Associations between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity :Latent Profile Analysis

Associations between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity :Latent Profile Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Associations between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity :Latent Profile Analysis zewei Hu, yihong He, Fang Xie This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Caring behavior influence patients’ recovery and improving nursing quality.However,potential categories of caring behavior and the relationship between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity,remain unclear. Objective This study aimed to examine the current situation of nurses’ caring behavior,the correlation between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity,identify potential categories,and analyze the distribution characteristics of demographic variables in each subgroup. Methods The research was a descriptive, correlational study. Data were collected using Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version into Chinese,MSQR-CV(range: 9–54) and the Chinese version of Caring Behavior Inventory(CBI) (range: 24–144). A total of 387 nursing staff were seleted to be included in this research using a convenience sampling method.Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to explore nurses’ caring behavior with 3 dimensions of the Chinese version of Caring Behavior Inventory as explicit variables.The influencing factors of different potential profiles of nurses’ caring behavior were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.Differences between profiles were analysed by MANOVA and ANOVAs as a follow-up. Results The LPA results showed that the three-profile model was the most suitable and supported the existence of three distinct QOL profiles: high(27.39%), moderate (34.11%) and low(8.4%). The relative entropy value was high (0.975), results pointed to a good profile solution and the three profiles differed significantly from one another. Conclusions The overall nurses’ caring behavior was at a moderate to high level.The classification of nurses could be predicted by factors, such as educational level, participation in caring training,grading of nurses and age.Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the dimension of moral power and responsibility in moral sensitivity and caring behavior in nurses.On the contrary,lower dimension of moral burden,which was the negative dimension of moral sensitivity tended to higher caring behavior in nurses.Nursing managers can formulate targeted interventions according to the influencing factors of potential profiles to improve nurses’ caring behavior. Caring behavior Moral sensitivity Cross-sectional survey Latent profile analysis Figures Figure 1 Introduction With the development of society and the transformation of medical nursing model, humanistic care has been paid more attention. A survey[ 1 ]showed that 84.7% of medical disputes were caused by poor communication between doctors and patients and poor service attitude of medical workers in China. Lack of care is one of the most important factors affecting doctor-patient disputes[ 2 ].Nurses’ caring behavior,according to Watson,has two aspects:expressive and operational activities[ 3 ].Expressive activities are supportive actions employed by nurses, such as honesty, trust, hope and empathy, that affect the human mood.Operational activities provide tangible services to meet basic living needs such as promoting comfort and pain relief.A survey showed that nurses’ caring behavior and compassionate care directly affect patients’ satisfaction[ 4 ].Other studies[ 5 ] showed that nurses’ positive caring behavior was significantly related to accelerating patients’ recovery and improving nursing quality. Ethical sensitivity,as also known as moral sensitivity was generally defined as nurses’ understanding of the ethical consequences of caring decisions[ 6 ].Moral sensitivity also helps nurses resolve ethical conflicts in their personal and professional lives[ 7 , 8 ]. It not only guides nurses towards ethical decision-making in facing ethical dilemmas and challenges[ 9 ], but also improves the quality of their professional performance[ 10 ].In the current field of cross-sectional studies,many studies tend to focus on relatively single-level influencing factors,the results of these studies primarily rely on scores obtained from various scales.However,it is worth noting that these studies have largely failed to conduct in-depth analysis of the differences in population characteristics across different score levels.In contrast,Latent Profile Analysis (LPA),as an individual-centered statistical analysis method,can identify