In vitro effect of fluoride-free mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans biofilm

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Valdivia-Tapia, Frank Lippert, Peter F. Castelluccio, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Materials and methods : Eighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased in Indianapolis, IN. A 24-hour culture of S. mutans UA159 was treated with the mouthwashes in three dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated. In addition, the growth for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated using five μL and incubated on blood agar. For the analysis of the results, the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n=25; essential oils/EO n=10; whitening/W, n=12; Plant extracts, n=15; zinc chloride/ZC, n=3; others/O, n=16). ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was performed (p=0.05). Results: Regarding MIC, planktonic, and biofilm growth of S. mutans , there was a significant decrease for the W and CPC groups. The EO and W groups had more inhibition on S. mutans biofilm compared to the CPC group. For ZC, PE, and O groups, there were different effects within the same group, presenting a large variability. Conclusion: The mouthwashes demonstrated some effect on S. mutans biofilm, especially in the 1:3 dilution. W and CPC groups had a more significant effect on S. mutans biofilm. Clinical relevance: S. mutans is an important bacterium in dental caries and periodontal diseases. Our study showed that non-fluoridated mouthwashes affect the initial stages of biofilm formation. mouthwash S. mutans dental caries biofilm antibacterial Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Mouthwashes are an important adjunct to oral hygiene, with many different products being commercially available worldwide [ 1 ]. Mouthwashes are a heavily utilized oral care vehicle, with about 200 million mouthwash users in the United States alone [ 2 ]. These products can be classified based on their purpose into either therapeutic or cosmetic mouthwashes. Therapeutic mouthwashes are available both over the counter and by prescription, depending on the type or concentration of the active ingredient, and help to control biofilm (dental plaque), gingivitis, bad breath, dental caries [ 3 ], and dental erosion [ 4 ]. Cosmetic products intend to cleanse, beautify, promote attractiveness, or alter the appearance without the presence of “drugs” that have therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, some products may not fall under one definition or the other. Therefore, another consideration in classifying a product is the intended use of the product, which is largely dependent on the claims made for the product and the accompanying labeling. Most products have the objective of controlling dental plaque with the prevention and treatment of caries or gingivitis. In the United States, caries prevention can only be claimed for mouthwashes containing sodium fluoride, whereas a wider range of active ingredients can be utilized to claim gingivitis prevention. Many ingredients have been evaluated for their plaque-reducing effectiveness and ability to reduce Streptococcus mutans , including chlorhexidine, essential oils, triclosan, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and various metal ions (tin, zinc, copper) [ 5 ]. However, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of antiplaque agents in preventing dental caries, except for chlorhexidine, is very limited [ 6 ]. Chlorhexidine is the only ingredient that does not present controversy in its effect [ 6 ] and is considered the gold standard oral antimicrobial [ 7 ]. Mouthwashes containing essential oils or cetylpyridinium chloride have also been extensively studied; however, there is controversy regarding their effectiveness in preventing gingivitis [ 8 – 10 ]. These and other ingredients have been shown to reduce the accumulation of dental biofilm [ 11 – 12 ]. Mouthwashes can suppress or reduce bacterial load; however, they are intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during the initial stages of dental biofilm formation and not for mature biofilms [ 13 ]. In a dental biofilm, S. mutans is a fundamental bacterium in dental caries and dental plaque formation. The effectiveness of mouthwashes with antimicrobial potential on this bacterium is more evident in the primary stages of biofilm formation [ 13 – 15 ]. Some have membrane disruption as a mechanism of action [ 7 ], while others present membrane disruption and the inactivation of essential enzymes [ 8 ], disrupting the transport of nutrients across the cell wall [ 16 ], among other effects. All have a bactericidal effect as an objective. A recent study [ 17 ] highlighted the abundance of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes available over the counter, which also vastly differed in their purpose and, if present, type of active ingredient. To the authors’ knowledge, no prior study investigated the comparative antimicrobial activity of such a wide range of mouthwashes. Hence, the present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on initial S. mutans biofilm. Material and Methods Experimental design An in vitro study was performed using eighty-one different types of previously identified (ref) fluoride-free mouthwash sold in Indianapolis, IN, USA (Appendix 1). A 24-h culture of S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) in sterile 96-well microtiter plates was treated with the mouthwashes in three different dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) growth was evaluated using five μL of each culture incubated for 48 h on blood agar. The mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients to analyze the results. Additional confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to confirm the different effects. Preparation of the samples Eighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Three different serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12) in TSBS were prepared. Two controls were prepared; the negative control was only with TSBS, and the positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine digluconate solution, 20% water, Sigma) prepared in TSBS. MIC, MBC, Planktonic, and Biofilm A 16-h culture of S. mutans UA159 was grown in TSB at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 . The samples were prepared in quadruplicate, and the experiment was repeated three different times. Ten μL of a 16-h culture of S. mutans in TSB was added to 190 μL of each mouthwash dilution and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 24 h in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates (Fisher Scientific, Newark, DE, USA). The MIC was determined by the concentration where there was an obvious clear-cut decrease in the absorbance. The bacterial cultures' optical density (OD) values were measured at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax 190; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). After the MIC determination, five μL of each dilution of the different microtiter plate cultures was spotted onto a blood agar plate and incubated for 48 h at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for the MBC determination. The unbound planktonic cells (120 μL) were aspirated and transferred to a new 96-well plate. The OD at 595 nm was determined to calculate the effect on planktonic cell growth. The remaining planktonic cells were removed from the biofilm microtiter plate wells (leaving attached biofilm), and 200 μL of 10% formaldehyde was added to each well for 30 min to fix the cells. The formaldehyde was removed, and the biofilm cells were washed three times with deionized water. Two hundred μL of 0.5% crystal violet dye was added to each well, and the cells were stained for 30 min. The wells were then rinsed three times, and 200 μL of 2-isopropanol was placed into each well for one hour to lyse the cells and extract the crystal violet. The plates were read in a spectrophotometer at 490 nm to measure biofilm formation [18]. Confocal laser scanning microscopy: A 16-h culture of S. mutans UA159 was grown in TSB at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . One mouthwash with a low-growth inhibitory effect and one with a higher effect were selected for the analysis. The samples were prepared in quadruplicate and repeated three different times. Ten μL of a 16-h culture of S. mutans in TSB was added to 190 μL of each mouthwash dilution and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 24 h in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates. The contents were aspirated and pipetted into a microcentrifuge tube. The samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 13000× g. The supernatant was discarded, and the cell pellet was added to 1.5 mL of deionized water and shaken until the sample was homogenized. Three μL of nucleic acid stain was added and incubated in the dark for 10 min. Five μL of each sample was added to a glass plate to be observed under the confocal laser scanning microscopy at 40×. Statistical Analysis: Each experiment was repeated three times, and the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n=25; essential oils/EOs, n=10; whitening/W (hydrogen peroxide or sodium hexametaphosphate), n=12; Plants extracts /PE, n=15; zinc chloride/ZC, n=3; and others/O, n=16). For MIC, planktonic and biofilm statistical analyses were performed, and for MBC, a descriptive analysis was performed, classifying the results in <1:3, <1:6, 1:12. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effects of mouthwash exposure (each dilution individually) and their interaction on MIC, planktonic, and biofilm. Different dilutions were compared with the negative control. In addition, a comparison of these six groups was conducted with each other. Results Of the 81 identified types of mouthwash, 63% (add actual number) were considered cosmetic, and 37% (number) were therapeutic, with 9% (7) intended to be used prior to rather than after toothbrushing. The major active ingredients found in the mouthwashes were CPC (n=25), EOs (n=10), W (n=12), ZC (n=3), PE (n=15), and OR (n=16). The declared CPC concentrations ranged from 0.05% to 0.1% (9 products did not state a concentration). Nine of the ten mouthwashes containing EO declared the concentration of EO (Eucalyptol; 0.092%, Menthol 0.042%, Methyl Salicylate 0.060%, and Thymol 0.064%), with all containing alcohol (21.6-26.9 vol.%). None of the ZC mouthwashes declared the ZC concentrations. PE mouthwashes presented a great variety of ingredients, including sea salt, charcoal powder, and sodium bicarbonate. Of all the mouthwashes, 32% contained alcohol in concentrations of 4.1 - 26.9%, and four products listed alcohol as an ingredient but did not declare its concentration. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes were associated with the following main purposes: antiplaque/antigingivitis (33.3%) effects, management of bad breath (24.7%), and whitening (9.9%). The results of the statistical analyses performed to compare the effects of mouthwash exposure (between the dilution of each mouthwash) and their interaction on MIC, planktonic, and biofilm, and MBC and percentage of reduction of values compared with the negative control, and the statistical difference in the first dilution (1:3) of each mouthwash with each other for the MIC and biofilm analyses are provided in appendices 2 and 3. Minimum inhibitory concentrations For the MIC (Table 1A) analysis, the negative control provided an absorbance value of 0.538 ± 0.052 (mean ± standard deviation). For the mouthwashes, absorbance values between 0.023-0.281, 0.0669-0.229, and 0.074 – 0.1972 were found for the 1:3, 1:6, and 1:12 dilutions, respectively. W mouthwashes presented the statistically significantly greatest inhibitory effect in the 1:3 dilution. CPC mouthwashes displayed the second-best inhibitory effect. These mouthwashes presented a difference from all other groups except ZC mouthwashes. EOs mouthwashes were the third most effective, being superior to all. The EO group presented a statistical difference between all groups except group O. The PE, ZC, and O groups presented a smaller inhibitory effect for the OI group; no statistical difference was found with the O group. And for ZC only, there was no statistical difference with the CPC group. The negative control provided an absorbance for planktonic cell growth analysis (Table 1B). Biofilms For the inhibition of biofilm results (Table 1C), the negative control provided an absorbance of 0.799 ± 0.185. The best inhibitory result in the 1:3 dilution for the mouthwashes was for the W group; only, it did not present a statistical difference with the ZC group. They did not present a statistical difference between the ZC and EO groups. The EOS group did not present a statistical difference between the ZC and CPC groups. The PE group presented a statistical difference from the ZC and O groups. The O group and the negative control presented statistical differences between all the other groups and between them. In the evaluation of the reduction percentage in MIC analysis (Fig. 1) of the mouthwash treatments when compared with the negative control, numerically, the W group presented a greater reduction. The second-best result was for the CPC group (90.1% ± 12.9), followed by the EOS group (86.2% ± 8.8). Finally, there are the O, ZC, and PE groups (77.1 ± 23.3; 76.7% ± 38.8; 76.2% ± 20.4, respectively). Regarding the percentage of reduction in S. mutans biofilms (Fig. 2), the highest percentage was from the W group (97.5 % ± 2.4), followed by the CPC group (94.2% ± 10.9), EOS group (91.8% ± 11.01) and finally the O (76.8% ± 25.4), PE (74.8% ± 22.1), and ZC (71.0.% ± 50.1) groups. The confocal analysis confirmed the antimicrobial effect of the mouthwashes. The mouthwash that had a significant antimicrobial effect was used to examine the number of live bacteria, and this treatment demonstrated very few live (green) bacteria (BC Crest bacteria blast mouthwash: high effect). In addition, a second mouthwash was used to demonstrate low antimicrobial activity (B Sea salt oral rinse: low effect) (Fig. 3). Discussion There is a wide variety of fluoride-free mouthwashes on the market, which contain different active ingredients that have specific objectives, among which are to reduce the number of bacteria in the mouth, antigingivitic/antiplaque, whitening, sensitivity, etc., and many indicate that they have some antimicrobial effect. Our study evaluated all fluoride-free mouthwashes found commercially in Indianapolis, IN, to test their effectiveness on initial S. mutans biofilm formation. This microbe is considered a normal flora species in the oral cavity but plays a fundamental in dental caries and plaque formation, leading to periodontal disease. The effectiveness of different mouthwashes with antimicrobial potential on S. mutans has been found to be clearer in immature biofilms or the first stages of biofilm formation [ 13 – 16 ]. It is known that chlorhexidine continues to be the gold standard as an oral antimicrobial. It is effective on different bacteria, and it is a cationic biguanide with broad antibacterial activity, low mammalian toxicity, and a strong affinity for binding to skin and mucous membranes and has a wide spectrum of activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [ 19 ]. Its antimicrobial activity is membrane-active, which describes an antimicrobial agent that damages the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane. As we can observe in Fig. 1 , chlorhexidine at 0.12% does not allow the growth of S. mutans biofilm. This antimicrobial agent is the only one that does not present any controversy with its use [ 6 ], as long as one considers how to maximize the effect and reduce the adverse effects [ 7 ]. Of the commercial products analyzed, those that included hydrogen peroxide and sodium hexametaphosphate were labeled as the W group. It demonstrated the best inhibitory result for both MIC (1:3 dilution 0.0084 ± 0.0129 ABS ) and biofilm (1:3 dilution 0.0194 ± 0.0040 ABS ), with a statistically significant difference from all other groups, being corroborated with the MBC tests (> 1:12). It is proven that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has an antimicrobial effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [ 20 ]. Several factors are necessary for the antimicrobial effect of H 2 O 2 to occur. Concentration and length of exposure are the most critical factors. To maximize the effect and reduce side effects, it is appropriate to use concentrations ≤ 1.5% [ 21 ]. Thus, of the ten products that claimed to contain H 2 O 2 , only 3 reported the concentration (1.5%), and even so, all had a more significant effect on S. mutans than the other products (p-value < 0.001). However, compared with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, it was much less effective in reducing bacterial growth. Sodium hexametaphosphate is known to increase outer membrane cell permeability [ 22 ], and in concentrations of 1%, it would have a considerable effect on S. mutans biofilm [ 23 ]. Although the three products with this compound have a large inhibitory effect, the sodium hexametaphosphate concentration is not declared on the product label. The products that contain CPC present a small but significant additional benefit in reducing the accumulation of dental biofilm [ 9 ]. This has been shown for the quaternary compound of CPC that inhibits biofilm formation in the first stages [ 24 ]. Also, CPC is a cationic surface-active agent with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, with the rapid killing of gram-positive pathogens [ 25 ]. This is consistent with the results found in our study (1:3 dilution, MIC: 0.0455 ± 0.0625 ABS ; Biofilm: 0.0447 ± 0.0140 ABS ). Formulations with high bioavailable CPC are associated with greater biological activity and, therefore, suggest an increased probability of clinical efficiency [ 26 ]. The biofilm growth of S. mutans , a gram-positive bacterium, was reduced in the presence of CPC products. There is controversy about the fact that CPC products tend to have an increased clinical effect when used as adjuncts to mechanical oral hygiene regimens [ 27 ]. However, in addition, or by itself, it is considered that CPC mouthwashes promote changes in oral microbial structure and/or reductions in community diversity that favor the resolution of dysbiosis and re-establishment of a health-compatible microbial community [ 28 ], being recognized and recommended by the ADA as effective in reduction of plaque and gingivitis [ 3 ]. Researchers have also found comparable performance between chlorhexidine and CPC as a preprocedural rinse in reducing bacterial load in aerosols [ 29 ]. The products with EOs (thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, methyl salicylate) presented a lower inhibitory effect than the W and CPC groups for MIC (0.0637 ± 0.0829 ABS ) and less than the W group and equal to the CPC group and greater than the remainder of the other groups, for biofilm analyses (0.0638 ± 0.0090 ABS). Its lower inhibitory effectiveness when compared to the W and CPC groups is corroborated by the MBC results where one product was used at a < 1:6 dilution and the rest at < 1:3. There is strong evidence to support the efficacy of these agents as anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis agents [ 12 ], providing an additional benefit on plaque and gingivitis reduction [ 8 ]. EOs are used in over-the-counter mouthwashes containing a fixed formula of 2-phenol-related EOs, such as thymol 0.064% and eucalyptol 0.092%, mixed with menthol 0.042% and methyl salicylate 0.060% in an alcohol vehicle [ 30 ]. The mechanisms of action of EOs against bacteria are complex. At high concentrations, there is disruption of the cell wall and precipitation of cell proteins, while at lower concentrations, essential enzymes are inactivated [ 31 ]. Bacteria are prevented from aggregating with Gram-positive bacteria, and bacterial multiplication is reduced [ 32 – 33 ]. There were only three products with ZC as the main ingredient; thus, two ZC presented a high inhibitory effect in terms of MIC reduction (76.7% ± 38.8) and biofilm reduction (71.0.% ± 50.1), and one presented a low effect. It is known that ZC is used as an antimicrobial since it has multiple inhibitory effects on the activities of intact bacterial cells, such as inhibition of glycolysis, and can inhibit the proton permeability of bacterial cell membranes [ 34 ]. It is a concentration-dependent product since, in high concentrations, it can inhibit the formation of biofilm and tartar, but in low concentrations, no effect has been found [ 35 – 36 ]. The problem with this group may be that these ZC products do not declare the concentration, and there may be variations within the group that are reflected in the results. Regarding the PE and O groups, the results are varied since the stated ingredients are not uniform (Mentha piperita oil, Calendula officinalis flower extract, echinacea purpurea flower/leaf/Steam Extract, Chamomilla recutita flower extract, Phytoplenolin, among others). There are products with one plant extract (in addition to other inactive ingredients such as solvents, dyes, detergents, etc.) and products with more than 10. It is known that some plants have some antimicrobial effects, but having many extracts, recognizing who is attributed with the bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect is difficult. The same happens with the other groups, such as sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, charcoal powder, sea salt, and others. These groups, without considering the case of the ZC group, presented the highest SD for MIC (PE 77.1 ± 23.3 and 0 76.2% ± 20.4) and for Biofilm (PE 76.8% ± 25.4 and PE 74.8% ± 22.1) indicating the variability in the composition of the products within each group. They also presented the lowest reduction of