Effect of sleep in the third trimester of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and infant outcomes

Effect of sleep in the third trimester of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and infant outcomes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of sleep in the third trimester of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and infant outcomes Li Xintong, Bai Rongrong, Cao Ruimin, Ge Yingying, Hao Yide, Cui Lingling, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Sleep is a controllable way of daily life, which has a non-negligible impact on the pathogenesis and prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The study recruited pregnant females who were diagnosed with GDM by OGTT and underwent MNT until delivery. We collected the basic information of the pregnant females and recorded the maternal and infant outcomes; the PSQI questionnaire was completed within 3 days after delivery according to the sleep condition in the month before delivery. Results PSQI questionnaire was found 217 pregnant females with GDM had PSQI ≤ 5 and 331 pregnant females with GDM had PSQI > 5. The scores of pregnant females with PSQI > 5 were greater than those of pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 in different dimensions, and pregnant females had the most pronounced time to sleep. GDM pregnant females with PSQI >5 had higher rates of cesarean section, incidence of obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion, higher rates of assisted delivery, and higher levels of intrapartum hemorrhage than GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤5. PSQI >5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes; very poor subjective sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion PSQI >5 and poor subjective sleep quality have an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and pregnant females with very poor self-perceived sleep quality have the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Gestational diabetes mellitus Sleep duration Sleep quality Adverse pregnancy outcomes Maternal and infant outcomes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has shown an overall increasing trend worldwide in the last decade, and in China the prevalence of GDM ranges from 13.0–20.9% [ 1 ][ 2 ]. Thirty-three percent of pregnant females with GDM experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, increasing the risk of miscarriage, obstructed labor, cesarean section, preeclampsia, blood transfusions, and intensive care unit admissions‎[ 4 ]. Adverse birth outcomes occur in 25% of infants born to pregnant females with GDM, including the risk of preterm birth, macrosomia, neonatal intensive care unit transfers, and even increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in the later years of life of their children [ 3 ]. Sleep has an effect on the metabolism of blood glucose. In healthy populations, extreme sleep duration has been associated with elevated blood glucose levels, impaired insulin sensitivity, and beta cell dysregulation [ 4 ]. Short sleep duration, excessive sleep duration, low sleep quality, late sleep type, social jet lag and shift work have all been associated with insulin resistance [ 5 ]. Prolonged sleep restriction to 4–6 hours per night in healthy adults decreases insulin sensitivity in the liver, adiposity, and throughout the body [ 5 ]. Therefore, improving sleep may be a sensible approach to treating and preventing insulin resistance, but high-quality intervention studies are lacking. Pregnancy is a special period in a female's life, where adequate and high-quality sleep plays a crucial role in safeguarding the health of the pregnant females and the development of the fetus. During pregnancy, sleep is affected by esophageal motility disorders, compression of the stomach by the enlarged fetus, decreased pressure on the gastroesophageal sphincter, and increased levels of maternal estrogen. Nausea, vomiting, musculoskeletal pain and inability to adopt habitual sleeping positions may also cause frequent nocturnal awakenings leading to fragmented sleep [ 6 ]. Most females are self-conscious about sleep difficulties during pregnancy, but only about one-third of pregnant females consider it a problem, while the lack of evidence-based interventions and the fact that it is rarely included as a common disorder in pregnancy limit clinical judgment and effective treatment. Sleep in early and mid-pregnancy has been found to affect fasting glucose and glucose tolerance test results in currently available national and international studies, but less attention has been paid to maternal and infant outcomes. By exploring whether poor sleep quality in pregnant females with GDM contributes to a higher risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes, it suggests the need for perinatal health practitioners to manage multiple adverse lifestyles in addition to glycemic control. 2. Material and methods 2.1 research population In this study, we recruited pregnant females with GDM who were diagnosed as GDM by 75g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during 24–28 weeks of pregnancy from January 2022 to August 2022, and pregnant females with GDM who were treated with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) until delivery. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the hospital. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the hospital (2022-070). 2.1.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria: ①OGTT at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, meeting the diagnostic criteria of GDM; ②regular obstetric examination and delivery in our hospital; ③singleton pregnancy; ④not taking any medication to help sleep; ⑤voluntarily participate in the program and agree to sign the informed consent form. Exclusion criteria:①participants with impaired liver and kidney function; ②participants taking medication that affects glucose metabolism; ③participants with polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal lipid metabolism, etc.; ④participants with tobacco, alcohol, and other bad habits, as well as those with psycho-cognitive or psychiatric disorders; ⑤participants with missing information during the follow-up period; and ⑥participants who voluntarily request to withdraw. 2.1.2 GDM Management Pregnant females with GDM were diagnosed by performing a 75 g OGTT at 24–28 weeks of gestation [ 7 ], and were subsequently managed in the medical nutrition clinic of maternity care or in a one-day outpatient clinic for GDM with self-testing of blood glucose for 3–5 days, and insulin was initiated for glycemic control if glycemic targets had not been achieved through lifestyle changes for 5 days. Glycemic control criteria: fasting blood glucose < 5.3 mmoL/L and 2 h postprandial blood glucose < 6.7 mmol/L [ 7 ]. 2.2 Information collection 2.2.1 Basic information on GDM pregnant females and offspring Basic information were collected prior to the delivery of babies, and the outcome of the delivery of babies was recorded. Collect basic information about the newborn, etc. 2.2.2 Maternal and offspring-related outcomes According to the occurrence of pregnancy complications other than GDM (including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, et al) and adverse outcomes of pregnancy (including preterm labor, obstructed labor/cephalo-pelvic disproportion, et al), we divided into the case group and healthy group. 2.2.3 Maternal and offspring-related outcomes In this study, we evaluated the sleep status of GDM pregnant females in late pregnancy through the international standard PSQI questionnaire. Two additional questions about napping were added to this questionnaire:(1) In the past 1 month, how many times per week did you nap on average? (2) In the past 1 month, how long did you nap on average? Define bedtime < 22:00 as early sleep, bedtime ≥ 22:00 as late sleep, wake-up time < 7:00 as early wake-up time, and wake-up time ≥ 7:00 as late wake-up time [ 8 ]. Naptime attendance = total attendance - attendance without napping habit in naptime frequency. 2.3 statistical analysis Data analysis was processed using the statistical software SPSS25.0, and the results of the PSQI sleep questionnaire were classified into PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5 according to the results of the PSQI sleep questionnaire, comparing the two groups of pregnant females with GDM in terms of their general information, obstetric information and maternal and infant outcomes. Radar charts were used to represent the scores of the two groups in each dimension of the PSQI scale. Normally distributed measurements were expressed as ͞ x ± s , and qualitative information was expressed as n and %. Two independent samples t-test was used to compare the quantitative information between the two groups, and χ 2 test or Fisher's exact probability method was used to compare the qualitative information between the two groups. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between BMI and newborn weight at delivery and each dimension of PSQI. The association between sleep and pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression models with the presence of pregnancy complications other than GDM and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes during pregnancy as the dependent variable and the dimensions of the PSQI scale as the independent variables. All statistical tests in this study were two-sided with a test level of ɑ=0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Basic information for GDM pregnant females A total of 655 pregnant females with GDM were included in this study and 548 pregnant females's data and PSQI questionnaires were finally obtained, as shown in Fig. 1 . Among 548 pregnant females with GDM, it was found that the differences between the two groups of PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5 in terms of BMI at the time of delivery, weight gain during pregnancy, place of residence, frequency of pregnancy, frequency of delivery, regularity or otherwise of previous menstruation, history of uterine operation, use of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy, and OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h were all statistically significant (all P 5 (N = 331) t/c 2 P Age 1.319 0.251 <35years 402(73.36) 165(76.04) 237(71.60) ≥ 35 years 146(26.64) 52(23.96) 94(28.40) Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.58 ± 3.35 23.39 ± 3.03 23.69 ± 3.55 -1.052 0.293 BMI at delivery (kg/m 2 ) 28.31 ± 3.47 27.92 ± 3.31 28.56 ± 3.56 -2.125 0.034 Gestational weight gain, kg 12.37 ± 4.41 11.79 ± 3.89 12.76 ± 4.68 -2.632 0.009 Residence 4.052 0.044 Town 401(73.18) 169(77.88) 232(70.01) Rural 147(26.82) 48(22.12) 99(29.91) marital status 2.236 0.135 Married 524(95.62) 211(97.24) 313(94.56) Unmarried/ Divorced/ Other 24(4.38) 6(2.76) 18(5.44) Careers 2.639 0.104 Yes 328(59.85) 139(64.06) 189(57.10) No 220(40.15) 78(35.94) 142(42.90) Family history of diabetes 1.122 0.290 Yes 137(25.00) 49(22.58) 88(26.59) No 411(75.00) 168(77.42) 243(73.41) Gravidity 13.584 < 0.001 1 194(35.40) 97(44.70) 97(29.31) ≥ 2 354(64.60) 120(55.30) 234(70.69) Parity 4.279 0.039 0 319(58.21) 138(63.59) 181(54.68) ≥ 1 229(41.79) 79(36.41) 150(45.32) Regularity of previous menstruation 4.693 0.030 Yes 491(89.60) 202(93.09) 289(87.31) No 57(10.40) 15(6.91) 42(12.69) History of uterine operations 8.685 0.003 0 285(52.01) 96(44.24) 189(57.10) ≥ 1 263(47.99) 121(55.76) 142(42.90) Continued Table 1 General information on pregnant females with GDM in both groups Characteristic Total (N= 548) PSQI≤5 (N= 217) PSQI＞5 (N= 331) t/c 2 P Insulin use during this pregnancy 0.184 0.668 Yes 129(23.54) 49(22.58) 80(24.17) No 419(76.46) 168(77.42) 251(75.83) Use of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy 4.667 0.031 Yes 83(15.15) 24(11.06) 59(17.82) No 465(84.85) 193(88.94) 272(82.18) OGTT-FPG (mmol/L) 5.09±0.52 5.11±0.47 5.10±0.55 0.630 0.529 OGTT-1h (mmol/L) 9.39±1.54 9.18±1.51 9.52±1.54 -2.543 0.011 OGTT-2h (mmol/L) 8.71±1.25 8.57±1.26 8.80±1.23 -2.103 0.036 Note: P-value is the result of comparison between two groups with PSQI≤5 and PSQI>5 3.2 Sleep in pregnant females with GDM 3.2.1 PQSI Scale Scores by Group for Pregnant females with GDM The final inclusion of 548 pregnant females in the PSQI questionnaire found 217 pregnant females with GDM PSQI ≤ 5 and 331 pregnant females with GDM PSQI > 5. The separate scores for each dimension are detailed in Table 2 . The scores of pregnant females with PSQI > 5 were greater than those of pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 across the different dimensions, and pregnant females's time to fall asleep was the most pronounced, as shown in Fig. 2 . Table 2 PQSI scale scores for pregnant females with GDM in late pregnancy [n (%)] PSQI Global Score 0(Score) 1(Score) 2(Score) 3(Score) Average scores [M, (p25, p75)] Sleep Quality 59(10.77) 296(54.01) 162(29.56) 31(5.66) 1(1, 2) Sleep Latency 95(17.34) 228(41.61) 184(33.58) 41(7.48) 1(1, 2) Sleep Duration 300(54.74) 134(24.45) 72(13.14) 42(7.66) 0(0, 1) Sleep Efficiency 316(57.66) 133(24.27) 58(10.58) 41(7.48) 0(0, 1) Sleep Disturbance 6(1.09) 310(56.57) 216(39.42) 16(2.92) 1(1, 2) Sleep Medication 548(99.09) 4(0.73) 1(0.18) 0(0) 0(0, 0) Daytime Dysfunction 111(20.26) 176(32.12) 180(32.85) 81(14.78) 1(1, 2) 3.2.2 Types of Sleep in Pregnant females with GDM Among 548 GDM pregnant females with valid sleep questionnaires 7.30% went to bed before 22:00 and 6.93% went to bed after 24:00; 5.11% were able to go to sleep before 22:00, and 17.88% went to sleep after 24:00; 19.89% woke up before 7:00, and 5.47% woke up after 9:00; 23.72% of pregnant females slept 9h at night; 2.37% of pregnant females slept early and woke up early, 77.37% slept late and woke up late; 16.97% of pregnant females did not have daily napping habits, 38.32% napped > 5 times per week. Among the 455 pregnant females with napping habits, 59.78% of pregnant females had a nap time 1.5h / times. The differences in PSQI, bedtime, sleep time, wake up time, night sleep time, and nap time between pregnant females with GDM with PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5 were statistically significant (P 5 (N = 331) t/c 2 P PSQI 6.97 ± 3.51 3.71 ± 1.18 9.10 ± 2.82 477.86 < 0.001 Bedtime 17.580 0.001 24:00 38(6.93) 5(2.30) 33(9.97) Time of falling asleep 35.476 < 0.001 24:00 98(17.88) 13(5.99) 85(25.68) Wake up time 12.336 0.006 9:00 30(5.47) 4(1.84) 26(7.85) Sleep duration 91.525 < 0.001 9h 32(5.84) 18(8.29) 14(4.23) Type of sleep 0.058 0.996 Early-bed, early-wake type 13(2.37) 5(2.30) 8(2.42) Early-bed, late-wake type 15(2.74) 6(2.76) 9(2.72) Late-bed, early-wake type 96(17.52) 39(17.97) 57(17.22) Late-bed, late-wake type 424(77.37) 167(76.96) 257(77.64) Nap frequency 4.050 0.132 ≤ 5 times/week 245(44.71) 99(45.62) 146(44.11) > 5 times/week 210(38.32) 74(34.10) 136(41.09) No napping habits 93(16.97) 44(20.28) 49(14.80) Continued Table 3 Late Pregnancy Sleep in GDM females [n (%)] 3.3 Comparison of clinical indicators in late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM under different sleep quality 3.3.1 Comparison of routine blood indices in late pregnancy in GDM pregnant females The results of routine blood indexes before delivery showed that the number of leukocytes in pregnant females with GDM with PSQI > 5 points (8.82 ± 2.35×109/L) was higher than the number of leukocytes in the group of pregnant females with GDM with PSQI ≤ 5 points (8.36 ± 2.31×109/L), and the difference was statistically significant (P 5 points than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 points (19.16 ± 6.51 U/L), and the difference was statistically significant (P 5 (N = 331) t P white blood cell count (×10 9 /L) 8.36 ± 2.31 8.82 ± 2.35 -2.260 0.024 Granulocyte (%) 72.56 ± 8.86 73.84 ± 9.56 -1.577 0.115 lymphocyte (%) 20.33 ± 6.83 19.33 ± 7.10 1.631 0.104 monocyte ratio (%) 5.94 ± 2.52 5.85 ± 3.12 0.351 0.726 neutrophil count (×10 9 /L) 6.46 ± 4.75 6.68 ± 2.19 -0.725 