subgroups with common level patterns based on an individual’s selection pattern of dominant variables.This approach further captures the characteristics of the population that cannot be observed through variable-centered statistics.In light of this,this study use the latent profile analysis to identify potential categories of nurses’ caring behavior and analyze the differences in population characteristics across categories and ethical sensitivity,aiming to provide a reference for improving nurses’ caring behavior. The theoretical framework for this study is based on Watson’s human caring theory[ 11 ].The essence of Watson’s theoretical contribution is captured in ten carative factors. The first three factors,Humanism,Hope and Sensibility are the philosophical foundation for the science of care.Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote self-development and self-actualization are able to encourage the same growth of others.With the improvement of ethical sensitivity, nurses can provide caring behavior better[ 12 ]. Methods Study design This was a methodological and descriptive study. Participants The statistical population consisted of nurses who worked in the clinical wards of a Grade A tertiary hospital in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province in 2024,by cluster random sampling.Individuals must meet the following inclusion criteria: they must hold a nursing practice certificate, have a minimum of 3 month of clinical nursing experience, and provide informed consent along with agreeing to participate voluntarily.Those who will be excluded from the study include individuals who have been away from clinical work for 6 months or more,whether due to leave,advanced study,or external training.Furthermore,participants will be eliminated from the study if they complete the questionnaire in less than 300s,if their responses follow a clear pattern,or if there are significant logical inconsistencies in their answers throughout the questionnaire. Ethical considerations This study strictly adheres to the ethical requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 edition), emphasizing participants' active role as research partners. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Dongyang People’s hospital.Verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants after explaining the purpose,risks,and benefits of the study.Their participation was voluntary and anonymous.No personally identifiable information was collected. Approval No.Dongrenyi 2025-YX-250 and complies with ethical standards during public health emergencies. Instruments General information questionnaire A general information questionnaire was designed independently.It mainly included 12 aspects,such as age,sex,education,hospital grade,title,department,the number of children,average number of night shifts per month,average number of patients in charge,mode of employment,monthly income,and the experience of receiving caring training. Chinese version of Caring Behaviors Inventory The Caring Behaviors Inventory,or CBI-24,was originally developed by Wolf[ 13 ]in the context of caring theory.The CBI-24’s theoretical definition is focused on the perception of nurses’ caring.It was translated and localized by Da chaojin[ 14 ].The scale consists of 24 entries across three dimensions,including support and guarantee (9 entries), knowledge and skill (5 entries), and deference and positive connectedness(10 entries).The items are rated on a six-point Likert scale(6 = always,5 = almost always,4 = usually,3 = occasionally,2 = almost never,1 = never). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.985.The total score ranges from 24 to 144. The higher the mean of responses, the more frequently caring behavior is perceived.We again checked that its reliability was verified by our study and found a result of Cronbach’s alpha = 0.974.Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version into Chinese, MSQR-CV.Huang et al.[ 15 ] translated the MSQ-R from English into Chinese,two dimensions were defined:Moral strength and responsibility(5 entries) and Sense of moral burden(4 entries).The items are rated on a six-point Likert scale(1 = totally disagress,2 = strongly disagree,3 = disagree,4 = agree,5 = strongly agree,6 = totally agree).The range of the MSQR-CV was 0–54,with higher scores indicating a greater degree of moral.Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.921. Data collection methods The prepared instructions and questionnaire link were distributed to clinical nurses through the Wenjuanxing app with the approval of the hospital.The questionnaire was administered anonymously.The participants were required to complete all questions before submission,each person allowed to submit only once,ensure the completeness and validity of the questionnaire. After the questionnaires were collected, two researchers reviewed the data and manually eliminated invalid questionnaires.A total of 391 questionnaires were distributed,of which 4 invalid questionnaires were eliminated(3 regular answer,1 incorrect filling) and 387 valid questionnaires were recovered,with an effective recovery rate of 99.0%. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics First, we used SPSS 24.0 to tabulate and process the data.The quantitative data that followed a normal distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation ( \(\:\stackrel{-}{\text{x}}\) ±s), while the qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage (%). We analyzed the demographic data of the 387 participants and found no missing items.Descriptive statistics were then conducted for the dependent and independent variables,and the corresponding statistical values and p-values were calculated. Latent profile analysis Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to investigate the optimal number of latent profiles that describe the patients’ perceptions for each of CBI domains.We used Mplus 8.3 software to conduct the latent profile analysis.The LPA classified the individuals based on their self-reported levels of nurses’ caring behaviors, as measured by the Chinese version of Caring Behaviors Inventory.We provided a comprehensive overview of various parameterized models in LPA.The model fit indexes used to evaluate these models included the Akaike information criterion(AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and sample adjusted BIC (a BIC). Lower values of these indexes indicate a better model fit.In addition, information entropy was used to assess classification accuracy,values ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 with higher values indicating greater accuracy.We examined the average posterior probability of profile membership.Values ≥ 0.80 indicated a good profile solution.Moreover, Mplus offers two likelihood ratio test indicators:the Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMR-LRT) and the bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT). These indicators are used to compare the fit of latent class models.We assessed fit indexes and model solutions from various parameterized methods,considering variance and covariance changes across multiple models. If the p-values for these two tests were less than 0.05,it indicated that the k-class model was significantly better than the k-1-class model.During model selection,we also considered the variability in classification measures and the number of individual profiles,typically ≥ 10%.To predict outcomes and explain the interactions between independent variables and their effects on dependent variables,we conducted a logistic regression analysis with the latent classes of nurses’ caring behaviors as the dependent variable and the statistically significant factors from one-way ANOVA as the independent variables. Results Descriptive statistics The sample consisted of 387 participants with a mean age of 32.63 (SD = ± 7.71;range of 23–51) years.The participants included 86 (22.9%) primary nurse,151(44.7%)nurse practitioner,122(31.2%)nurse in charge,and 28(1.4%) associate chief nurse. The total nurses’ caring behavior score of the 387 nurses was 89.98 ± 18.81, which suggested that the nurses’ caring behavior was at a moderate to high level,scores in each dimension were shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Nurses’ caring behaviors scores(n = 387) Score Entry parity (accountancy) Support and guarantee 35.59 ± 7.408 3.96 ± 0.822 Knowledge and skill 19.72 ± 4.067 3.94 ± 0.813 Deference and positive connectedness 34.67 ± 8.708 3.45 ± 0.877 Latent profile analysis (LPA) The potential profile analysis of nurses’ caring hebavior across the three dimensions of the expectation score aimed to establish a 1–4 potential category model.Each model fit index is detailed in Table 2. Tabel 2 Comparison of the potential profile model fit metrics (n = 387) Mould LL AIC BIC aBIC Entropy P-value categorical probability BLRT LMR-LRT 1C -13089.129 26274.259 26464.263 26311.964 - - - - 2C -10435.517 21017.033 21305.998 21074.377 0.980 0.0018 0.0017 54.26/45.74 3C -9434.932 19065.865 19453.790 19142.846 0.975 0.0109 0.0105 27.39/34.11/38.50 4C -9130.720 18507.439 18994.325 18604.059 0.982 0.1596 0.1579 3.10/25.84/32.04/39.02 With the increase in the number of categories,the entropy value exceeds 0.982,while the values of the AIC,BIC,and aBIC decrease.However,the LMR-LRT value for the categories (p = 0.1579) is not significant,suggesting that the model lacks a goo fit.Although the values of the AIC,BIC,and aBIC show a decreasing