inhibition compared to the other groups of chemical agents. However, it is important to analyze these products due to the quantity and variety available in the market. Plant extracts represent 18.5% of all the products analyzed, and the majority are marketed for presenting an anti-plaque effect, anti-gingivitis, bad odor, and diseases caused by bacteria, among others. For a clearer reading interpretation of the results, the composition of all the mouthwashes separately is provided in Appendix 1, including the code used to make the comparison between all the dilutions of each product and between all of the products. Different results were observed when the three dilutions were compared (1:3/1:6, 1:3/1:12, and 1:6/1:12), as predicted. Furthermore, in general, the 1:3 dilution was more effective than the 1:6, and in some cases, 1:3 was equal to the 1:6 dilution, and in some instances, the three dilutions had a similar effect. Appendix 2 provides the mean values and SD of each dilution, as well as the p values of each comparison, to better analyze the results. The comparison between the 1:3 dilutions of all the products is presented in Appendix 3, with the values of the percentage of reduction of values compared with the negative control and the statistical difference in each mouthwash with the other mouthwashes for the MIC and biofilm analyses. The Appendix describes the mouthwashes (code) with which they presented a statistical difference (p-value < 0.05). Each rinse presented a different behavior. Mouthwashes are an element of individual oral hygiene. They do not need a dental or medical prescription; it is within the reach of most of the population. Companies sell different products on the market, being able to find a large quantity at various points of commerce, many to reduce the bacterial load and/or help in the control of periodontal diseases. Our results verified that mouth rinses are effective in the first stages of the biofilm formation of S. mutans . Those mouthwashes that contained whitening agents (W) were the ones that demonstrated the best results (MIC: 98.2% ± 1.9 of reduction), followed by the CPC (90.1% ± 12.9), the EOs, (86.2% ± 8.8), and finally the ZC, the PE and other ingredient groups. In addition to the first four groups, some products present more benefits than secondary effects since they are in an adequate concentration (for example, 1.5% for H 2 O 2 ). This study is relevant because S. mutans is an important bacterium for dental caries and plaque formation that contributes to periodontal diseases. If people maintain adequate biofilm control by avoiding tartar formation and using mouthwashes, these will reinforce biofilm control [ 13 – 15 ]. Despite our study being in vitro and using only an immature mono-species biofilm, our results are promising and of clinical relevance. It also opens the possibility of conducting in situ/in vivo tests. Conclusions The mouthwashes demonstrated some effect on S. mutans biofilm, especially with the lowest dilution (1:3), and products containing whitening agents (hydrogen peroxide/sodium hexametaphosphate) and CPC have a more significant effect on S. mutans biofilm. Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval "Not Applicable" Funding “The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.” Author Contribution AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, and RL Gregory conceived the idea; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, RL Gregory, AP Ricomini-Filho and JA Cury designed the study; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, and RL Gregory performed the study; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, RL Gregory wrote the first draft of the manuscript; PF Castelluccio, performed the statistical analysis; and all the authors review the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement ACVT receives a scholarship from CAPES (N° 88887.621140/2021-00; Santander Program “Mobilidade Internacional – DERI/PRPG-UNICAMP”). References Radzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 25;19(7):3926. Statista. 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[CrossRef] Valdivia-Tapia AC, Cury JA, Ricomini-Filho AP, Lippert F (2024). .Fluoride-free mouthwashes available over-the-counter in the US - an overview. Int J Dent Hyg. Submitted Nov 2024. Huang R, Li M, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012;120(4):319–25. Denton GW. Chlorhexidine. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization and preservation. 4th edn. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1991: 274-289. Brown EA, Krabek W, Skiffington R. Glycerite of hydrogen peroxide: I. Comparison of its bacteriotoxic with that of mercurial solutions. J Bacteriol 1947; 53: 793–799. Hossainian N, Slot DE, Afennich F, Van der Weijden GA. The effects of hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes on the prevention of plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011 Aug;9(3):171-81. Shibata H, Morioka T. Antibacterial action of condensed phosphates on the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and experimental caries in the hamster. 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Effects of antimicrobial mouthwashes on the human oral microbiome: Systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Int J Dent Hyg. 2023 Feb;21(1):128-140. Marui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, et al. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2019;150(12):1015-26.e1. Fine DH, Letizia J, Mandel ID. The effect of rinsing with Listerine antiseptic on the properties of developing dental plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1985;12:660-666. Ross NM, Charles CH, Dills SS. Long-term effects of Listerine antiseptic on dental plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Dent 1989;1:92-95. Fine DH. Mouthrinses as adjuncts for plaque and gingivitis management. A status report for the American Journal of Dentistry. Am J Dent 1988;1:259-263. Ouhayoun JP. Penetrating the plaque biofilm: Impact of essential oil mouthwash. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30(Suppl. 5):10-12 Phan, T.-N., Buckner, T., Sheng, J., Baldeck, J.D., Marquis, R.E., 2004. Physiologic actions of zinc related to inhibition of acid and alkali production by oral streptococci in suspensions and biofilms. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 19, 31–38. Lynch, R.J.M., 2011. Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature. Int. Dent. J. 61, 46–54. Almoudi MM, Hussein AS, Abu Hassan MI, Mohamad Zain N. A systematic review on antibacterial activity of zinc against Streptococcus mutans . Saudi Dent J. 2018 Oct;30(4):283-291. Tables Table 1: MIC (1A), planktonic (1B), and biofilm (1C) statistical analyses compared between each group and the negative control (CPC: cetylpyridinium chloride; EOs: Essential Oils; W: whitening; PE: Plant Extract; ZC: zinc chloride; and O: Others). A Group /MIC 1:3 1:6 1:12 Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Negative Control 0.5384 ± 0.0518 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.5384 ± 0.0518 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.5384 ± 0.0518 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 CPC 0.0455 ± 0.0625 - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.6481 <.0001 0.0815 ± 0.0833 - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.021 <.0001 0.0736 ± 0.0700 - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0042 <.0001 Essential Oils 0.0637 ± 0.0829 - - <.0001 0.0023 0.0107 0.3728 0.2530 ± 0.0860 - - <.0001 <.0001 0.0001 0.0354 0.3904 ± 0.0517 - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Whitening 0.0082 ± 0.0129 - - - <.0001 0.0196 <.0001 0.0101 ± 0.0114 - - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0123 ± 0.0124 - - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Organic ingredients 0.1101 ± 0.1056 - - - - 0.0196 0.3728 0.1824 ± 0.1194 - - - - 0.0037 0.234 0.2492 ± 0.1198 - - - - 0.0022 0.1143 Zinc Chloride 0.1073 ± 0.1516 - - - - - 0.0316 0.1278 ± 0.1661 - - - - - 0.0001 0.1558 ± 0.1460 - - - - - 0.0042 Others 0.1054 ± 0.1076 - - - - - - 0.2043 ± 0.1589 - - - - - - 0.2579 ± 0.1558 - - - - - - B Group/Planktonic 1:3 1:6 1:12 Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Negative Control 0.1296 ± 0.0750 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1296 ± 0.0750 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1296 ± 0.0750 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 CPC 0.2841 ± 0.5149 - 0.0005 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.2293 ± 0.4795 - 0.0004 <.0001 <.0001 0.0007 0.0037 0.1972 ± 0.4543 - 0.0012 <.0001 <.0001 0.0061 0.0005 Essential Oils 0.0731 ± 0.2550 - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1505 ± 0.3433 - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1544 ± 0.4101 - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Whitening 0.2103 ± 0.4921 - - - 0.9649 0.7305 0.0024 0.1299 ± 0.3867 - - - <.0001 0.038 <.0001 0.1666 ± 0.4411 - - - 0.0005 0.0017 <.0001 Organic ingredients 0.0997 ± 0.3214 - - - - 0.6042 0.0004 0.1210 ± 0.3686 - - - - 0.5192 0.001 0.0743 ± 0.2870 - - - - 0.5845 <.0001 Zinc Chloride 0.0231 ± 0.0644 - - - - - 0.1013 0.0669 ± 0.1887 - - - - - 0.015 0.1722 ± 0.5262 - - - - - 0.0285 Others 0.1306 ± 0.3920 - - - - - - 0.1541 ± 0.4218 - - - - - - 0.0800 ± 0.2594 - - - - - - C Group/ Biofilm 1:3 1:6 1:12 Group Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Mean; SD CPC Essential Oils Whitening Plant Extracts Zinc Chloride Others Negative Control 0.7994 ± 0.1849 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.7994 ± 0.1849 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.7994 ± 0.1849 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 CPC 0.0447 ± 0.0140 - 0.958 0.01 <.0001 0.5449 <.0001 0.0727 ± 0.1482 - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0912 <.0001 0.0698 ± 0.1726 - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Essential Oils 0.0638 ± 0.0090 - - 0.031 <.0001 0.2756 <.0001 0.4053 ± 0.2165 - - <.0001 0.2606 0.0006 0.1041 0.6756 ± 0.2643 - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Whitening 0.0194 ± 0.0040 - - - <.0001 0.8833 <.0001 0.0162 ± 0.0214 - - - <.0001 0.383 <.0001 0.0263 ± 0.0508 - - - <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 Organic ingredients 0.1953 ± 0.1190 - - - - 0.0144 0.067 0.3576 ± 0.2352 - - - - 0.0015 0.4537 0.4995 ± 0.2685 - - - - 0.0014 0.1237 Zinc Chloride 0.2253 ± 0.000 - - - - - 0.067 0.2492 ± 0.3571 - - - - - 0.0183 0.3004 ± 0.3013 - - - - - 0.0708 Others 0.1795 ± 0.2029 - - - - - - 0.3531 ± 0.3106 - - - - - - 0.4699 ± 0.3447 - - - - - - Table 2: MBC of all products from each of the six groups (CPC: cetylpyridinium chloride; EOs: Essential Oils; W: whitening; PE: Plant Extract; ZC: zinc chloride; and O: Others). CPC EOs W OI ZC O Code MBC Code MBC Code MBC Code MBC Code MBC Code MBC R >1:12 BM 1:12 AW 1:12 BF >1:12 E >1:12 O 1:12 BT >1:12 BZ >1:12 H 1:12 BP 1:12 U >1:12 AE 1:12 V >1:12 I 1:12 AU 1:12 Y >1:12 BQ 1:12 M <1:6 AZ 1:12 AB 1:12 Q <1:3 BK 1:12 AI 1:12 AM 1:12 CC >1:12 AL 1:12 AK <1:3 J 1:12 BO 1:12 T 1:12 AR >1:12 AD 1:12 AX <1:3 AA 1:12 D >1:12 BA <1:3 L 1:12 AJ >1:12 AT <1:3 W 1:12 AV <1:3 BB 1:12 BY <1:3 S 1:12 BW <1:3 BX 1:12 B 1:12 AN >1:12 AO >1:12 N >1:12 AP >1:12 BN >1:12 AS >1:12 AH >1:12 AF <1:3 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendix11.docx Appendix2.docx Appendix3.