0.469 lymphocyte count (×10 9 /L) 1.68 ± 0.71 1.63 ± 0.53 0.846 0.398 monocyte count (×10 9 /L) 0.53 ± 0.40 0.50 ± 0.24 0.824 0.410 red blood cell count(×10 12 /L) 4.36 ± 7.57 3.88 ± 0.51 1.152 0.250 Hemoglobin (g/L) 120.03 ± 17.24 119.02 ± 13.53 0.763 0.446 Platelet (×10 9 /L) 205.67 ± 60.71 202.46 ± 54.89 0.642 0.521 C-reaction protein (mg/L) 6.13 ± 9.72 6.28 ± 9.30 -0.176 0.861 ALT(U/L) 17.46 ± 13.03 24.58 ± 76.32 -1.651 0.100 AST(U/L) 19.16 ± 6.51 24.93 ± 42.80 -2.412 0.016 AST/ALT 1.30 ± 0.43 1.35 ± 0.55 -1.087 0.277 GGT(U/L) 19.34 ± 29.38 20.33 ± 40.35 -0.314 0.754 ALP(U/L) 132.83 ± 50.86 132.00 ± 53.13 0.184 0.854 TP(g/L) 62.91 ± 5.96 62.68 ± 5.84 0.436 0.663 ALB(g/L) 35.19 ± 4.05 35.07 ± 3.95 0.355 0.723 TBIL(µmol/L) 8.33 ± 8.35 7.96 ± 6.02 0.597 0.551 DBIL(µmol/L) 2.67 ± 3.42 2.42 ± 1.58 1.173 0.241 IBIL(µmol/L) 5.47 ± 6.11 5.23 ± 3.93 0.544 0.587 Urea (mmol/L) 4.08 ± 1.43 3.97 ± 1.34 0.903 0.367 Creatinine (mg/dL) 44.96 ± 10.39 46.48 ± 37.30 -0.585 0.559 Uric acid (µmol/L) 294.92 ± 79.68 310.69 ± 224.92 -0.993 0.321 3.3.2 Comparison of ultrasound umbilical artery flow indices during late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM The results of ultrasound monitoring of umbilical artery (UA) blood flow indexes at 34–36 weeks of gestation showed that S/D and PI were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5, and the differences were statistically significant (both P 5 (N = 331) t P S/D 2.05 ± 0.23 2.09 ± 0.23 -2.028 0.043 PI 0.70 ± 0.14 0.73 ± 0.12 -2.081 0.038 RI 0.53 ± 0.08 0.54 ± 0.08 -0.943 0.346 3.4 Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females with GDM with different sleep quality 3.4.1 Comparison of complications of pregnancy other than GDM The results showed that the probability of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, anemia in pregnancy, abnormal amniotic fluid volume, reproductive tract infections in pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, and placenta previa were higher in pregnant females with GDM whose PSQI > 5 than that of pregnant females with GDM whose PSQI ≤ 5, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). See Table 6 . Table 6 Comparison of other pregnancy complications in pregnant females with GDM [n(%)] Categories Total (N = 548) PSQI ≤ 5 (N = 217) PSQI>5 (N = 331) c 2 P Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 0.506 0.477 Yes 70(12.77) 25(11.52) 45(13.60) No 478(87.23) 192(88.48) 286(86.40) Hypothyroidism in pregnancy 0.739 0.390 Yes 111(20.26) 40(18.43) 71(21.45) No 437(79.74) 177(81.57) 260(78.55) Anemia in pregnancy 2.277 0.131 Yes 127(23.18) 43(19.82) 84(25.38) No 421(76.82) 174(80.18) 247(74.62) Abnormal amniotic fluid volume 2.060 0.151 Yes 134(24.45) 46(21.20) 88(26.59) No 414(75.55) 171(78.80) 243(73.41) Reproductive tract infections in pregnancy 2.240 0.135 Yes 70(12.77) 22(10.14) 48(14.50) No 478(87.23) 195(89.86) 283(85.50) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy - 0.747 * Yes 10(1.82) 3(1.38) 7(2.11) No 538(98.18) 214(98.62) 324(97.89) Fetal growth restriction 1.110 0.292 Yes 21(3.83) 6(2.76) 15(4.53) No 527(96.17) 211(97.24) 316(95.47) premature rupture of membranes 0.265 0.607 Yes 94(17.15) 35(16.13) 59(17.82) No 454(82.85) 182(83.87) 272(82.18) abruption of the placenta 1.452 0.228 Yes 19(3.47) 5(2.30) 14(4.23) No 529(96.53) 212(97.70) 317(95.77) Note: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5. *Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test. 3.4.2 Comparison of labor outcomes and neonatal outcomes The results showed that the cesarean section rate, the incidence of obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion, the assisted delivery rate, and the amount of hemorrhage during labor were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5. The probability of intrauterine fetal death/stillbirth, fetal distress, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal asphyxia, and transfer of neonates within 2 h of birth were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 than in those with PSQI ≤ 5, and the neonatal length, 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores of GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 were higher than those of newborns born to pregnant females with PSQI > 5. However, the results were not statistically different (P > 0.05). See Tables 7 and 8 . Table 7 Comparison of labor outcomes in pregnant females with GDM [n (%)] Categories Total (N = 548) PSQI ≤ 5 (N = 217) PSQI>5 (N = 331) t/c 2 P Gestational week of labor (w) 38.49 ± 2.20 38.60 ± 1.92 38.35 ± 2.37 1.794 0.073 Hemorrhage during labor (mL) 294.19 ± 133.37 275.02 ± 114.63 306.75 ± 143.12 -2.740 0.006 Type of delivery 4.438 0.035 Vaginal delivery 260(47.45) 115(53.00) 145(43.81) Cesarean section 288(52.55) 102(47.00) 186(56.19) Premature labor 0.075 0.784 Yes 58(10.58) 22(10.14) 36(10.88) No 490(89.42) 195(89.86) 295(89.12) Postpartum hemorrhage - 0.539 * Yes 11(2.01) 3(1.38) 8(2.42) No 537(97.99) 214(98.62) 323(97.58) Amniotic fluid contamination 0.077 0.781 Yes 78(14.23) 32(14.75) 46(13.90) No 470(85.77) 185(85.25) 285(86.10) Difficult labor/Cephalopelvic disproportion 6.395 0.011 Yes 39(7.12) 8(3.69) 31(9.37) No 509(92.88) 209(96.31) 300(90.63) Art of midwifery - 0.002 * Yes 23(4.20) 2(0.92) 21(6.34) No 525(95.80) 215(99.08) 310(93.66) Note: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5. *Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test. Table 8 Comparison of neonatal outcomes [n (%)] Categories Total (N = 548) PSQI ≤ 5 (N = 217) PSQI>5 (N = 331) t/c 2 P Neonatal status - 0.214* live births 537(97.99) 215(99.08) 322(97.28) Intrauterine death/Stillbirth 11(2.01) 2(0.92) 9(2.72) Fetal distress 2.439 0.118 Yes 133(24.27) 45(20.74) 88(26.59) No 415(75.73) 172(79.26) 243(73.41) Weight (g) 3236.30 ± 609.92 3216.15 ± 540.697 3249.50 ± 651.778 -0.650 0.516 Height (cm) 50.68 ± 3.08 50.73 ± 2.61 50.65 ± 3.35 0.281 0.779 Head circumference (cm) 33.70 ± 1.92 33.64 ± 1.65 33.73 ± 2.075 -0.585 0.558 1min Apgar 9.70 ± 1.18 9.77 ± 0.88 9.65 ± 1.34 1.281 0.201 5min Apgar 9.82 ± 1.09 9.88 ± 0.74 9.78 ± 1.26 1.212 0.226 Genders 2.412 0.120 Male 306(55.84) 130(59.91) 176(53.17) Female 242(44.16) 87(40.09) 155(46.83) Neonatal hypoglycemia 0.283 0.594 Yes 26(4.74) 9(4.15) 17(5.14) No 522(95.26) 208(95.85) 314(94.86) Neonatal asphyxia 0.385 0.535 Yes 17(3.10) 5(2.30) 12(3.63) No 531(96.90) 212(97.70) 319(96.37) Transfer within 2h of birth 2.356 0.125 Yes 122(22.26) 41(18.89) 81(24.47) No 426(77.74) 176(81.11) 250(75.53) Note: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI ≤ 5 and PSQI > 5. *Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test. 3.5 Correlation analysis of the PSQI scale with indicators at the time of delivery Pearson's correlation analysis of the PSQI scale dimensions with BMI at delivery showed that there was a positive correlation between BMI at delivery and sleep onset, sleep disturbances, and total PSQI score (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis between the PSQI scale and neonatal weight showed that there was a positive correlation between neonatal weight and maternal subjective sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep disturbances, use of hypnotic medication, and total PSQI score (P < 0.05). The results are shown in Table 9 . Table 9 Correlation of PSQI dimensions with BMI at time of delivery PSQI dimensions BMI of delivery neonatal weight r P r P Sleep Quality -0.011 0.789 0.111 0.009 Sleep Latency 0.113 0.008 0.028 0.094 Sleep Duration 0.027 0.526 0.049 0.255 Sleep Efficiency 0.063 0.139 0.090 0.139 Sleep Disturbance 0.117 0.006 0.117 0.035 Sleep Medication 0.031 0.473 0.102 0.017 Daytime Dysfunction 0.044 0.303 0.080 0.060 Total PSQI scores 0.091 0.034 0.108 0.012 3.6 Clinical data on maternal complications in pregnancy other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes 3.6.1 General characteristics of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females other than GDM Complications in pregnancy other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes were found in 326 out of 548 pregnant females with GDM. The results showed that the differences between the two groups in pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI at the time of delivery, place of residence, occupation, family history of diabetes mellitus, use of insulin during the current pregnancy, OGTT-fasting, OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), as shown in Table 10 . Table 10 General information on pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females Characteristic Total (N = 548) Case group (N = 326) Healthy group (N = 222) t/c 2 P Age 2.571 0.109 <35years 402(73.36) 231(70.86) 171(77.03) ≥ 35 years 146(26.64) 95(29.14) 51(22.97) Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.58 ± 3.35 23.99 ± 3.54 22.97 ± 2.96 3.545 < 0.001 BMI at delivery (kg/m 2 ) 28.31 ± 3.47 28.81 ± 3.65 27.56 ± 3.06 4.200 < 0.001 Gestational weight gain, kg 12.37 ± 4.41 12.60 ± 4.55 12.04 ± 4.18 1.478 0.140 Residence 19.618 < 0.001 Town 401(73.18) 216(66.26) 185(83.33) Rural 147(26.82) 110(33.74) 37(16.67) marital status 0.537 0.464 Married 524(95.62) 310(95.09) 214(96.40) Unmarried/ Divorced/ Other 24(4.38) 16(4.91) 8(3.60) Careers 5.428 0.020 Yes 328(59.85) 182(55.83) 146(65.77) No 220(40.15) 144(44.17) 76(34.23) Family history of diabetes 5.341 0.021 Yes 137(25.00) 93(28.53) 44(19.82) No 411(75.00) 233(71.47) 178(80.18) Gravidity 1.360 0.244 1 194(35.40) 109(33.44) 85(38.29) ≥ 2 354(64.60) 217(66.56) 137(61.71) Parity 1.427 0.232 0 319(58.21) 183(56.13) 136(61.26) ≥ 1 229(41.79) 143(43.87) 86(38.74) Regularity of previous menstruation 2.106 0.147 Yes 491(89.60) 287(88.04) 204(91.89) No 57(10.40) 39(11.96) 18(8.11) Continued Table 10 General information on pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females Characteristic Total (N= 548) Case group (N= 326) Healthy group (N= 222) t/c 2 P History of uterine operations 0.602 0.438 0 263(47.99) 152(46.63) 111(50.00) ≥1 285(52.01) 174(53.37) 111(50.00) Insulin use during this pregnancy 19.013 <0.001 Yes 129(23.54) 98(30.06) 31(13.96) No 419(76.46) 228(69.94) 191(86.04) Use of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy 3.047 0.081 Yes 83(15.15) 57(17.48) 26(11.71) No 465(84.85) 269(82.52) 196(88.29) OGTT-FPG (mmol/L) 5.09±0.52 5.15±0.53 5.00±0.49 3.239 0.001 OGTT-1h (mmol/L) 9.39±1.53 9.57±1.51 9.11±1.54 3.517 <0.001 OGTT-2h (mmol/L) 8.71±1.25 8.83±1.27 8.53±1.19 2.773 0.006 Note: Note: P-values are comparisons between the case group and the healthy group 3.6.2 Regression analysis of sleep and pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females with GDM other than GDM Binary logistic regression analysis was done based on whether GDM pregnant females had pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes as outcome variables, and there was no multicollinearity among the independent variables (VIF = 1.041–2.416). It was found that PSQI > 5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes; very poor self-perceived sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Model II corrected for confounders found that this trend persisted and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05), as detailed in Table 11 . Table 11 Regression analysis of the relationship between sleep and the risk of pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females Categories Model I Model II OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P PSQI subgroup PSQI ≤ 5 1 1 PSQI>5 1.715(1.210 ~ 2.430) 0.002 1.140(1.015ཞ1.280) 0.027 Subjective sleep quality Very good 1 1 Fairly good 1.753(0.723 ~ 4.248) 0.214 1.587(0.615 ~ 4.096) 0.244 Fairly bad 2.322(1.087 ~ 4.961) 0.030 2.420(1.076 ~ 5.440) 0.033 Bad 3.080(1.394 ~ 6.804) 0.005 3.238(1.390 ~ 7.544) 0.006 Sleep Latency (Scores) 0 1 1 1 1.014(0.488 ~ 2.111) 0.969 1.298(0.589 ~ 2.864) 0.518 2 1.487(0.763 ~ 2.900) 0.244 1.685(0.815 ~ 3.484) 0.159 3 1.663(0.841 ~ 3.289) 0.144 1.801(0.859 ~ 3.775) 0.119 Sleep Duration (Scores) 0 1 1 1 1.498(0.784 ~ 2.863) 0.221 1.699(0.850 ~ 3.399) 0.134 2 2.104(1.042 ~ 4.249) 0.038 2.577(1.212 ~ 5.479) 0.014 3 1.833(0.848 ~ 3.963) 0.123 1.917(0.842 ~ 4.363) 0.121 Sleep Efficiency (Scores) 0 1 1 1 1.261(0.657 ~ 2.418) 0.486 1.510(0.754 ~ 3.024) 0.245 2 1.801(0.886 ~ 3.660) 0.104 2.126(0.995 ~ 4.543) 0.051 3 1.810(0.799 ~ 4.098) 0.155 1.958(0.820 ~ 4.647) 0.130 Sleep Disturbance (Scores) 0 1 1 1 0.333(0.031 ~ 3.579) 0.364 0.318(0.034 ~ 4.426) 0.446 2 2.308(0.818 ~ 6.509) 0.114 2.029(0.689 ~ 5.976) 0.199 3 3.009(1.053 ~ 8.595) 0.040 2.462(0.826 ~ 7.335) 0.106 Continued Table 11 Regression analysis of the relationship between sleep and the risk of pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females Categories Model I Model II OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P Daytime Dysfunction (Scores) 0 1 1 1 1.436(0.802~2.572) 0.224 1.517(0.812~2.892) 0.161 2 1.186(0.698~2.016) 0.527 1.187(0.673~2.096) 0.553 3 1.291(0.760~2.192) 0.345 1.097(0.622~1.932) 0.750 Note: Model I was not corrected for confounders; Model II corrected for pre-pregnancy BMI, postpartum BMI, place of residence, occupation, family history of diabetes, insulin use during the current pregnancy, OGTT-fasting, OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h. 4. Discussion The increased prevalence of GDM places a significant burden on maternal health services in both developed and developing countries [ 9 ]. Optimized management of GDM and even pre-pregnancy diabetes has the potential to reduce the impact of metabolic diseases across generations. Therefore, we need to identify modifiable risk factors for GDM and management and prevention of GDM is shifting towards lifestyle interventions before and during pregnancy [ 9 ]. The current study found a higher percentage of primiparous females with GDM with PSQI > 5. Sleep quality and total sleep time were more affected in primiparous females than in transient females[ 10 ]. This may be related to poor moods such as nervousness and anxiety in primigravid females, whereas in transient females, who have experienced labor and delivery, the nervousness and anxiety are alleviated. In this study, we found that pregnant females with GDM who had a sleep PSQI score > 5 had a higher prevalence of previous menstrual irregularities. Kennedy [ 11 ] suggested that short sleep duration and poor quality of sleep increase menstrual bleeding in females, can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, and that the risk of having an irregular menstrual cycle increases relatively as the PSQI score increases. Circadian rhythm disruption not only disrupts the balance of female hormone synthesis and secretion, but also has an impact on fertility in females of childbearing age, such as follicular development, fertilization, and implantation[ 12 ]. The present study similarly found a higher percentage of pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology among GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5. Beroukhim[ 12 ] suggested that females with infertility themselves have high rates of sleep disruption and poor sleep quality. Pregnancy after the use of assisted reproductive technology can lead to increased levels of anxiety, especially in cases of multiple treatment failures and long duration of treatment [ 13 ]. The results of this study showed that pregnant females with GDM with PSQI > 5 had higher pregnancy weight gain and BMI at delivery than pregnant females with GDM with PSQI ≤ 5. Obesity is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In previous studies, the high prevalence of obesity was mainly attributed to environmental changes [ 14 ], such as the intake of high-energy foods and/or the association with a large number of sedentary jobs, and the reduction of physical activity. However, in recent years, studies have suggested that the secretion of hormones during sleep contributes to our body's metabolism and energy balance [ 15 ], and a reduction in sleep duration has been recognized as a possible contributing factor to obesity, more