trend with the increase in the number of classifications and the entropy value of the 4-classification model is higher than that of the 3-classification model,the uneven distribution of category probabilities in the 4-classifications model,where 1 group accounts for only 3.1% of the total,led to the conclusion that,based on the comprehensive results of the statistical analysis and theoretical considerations[ 14 ](chaojin Da.,2016), model 3 was the best potential profile model.Based on the distribution of conditional means on the three dimensions in model 3,see Fig. 1 ,the categories were named according to the epiphenomenal characteristics of the dimensions of the scale.They were designated as follows:the “low caring behavior group”,with 149 people, accounting for 38.5%;the “medium caring behavior group” with 132 people, accounting for 34.11%;and the “high caring behavior group” with 106 people,accounting for 27.39%. Univariate analysis of the potential categories of caring behaviors for the nurses with different characteristics The results showed that the differences between the three potential categories were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in terms of marital status, education, number of children, years of work experience, professional title, nursing grade, average monthly income, average number of patients in charge, average number of night shifts per month, and whether or not they had received care training. See Table 3 for details. Table 3 General information of the nurses and the univariate analysis of the potential categories of nurse’ caring behaviors with different characteristics[n = 387,(%)] Sports event N Low caring behavior group(n = 149) medium caring behavior group(n = 132) high caring behavior group(n = 106) χ 2 P marital status 18.965 0.000 single 151 78(52.3) 37(28) 36(34) married 236 71(47.7) 95(72) 70(66) age 38.695 0.000 ≤ 25 years old 91 55(36.9) 20(15.2) 16(15.1) 26 ~ 30 years old 145 61(40.9) 51(38.6) 33(31.1) >30 years old 151 33(22.1) 61(46.2) 57(53.8) Education 11.862 0.003 Three-year college 105 55(36.9) 29(22) 21(19.8) Undergraduate or above 282 94(63.1) 103(78) 85(80.2) number of children 20.957 0.000 1 187 92(61.7) 52(39.4) 43(40.6) 2 107 27(18.1) 49(37.1) 31(29.2) ≥ 3 93 30(20.1) 31(23.5) 32(30.2) Years of experience 44.661 0.000 ≤ 5years 125 74(49.7) 28(21.2) 23(21.7) 6 ~ 10years 154 52(34.9) 65(49.2) 37(34.9) >10years 108 23(15.4) 39(29.5) 46(43.4) Title 36.591 0.000 nurse 86 51(34.2) 17(12.9) 18(17.0) staff nurse 151 62(41.6) 57(43.2) 32(30.2) head nurse 122 32(21.5) 48(36.4) 42(39.6) assistant head nurse or above 28 4(2.7) 10(7.6) 14(13.2) Nursing Rank System 39.063 0.000 Level0 66 45(30.2) 8(6.1) 13(12.3) Level1 144 57(38.3) 55(41.7) 32(30.2) ≥Level2 177 47(31.5) 69(52.3) 61(57.5) Monthly salary 19.948 0.000 ≤¥4000 28 15(10.1) 5(3.8) 8(7.5) ¥4001 ~ 6000 104 51(34.2) 31(23.5) 22(20.8) ¥6001 ~ 8000 184 69(46.3) 66(50) 49(46.2) >¥8000 71 14(9.4) 30(22.7) 27(25.5) Patient workload 15.468 0.017 ≤ 6 66 26(17.4) 22(16.7) 18(17.0) 7 ~ 9 93 43(28.9) 31(23.5) 19(17.9) 10 ~ 12 154 63(42.3) 54(40.9) 37(34.9) >12 74 17(11.4) 25(18.9) 32(30.2) Average number of night shifts per month 13.188 0.04 0 20 3(2) 6(4.5) 11(10.4) 1 ~ 4 219 88(59.1) 69(52.3) 62(58.5) 5 ~ 8 111 42(28.2) 46(34.8) 23(21.7) ≥ 9 37 16(10.7) 11(8.3) 10(9.4) receiving prior caring training 11.339 0.003 yes 345 125(38.5) 117(88.6) 103(97.2) no 42 24(16.1) 15(11.4) 3(2.8) The one-way ANOVA indicated that the three latent profiles of nursing care behaviors were significantly associated with two dimensions of moral sensitivity (P < 0.001).See Table 4 for details. Table 4 Comparison of scores on different dimensions of clinical nurses’ moral sensitivity across various latent profiles of caring behaviors. low caring behavior group medium caring behavior group high caring behavior group F P moral power and responsibility 20.81 ± 3.81 24.20 ± 3.59 27.52 ± 3.21 110.374 0.000 moral burden 15.58 ± 3.21 17.38 ± 3.35 19.22 ± 4.48 27.649 0.000 Multifactor logistic regression analysis of the potential profiles of nurses’ caring behaviors Using three potential profiles of nurses’ caring behavior as dependent variables (low-caring behavior group = 1,medium-caring behavior group = 2, high-caring behavior group = 3), we performed multinomial logistic regression analysis with statistically significant demographic variables and two dimensions of moral sensitivity.The results demonstrated that individuals aged 26–30 years,moral strength and responsibility,moral burden and receiving prior caring training significantly influenced outcomes relative to the low-caring behavior group.Compared to older age groups(>30 years),individuals aged 26–30 years were significantly more likely to exhibit lower levels of