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6262012","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":441432825,"identity":"de3302a6-dc26-41f1-aefa-b004d83a82bd","order_by":0,"name":"Astrid C. Valdivia-Tapia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Astrid","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Valdivia-Tapia","suffix":""},{"id":441432826,"identity":"ab989ca5-b0ee-486a-aac4-640c225fc7fb","order_by":1,"name":"Frank Lippert","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frank","middleName":"","lastName":"Lippert","suffix":""},{"id":441432827,"identity":"a1b6989a-7611-4296-a50f-c31c58183625","order_by":2,"name":"Peter F. Castelluccio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Castelluccio","suffix":""},{"id":441432828,"identity":"fa823ce4-b496-4893-a547-afa5347f762b","order_by":3,"name":"Jaime A. Cury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaime","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Cury","suffix":""},{"id":441432829,"identity":"ef70bb0b-70d9-401d-a8c8-366b86272bcc","order_by":4,"name":"Antonio P. Ricomini-Filho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antonio","middleName":"P.","lastName":"Ricomini-Filho","suffix":""},{"id":441432830,"identity":"32523dd7-20e8-4c67-ad6d-a68eead1abb0","order_by":5,"name":"Richard L. Gregory","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfmYQyUaKFslmkrUYHCBWi3n/2ocPv1TcS9x8nMeA4UPZYcJaZG48NzaWOVOcuO0wjwHjjHNEaJGQOMYmLdmWANbCzNtGnBb23yAtm5uBWv4SpYW/jY3xI1DLBmagFkbibGFjlmY4k2A84zBbwcGec+nE2HKM8eOPigTZ/v7DGx/8KLMmrIVBIoGBmYeBwbEByD5AhHog4D/AwPiDgcGeONWjYBSMglEwIgEA/bM4CBoaLA0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Gregory","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-19 13:23:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80535832,"identity":"5b334629-db54-426a-a61d-e7fc9de2c52d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:00:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%) of reduction in MIC analysis of the different groups of treatments in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/3a1fa2d9653752bd2b539ff1.jpeg"},{"id":80535841,"identity":"c28b4d19-bfb4-48b9-bb90-d138951fbbb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:00:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%) of reduction in \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm formation of the different groups of treatments in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/50cd26f4b6f9c934a5912b58.jpeg"},{"id":80536574,"identity":"6420ca5a-27ef-4d2d-9bfe-1c8f9b16144b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:08:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":300255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfocal laser scanning microscopy for comparison between controls (only medium; TSBS, negative control; medium + bacteria; TSBS + \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e, positive control; CHX0.12%) and treatments (one with low and one with high inhibitory effect).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/c3818b3ef4d36bce1802ec93.jpeg"},{"id":80538142,"identity":"982d2d7a-bb5b-4511-a471-28066580d307","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:24:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1712516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/b03bbe22-3aba-4546-992d-3e2d1dbe2599.pdf"},{"id":80535833,"identity":"4343764c-e34e-4ee0-a468-38af5cecb161","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:00:36","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":34355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix11.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/30cbf17aa525a24d1f18840f.docx"},{"id":80535831,"identity":"6b8ba2aa-f4da-47f6-9453-4d7162480c4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:00:36","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":66246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/5a01d07eb812169ded376cbc.docx"},{"id":80535834,"identity":"071f4d45-8994-4255-aa37-671b4447e5f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 12:00:36","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262012/v1/ebf0bf960bffb7233ca910ce.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"In vitro effect of fluoride-free mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans biofilm","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMouthwashes are an important adjunct to oral hygiene, with many different products being commercially available worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Mouthwashes are a heavily utilized oral care vehicle, with about 200\u0026nbsp;million mouthwash users in the United States alone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. These products can be classified based on their purpose into either therapeutic or cosmetic mouthwashes. Therapeutic mouthwashes are available both over the counter and by prescription, depending on the type or concentration of the active ingredient, and help to control biofilm (dental plaque), gingivitis, bad breath, dental caries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and dental erosion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Cosmetic products intend to cleanse, beautify, promote attractiveness, or alter the appearance without the presence of \u0026ldquo;drugs\u0026rdquo; that have therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, some products may not fall under one definition or the other. Therefore, another consideration in classifying a product is the intended use of the product, which is largely dependent on the claims made for the product and the accompanying labeling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost products have the objective of controlling dental plaque with the prevention and treatment of caries or gingivitis. In the United States, caries prevention can only be claimed for mouthwashes containing sodium fluoride, whereas a wider range of active ingredients can be utilized to claim gingivitis prevention. Many ingredients have been evaluated for their plaque-reducing effectiveness and ability to reduce \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus mutans\u003c/em\u003e, including chlorhexidine, essential oils, triclosan, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and various metal ions (tin, zinc, copper) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of antiplaque agents in preventing dental caries, except for chlorhexidine, is very limited [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorhexidine is the only ingredient that does not present controversy in its effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and is considered the gold standard oral antimicrobial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Mouthwashes containing essential oils or cetylpyridinium chloride have also been extensively studied; however, there is controversy regarding their effectiveness in preventing gingivitis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. These and other ingredients have been shown to reduce the accumulation of dental biofilm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Mouthwashes can suppress or reduce bacterial load; however, they are intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during the initial stages of dental biofilm formation and not for mature biofilms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a dental biofilm, \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e is a fundamental bacterium in dental caries and dental plaque formation. The effectiveness of mouthwashes with antimicrobial potential on this bacterium is more evident in the primary stages of biofilm formation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Some have membrane disruption as a mechanism of action [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], while others present membrane disruption and the inactivation of essential enzymes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], disrupting the transport of nutrients across the cell wall [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], among other effects. All have a bactericidal effect as an objective.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recent study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] highlighted the abundance of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes available over the counter, which also vastly differed in their purpose and, if present, type of active ingredient. To the authors\u0026rsquo; knowledge, no prior study investigated the comparative antimicrobial activity of such a wide range of mouthwashes. Hence, the present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on initial \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eExperimental design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn in vitro study was performed using eighty-one different types of previously identified (ref) fluoride-free mouthwash sold in Indianapolis, IN, USA (Appendix 1). A 24-h culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e UA159 (ATCC 700610) in sterile 96-well microtiter plates was treated with the mouthwashes in three different dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) growth was evaluated using five \u0026mu;L of each culture incubated for 48 h on blood agar. The mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients to analyze the results. Additional confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to confirm the different effects. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePreparation of the samples\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Three different serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12) in TSBS were prepared. Two controls were prepared; the negative control was only with TSBS, and the positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine digluconate solution, 20% water, Sigma) prepared in TSBS.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMIC, MBC, Planktonic, and Biofilm\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 16-h culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e UA159 was grown in TSB at 37 \u0026deg;C in 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The samples were prepared in quadruplicate, and the experiment was repeated three different times. Ten \u0026mu;L of a 16-h culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e in TSB was added to 190 \u0026mu;L of each mouthwash dilution and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C, 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for 24 h in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates (Fisher Scientific, Newark, DE, USA). The MIC was determined by the concentration where there was an obvious clear-cut decrease in the absorbance. The bacterial cultures\u0026apos; optical density (OD) values were measured at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax 190; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). After the MIC determination, five \u0026mu;L of each dilution of the different microtiter plate cultures was spotted onto a blood agar plate and incubated for 48 h at 37\u0026deg;C, 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for the MBC determination. The unbound planktonic cells (120 \u0026mu;L) were aspirated and transferred to a new 96-well plate. The OD at 595 nm was determined to calculate the effect on planktonic cell growth. The remaining planktonic cells were removed from the biofilm microtiter plate wells (leaving attached biofilm), and 200 \u0026mu;L of 10% formaldehyde was added to each well for 30 min to fix the cells. The formaldehyde was removed, and the biofilm cells were washed three times with deionized water. Two hundred \u0026mu;L of 0.5% crystal violet dye was added to each well, and the cells were stained for 30 min. The wells were then rinsed three times, and 200 \u0026mu;L of 2-isopropanol was placed into each well for one hour to lyse the cells and extract the crystal violet. The plates were read in a spectrophotometer at 490 nm to measure biofilm formation [18].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConfocal laser scanning microscopy:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 16-h culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e UA159 was grown in TSB at 37\u0026deg;C in 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. One mouthwash with a low-growth inhibitory effect and one with a higher effect were selected for the analysis. The samples were prepared in quadruplicate and repeated three different times. Ten \u0026mu;L of a 16-h culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e in TSB was added to 190 \u0026mu;L of each mouthwash dilution and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C, 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for 24 h in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates. The contents were aspirated and pipetted into a microcentrifuge tube. The samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 13000\u0026times; g. The supernatant was discarded, and the cell pellet was added to 1.5 mL of deionized water and shaken until the sample was homogenized. Three \u0026mu;L of nucleic acid stain was added and incubated in the dark for 10 min. Five \u0026mu;L of each sample was added to a glass plate to be observed under the confocal laser scanning microscopy at 40\u0026times;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analysis:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach experiment was repeated three times, and the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n=25; essential oils/EOs, n=10; whitening/W (hydrogen peroxide or sodium hexametaphosphate), n=12; Plants extracts /PE, n=15; zinc chloride/ZC, n=3; and others/O, n=16). For MIC, planktonic and biofilm statistical analyses were performed, and for MBC, a descriptive analysis was performed, classifying the results in \u0026lt;1:3, \u0026lt;1:6, \u0026lt;1:12, or \u0026gt;1:12. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effects of mouthwash exposure (each dilution individually) and their interaction on MIC, planktonic, and biofilm. Different dilutions were compared with the negative control. In addition, a comparison of these six groups was conducted with each other.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOf the 81 identified types of mouthwash, 63% (add actual number) were considered cosmetic, and 37% (number) were therapeutic, with 9% (7) intended to be used prior to rather than after toothbrushing. The major active ingredients found in the mouthwashes were CPC (n=25), EOs (n=10), W (n=12), ZC (n=3), PE (n=15), and OR (n=16). The declared CPC concentrations ranged from 0.05% to 0.1% (9 products did not state a concentration). Nine of the ten mouthwashes containing EO declared the concentration of EO (Eucalyptol; 0.092%, Menthol 0.042%, Methyl Salicylate 0.060%, and Thymol 0.064%), with all containing alcohol (21.6-26.9 vol.%). None of the ZC mouthwashes declared the ZC concentrations. PE mouthwashes presented a great variety of ingredients, including sea salt, charcoal powder, and sodium bicarbonate. Of all the mouthwashes, 32% contained alcohol in concentrations of 4.1 - 26.9%, and four products listed alcohol as an ingredient but did not declare its concentration. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes were associated with the following main purposes: antiplaque/antigingivitis (33.3%) effects, management of bad breath (24.7%), and whitening (9.9%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the statistical analyses performed to compare the effects of mouthwash exposure (between the dilution of each mouthwash) and their interaction on MIC, planktonic, and biofilm, and MBC and percentage of reduction of values compared with the negative control, and the statistical difference in the first dilution (1:3) of each mouthwash with each other for the MIC and biofilm analyses are provided in appendices 2 and 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinimum inhibitory concentrations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the MIC (Table 1A) analysis, the negative control provided an absorbance value of 0.538 \u0026plusmn; 0.052 (mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation). For the mouthwashes, absorbance values between 0.023-0.281, 0.0669-0.229, and 0.074 \u0026ndash; 0.1972 were found for the 1:3, 1:6, and 1:12 dilutions, respectively. W mouthwashes presented the statistically significantly greatest inhibitory effect in the 1:3 dilution. CPC mouthwashes displayed the second-best inhibitory effect. These mouthwashes presented a difference from all other groups except ZC mouthwashes. EOs mouthwashes were the third most effective, being superior to all. The EO group presented a statistical difference between all groups except group O. The PE, ZC, and O groups presented a smaller inhibitory effect for the OI group; no statistical difference was found with the O group. And for ZC only, there was no statistical difference with the CPC group. The negative control provided an absorbance for planktonic cell growth analysis (Table 1B). \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiofilms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the inhibition of biofilm results (Table 1C), the negative control provided an absorbance of 0.799 \u0026plusmn; 0.185. \u0026nbsp; The best inhibitory result in the 1:3 dilution for the mouthwashes was for the W group; only, it did not present a statistical difference with the ZC group. They did not present a statistical difference between the ZC and EO groups. The EOS group did not present a statistical difference between the ZC and CPC groups. The PE group presented a statistical difference from the ZC and O groups. The O group and the negative control presented statistical differences between all the other groups and between them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the evaluation of the reduction percentage in MIC analysis (Fig. 1) of the mouthwash treatments when compared with the negative control, numerically, the W group presented a greater reduction. The second-best result was for the CPC group (90.1% \u0026plusmn; 12.9), followed by the EOS group (86.2% \u0026plusmn; 8.8). Finally, there are the O, ZC, and PE groups (77.1 \u0026plusmn; 23.3; 76.7% \u0026plusmn; 38.8; 76.2% \u0026plusmn; 20.4, respectively). Regarding the percentage of reduction in \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilms (Fig. 2), the highest percentage was from the W group (97.5 % \u0026plusmn; 2.4), followed by the CPC group (94.2% \u0026plusmn; 10.9), EOS group (91.8% \u0026plusmn; 11.01) and finally the O (76.8% \u0026plusmn; 25.4), PE (74.8% \u0026plusmn; 22.1), and ZC (71.0.% \u0026plusmn; 50.1) groups. \u0026nbsp;The confocal analysis confirmed the antimicrobial effect of the mouthwashes. \u0026nbsp;The mouthwash that had a significant antimicrobial effect was used to examine the number of live bacteria, and this treatment demonstrated very few live (green) bacteria (BC Crest bacteria blast mouthwash: high effect). In addition, a second mouthwash was used to demonstrate low antimicrobial activity (B Sea salt oral rinse: low effect) (Fig. 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is a wide variety of fluoride-free mouthwashes on the market, which contain different active ingredients that have specific objectives, among which are to reduce the number of bacteria in the mouth, antigingivitic/antiplaque, whitening, sensitivity, etc., and many indicate that they have some antimicrobial effect. Our study evaluated all fluoride-free mouthwashes found commercially in Indianapolis, IN, to test their effectiveness on initial \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm formation. This microbe is considered a normal flora species in the oral cavity but plays a fundamental in dental caries and plaque formation, leading to periodontal disease. The effectiveness of different mouthwashes with antimicrobial potential on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e has been found to be clearer in immature biofilms or the first stages of biofilm formation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is known that chlorhexidine continues to be the gold standard as an oral antimicrobial. It is effective on different bacteria, and it is a cationic biguanide with broad antibacterial activity, low mammalian toxicity, and a strong affinity for binding to skin and mucous membranes and has a wide spectrum of activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Its antimicrobial activity is membrane-active, which describes an antimicrobial agent that damages the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane. As we can observe in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, chlorhexidine at 0.12% does not allow the growth of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm. This antimicrobial agent is the only one that does not present any controversy with its use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], as long as one considers how to maximize the effect and reduce the adverse effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the commercial products analyzed, those that included hydrogen peroxide and sodium hexametaphosphate were labeled as the W group. It demonstrated the best inhibitory result for both MIC (1:3 dilution 0.0084\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0129\u003csub\u003eABS\u003c/sub\u003e) and biofilm (1:3 dilution 0.0194\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0040\u003csub\u003eABS\u003c/sub\u003e), with a statistically significant difference from all other groups, being corroborated with the MBC tests (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1:12). It is proven that hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) has an antimicrobial effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Several factors are necessary for the antimicrobial effect of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to occur. Concentration and length of exposure are the most critical factors. To maximize the effect and reduce side effects, it is appropriate to use concentrations\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.5% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, of the ten products that claimed to contain H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, only 3 reported the concentration (1.5%), and even so, all had a more significant effect on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e than the other products (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, compared with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, it was much less effective in reducing bacterial growth. Sodium hexametaphosphate is known to increase outer membrane cell permeability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and in concentrations of 1%, it would have a considerable effect on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Although the three products with this compound have a large inhibitory effect, the sodium hexametaphosphate concentration is not declared on the product label.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe products that contain CPC present a small but significant additional benefit in reducing the accumulation of dental biofilm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This has been shown for the quaternary compound of CPC that inhibits biofilm formation in the first stages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, CPC is a cationic surface-active agent with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, with the rapid killing of gram-positive pathogens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. This is consistent with the results found in our study (1:3 dilution, MIC: 0.0455\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0625\u003csub\u003eABS\u003c/sub\u003e; Biofilm: 0.0447\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0140\u003csub\u003eABS\u003c/sub\u003e). Formulations with high bioavailable CPC are associated with greater biological activity and, therefore, suggest an increased probability of clinical efficiency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The biofilm growth of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e, a gram-positive bacterium, was reduced in the presence of CPC products. There is controversy about the fact that CPC products tend to have an increased clinical effect when used as adjuncts to mechanical oral hygiene regimens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in addition, or by itself, it is considered that CPC mouthwashes promote changes in oral microbial structure and/or reductions in community diversity that favor the resolution of dysbiosis and re-establishment of a health-compatible microbial community [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], being recognized and recommended by the ADA as effective in reduction of plaque and gingivitis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Researchers have also found comparable performance between chlorhexidine and CPC as a preprocedural rinse in reducing bacterial load in aerosols [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe products with EOs (thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, methyl salicylate) presented a lower inhibitory effect than the W and CPC groups for MIC (0.0637\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0829\u003csub\u003eABS\u003c/sub\u003e) and less than the W group and equal to the CPC group and greater than the remainder of the other groups, for biofilm analyses (0.0638\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0090 ABS). Its lower inhibitory effectiveness when compared to the W and CPC groups is corroborated by the MBC results where one product was used at a\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1:6 dilution and the rest at \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1:3. There is strong evidence to support the efficacy of these agents as anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], providing an additional benefit on plaque and gingivitis reduction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. EOs are used in over-the-counter mouthwashes containing a fixed formula of 2-phenol-related EOs, such as thymol 0.064% and eucalyptol 0.092%, mixed with menthol 0.042% and methyl salicylate 0.060% in an alcohol vehicle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The mechanisms of action of EOs against bacteria are complex. At high concentrations, there is disruption of the cell wall and precipitation of cell proteins, while at lower concentrations, essential enzymes are inactivated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Bacteria are prevented from aggregating with Gram-positive bacteria, and bacterial multiplication is reduced [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were only three products with ZC as the main ingredient; thus, two ZC presented a high inhibitory effect in terms of MIC reduction (76.7% \u0026plusmn; 38.8) and biofilm reduction (71.0.% \u0026plusmn; 50.1), and one presented a low effect. It is known that ZC is used as an antimicrobial since it has multiple inhibitory effects on the activities of intact bacterial cells, such as inhibition of glycolysis, and can inhibit the proton permeability of bacterial cell membranes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a concentration-dependent product since, in high concentrations, it can inhibit the formation of biofilm and tartar, but in low concentrations, no effect has been found [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The problem with this group may be that these ZC products do not declare the concentration, and there may be variations within the group that are reflected in the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the PE and O groups, the results are varied since the stated ingredients are not uniform (Mentha piperita oil, Calendula officinalis flower extract, \u003cem\u003eechinacea purpurea\u003c/em\u003e flower/leaf/Steam Extract, Chamomilla recutita flower extract, Phytoplenolin, among others). There are products with one plant extract (in addition to other inactive ingredients such as solvents, dyes, detergents, etc.) and products with more than 10. It is known that some plants have some antimicrobial effects, but having many extracts, recognizing who is attributed with the bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect is difficult. The same happens with the other groups, such as sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, charcoal powder, sea salt, and others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese groups, without considering the case of the ZC group, presented the highest SD for MIC (PE 77.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.3 and 0 76.2% \u0026plusmn; 20.4) and for Biofilm (PE 76.8% \u0026plusmn; 25.4 and PE 74.8% \u0026plusmn; 22.1) indicating the variability in the composition of the products within each group. They also presented the lowest reduction of inhibition compared to the other groups of chemical agents. However, it is important to analyze these products due to the quantity and variety available in the market. Plant extracts represent 18.5% of all the products analyzed, and the majority are marketed for presenting an anti-plaque effect, anti-gingivitis, bad odor, and diseases caused by bacteria, among others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor a clearer reading interpretation of the results, the composition of all the mouthwashes separately is provided in Appendix 1, including the code used to make the comparison between all the dilutions of each product and between all of the products. Different results were observed when the three dilutions were compared (1:3/1:6, 1:3/1:12, and 1:6/1:12), as predicted. Furthermore, in general, the 1:3 dilution was more effective than the 1:6, and in some cases, 1:3 was equal to the 1:6 dilution, and in some instances, the three dilutions had a similar effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 2 provides the mean values and SD of each dilution, as well as the p values of each comparison, to better analyze the results. The comparison between the 1:3 dilutions of all the products is presented in Appendix 3, with the values of the percentage of reduction of values compared with the negative control and the statistical difference in each mouthwash with the other mouthwashes for the MIC and biofilm analyses. The Appendix describes the mouthwashes (code) with which they presented a statistical difference (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Each rinse presented a different behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMouthwashes are an element of individual oral hygiene. They do not need a dental or medical prescription; it is within the reach of most of the population. Companies sell different products on the market, being able to find a large quantity at various points of commerce, many to reduce the bacterial load and/or help in the control of periodontal diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results verified that mouth rinses are effective in the first stages of the biofilm formation of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e. Those mouthwashes that contained whitening agents (W) were the ones that demonstrated the best results (MIC: 98.2% \u0026plusmn; 1.9 of reduction), followed by the CPC (90.1% \u0026plusmn; 12.9), the EOs, (86.2% \u0026plusmn; 8.8), and finally the ZC, the PE and other ingredient groups. In addition to the first four groups, some products present more benefits than secondary effects since they are in an adequate concentration (for example, 1.5% for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). This study is relevant because \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e is an important bacterium for dental caries and plaque formation that contributes to periodontal diseases. If people maintain adequate biofilm control by avoiding tartar formation and using mouthwashes, these will reinforce biofilm control [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite our study being in vitro and using only an immature mono-species biofilm, our results are promising and of clinical relevance. It also opens the possibility of conducting in situ/in vivo tests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mouthwashes demonstrated some effect on S. \u003cem\u003emutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm, especially with the lowest dilution (1:3), and products containing whitening agents (hydrogen peroxide/sodium hexametaphosphate) and CPC have a more significant effect on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Not Applicable\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, and RL Gregory conceived the idea; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, RL Gregory, AP Ricomini-Filho and JA Cury designed the study; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, and RL Gregory performed the study; AC Valdivia-Tapia, F Lippert, RL Gregory wrote the first draft of the manuscript; PF Castelluccio, performed the statistical analysis; and all the authors review the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eACVT receives a scholarship from CAPES (N\u0026deg; 88887.621140/2021-00; Santander Program \u0026ldquo;Mobilidade Internacional \u0026ndash; DERI/PRPG-UNICAMP\u0026rdquo;).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 25;19(7):3926.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatista. \u0026quot;U.S. population: Usage of mouthwash / dental rinse from 2011 to 2024.\u0026quot; Chart. November 1, 2020. Statista. Accessed August 29, 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/286902/usage-mouthwash-dental-rinse-us-trend/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Dental Association\u003cem\u003e (ADA). 2021. Department of Scientific Information, Evidence Synthesis \u0026amp; Translation Research, ADA Science \u0026amp; Research Institute, LLC. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse-mouthwash\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelwahed AG, Temirek MM, Hassan FM. Antierosive Effect of Topical Fluorides: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of \u003cem\u003eIn Situ\u003c/em\u003e Studies. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 May 12;7(9):1523-1530. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubramaniam P, Nandan N. Effect of xylitol, sodium fluoride and triclosan containing mouth rinse on Streptococcus mutans. Contemp Clin Dent. 2011;2(4):287.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZero DT. Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies. BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jun 15;6 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJones CG. Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard? Periodontol 2000. 1997 Oct;15:55-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x. PMID: 9643233.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStoeken, J.E.; Paraskevas, S.; van der Weijden, G.A. The Long-Term Effect of a Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review. J. Periodontol. 2007, 78, 1218\u0026ndash;1228.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaps, S.; Slot, D.E.; Berchier, C.E.; van der Weijden, G.A. The Effect of Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Mouth Rinses as Adjuncts to Toothbrushing on Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2008, 6, 290\u0026ndash;303. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Leeuwen, M.P.; Slot, D.E.; van der Weijden, G.A. Essential Oils Compared to Chlorhexidine with Respect to Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review. J. Periodontol. 2011, 82, 174\u0026ndash;194\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunsolley, J.C. A Meta-Analysis of Six-Month Studies of Antiplaque and Antigingivitis Agents. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2006, 137, 1649\u0026ndash;1657. [CrossRef] \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunsolley, J.C. Clinical Efficacy of Antimicrobial Mouthrinses. J. Dent. 2010, 38 (Suppl. S1), S6\u0026ndash;S10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTakenaka S, Sotozono M, Ohkura N, Noiri Y. Evidence on the Use of Mouthwash for the Control of Supragingival Biofilm and Its Potential Adverse Effects. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 28;11(6):727. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDong L, Tong Z, Linghu D, Lin Y, Tao R, Liu J, Tian Y, Ni L. Effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatra C, Alalshaikh M, Gregory RL, Windsor LJ, Blanchard SB, Hamada Y. An in vitro comparison of four antibacterial agents with and without nicotine and their effects on human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 2022 Feb;93(2):e24-e33. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParaskevas, S.; Rosema, N.A.M.; Versteeg, P.; Van der Velden, U.; Van der Weijden, G.A. Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorhexidine Mouthrinses Compared in a 3-Day Plaque Accumulation Model. J. Periodontol. 2008, 79, 1395\u0026ndash;1400. [CrossRef]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValdivia-Tapia AC, Cury JA, Ricomini-Filho AP, Lippert F (2024). .Fluoride-free mouthwashes available over-the-counter in the US - an overview. Int J Dent Hyg. Submitted Nov 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang R, Li M, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012;120(4):319\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDenton GW. Chlorhexidine. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization and preservation. 4th edn. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1991: 274-289.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown EA, Krabek W, Skiffington R. Glycerite of hydrogen peroxide: I. Comparison of its bacteriotoxic with that of mercurial solutions. J Bacteriol 1947; 53: 793\u0026ndash;799.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossainian N, Slot DE, Afennich F, Van der Weijden GA. The effects of hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes on the prevention of plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011 Aug;9(3):171-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShibata H, Morioka T. Antibacterial action of condensed phosphates on the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and experimental caries in the hamster. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27(10):809-16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHosida TY, Pessan JP, Cavazana TP, Sampaio C, Monteiro DR, Botazzo Delbem AC. Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate and fluoride on dual-species biofilms of \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus mutans\u003c/em\u003e. Biofouling. 2021 Oct-Nov;37(9-10):939-948. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchroeder HE, Marthaler TM, Mu\u0026uml;hlemann HR. Effects of some potential inhibitors on early calculus formation. Helv Odont Acta 1962; 6: 6\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePitten FA, Kramer A. Efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride used as oropharyngeal antiseptic. Arzneim Forsch \u0026frasl; Drug Res 2001; 51: 588\u0026ndash;595.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVersteeg PA, Rosema NA, Hoenderdos NL, et al. The plaque inhibitory effect of a CPC mouthrinse in a 3-day plaque accumulation model \u0026ndash; a cross-over study. Int J Dent Hyg 2010;8:269\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarnett ML. The role of therapeutic antimicrobial mouthrinses in clinical practice. Control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134: 699\u0026ndash;701.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edo Amaral GCLS, Hassan MA, Sloniak MC, Pannuti CM, Romito GA, Villar CC. Effects of antimicrobial mouthwashes on the human oral microbiome: Systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Int J Dent Hyg. 2023 Feb;21(1):128-140. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, et al. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2019;150(12):1015-26.e1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFine DH, Letizia J, Mandel ID. The effect of rinsing with Listerine antiseptic on the properties of developing dental plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1985;12:660-666.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoss NM, Charles CH, Dills SS. Long-term effects of Listerine antiseptic on dental plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Dent 1989;1:92-95. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFine DH. Mouthrinses as adjuncts for plaque and gingivitis management. A status report for the American Journal of Dentistry. Am J Dent 1988;1:259-263.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOuhayoun JP. Penetrating the plaque biofilm: Impact of essential oil mouthwash. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30(Suppl. 5):10-12\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhan, T.-N., Buckner, T., Sheng, J., Baldeck, J.D., Marquis, R.E., 2004. Physiologic actions of zinc related to inhibition of acid and alkali production by oral streptococci in suspensions and biofilms. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 19, 31\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLynch, R.J.M., 2011. Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature. Int. Dent. J. 61, 46\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlmoudi MM, Hussein AS, Abu Hassan MI, Mohamad Zain N. A systematic review on antibacterial activity of zinc against \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus mutans\u003c/em\u003e. Saudi Dent J. 2018 Oct;30(4):283-291. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC (1A), planktonic (1B), and biofilm (1C) statistical analyses compared between each group and the negative control (CPC: cetylpyridinium chloride; EOs: Essential Oils; W: whitening; PE: Plant Extract; ZC: zinc chloride; and O: Others).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"758\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup /MIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2965%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.5896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5384 \u0026plusmn; 0.0518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5384 \u0026plusmn; 0.0518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5384 \u0026plusmn; 0.0518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0455 \u0026plusmn; 0.0625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0815 \u0026plusmn; 0.0833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0736 \u0026plusmn; 0.0700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0637 \u0026plusmn; 0.0829\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2530 \u0026plusmn; 0.0860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3904 \u0026plusmn; 0.0517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0082 \u0026plusmn; 0.0129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0101 \u0026plusmn; 0.0114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0123 \u0026plusmn; 0.0124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic ingredients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1101 \u0026plusmn; 0.1056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1824 \u0026plusmn; 0.1194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2492 \u0026plusmn; 0.1198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1073 \u0026plusmn; 0.1516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1278 \u0026plusmn; 0.1661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1558 \u0026plusmn; 0.1460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.7616%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1054 \u0026plusmn; 0.1076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2043 \u0026plusmn; 0.1589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.9274%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2579 \u0026plusmn; 0.1558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2472%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0288%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5662%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.98%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.2931%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"767\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Group/Planktonic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.6549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1296 \u0026plusmn; 0.0750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1296 \u0026plusmn; 0.0750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1296 \u0026plusmn; 0.0750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2841 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.5149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2293 \u0026plusmn; 0.4795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1972 \u0026plusmn; 0.4543\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0731 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.2550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1505 \u0026plusmn; 0.3433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1544 \u0026plusmn; 0.4101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2103 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.4921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1299 \u0026plusmn; 0.3867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1666 \u0026plusmn; 0.4411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic ingredients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0997 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.3214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1210 \u0026plusmn; 0.3686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0743 \u0026plusmn; 0.2870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0231 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.0644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0669 \u0026plusmn; 0.1887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1722 \u0026plusmn; 0.5262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2491%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1306 \u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.3920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.2929%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1541 \u0026plusmn; 0.4218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 0.5762%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.1969%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0800 \u0026plusmn; 0.2594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.2458%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.5639%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.8804%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9781%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"770\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Group/ Biofilm \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7994 \u0026plusmn; 0.1849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7994 \u0026plusmn; 0.1849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7994 \u0026plusmn; 0.1849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0447 \u0026plusmn; 0.0140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0727 \u0026plusmn; 0.1482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0698 \u0026plusmn; 0.1726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0638 \u0026plusmn; 0.0090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4053 \u0026plusmn; 0.2165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6756 \u0026plusmn; 0.2643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhitening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0194 \u0026plusmn; 0.0040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0162 \u0026plusmn; 0.0214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0263 \u0026plusmn; 0.0508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic ingredients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1953 \u0026plusmn; 0.1190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3576 \u0026plusmn; 0.2352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4995 \u0026plusmn; 0.2685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc Chloride\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2253 \u0026plusmn; 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2492 \u0026plusmn; 0.3571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3004 \u0026plusmn; 0.3013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1795 \u0026plusmn; 0.2029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3531 \u0026plusmn; 0.3106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4699 \u0026plusmn; 0.3447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u003c/strong\u003e MBC of all products from each of the six groups (CPC: cetylpyridinium chloride; EOs: Essential Oils; W: whitening; PE: Plant Extract; ZC: zinc chloride; and O: Others).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"622\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13.8486%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14.9629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEOs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16.2363%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15.9179%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.9873%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.0322%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAB\u003c/p\u003e\n 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8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.6406%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4365%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.5957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.3916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.1181%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.5264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.7998%;\"\u003e\n 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Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"mouthwash, S. mutans, dental caries, biofilm, antibacterial","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective: \u003c/strong\u003eTo evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and methods\u003c/strong\u003e: Eighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased in Indianapolis, IN. A 24-hour culture of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e UA159 was treated with the mouthwashes in three dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated. In addition, the growth for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated using five μL and incubated on blood agar. For the analysis of the results, the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n=25; essential oils/EO n=10; whitening/W, n=12; Plant extracts, n=15; zinc chloride/ZC, n=3; others/O, n=16). ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was performed (p=0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eRegarding MIC, planktonic, and biofilm growth of \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e, there was a significant decrease for the W and CPC groups. The EO and W groups had more inhibition on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm compared to the CPC group. For ZC, PE, and O groups, there were different effects within the same group, presenting a large variability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe mouthwashes demonstrated some effect on S. \u003cem\u003emutans\u003c/em\u003e biofilm, especially in the 1:3 dilution. W and CPC groups had a more significant effect on \u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003ebiofilm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical relevance: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. mutans\u003c/em\u003e is an important bacterium in dental caries and periodontal diseases. Our study showed that non-fluoridated mouthwashes affect the initial stages of biofilm formation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"In vitro effect of fluoride-free mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans biofilm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-14 12:00:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262012/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-16T03:22:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-11T02:58:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-08T18:15:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-08T14:20:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"80715689316014489211929805679140004717","date":"2025-04-08T08:34:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"301625054878275409198221549773776605273","date":"2025-04-08T05:55:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258641544298985809681039851499794838618","date":"2025-04-08T04:56:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"212140540117006117352711057571335659835","date":"2025-04-08T02:26:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"297201868013264953932464285191761221384","date":"2025-03-28T10:41:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-27T04:11:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T15:14:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T15:13:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Clinical Oral Investigations","date":"2025-03-19T13:13:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"clinical-oral-investigations","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cloi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Clinical Oral Investigations](http://link.springer.com/journal/784)","snPcode":"784","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/784/3","title":"Clinical Oral Investigations","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"51e482b9-37c1-4521-8c54-f0b9fcae808c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-12T13:08:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-14 12:00:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6262012","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6262012","identity":"rs-6262012","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}