common in the female population [ 15 ]. Hairston [ 16 ] found that subjects who slept < 5 h/night had higher BMI, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat than those who slept 6–7 h/night. Taheri [ 17 ] found that BMI increased with decreasing sleep duration in adults sleeping < 8 h/night. Higher BMI and poorer sleep are risk factors for the development of GDM, while poor or short sleep leads to weight gain or even obesity, and obese people will affect sleep, and there may be a bi-directional effect forming a vicious circle. In this study, it was found that the percentage of GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 was higher than that of GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 in the percentage of bedtime > 23:00, sleep time > 24:00, wake up time > 9:00, nighttime sleep time 1.5h / times. Early to bed and early to rise is considered the ideal sleep time, in line with the physiological circadian rhythm. However, social media has penetrated into people's lives and the ideal type of sleep has encountered serious threats [ 8 ]. Napping is considered a healthy lifestyle in China, but pregnant females who sleep late and wake up early type leads to severe sleep deprivation and will compensate for the lack of nighttime sleep by taking longer naps [ 18 ]. The current study included partially pregnant females who were at home during the New Crown Epidemic closure and were prone to circadian rhythm disruption and altered sleep-wake models due to restrictions on going out, not having to work, and not having social activities. In addition, some pregnant females went to bed earlier, but actually fell asleep later due to activities such as online chatting, playing games and watching videos. Therefore, for pregnant females with GDM, it is not only important to have a standardized diet and exercise to manage blood glucose, but also to have a regular sleep schedule and type of routine. It has been shown that poor sleep quality, fragmented sleep, and changes in the time of going to bed and waking up can increase peripheral circulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 [ 19 ].The results of this study showed that pregnant females with PSQI > 5 had higher pre-delivery leukocyte counts than those with PSQI ≤ 5. The concentration of inflammatory cytokines decreased significantly after the addition of a nap or return to normal sleep[ 19 ]. Imbalance in the production of inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy affects the ability of the immune system to defend against disease and the efficiency of its ability to maintain health immediately and in the long term, and an increase in the risk of infection in the organism compared to regular nighttime sleep[ 20 ]. And an important aspect of GDM is oxidative stress (OS), which plays an important role in the occurrence of inflammatory reactions and impairment of placental perfusion[ 22 ]. Therefore, pregnant females with poor sleep GDM are at increased risk of an inflammatory response in the body. Therefore, perinatal care physicians should pay as much attention to sleep in participants with GDM as they do to diet and realize that significant sleep problems at any time during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this study it was found that ultrasound blood flow S/D and PI were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5. Pregnant females and fetuses exchange oxygen and nutrients through the umbilical cord. When the S/D value of UA increases, pathological changes such as placental vasospasm and edem. Fetus in intrauterine ischemia and hypoxia will cause maternal and fetal OS[ 23 ]. GDM participants are a special disease group may exist in pregnant females with extensive vasculopathy, in which damage to the endothelial cells of the UA vasculature leads to vasoconstriction dysfunction, luminal stenosis, excessive plasma viscosity, decreased flow velocity, and increased resistance to UA blood flow leading to abnormal blood perfusion, which seriously affects the health of mother and child [ 24 ][ 25 ]. When GDM pregnant females sleep poorly, blood glucose rises, OS response increases, and puts the body of GDM participants at a high level of inflammation, significantly increasing the probability of intrauterine distress compared to normal pregnant females. In existing studies GDM pregnant females have higher probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes than normal pregnant females [ 26 ]. In the current study it was also found that GDM pregnant females with poor sleep had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially those with PSQI > 5 and poor subjective sleep quality. Sedov [ 21 ] in a meta-analysis with data provided by 11,002 participants, found that the mean PSQI score during pregnancy was 6.07. And in the current study GDM pregnant females were found to have a mean PSQI score of 6.97, which is significantly higher than the average for pregnant females. The labor outcomes of GDM pregnant females included in this study had a higher probability of cesarean section, obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion and assisted delivery in pregnant females with poor sleep. This may be related to poor labor outcomes due to poor sleep into labor without physical replenishment, loss of physical strength, and macrosomia due to hyperglycemia. In the current study, we found that the amount of hemorrhage during labor was higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI > 5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5, which may be related to the fact that the cesarean section rate and assisted delivery rate of pregnant females with poor quality of sleep are increased, the prolongation of the labor period caused by poor rest prior to delivery, and the macrosomia due to poor glycemic control, and other factors that together lead to weak uterine contraction, which increases the amount of hemorrhage during labor and leads to obstetrical hemorrhage. Obstetric hemorrhage is a major preventable cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality[ 27 ], and obstetricians are reminded to pay attention to the clinical symptoms of pregnant females while focusing on their sleep, to move the prevention of maternal deaths forward, to reduce the incidence of critical maternal deaths, and to maximize the safety of maternal life. Fetal birth weight reflects intrauterine nutrition and development, Liu [ 28 ] suggested that insufficient sleep duration in the second trimester of pregnancy adversely affects placental development and nutrient absorption, leading to neonatal low birth weight. Song[ 29 ] suggested that appropriate napping in the second trimester of pregnancy reduces the risk of fetal low birth weight. However, the current study found a positive correlation between neonatal birth weight and before delivery maternal subjective sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep disorders, use of hypnotic medication, and total PSQI score. Some biological mechanisms may explain the effects of sleep on fetal growth. Sleep disorders lead to increased inflammatory response, and an abnormal inflammatory response decreases nitric oxide bioavailability, ultimately leading to fetal growth restriction[ 30 ]. It has been shown that short duration and poor quality of sleep in the late pregnancy are risk factors for preterm labor, and it was found that pregnant females who slept less than 7 hours/night or had poor quality of sleep were twice as likely to have a preterm delivery as healthy pregnant females[ 31 ] 。 . On the one hand, it may be related to inflammatory responses, such as high levels of IL- 6 and IL-8 in the peripheral circulation; on the other hand, sleep disorders may lead to elevated levels of cortisol[ 32 ], a hormone essential for fetal development and organ maturation, which is an end product of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and which is able to stimulate changes in the progesterone/estrogen ratio during labor, leading to preterm delivery[ 31 ].In addition, Lu [ 32 ] suggested that long sleep duration during pregnancy is associated with the risk of stillbirth. Prolonged sleep is also associated with sedentary lifestyle, low level of physical activity, hypothermia and hypoarousal leading to lower blood pressure and increased risk of stillbirth [ 32 ]. However, the relationship between sleep quality and preterm labor, fetal death in utero/stillbirth was not found in the current study. The existence of conflicting literature in the current study may be due to differences in socio-cultural backgrounds, data collection methods, etc. 5. Limitations All sleep monitoring was based on self-reporting without the use of professional sleep recorders; sleep behavior was not assessed early in pregnancy or prior to conception, and it was not clear whether poor sleep was pre-existing or caused by pregnancy. In the future, it will be necessary to use specialized sleep monitoring devices to understand the sleep of pregnant females before and at different times during pregnancy. 6. Conclusions In this study, we found that poor sleep quality in late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM increased BMI and neonatal weight at delivery, PSQI > 5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that pregnant females with very poor self-perceived sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Exploring the effect of sleep on maternal and infant outcomes in participants with GDM suggests that in addition to glycemic control in GDM, sleep, as a lifestyle that can be controlled on a daily basis, plays a more important role in the development of GDM. Early screening and intervention for sleep problems during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of GDM and will provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of the birth population and the prevention and control of GDM in the future. Declarations Declaration of interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Ethics statement The study was approved by the Ethics Committee ofthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province (2022-070). CRediT authorship contribution statement LXT and BRR: data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript. LXT, CRM, GYY, and HYD: acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data. XDM and CLL: study concept and design, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and study supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding details Author Contribution LXT and BRR: data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript. LXT, CRM, GYY, and HYD: acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data. XDM and CLL: study concept and design, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and study supervision. 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Associations between Maternal Sleep Quality Throughout Pregnancy and Newborn Birth Weight. Behav Sleep Med. 2021 Jan-Feb;19(1):57–69. Song L, Shen L, Li H, et al. Afternoon napping during pregnancy and low birth weight: the Healthy Baby Cohort study. Sleep Med. 2018;48:35–41. Cotechini T, Komisarenko M, Sperou A, et al. Inflammation in rat preg- nancy inhibits spiral artery remodeling leading to fetal growth restriction and features of preeclampsia. J Exp Med. 2014;211:165–79. Li R, Zhang J, Gao Y, et al. Duration and quality of sleep during pregnancy are associated with preterm birth and small for gestational age: A prospective study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;155(3):505–11. Lu Q, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;58:101436. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4516565","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310711747,"identity":"efa30c83-88d0-4180-a46d-3f3c7bb65453","order_by":0,"name":"Li Xintong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Xintong","suffix":""},{"id":310711748,"identity":"18ce08a7-642d-4e78-bbba-be35640ca6d9","order_by":1,"name":"Bai Rongrong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bai","middleName":"","lastName":"Rongrong","suffix":""},{"id":310711749,"identity":"d2d8031b-f6df-42c7-af2a-179ea5f5327b","order_by":2,"name":"Cao Ruimin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cao","middleName":"","lastName":"Ruimin","suffix":""},{"id":310711751,"identity":"c549af79-f4ee-433e-92dd-dce0aedb4a57","order_by":3,"name":"Ge Yingying","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ge","middleName":"","lastName":"Yingying","suffix":""},{"id":310711755,"identity":"774f607c-1ad9-4889-b4e5-8c9032b2a777","order_by":4,"name":"Hao Yide","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinxiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yide","suffix":""},{"id":310711756,"identity":"7bd47449-2c49-4f88-b241-0b86c99e7877","order_by":5,"name":"Cui Lingling","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cui","middleName":"","lastName":"Lingling","suffix":""},{"id":310711758,"identity":"69d409a9-6826-4827-8ae0-7315d00a8e75","order_by":6,"name":"Xu Dongmei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBOYHHypsePjZG4jXwmY440yajGTPAeK1MEjzth22MbjhQKQGg+PZCQa8bed5GG4wMH74mEOEFsmetxseSJy7zcM4u4FZcuY2IrTwS+RuMDAou83DLHOAjZmXGC1sQC0SCWzneNiAJHFaQLZIHGg7wMNDtBagX7YZNpxJ5pHgOdhMnF8Mjudufvynws7e/njzwQ8fidGCBBgbSFM/CkbBKBgFowA3AABUTDdVun/ChwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xu","middleName":"","lastName":"Dongmei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-02 10:08:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58745259,"identity":"dd96911d-c98d-4042-aa9e-e35a07d4fdd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 14:54:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of study and analysis inclusion.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4516565/v1/6fb91f430fc95d4904ccb7f6.jpeg"},{"id":58744577,"identity":"f1f9d93c-e37d-4be2-a87e-fc8efb415815","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 14:46:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGDM Late Pregnancy PSQI Scale Dimension Scores\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4516565/v1/01049139c102452358828e37.jpeg"},{"id":79586337,"identity":"76e0c43d-bc6b-42df-a382-dce597a0d691","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 12:31:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2591270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4516565/v1/c15b79cf-be7e-4ae3-bf41-b93519c30925.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of sleep in the third trimester of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and infant outcomes","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has shown an overall increasing trend worldwide in the last decade, and in China the prevalence of GDM ranges from 13.0\u0026ndash;20.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Thirty-three percent of pregnant females with GDM experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, increasing the risk of miscarriage, obstructed labor, cesarean section, preeclampsia, blood transfusions, and intensive care unit admissions\u0026lrm;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Adverse birth outcomes occur in 25% of infants born to pregnant females with GDM, including the risk of preterm birth, macrosomia, neonatal intensive care unit transfers, and even increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in the later years of life of their children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep has an effect on the metabolism of blood glucose. In healthy populations, extreme sleep duration has been associated with elevated blood glucose levels, impaired insulin sensitivity, and beta cell dysregulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Short sleep duration, excessive sleep duration, low sleep quality, late sleep type, social jet lag and shift work have all been associated with insulin resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Prolonged sleep restriction to 4\u0026ndash;6 hours per night in healthy adults decreases insulin sensitivity in the liver, adiposity, and throughout the body [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, improving sleep may be a sensible approach to treating and preventing insulin resistance, but high-quality intervention studies are lacking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnancy is a special period in a female's life, where adequate and high-quality sleep plays a crucial role in safeguarding the health of the pregnant females and the development of the fetus. During pregnancy, sleep is affected by esophageal motility disorders, compression of the stomach by the enlarged fetus, decreased pressure on the gastroesophageal sphincter, and increased levels of maternal estrogen. Nausea, vomiting, musculoskeletal pain and inability to adopt habitual sleeping positions may also cause frequent nocturnal awakenings leading to fragmented sleep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Most females are self-conscious about sleep difficulties during pregnancy, but only about one-third of pregnant females consider it a problem, while the lack of evidence-based interventions and the fact that it is rarely included as a common disorder in pregnancy limit clinical judgment and effective treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep in early and mid-pregnancy has been found to affect fasting glucose and glucose tolerance test results in currently available national and international studies, but less attention has been paid to maternal and infant outcomes. By exploring whether poor sleep quality in pregnant females with GDM contributes to a higher risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes, it suggests the need for perinatal health practitioners to manage multiple adverse lifestyles in addition to glycemic control.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 research population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we recruited pregnant females with GDM who were diagnosed as GDM by 75g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during 24\u0026ndash;28 weeks of pregnancy from January 2022 to August 2022, and pregnant females with GDM who were treated with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) until delivery. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the hospital. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the hospital (2022-070).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria: ①OGTT at 24\u0026ndash;28 weeks of pregnancy, meeting the diagnostic criteria of GDM; ②regular obstetric examination and delivery in our hospital; ③singleton pregnancy; ④not taking any medication to help sleep; ⑤voluntarily participate in the program and agree to sign the informed consent form. Exclusion criteria:①participants with impaired liver and kidney function; ②participants taking medication that affects glucose metabolism; ③participants with polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal lipid metabolism, etc.; ④participants with tobacco, alcohol, and other bad habits, as well as those with psycho-cognitive or psychiatric disorders; ⑤participants with missing information during the follow-up period; and ⑥participants who voluntarily request to withdraw.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 GDM Management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant females with GDM were diagnosed by performing a 75 g OGTT at 24\u0026ndash;28 weeks of gestation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], and were subsequently managed in the medical nutrition clinic of maternity care or in a one-day outpatient clinic for GDM with self-testing of blood glucose for 3\u0026ndash;5 days, and insulin was initiated for glycemic control if glycemic targets had not been achieved through lifestyle changes for 5 days. Glycemic control criteria: fasting blood glucose\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5.3 mmoL/L and 2 h postprandial blood glucose\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6.7 mmol/L [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Information collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Basic information on GDM pregnant females and offspring\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic information were collected prior to the delivery of babies, and the outcome of the delivery of babies was recorded. Collect basic information about the newborn, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Maternal and offspring-related outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the occurrence of pregnancy complications other than GDM (including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, et al) and adverse outcomes of pregnancy (including preterm labor, obstructed labor/cephalo-pelvic disproportion, et al), we divided into the case group and healthy group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Maternal and offspring-related outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we evaluated the sleep status of GDM pregnant females in late pregnancy through the international standard PSQI questionnaire. Two additional questions about napping were added to this questionnaire:(1) In the past 1 month, how many times per week did you nap on average? (2) In the past 1 month, how long did you nap on average? Define bedtime\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;22:00 as early sleep, bedtime\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;22:00 as late sleep, wake-up time\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7:00 as early wake-up time, and wake-up time\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7:00 as late wake-up time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Naptime attendance\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total attendance - attendance without napping habit in naptime frequency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData analysis was processed using the statistical software SPSS25.0, and the results of the PSQI sleep questionnaire were classified into PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 according to the results of the PSQI sleep questionnaire, comparing the two groups of pregnant females with GDM in terms of their general information, obstetric information and maternal and infant outcomes. Radar charts were used to represent the scores of the two groups in each dimension of the PSQI scale. Normally distributed measurements were expressed as ͞\u003cem\u003ex\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/em\u003e, and qualitative information was expressed as n and %. Two independent samples t-test was used to compare the quantitative information between the two groups, and χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test or Fisher's exact probability method was used to compare the qualitative information between the two groups. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between BMI and newborn weight at delivery and each dimension of PSQI. The association between sleep and pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression models with the presence of pregnancy complications other than GDM and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes during pregnancy as the dependent variable and the dimensions of the PSQI scale as the independent variables. All statistical tests in this study were two-sided with a test level of ɑ=0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Basic information for GDM pregnant females\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 655 pregnant females with GDM were included in this study and 548 pregnant females's data and PSQI questionnaires were finally obtained, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Among 548 pregnant females with GDM, it was found that the differences between the two groups of PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 in terms of BMI at the time of delivery, weight gain during pregnancy, place of residence, frequency of pregnancy, frequency of delivery, regularity or otherwise of previous menstruation, history of uterine operation, use of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy, and OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h were all statistically significant (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral information on pregnant females with GDM in both groups\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.319\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e402(73.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e165(76.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e237(71.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(26.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52(23.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94(28.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.052\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI at delivery (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGestational weight gain, kg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.632\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.052\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTown\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e401(73.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e169(77.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e232(70.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e147(26.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48(22.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99(29.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.236\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e524(95.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211(97.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e313(94.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnmarried/ Divorced/ Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(4.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6(2.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(5.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCareers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.639\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e328(59.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e139(64.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e189(57.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e220(40.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78(35.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142(42.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.122\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e137(25.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(22.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88(26.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e411(75.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e168(77.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243(73.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGravidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.584\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e194(35.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97(44.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97(29.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e354(64.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120(55.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e234(70.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.279\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e319(58.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e138(63.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e181(54.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229(41.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79(36.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e150(45.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegularity of previous menstruation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.693\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e491(89.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e202(93.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e289(87.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(10.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15(6.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42(12.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of uterine operations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.685\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e285(52.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96(44.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e189(57.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263(47.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e121(55.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142(42.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinued Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;General information on pregnant females with GDM in both groups\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"574\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026le;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI＞5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsulin use during this pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129(23.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(22.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80(24.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e419(76.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e168(77.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e251(75.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.667\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83(15.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(11.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59(17.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e465(84.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e193(88.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e272(82.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-FPG (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.09\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.11\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.10\u0026plusmn;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-1h (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.39\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.18\u0026plusmn;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.543\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"177\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-2h (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.71\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.57\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.80\u0026plusmn;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.103\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: P-value is the result of comparison between two groups with PSQI\u0026le;5 and PSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Sleep in pregnant females with GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 PQSI Scale Scores by Group for Pregnant females with GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final inclusion of 548 pregnant females in the PSQI questionnaire found 217 pregnant females with GDM PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and 331 pregnant females with GDM PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5. The separate scores for each dimension are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The scores of pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 were greater than those of pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 across the different dimensions, and pregnant females's time to fall asleep was the most pronounced, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePQSI scale scores for pregnant females with GDM in late pregnancy [n (%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI Global Score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(Score)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(Score)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(Score)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3(Score)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage scores\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[M, (p25, p75)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59(10.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e296(54.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e162(29.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(5.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(1, 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Latency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95(17.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e228(41.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e184(33.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(7.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(1, 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e300(54.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134(24.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72(13.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42(7.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(0, 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e316(57.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133(24.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58(10.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(7.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(0, 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Disturbance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6(1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310(56.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e216(39.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(1, 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Medication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e548(99.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(0.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(0, 0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaytime Dysfunction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111(20.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176(32.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e180(32.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81(14.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(1, 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Types of Sleep in Pregnant females with GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong 548 GDM pregnant females with valid sleep questionnaires 7.30% went to bed before 22:00 and 6.93% went to bed after 24:00; 5.11% were able to go to sleep before 22:00, and 17.88% went to sleep after 24:00; 19.89% woke up before 7:00, and 5.47% woke up after 9:00; 23.72% of pregnant females slept\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7h at night, 5.84% slept\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;9h at night; 2.37% of pregnant females slept early and woke up early, 77.37% slept late and woke up late; 16.97% of pregnant females did not have daily napping habits, 38.32% napped\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 times per week. Among the 455 pregnant females with napping habits, 59.78% of pregnant females had a nap time\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1h / times, and 10.55% of pregnant females had a nap time\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.5h / times. The differences in PSQI, bedtime, sleep time, wake up time, night sleep time, and nap time between pregnant females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 were statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for detail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate Pregnancy Sleep in GDM females [n (%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e477.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBedtime\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.580\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;22:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(7.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15(6.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(7.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22:00\u0026ndash;23:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e349(63.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e157(72.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192(58.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23:01\u0026ndash;24:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e121(22.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(18.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81(24.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38(6.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33(9.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTime of falling asleep\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.476\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;22:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28(5.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(5.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(5.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22:00\u0026ndash;23:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e181(33.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86(39.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95(28.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23:01\u0026ndash;24:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241(43.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e107(49.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134(40.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98(17.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13(5.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85(25.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWake up time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.336\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;7:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109(19.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44(20.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65(19.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7:00\u0026ndash;8:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e324(59.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e141(64.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183(55.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8:01\u0026ndash;9:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85(15.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28(12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(17.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;9:00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30(5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26(7.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep duration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.525\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;7h\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e130(23.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125(37.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7-9h\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e386(70.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e194(89.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192(58.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;9h\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32(5.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14(4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of sleep\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly-bed, early-wake type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13(2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(2.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly-bed, late-wake type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15(2.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6(2.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9(2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate-bed, early-wake type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96(17.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39(17.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(17.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate-bed, late-wake type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e424(77.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167(76.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e257(77.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNap frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.050\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 times/week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e245(44.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99(45.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(44.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 times/week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e210(38.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74(34.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e136(41.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo napping habits\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93(16.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44(20.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(14.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eContinued Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e Late Pregnancy Sleep in GDM females [n (%)]\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Comparison of clinical indicators in late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM under different sleep quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Comparison of routine blood indices in late pregnancy in GDM pregnant females\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of routine blood indexes before delivery showed that the number of leukocytes in pregnant females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 points (8.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35\u0026times;109/L) was higher than the number of leukocytes in the group of pregnant females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 points (8.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u0026times;109/L), and the difference was statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The results of liver and kidney function indicators before delivery showed that AST (24.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.80 U/L) was higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 points than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 points (19.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.51 U/L), and the difference was statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of routine blood indices in late pregnancy in GDM females\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhite blood cell count (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.260\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGranulocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.577\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elymphocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.631\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emonocyte ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eneutrophil count (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elymphocyte count (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emonocyte count (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ered blood cell count(\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.152\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHemoglobin (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e119.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlatelet (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e205.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e202.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC-reaction protein (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALT(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;76.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.651\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAST(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.412\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAST/ALT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.087\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGGT(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALP(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTP(g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALB(g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBIL(\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBIL(\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.173\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIBIL(\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrea (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCreatinine (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUric acid (\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e294.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;224.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Comparison of ultrasound umbilical artery flow indices during late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of ultrasound monitoring of umbilical artery (UA) blood flow indexes at 34\u0026ndash;36 weeks of gestation showed that S/D and PI were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5, and the differences were statistically significant (both P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of ultrasound umbilical artery flow indices during late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/D\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.081\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.943\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females with GDM with different sleep quality\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Comparison of complications of pregnancy other than GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the probability of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, anemia in pregnancy, abnormal amniotic fluid volume, reproductive tract infections in pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, and placenta previa were higher in pregnant females with GDM whose PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than that of pregnant females with GDM whose PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P\u0026gt;0.05). See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of other pregnancy complications in pregnant females with GDM [n(%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypertensive disorders of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70(12.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(11.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45(13.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e478(87.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192(88.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e286(86.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypothyroidism in pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111(20.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(18.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71(21.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e437(79.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e177(81.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e260(78.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnemia in pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.277\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127(23.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43(19.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84(25.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e421(76.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e174(80.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e247(74.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbnormal amniotic fluid volume\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.060\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134(24.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46(21.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88(26.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e414(75.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e171(78.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243(73.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReproductive tract infections in pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.240\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70(12.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(10.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48(14.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e478(87.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195(89.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e283(85.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.747\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7(2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e538(98.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214(98.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e324(97.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFetal growth restriction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.110\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21(3.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6(2.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15(4.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e527(96.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211(97.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e316(95.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epremature rupture of membranes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94(17.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35(16.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59(17.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e454(82.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182(83.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e272(82.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eabruption of the placenta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.452\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19(3.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14(4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e529(96.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e212(97.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e317(95.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Comparison of labor outcomes and neonatal outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the cesarean section rate, the incidence of obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion, the assisted delivery rate, and the amount of hemorrhage during labor were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5. The probability of intrauterine fetal death/stillbirth, fetal distress, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal asphyxia, and transfer of neonates within 2 h of birth were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than in those with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5, and the neonatal length, 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores of GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 were higher than those of newborns born to pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5. However, the results were not statistically different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). See Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of labor outcomes in pregnant females with GDM [n (%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGestational week of labor (w)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.794\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHemorrhage during labor (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e294.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;133.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e275.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e306.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;143.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.740\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.438\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVaginal delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e260(47.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e115(53.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145(43.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e288(52.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102(47.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e186(56.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePremature labor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58(10.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(10.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36(10.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e490(89.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195(89.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e295(89.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostpartum hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.539\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(2.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(2.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e537(97.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214(98.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e323(97.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmniotic fluid contamination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78(14.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32(14.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46(13.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e470(85.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e185(85.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e285(86.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficult labor/Cephalopelvic disproportion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.395\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39(7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(3.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(9.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e509(92.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e209(96.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e300(90.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArt of midwifery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23(4.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21(6.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e525(95.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e215(99.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310(93.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of neonatal outcomes [n (%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;217)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeonatal status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.214*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elive births\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e537(97.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e215(99.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e322(97.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrauterine death/Stillbirth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(2.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9(2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFetal distress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.439\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133(24.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45(20.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88(26.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e415(75.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e172(79.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243(73.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3236.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;609.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3216.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;540.697\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3249.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;651.778\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.650\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHead circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.075\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1min Apgar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5min Apgar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenders\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.412\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e306(55.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e130(59.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176(53.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e242(44.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87(40.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e155(46.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeonatal hypoglycemia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26(4.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9(4.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(5.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e522(95.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e208(95.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e314(94.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeonatal asphyxia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.535\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(3.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12(3.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e531(96.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e212(97.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e319(96.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTransfer within 2h of birth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.356\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122(22.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(18.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81(24.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e426(77.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176(81.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e250(75.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: P-values are the results of comparing the two groups with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 and PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*Statistics were obtained using Fisher's exact test.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Correlation analysis of the PSQI scale with indicators at the time of delivery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation analysis of the PSQI scale dimensions with BMI at delivery showed that there was a positive correlation between BMI at delivery and sleep onset, sleep disturbances, and total PSQI score (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis between the PSQI scale and neonatal weight showed that there was a positive correlation between neonatal weight and maternal subjective sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep disturbances, use of hypnotic medication, and total PSQI score (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of PSQI dimensions with BMI at time of delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI dimensions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI of delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eneonatal weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Latency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Disturbance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Medication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaytime Dysfunction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal PSQI scores\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Clinical data on maternal complications in pregnancy other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.6.1 General characteristics of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females other than GDM\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplications in pregnancy other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes were found in 326 out of 548 pregnant females with GDM. The results showed that the differences between the two groups in pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI at the time of delivery, place of residence, occupation, family history of diabetes mellitus, use of insulin during the current pregnancy, OGTT-fasting, OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h were statistically significant (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral information on pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCase group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;326)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthy group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;222)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.571\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e402(73.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e231(70.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e171(77.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(26.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95(29.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51(22.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.545\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI at delivery (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGestational weight gain, kg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.478\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.618\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTown\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e401(73.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e216(66.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e185(83.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e147(26.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110(33.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37(16.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e524(95.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310(95.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214(96.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnmarried/ Divorced/ Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(4.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(4.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(3.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCareers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.428\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e328(59.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182(55.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(65.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e220(40.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144(44.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76(34.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.341\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e137(25.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93(28.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44(19.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e411(75.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e233(71.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e178(80.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGravidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.360\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e194(35.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109(33.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85(38.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e354(64.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e217(66.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e137(61.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.427\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e319(58.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183(56.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e136(61.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229(41.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e143(43.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86(38.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegularity of previous menstruation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e491(89.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e287(88.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e204(91.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(10.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39(11.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinued Table 10 General information on pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 548)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCase group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 326)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthy group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N= 222)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et/c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of uterine operations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263(47.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e152(46.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111(50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e285(52.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e174(53.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111(50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsulin use during this pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129(23.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98(30.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(13.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e419(76.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e228(69.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e191(86.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of assisted reproductive technology in the current pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.047\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83(15.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(17.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26(11.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e465(84.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e269(82.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e196(88.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-FPG (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.09\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026plusmn;0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.239\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-1h (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.39\u0026plusmn;1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.57\u0026plusmn;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.11\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.517\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"161\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOGTT-2h (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.71\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.53\u0026plusmn;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.773\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"80\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Note: P-values are comparisons between the case group and the healthy group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Regression analysis of sleep and pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females with GDM other than GDM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression analysis was done based on whether GDM pregnant females had pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes as outcome variables, and there was no multicollinearity among the independent variables (VIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.041\u0026ndash;2.416). It was found that PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes; very poor self-perceived sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Model II corrected for confounders found that this trend persisted and the difference was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegression analysis of the relationship between sleep and the risk of pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel II\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI subgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 37px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.715(1.210\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.430)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.140(1.015ཞ1.280)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjective sleep quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFairly good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.753(0.723\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.248)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.587(0.615\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.096)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFairly bad\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.322(1.087\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.961)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.420(1.076\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.440)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBad\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.080(1.394\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.804)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.238(1.390\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7.544)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Latency (Scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.014(0.488\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.111)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.298(0.589\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.864)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.487(0.763\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.900)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.685(0.815\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.484)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.663(0.841\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.289)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.801(0.859\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.775)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Duration (Scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.498(0.784\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.863)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.699(0.850\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.399)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.104(1.042\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.249)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.577(1.212\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.479)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.833(0.848\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.963)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.917(0.842\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.363)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Efficiency (Scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.261(0.657\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.418)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.510(0.754\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.024)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.801(0.886\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.660)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.126(0.995\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.543)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.810(0.799\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.098)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.958(0.820\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.647)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep Disturbance (Scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.333(0.031\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3.579)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.318(0.034\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.426)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.308(0.818\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.509)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.029(0.689\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.976)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.009(1.053\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;8.595)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.462(0.826\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7.335)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinued Table 11 Regression analysis of the relationship between sleep and the risk of pregnancy complications other than GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant females\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"555\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"198\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel II\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaytime Dysfunction (Scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.436(0.802~2.572)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.517(0.812~2.892)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.186(0.698~2.016)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.187(0.673~2.096)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.291(0.760~2.192)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.097(0.622~1.932)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Model I was not corrected for confounders; Model II corrected for pre-pregnancy BMI, postpartum BMI, place of residence, occupation, family history of diabetes, insulin use during the current pregnancy, OGTT-fasting, OGTT-1h, and OGTT-2h.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increased prevalence of GDM places a significant burden on maternal health services in both developed and developing countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Optimized management of GDM and even pre-pregnancy diabetes has the potential to reduce the impact of metabolic diseases across generations. Therefore, we need to identify modifiable risk factors for GDM and management and prevention of GDM is shifting towards lifestyle interventions before and during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study found a higher percentage of primiparous females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5. Sleep quality and total sleep time were more affected in primiparous females than in transient females[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be related to poor moods such as nervousness and anxiety in primigravid females, whereas in transient females, who have experienced labor and delivery, the nervousness and anxiety are alleviated. In this study, we found that pregnant females with GDM who had a sleep PSQI score\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 had a higher prevalence of previous menstrual irregularities. Kennedy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that short sleep duration and poor quality of sleep increase menstrual bleeding in females, can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, and that the risk of having an irregular menstrual cycle increases relatively as the PSQI score increases. Circadian rhythm disruption not only disrupts the balance of female hormone synthesis and secretion, but also has an impact on fertility in females of childbearing age, such as follicular development, fertilization, and implantation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study similarly found a higher percentage of pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology among GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5. Beroukhim[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that females with infertility themselves have high rates of sleep disruption and poor sleep quality. Pregnancy after the use of assisted reproductive technology can lead to increased levels of anxiety, especially in cases of multiple treatment failures and long duration of treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that pregnant females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 had higher pregnancy weight gain and BMI at delivery than pregnant females with GDM with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5. Obesity is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In previous studies, the high prevalence of obesity was mainly attributed to environmental changes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], such as the intake of high-energy foods and/or the association with a large number of sedentary jobs, and the reduction of physical activity. However, in recent years, studies have suggested that the secretion of hormones during sleep contributes to our body's metabolism and energy balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and a reduction in sleep duration has been recognized as a possible contributing factor to obesity, more common in the female population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Hairston [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] found that subjects who slept\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 h/night had higher BMI, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat than those who slept 6\u0026ndash;7 h/night. Taheri [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] found that BMI increased with decreasing sleep duration in adults sleeping\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8 h/night. Higher BMI and poorer sleep are risk factors for the development of GDM, while poor or short sleep leads to weight gain or even obesity, and obese people will affect sleep, and there may be a bi-directional effect forming a vicious circle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was found that the percentage of GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 was higher than that of GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 in the percentage of bedtime\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;23:00, sleep time\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24:00, wake up time\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;9:00, nighttime sleep time\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7h, and naptime\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.5h / times. Early to bed and early to rise is considered the ideal sleep time, in line with the physiological circadian rhythm. However, social media has penetrated into people's lives and the ideal type of sleep has encountered serious threats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Napping is considered a healthy lifestyle in China, but pregnant females who sleep late and wake up early type leads to severe sleep deprivation and will compensate for the lack of nighttime sleep by taking longer naps [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The current study included partially pregnant females who were at home during the New Crown Epidemic closure and were prone to circadian rhythm disruption and altered sleep-wake models due to restrictions on going out, not having to work, and not having social activities. In addition, some pregnant females went to bed earlier, but actually fell asleep later due to activities such as online chatting, playing games and watching videos. Therefore, for pregnant females with GDM, it is not only important to have a standardized diet and exercise to manage blood glucose, but also to have a regular sleep schedule and type of routine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been shown that poor sleep quality, fragmented sleep, and changes in the time of going to bed and waking up can increase peripheral circulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].The results of this study showed that pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 had higher pre-delivery leukocyte counts than those with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5. The concentration of inflammatory cytokines decreased significantly after the addition of a nap or return to normal sleep[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Imbalance in the production of inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy affects the ability of the immune system to defend against disease and the efficiency of its ability to maintain health immediately and in the long term, and an increase in the risk of infection in the organism compared to regular nighttime sleep[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. And an important aspect of GDM is oxidative stress (OS), which plays an important role in the occurrence of inflammatory reactions and impairment of placental perfusion[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, pregnant females with poor sleep GDM are at increased risk of an inflammatory response in the body. Therefore, perinatal care physicians should pay as much attention to sleep in participants with GDM as they do to diet and realize that significant sleep problems at any time during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study it was found that ultrasound blood flow S/D and PI were higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5. Pregnant females and fetuses exchange oxygen and nutrients through the umbilical cord. When the S/D value of UA increases, pathological changes such as placental vasospasm and edem. Fetus in intrauterine ischemia and hypoxia will cause maternal and fetal OS[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. GDM participants are a special disease group may exist in pregnant females with extensive vasculopathy, in which damage to the endothelial cells of the UA vasculature leads to vasoconstriction dysfunction, luminal stenosis, excessive plasma viscosity, decreased flow velocity, and increased resistance to UA blood flow leading to abnormal blood perfusion, which seriously affects the health of mother and child [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. When GDM pregnant females sleep poorly, blood glucose rises, OS response increases, and puts the body of GDM participants at a high level of inflammation, significantly increasing the probability of intrauterine distress compared to normal pregnant females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn existing studies GDM pregnant females have higher probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes than normal pregnant females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current study it was also found that GDM pregnant females with poor sleep had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially those with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 and poor subjective sleep quality. Sedov [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] in a meta-analysis with data provided by 11,002 participants, found that the mean PSQI score during pregnancy was 6.07. And in the current study GDM pregnant females were found to have a mean PSQI score of 6.97, which is significantly higher than the average for pregnant females. The labor outcomes of GDM pregnant females included in this study had a higher probability of cesarean section, obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion and assisted delivery in pregnant females with poor sleep. This may be related to poor labor outcomes due to poor sleep into labor without physical replenishment, loss of physical strength, and macrosomia due to hyperglycemia. In the current study, we found that the amount of hemorrhage during labor was higher in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 than in GDM pregnant females with PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5, which may be related to the fact that the cesarean section rate and assisted delivery rate of pregnant females with poor quality of sleep are increased, the prolongation of the labor period caused by poor rest prior to delivery, and the macrosomia due to poor glycemic control, and other factors that together lead to weak uterine contraction, which increases the amount of hemorrhage during labor and leads to obstetrical hemorrhage. Obstetric hemorrhage is a major preventable cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and obstetricians are reminded to pay attention to the clinical symptoms of pregnant females while focusing on their sleep, to move the prevention of maternal deaths forward, to reduce the incidence of critical maternal deaths, and to maximize the safety of maternal life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetal birth weight reflects intrauterine nutrition and development, Liu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that insufficient sleep duration in the second trimester of pregnancy adversely affects placental development and nutrient absorption, leading to neonatal low birth weight. Song[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that appropriate napping in the second trimester of pregnancy reduces the risk of fetal low birth weight. However, the current study found a positive correlation between neonatal birth weight and before delivery maternal subjective sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep disorders, use of hypnotic medication, and total PSQI score. Some biological mechanisms may explain the effects of sleep on fetal growth. Sleep disorders lead to increased inflammatory response, and an abnormal inflammatory response decreases nitric oxide bioavailability, ultimately leading to fetal growth restriction[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been shown that short duration and poor quality of sleep in the late pregnancy are risk factors for preterm labor, and it was found that pregnant females who slept less than 7 hours/night or had poor quality of sleep were twice as likely to have a preterm delivery as healthy pregnant females[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cb\u003e。\u003c/b\u003e. On the one hand, it may be related to inflammatory responses, such as high levels of IL- 6 and IL-8 in the peripheral circulation; on the other hand, sleep disorders may lead to elevated levels of cortisol[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], a hormone essential for fetal development and organ maturation, which is an end product of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and which is able to stimulate changes in the progesterone/estrogen ratio during labor, leading to preterm delivery[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].In addition, Lu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that long sleep duration during pregnancy is associated with the risk of stillbirth. Prolonged sleep is also associated with sedentary lifestyle, low level of physical activity, hypothermia and hypoarousal leading to lower blood pressure and increased risk of stillbirth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the relationship between sleep quality and preterm labor, fetal death in utero/stillbirth was not found in the current study. The existence of conflicting literature in the current study may be due to differences in socio-cultural backgrounds, data collection methods, etc.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll sleep monitoring was based on self-reporting without the use of professional sleep recorders; sleep behavior was not assessed early in pregnancy or prior to conception, and it was not clear whether poor sleep was pre-existing or caused by pregnancy. In the future, it will be necessary to use specialized sleep monitoring devices to understand the sleep of pregnant females before and at different times during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found that poor sleep quality in late pregnancy in pregnant females with GDM increased BMI and neonatal weight at delivery, PSQI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that pregnant females with very poor self-perceived sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Exploring the effect of sleep on maternal and infant outcomes in participants with GDM suggests that in addition to glycemic control in GDM, sleep, as a lifestyle that can be controlled on a daily basis, plays a more important role in the development of GDM. Early screening and intervention for sleep problems during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of GDM and will provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of the birth population and the prevention and control of GDM in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the Ethics Committee ofthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province (2022-070).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLXT and BRR: data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript. LXT, CRM, GYY, and HYD: acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data. XDM and CLL: study concept and design, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and study supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003edetails\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLXT and BRR: data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript. LXT, CRM, GYY, and HYD: acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data. XDM and CLL: study concept and design, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and study supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez-P\u0026eacute;rez A, Vilari\u0026ntilde;o-Garc\u0026iacute;a T, Guadix P, et al. Leptin and Nutrition in Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1970.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah NS, Wang MC, Freaney PM, et al. Trends in Gestational Diabetes at First Live Birth by Race and Ethnicity in the US, 2011\u0026ndash;2019. JAMA. 2021;326(7):660\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenkatesh KK, Lynch CD, Powe CE, et al. Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Pregnant Individuals With Gestational Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2014\u0026ndash;2020. JAMA. 2022;327(14):1356\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu YH, Shi L, Bao YP, et al. Association between sleep duration during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2018;52:67\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStenvers DJ, Scheer FAJL, Schrauwen P, et al. Circadian clocksand insulin resistance. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(2):75\u0026ndash;89.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnthony KM, Racusin DA, Aagaard K et al. Maternal physiology. In: Landon MB,Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th Edn. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2021; pp. 43\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association,14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy:standards of medical care in diabetes-2021[J]. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl 1):S200\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYe B, Zhu Y, Wang X et al. Association between sleep-wake habits and use of health care services of middle-aged and elderly adults in China [J].Aging (Albany NY),2020,12 (4):3926\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchaefer-Graf U, Napoli A, Nolan CJ, Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group. Diabetes inpregnancy: a new decade of challenges ahead. Diabetologia. 2018;61(5):1012\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSweet L, Arjyal S, Kuller JA, et al. A Review of Sleep Architecture and Sleep Changes During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2020;75(4):253\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKennedy KER, Onyeonwu C, Nowakowski S, et al. 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Curr Obes Rep. 2014;3(1):54\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, et al. Sleep debt and obesity. Ann Med. 2014;46(5):264\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHairston KG, Bryer-Ash M, Norris JM, et al. Sleep duration and five-year abdominal fat accumulation in a minority cohort: the IRAS family study. Sleep. 2010;33(3):289\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaheri S, Lin L, Austin D, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLarcher S, Benhamou PY, P\u0026eacute;pin JL, et al. Sleep habits and diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2015;41(4):263\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkun ML, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, et al. 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Sleep Med Rev. 2021;58:101436.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gestational diabetes mellitus, Sleep duration, Sleep quality, Adverse pregnancy outcomes, Maternal and infant outcomes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep is a controllable way of daily life, which has a non-negligible impact on the pathogenesis and prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study recruited pregnant females who were diagnosed with GDM by OGTT and underwent MNT until delivery. We collected the basic information of the pregnant females and recorded the maternal and infant outcomes; the PSQI questionnaire was completed within 3 days after delivery according to the sleep condition in the month before delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI questionnaire was found 217 pregnant females with GDM had PSQI ≤ 5 and 331 pregnant females with GDM had PSQI \u0026gt; 5. The scores of pregnant females with PSQI \u0026gt; 5 were greater than those of pregnant females with PSQI ≤ 5 in different dimensions, and pregnant females had the most pronounced time to sleep. GDM pregnant females with PSQI \u0026gt;5 had higher rates of cesarean section, incidence of obstructed labor/cephalopelvic disproportion, higher rates of assisted delivery, and higher levels of intrapartum hemorrhage than GDM pregnant females with PSQI ≤5. PSQI \u0026gt;5 and poor subjective sleep quality had an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes; very poor subjective sleep quality had the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSQI \u0026gt;5 and poor subjective sleep quality have an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and pregnant females with very poor self-perceived sleep quality have the highest risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of sleep in the third trimester of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and infant outcomes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-20 14:45:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4516565/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1ac76191-ea0a-4191-b26f-db7b82acd67d","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-31T12:23:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-20 14:45:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4516565","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4516565","identity":"rs-4516565","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}