caring behaviors (OR = 0.319, P = 0.042). Higher scores on the dimensions of moral responsibility and strength (OR = 1.335, P < 0.001),(OR = 1.950, P < 0.001) were associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors. Conversely, lower scores on perceived moral burden were associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors (OR = 0.863, P = 0.030). Furthermore, receiving prior caring training was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors (OR = 0.131, P = 0.009). Details are provided in Table 5 . Table 5 Multifactor logistic regression analysis of the potential profiles of nurses’ caring behaviors medium caring behavior group B-value Standard error WaldX2 value P-value OR 95%CI -5.675 1.557 13.286 <0.001 moral sensitivity moral burden -0.089 0.062 2.102 0.147 0.914 0.810 ~ 1.032 moral strength and responsibility 0.289 0.058 24.652 30 a 1.0 high caring behavior group -14.314 2.027 49.862 <0.001 moral sensitivity moral burden -0.148 0.068 4.706 0.030 0.863 0.755 ~ 0.986 moral strength and responsibility 0.668 0.081 68.043 <0.001 1.950 1.664 ~ 2.285 receiving prior caring training no -2.030 0.779 6.795 0.009 0.131 0.029 ~ 0.604 yes a 1.0 Discussion Current Status and Characteristics of Clinical Nurses’ Caring Behavior Results indicate that clinical nurses' caring behavior score was 89.98 ± 18.81points.Compared to the scale's midpoint value of 84 points, this reflects a moderate to high level.The distribution across the three profiles was relatively balanced at 27.39%,34.11%,and 38.50% respectively.Analysis of dimension scores revealed that Knowledge and Skills and Support and Assurance dimensions exhibited comparable scores,the Respect and connectedness dimension scored the lowest.This is similar to the findings of Geng[ 16 ],demonstrating that:Clinical nurses generally have a positive perceptions of their caring behaviors,and they recognize the significance of caring behaviors in practice.Moreover,nurses exhibit strong professional compence in addressing patients’ physiological needs and providing essential life support.However, improvement is required in:Perceiving patients’ psychological needs,implementing effective communication strategies and guiding patient participation in treatment planning.Previous researech suggests that the lower scores in respect and connectedness dimensions may be attributed to excessive clinical workloads,which limiting nurses’ capacity to establish relationships beyond essential professional interactions.What’s more, the core requirements of personalized care and shared decision-making, which necessitate collaborative development between nurses and patients[ 17 ].Other patient-related factors include:inadequate articulation of disease/treatment experiences,lower educational attainment and reluctance to participate in care planning. Latent profiles of clinical nurses’ caring behavior This study identified three latent subgroups of clinical nurses’ caring behavior through latent profile analysis,namely the high caring behavior group,moderate caring behavior group,and low caring behavior group.This confirmed the presence of heterogeneity among individuals in the characteristics of clinical nurses’ caring behavior.The low caring behavior group was characterized by fewer children and younger age. Characteristics of high caring-behavior groups Nurses demonstrating high levels of caring behaviors exhibit three dominant attributes:higher education,senior professional level and had already received care training.Chuanru et al[ 18 ]. establishes that higher-educated nurses display more proactive caring behaviors, with advanced knowledge facilitating deeper integration of humanistic care into practice.A research[ 19 ] in turkey confirms education level as a key predictor of caring behaviors.Elahi M et al.[ 20 ] demonstrate that humanistic care theory training directly enhances nurses’ caring behaviors and job involvement.Adan, Adan et al.[ 21 ]significantly improved nurses’ humanistic care abilities and behaviors through humanistic training.The underlying mechanism is as follows:Clinical experience and humanistic education foster nurses’ recognition of care’s therapeutic value and professional accountability,encourage nurses to cultivate empathetic perception skills to identify patient/family emotional needs,and drives proactive implementation of context-specific caring actions. Influencing factors of nurses’ caring behaviors Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that clinical nurses aged 26–30 years exhibited a significantly higher risk of demonstrating low caring behaviors compared to those over 30 years old (OR = 0.317, P = 0.04).This elevated risk may stem from the fact that nurses in this age bracket often serve as the primary workforce in their departments,carrying a heavier patient load and greater workload.Consequently,they may lack sufficient time and energy to provide adequate care and meet patients’ emotional needs.These findings suggest that nursing managers should implement strategies such as enhancing nursing informatics or increasing staffing levels to reduce nurses’ workload. This reduction could potentially free up more time for nurse-patient communication, thereby improving the quality of care delivered and better addressing patients’ needs for compassion and support. Further analysis revealed that having received caring training is a protective factor for nurses’ caring behaviors. Liu et al.(2017)[ 21 ]posit that humanistic care, as an essential component of nursing quality management, should be integrated into the overall management framework,similar to clinical skills or nursing rounds,to truly benefit patients, nurses, medical institutions, and society. However, current humanistic care practices in China primarily rely on nursing managers’ awareness and nurses’ intrinsic cultivation, lacking standardized criteria and management systems.This results in insufficient implementation depth and effectiveness.Consequently,managers should prioritize and standardize the cultivation of humanistic care knowledge to facilitate its internalization,thereby improving nurses’ caring behaviors. Impact of Moral Sensitivity on Nurses’ Caring Behaviors This study demonstrates that the “Moral Strength and Responsibility” dimension of moral sensitivity is a positive predictor of nurses’caring behaviors (OR = 1.950, P < 0.001). Nurses scoring higher on this dimension exhibit a greater tendency toward high-caring behaviors. “Moral Strength and Responsibility” refers to the courage and capability of nurses to overcome self-interest and external pressures to act ethically, driven by a sense of duty.As patient advocates, nurses must actively engage in ethical decision-making processes concerning patients. Sustaining moral sensitivity empowers nurses to courageously act on their ethical convictions, implement caring behaviors appropriately, and enhance care quality. Conversely, lower scores on the "Moral Burden" dimension of moral sensitivity correlate with a higher likelihood of high-caring behaviors.In daily practice,when nurses experience moral distress due to value conflicts,they may exhibit low-caring behaviors.Therefore, nursing administrators should develop systematic moral education programs, implement nursing ethics courses,and foster a positive ethical climate to alleviate nurses’ moral burden, enhance their moral sensitivity, and ultimately elevate the level of caring behaviors. Summary In summary, the overall caring behavior of the nurses was at a moderate to high level, and the caring behavior of the nurses could be categorized into three groups: low caring behavior group,medium caring behavior group and high caring behavior group.Nurses’ educational level,participation in caring training,grading of nurses and age were the factors influencing the different potential categories of nurses’ caring behaviors. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the dimension of moral power and responsibility in moral sensitivity and caring behaviors in nurses.Nursing managers should implement targeted measures to improve caring behaviors based on these influencing factors. Declarations Before starting the study, ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Dongyang People’ s hospital.Verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants after explaining the purpose,risks,and benefits of the study.Their participation was voluntary and anonymous.No personally identifiable information was collected. Approval No.Dongrenyi 2025-YX-250 and complies with ethical standards during public health emergencies. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. ‌ Funding‌ This research received no external funding. Author Contributions Study conception and design: All authors Data collection: HZW, HYH Data analysis and interpretation: HZW, HYH Drafting of the article: XF,HYH,HZW Critical revision of the article: XF,HYH Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the participation and support of several people without whom this study could never have been completed, including the administrative and clinical staff, physicians, and head nurses. References Weiwei Y. (2013). The dilemma and countermeasures of the doctor-patient communication in china.Medicine and Society. 10.3870/YXYSH.2013.06.009 Yilan L, Hongyan W, Deying H, Caihong L, Chunyan G, Hui H, et al. Reflection on quality of humanistic care management. J Nurs Sci. 2017. 10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2017.23.001 . