers, advanced tools for body composition analysis, and precise dietary or psychological control. Future research should address these limitations to explore the underlying mechanisms in greater depth. Declarations Ethical Considerations This study was conducted in full compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). It adhered to the ethical guidelines established by Tabriz University and was approved by the university’s Ethics Committee under the code IR.TABRIZU.REC.1402.119. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work is a product of independent research. Author Contribution L.O. (Leyla Olfati) contributed to data collection, initial draft preparation, and statistical analysis.E.P. (Elaheh Piralaiy) supervised the study, provided critical revisions, and ensured the methodology adhered to ethical guidelines.M.K. (Mostafa Khani) assisted with data interpretation and contributed to writing the discussion section.R.I. (Reza Isabigloo) supported the experimental design and contributed to drafting the methods section.S.N. (Siavash Naddafha) conceptualized the study, led the data analysis, prepared figures, and finalized the manuscript draft for publication. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to all participants for their involvement in this research. 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Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player’s physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2021;39(11):1202–22. Košuta D, Novaković M, Božič Mijovski M, Jug B. Acute effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on haemostasis in patients with coronary artery disease. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):1963. Luo L, Li C, Deng Y, Wang Y, Meng P, Wang Q. High-intensity interval training on neuroplasticity, balance between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor in poststroke depression rats. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2019;28(3):672–82. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5871047","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":405577268,"identity":"0cb68f8c-0ae1-4729-b8c1-48973c08da34","order_by":0,"name":"Leyla Olfati¹","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leyla","middleName":"","lastName":"Olfati¹","suffix":""},{"id":405577269,"identity":"17e3afbe-503d-4e67-9df6-7e776e97f697","order_by":1,"name":"Elaheh Piralaiy²","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elaheh","middleName":"","lastName":"Piralaiy²","suffix":""},{"id":405577270,"identity":"dcd1548b-885b-47c3-85d1-40f27f1589c2","order_by":2,"name":"Mostafa Khani³","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mostafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Khani³","suffix":""},{"id":405577271,"identity":"bad96c9b-3d87-4c66-907d-87a895555d3a","order_by":3,"name":"Reza Isabigloo⁴","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tehran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Isabigloo⁴","suffix":""},{"id":405577272,"identity":"5eca7a7a-9fc0-43c7-bbad-5e36de8d938d","order_by":4,"name":"Siavash Naddafha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACiQoGuQR+JAEDwlrOMBgnSDaQrMXgALFa5Gc3P7xxoMYgz/h4j9kHhgq7xAb25m0SDDWHcWoxuHPM2OLAMYNiszNnjGcwnElObOA5VibBcAyPFokEM+kPbH8St93IMWZgbDuQ2CCRYybBwIZbi/yM9G8SB/4ZJG6eAdLyD6hF/g1Qyz/cWhhuAM082GaQuEECpKUBZAuPmQRjGx6H3cgptjjYZ5A448yxYoaEY8nGbTxpxRaJfen4HLbxxoFvBon97c2bGT7U2Mn2sx/eeOPDN2vcDkMBCUDMBmOMglEwCkbBKCAfAABO4lXsfWjlewAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Edith Cowan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siavash","middleName":"","lastName":"Naddafha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-21 07:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74638596,"identity":"0dcedb16-301b-4aff-8722-3159578584d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 08:51:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Result section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5871047/v1/795d98134a8bf7071a2a333c.png"},{"id":81161652,"identity":"8ce25c49-d496-4071-b5e4-016c3e2d152a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 02:46:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1023165,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5871047/v1/5fc406de-0ca5-4c0f-8014-2a2054e358f0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training and Local-Indigenous Games in Enhancing Physical, Technical, and Cognitive Performance in Youth Football Players: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFootball is a dynamic sport characterized by intermittent activities requiring diverse physical and physiological attributes. These demands include high aerobic capacity to sustain prolonged activity and anaerobic power for explosive movements such as jumping, shooting, tackling, sprinting, and quick directional changes. Additionally, players need strength for maintaining balance and controlling the ball under opposing pressure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). To perform effectively during matches, players must enhance their physical fitness to respond promptly to external stimuli and make instantaneous decisions. Specialized training programs are essential for developing these attributes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving physical fitness and refining skills are integral to enabling football players to maximize their potential. By honing these attributes, players can leverage their natural talents and achieve their peak performance (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Football requires substantial physical strength, which can be cultivated through tailored training routines. The effectiveness of these programs depends on their intensity, duration, frequency, and appropriateness for the athlete's capabilities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). To strike a balance between training demands and player tolerance, innovative training methodologies have been explored. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as a prominent solution in this regard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIIT is a highly effective method for enhancing both aerobic and anaerobic capacities. This training approach has been shown to increase VO₂max, elevate lactate thresholds, improve the ability to cover greater distances during matches and boost high-intensity activities. Furthermore, HIIT contributes to enhanced vertical jump performance and speed development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). While HIIT offers numerous benefits, its repetitive and intense nature may lead to monotony and reduced engagement, particularly among youth athletes. Diversifying HIIT with activities that mimic match scenarios can enrich the training experience by improving players\u0026rsquo; technical and tactical skills under competitive conditions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn alternative approach that balances physical development with enjoyment is the incorporation of local-indigenous games. These culturally-rooted activities not only improve physical fitness but also align with the natural inclination of youth toward playfulness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, play serves as a critical developmental activity, fostering proper growth and supporting cognitive and motor development. Incorporating games, exploration, and group activities in educational and athletic contexts has been widely recommended (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal-indigenous games involve movement patterns that stimulate sensory, neurological, and motor responses, promoting motor-perceptual skills and enhancing coordination. These games are adaptable to various social and cultural contexts and utilize minimal resources, making them accessible and engaging (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Activities such as Haft Sang and Machles have been shown to improve fine motor skills, coordination, and visual-motor abilities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have highlighted their effectiveness in developing motor skills, such as jumping and creative problem-solving, among children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Iranian context, local-indigenous games have been a traditional form of physical activity, deeply intertwined with the nation's cultural heritage. These games utilize the hands, feet, and other body parts in coordinated movements, fostering physical fitness and metabolic activity. Despite their cultural significance, these games have faced gradual decline due to the advent of industrialization and modern lifestyles (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). However, their potential for enhancing fitness and technical skills in sports remains undeniable, particularly for younger athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies have compared traditional training methods like HIIT with game-based approaches. For instance, Arslan et al. (2021) investigated the effects of Small-Sided Games (SSGs) and HIIT on physiological and psychological responses in young football players. Their findings indicated that while both approaches yielded similar physical and technical benefits, HIIT followed by SSGs reduced perceived exertion and increased enjoyment among participants (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). These findings underscore the importance of integrating engaging and diversified activities within structured training programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile organized training programs are often considered more effective than free play, some studies suggest that structured game-based activities may offer unique advantages. For example, Cooper et al. (2018) demonstrated that game-based activities outperformed high-intensity structured exercises in enhancing cognitive and executive functions in children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the versatility and developmental potential of game-based training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the dual benefits of HIIT and local-indigenous games in enhancing physical fitness and skill development, this study aims to investigate the combined impact of these approaches on performance indicators and specialized skills in youth male football players. Specifically, this research seeks to evaluate whether six weeks of HIIT and local-indigenous game-based training can effectively improve speed, coordination, agility, balance, and technical precision in young athletes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was a semi-experimental and applied research project with a pre-test and post-test design. The target population comprised male football players aged 9\u0026ndash;12 years from football academies in Robat Karim. Following a public call for participation, volunteers meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited. Using G-POWER software with a test power of 0.86, an effect size of 0.25, and an alpha level of 0.05, a total of 36 participants were selected. The participants were purposively and conveniently chosen, ensuring homogeneity based on age, BMI, prior football training experience, and physical fitness levels. They were then randomly assigned into three groups: the control group (n = 12), the HIIT group (n = 12), and the Local-Indigenous Games group (n = 12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria required participants to have at least one year of membership in a football academy team, no history of skeletal injuries or fractures, no prior use of supplements or medications, and no chronic illness. Exclusion criteria included missing more than two sessions, developing illness or skeletal injury during the study, using supplements or medications affecting the outcomes, participating in other sports programs outside the study protocol, and failing to complete post-intervention tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants and their parents attended an orientation session where the study objectives and methods were explained. Parental consent forms and health questionnaires were completed, and ethical approval was obtained from the Tabriz University Ethics Committee (IR.TABRIZU.REC.1402.119). One week prior to the intervention, all participants underwent pre-tests to assess physical fitness indicators, including agility, coordination, speed, balance, and aerobic and anaerobic power. Three familiarization sessions were held to introduce participants to the HIIT and Local-Indigenous Games protocols.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe intervention lasted six weeks, with three sessions per week for the experimental groups. Each session consisted of a 15-minute warm-up, 30\u0026ndash;45 minutes of main activities, and a 10-minute cool-down. The HIIT protocol followed the principle of progressive overload and was monitored using heart rate reserve and the Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. The intensity of the Local-Indigenous Games sessions was similarly monitored using the RPE scale. Sessions took place in the mornings (9:00\u0026ndash;10:30) at the Pirowzi Football School in Robat Karim. Safety protocols were observed, and a designated supervisor ensured participant security and adherence to health guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForty-eight hours after the final training session, all participants underwent post-tests to reassess the physical fitness indicators measured during the pre-tests. Participants continued their regular football training under a unified program supervised by a coach on non-intervention days. This methodology ensured reliable data collection while maintaining a safe and engaging environment for all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Participant Characteristics in the Control, Local-Indigenous Games, and HIIT Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group (N = 12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocal-Indigenous Games Group (N = 12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIIT Group (N = 12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.10 \u0026plusmn; 1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50 \u0026plusmn; 1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.20 \u0026plusmn; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.08 \u0026plusmn; 10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.00 \u0026plusmn; 7.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.25 \u0026plusmn; 6.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.83 \u0026plusmn; 5.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.83 \u0026plusmn; 6.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.33 \u0026plusmn; 8.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI (kg/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.59 \u0026plusmn; 0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.64 \u0026plusmn; 1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.15 \u0026plusmn; 1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIIT Program\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included an initial two-week continuous aerobic training program for familiarization and baseline conditioning. Participants exercised three times weekly for 30 minutes at 60-65% of their heart rate reserve. Following this phase, the HIIT group undertook a six-week protocol as detailed in Table 2, emphasizing short, high-intensity bouts with passive recovery. Training sessions incorporated a standardized warm-up (10-15 minutes) and cool-down (5-10 minutes), with intensity monitored via Polar heart rate monitors and Borg\u0026apos;s RPE scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. HIIT Training Protocol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"602\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeek\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSessions/Week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRepetitions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork Duration (seconds)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRest Duration (seconds)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntensity (% Max Speed)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRest Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Duration (minutes)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeek 1-2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeek 3-4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeek 5-6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were unrestricted in accessing water during training, ensuring adequate hydration and safety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNative-Local Games Protocol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental group engaged in six native-local games chosen for their relevance to skill and fitness goals, such as accuracy, agility, and balance. These games included activities like \u003cstrong\u003eArada Vordi\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eHaft Sang\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eMachless\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eOch Dooz\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eArabic Ball\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eKhoros Khoros\u003c/strong\u003e, each designed to improve specific physical and cognitive attributes. Sessions began with a 10-minute warm-up, followed by 30 minutes of gameplay, and concluded with a 10-minute cool-down using simpler games. Intensity was similarly monitored with the Borg RPE scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerformance metrics were evaluated using validated tools:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBalance was assessed using the SEBT dynamic balance test, where participants extended their leg maximally in eight directions while standing on one leg. Speed was measured with a 36-meter sprint test, recording the time to the nearest hundredth of a second. Agility was evaluated through the Illinois agility test, which required quick directional changes around cones. Anaerobic power was assessed using the Sargent vertical jump test and the RAST repeated sprint test. Aerobic power was measured with a 540-meter running test, recording the time taken to complete 10 laps. Coordination was tested using wall-passing exercises, counting the number of controlled touches within a set time frame. Football skills, including shooting accuracy and passing precision, were evaluated using the Ahperf shooting test and the Mor-Christian passing test, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analysed using SPSS 24. Initially, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene\u0026rsquo;s tests assessed normality and homogeneity of variance, respectively. Repeated-measures ANOVA analysed intra- and inter-group differences, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests for significant findings. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026lt;0.05p \u0026lt; 0.05p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe repeated-measures ANOVA (Table 3) demonstrated significant improvements in most variables, including speed, balance, anaerobic and aerobic power, and football skills, in the HIIT and native-local games groups compared to the control group. However, certain coordination measures and shooting accuracy did not exhibit statistically significant changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings affirm the efficacy of both HIIT and native-local games in enhancing key performance metrics, offering evidence-based support for integrating diverse training modalities in youth football development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Protocol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants initially engaged in a two-week aerobic continuous training program (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session, at 60\u0026ndash;65% heart rate reserve) to familiarize themselves with the study and increase baseline fitness levels. Following this phase, the HIIT group implemented the exercise protocol detailed in Table 2 for six weeks. Each training session began with a 10\u0026ndash;15-minute warm-up (light running and stretching exercises) and ended with a 5\u0026ndash;10-minute cool-down period. The control group continued their usual daily routines over the six weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the diversity of HIIT formats, this protocol was adapted based on prior studies conducted on children and adolescents (19). After two weeks of continuous aerobic training, all participants completed the shuttle run test to measure maximal oxygen uptake and their maximum running speed. Participants in the HIIT group then followed the exercise regimen outlined in Table 2. Training intensity was monitored using Polar heart rate monitors and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Additionally, participants had unrestricted access to water during all training sessions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. HIIT Training Protocol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeek\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraining Sessions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRepetitions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork Duration (sec)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRest Duration (sec)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntensity (% Max Speed)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRest Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Duration (min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeeks 1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeeks 3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeeks 5\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNative-Local Game Protocol\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental group participating in native-local games engaged in these activities three times a week for six weeks, on alternate days. A total of six traditional games were selected, each targeting specific objectives. \u0026ldquo;Arada Vordi\u0026rdquo; with Feet (Middle with Feet) aimed at improving precision, speed, and agility; \u0026ldquo;Haft Sang\u0026rdquo; (Seven Stones) focused on enhancing agility; \u0026ldquo;Machless\u0026rdquo; (Hopscotch) targeted leg muscle power; \u0026ldquo;Ouch Doz\u0026rdquo; (Three Sticks) was designed to improve coordination; \u0026ldquo;Top Arabi\u0026rdquo; (Arabic Ball) aimed at increasing speed; and \u0026ldquo;Khoros Khoros\u0026rdquo; (Rooster Game) focused on improving balance (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe content of these sessions included a 10-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of main game activities, and a 10-minute cool-down, which involved simpler games. Importantly, none of the participants had prior experience with these traditional games, making them a novel activity for all. Training intensity was monitored using the Borg RPE scale (21).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods of Variable Measurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). A grid with 8 lines spaced at 45-degree angles was used. Participants stood on one leg at the centre of the grid while reaching as far as possible along each line with the other leg (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpeed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpeed was measured using a 36-meter sprint test. Participants began at a marked starting line and sprinted 36 meters. Their time was recorded in hundredths of a second (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgility was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test. This course involved a 10-meter length with a 5-meter width and required participants to navigate a series of cones arranged in specific positions, with time recorded upon completion (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnaerobic Power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnaerobic power was evaluated using two tests. In the Sargent Jump Test, participants stood beside a wall and jumped vertically as high as possible, marking the highest point reached with chalk. For the RAST (Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test), participants completed six 35-meter sprints at maximum effort with 10-second rest intervals between sprints, and the best performance was recorded (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoordination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoordination was measured using a \u0026quot;Ball to Wall with Foot\u0026quot; test, where participants passed a ball to a marked area on a wall (2 meters away) and attempted to control the ball upon its return. This was repeated within a timed period (e.g., 30 seconds) or for a set number of attempts (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerobic Power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAerobic power was measured using a 540-meter running test. Participants ran 10 laps around a volleyball court, with time recorded upon completion (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShooting Accuracy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026quot;Ahperd Football Shooting Test\u0026quot; was used to measure shooting accuracy. A football goal was divided into sections with ropes at specified distances. Participants took 16 shots, with accuracy scored based on the target area hit (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassing Accuracy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassing accuracy was measured using the \u0026quot;Mohr-Christian Football Passing Test,\u0026quot; where participants attempted to pass the ball through a marked gate from designated angles. Accuracy was scored based on successful passes (20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analysed using SPSS software (version 20). Initially, the Shapiro-Wilk test assessed data normality, followed by Levene\u0026rsquo;s test to verify homogeneity of variance. Repeated measures ANOVA was employed to compare within- and between-group effects over time, with Bonferroni post hoc tests identifying specific differences. A significance level of p\u0026lt;0.05p \u0026lt; 0.05p\u0026lt;0.05 was adopted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults from the repeated measures ANOVA (Table 3) indicate significant effects of six weeks of HIIT and native-local game-based training on variables such as speed, hand and foot coordination, agility, aerobic power, anaerobic power (Sargent and RAST), balance, and skill-specific metrics. Key findings include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant improvements in speed (p=0.018p = 0.018p=0.018), hand coordination (p=0.006p = 0.006p=0.006), and balance (p=0.044p = 0.044p=0.044).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePositive interaction effects between time and group for most variables, including speed (p=0.001p = 0.001p=0.001) and balance (p\u0026lt;0.001p \u0026lt; 0.001p\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne-way ANOVA results (Table 4) highlight significant between-group differences in speed (p\u0026lt;0.001p \u0026lt; 0.001p\u0026lt;0.001), agility (p\u0026lt;0.001p \u0026lt; 0.001p\u0026lt;0.001), aerobic power (p=0.005p = 0.005p=0.005), and balance (p=0.001p = 0.001p=0.001), emphasizing the effectiveness of both experimental protocols compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found in variables such as hand coordination (p=0.199p = 0.199p=0.199) and shooting accuracy (p=0.130p = 0.130p=0.130).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicate that six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises had significant effects on various physical fitness indices, including speed, foot coordination, agility, passing accuracy, shooting accuracy, balance, aerobic power, and anaerobic power. Both interventions led to improvements in these indices. However, no significant differences were observed between HIIT and traditional games for foot coordination, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy, while significant differences were found in the other indices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that speed significantly improved after six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises, with greater improvements in the HIIT group compared to the traditional games and control groups. These findings align with studies by Kendall et al. (2022), Bachet (2019), and Fakri Kouorabasslou et al. (2021), which demonstrated similar effects of HIIT on physical fitness in young athletes (22-24). The discrepancy with Fern\u0026aacute;ndez et al. (2012), which reported no improvements, may be attributed to differences in participant fitness levels, lower training volume, and fewer weekly sessions in their study. The probable mechanisms for speed enhancement include reduced creatine phosphate degradation, increased glycogen stores, enhanced glycolytic enzyme activity, improved muscle buffering capacity, and better ionic regulation (25).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, HIIT and traditional games significantly improved hand and foot coordination, though there were no significant differences between the two training modalities. These results are consistent with studies by Dransman et al. (2021), Erdogmus et al. (2023), and Mezcoa et al. (2019). HIIT appears to improve motor unit recruitment, synchronization, and neuromuscular efficiency, contributing to enhanced coordination. The traditional games, on the other hand, offer holistic movement patterns that promote coordination through playful activities (26-28).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgility showed significant improvement in both experimental groups, with HIIT yielding better outcomes than traditional games. These findings align with prior studies, including those by Gokcourt and Kyorak (2021) and Rizkova et al. (2018), which highlighted the role of high-intensity interval training in improving agility through neuromuscular adaptations and enhanced motor control (29, 30).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAerobic power increased significantly in both experimental groups, with greater improvements observed in the HIIT group. This finding is supported by studies by Liang et al. (2024) and Manuel et al. (2021), which suggest that HIIT promotes aerobic capacity by enhancing capillary density and mitochondrial oxidative capacity (1, 31). Similarly, anaerobic power, assessed through Sargent and RAST tests, showed significant improvements in both groups, particularly in the HIIT group. This finding aligns with studies by Mohammadi Orangi et al. (2021) and Liang et al. (2024), emphasizing HIIT\u0026rsquo;s role in enhancing anaerobic energy pathways (1, 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBalance also significantly improved in both experimental groups. This result aligns with research by Ko\u0026scaron;uta et al. (2024) and Liu et al. (2019), which demonstrated that both HIIT and traditional games improve static and dynamic balance through neuromuscular and proprioceptive adaptations (32, 33).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of passing and shooting accuracy, both HIIT and traditional games led to improvements, but no significant differences were observed between the groups. These findings are consistent with Fakri Kouorabasslou et al. (2021), who highlighted HIIT\u0026apos;s potential to improve technical skills such as passing and shooting through repeated high-intensity drills (24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraditional games, which have regained popularity in recent years, emphasize diverse movement patterns and promote overall physical fitness. These games are particularly beneficial for young athletes, offering improvements in strength, power, coordination, and endurance. Properly designed traditional games can enhance physical fitness while also being engaging and culturally enriching.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that six weeks of HIIT and traditional game-based exercises significantly improved various physical fitness indices, including speed, foot coordination, agility, passing accuracy, shooting accuracy, balance, aerobic power, and anaerobic power. Both training methods proved effective, but HIIT showed greater benefits in certain indices. Incorporating both HIIT and traditional games into the training programs of young football players appears to be a promising approach to enhancing their physical and technical abilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study faced several limitations, including the lack of blood markers, advanced tools for body composition analysis, and precise dietary or psychological control. Future research should address these limitations to explore the underlying mechanisms in greater depth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in full compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). It adhered to the ethical guidelines established by Tabriz University and was approved by the university\u0026rsquo;s Ethics Committee under the code IR.TABRIZU.REC.1402.119.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest. This work is a product of independent research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eL.O. (Leyla Olfati) contributed to data collection, initial draft preparation, and statistical analysis.E.P. (Elaheh Piralaiy) supervised the study, provided critical revisions, and ensured the methodology adhered to ethical guidelines.M.K. (Mostafa Khani) assisted with data interpretation and contributed to writing the discussion section.R.I. (Reza Isabigloo) supported the experimental design and contributed to drafting the methods section.S.N. (Siavash Naddafha) conceptualized the study, led the data analysis, prepared figures, and finalized the manuscript draft for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to all participants for their involvement in this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiang W, Wang X, Cheng S, Jiao J, Zhu X, Duan Y. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Parameters Related to Physical Fitness and Health of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine-Open. 2024;10(1):98.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLepp\u0026auml;nen M, Uotila A, Tokola K, Forsman-Lampinen H, Kujala UM, Parkkari J, et al. Players with high physical fitness are at greater risk of injury in youth football. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine \u0026amp; Science in Sports. 2022;32(11):1625\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTeixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, et al. Methodological procedures for non-linear analyses of physiological and behavioural data in football. Exercise Physiology. 2022:1\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePonta N, Cornioley T, Dray A, Van Vliet N, Waeber PO, Garcia CA. Hunting in times of change: Uncovering indigenous strategies in the Colombian Amazon using a role-playing game. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019;7:34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahimi M, Bazgir B, Shirvani H, Shamsodini A, Sobhani V, Asgari A. Study of physical-motor fitness level of scholarship male students in a military center and determination of current status. 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The 6th National Conference of Sports Sciences and Physical Education of Iran2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuryadi D, Okilanda A, Yanti N, Suganda MA, Santika IGPNA, Vanagosi KD, et al. Combination of varied agility training with small sided games: How it influences football dribbling skills? Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2023;27(3):190\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYunus M, Pratama MH, Wahjuni ES. The Meta Analysis Study: The Effect of HIIT Training on VO2max Improvement of Football Athletes. Jp jok (Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga dan Kesehatan). 2023;6(2):319\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBumrung N, MANIMMANAKORN A, TRAIPERM N. Effect Of High Intensity Interval Training Under Mask On Force Vital Capacity In Football Players. 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Motor Behavior. 2014;6(15):61\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArslan E, Kilit B, Clemente FM, Soylu Y, S\u0026ouml;g\u0026uuml;t M, Badicu G, et al. The effects of exercise order on the psychophysiological responses, physical and technical performances of young soccer players: Combined small-sided games and high-intensity interval training. Biology. 2021;10(11):1180.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFirmansyah A, Prasetya RA, Al Ardha MA. Technical review of the role physical conditions in Football. JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education). 2021;6(1):87\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhodadadi M, askarian, f. Native and local games of northwest Iran. 1, editor2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbiss CR, Peiffer JJ, Meeusen R, Skorski S. Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self-Paced Exercise: What are We Actually Measuring? Sports Med. 2015;45(9):1235\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKendall BJ, Siekirk NJ, Lai Q. Effects of acute high-intensity interval training on information processing speed. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022;36(11):3081\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBuchheit M. Managing high-speed running load in professional soccer players: The benefit of high-intensity interval training supplementation. Sport Perform Sci Reports. 2019;53:1\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFekri Kourabbaslou V, Fakourian A, Heydarian M, Kashfi SM. The Effect of Six Weeks of Resistance Training with Active and Passive Rest with and without Blood Flow Restriction on C Reactive Protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Muscular Endurance of Young Men. 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Combination of High-Intensity Interval Training and Creatine Intake Enhances Leg Strength and Anaerobic Power without Changes in Body Composition in Physically Active Adult Men. 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMezcua-Hidalgo A, Ruiz-Ariza A, Su\u0026aacute;rez-Manzano S, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-L\u0026oacute;pez EJ. 48-hour effects of monitored cooperative high-intensity interval training on adolescent cognitive functioning. Perceptual and motor skills. 2019;126(2):202\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR\u0026yacute;zkov\u0026aacute; E, Labudova J, Grzn\u0026aacute;r LU, Šm\u0026iacute;da M. Effects of aquafitness with high intensity interval training on physical fitness. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018;18:373\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG\u0026ouml;kkurt K, Kıvrak A. The effect of high intensity interval training during eight weeks on speed, agility, and acceleration in U19 soccer players. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2021;15(8):2390\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManuel Clemente F, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H. Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player\u0026rsquo;s physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2021;39(11):1202\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKošuta D, Novaković M, Božič Mijovski M, Jug B. Acute effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on haemostasis in patients with coronary artery disease. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):1963.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLuo L, Li C, Deng Y, Wang Y, Meng P, Wang Q. High-intensity interval training on neuroplasticity, balance between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor in poststroke depression rats. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2019;28(3):672\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Football, HIIT, Local- Indigenous, performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and training based on selective Local Indigenous games on performance indicators and some specific skills in schoolchildren football players.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethodology:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research included 36 youth football players with an average age of 10.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24, who were randomly divided into three groups of 12 people control, HIIT, and local-indigenous games. All three groups were pre-tested, and then the HIIT and local Indigenous games groups performed their training protocol for six weeks (3 sessions per week on non-consecutive days, a total of 18 training sessions). HIIT sessions consisted of 6\u0026ndash;8 repetitions of 30\u0026ndash;60 seconds of all-out running with 4\u0026ndash;4:15 minutes of rest between each repetition. Local-indigenous games also included selected local-indigenous games such as Arada Wordi, Khoros, Haft Sang, Machles, etc. To analyze statistical data, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and one-way analysis of variance were used (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIIT and training based on selective local-indigenous games have a significant effect on speed, hand and foot coordination, agility, pass accuracy, shot accuracy, balance, aerobic and anaerobic power (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No significant difference was observed in hand coordination, foot coordination, pass accuracy and shot accuracy in the HIIT and local-Indigenous groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but there was a significant difference between the two groups in other indicators (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the present research, 6 weeks of HIIT and local-indigenous games were effective in improving the physical fitness indicators of schoolchild football players. Due to the many advantages of both types of exercises, it seems desirable to include both types of these exercises in the training program of young soccer players.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training and Local-Indigenous Games in Enhancing Physical, Technical, and Cognitive Performance in Youth Football Players: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-24 08:51:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871047/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15385416-f6f6-4163-b28a-2b3ad5e3c0a2","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-23T02:38:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-24 08:51:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5871047","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5871047","identity":"rs-5871047","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}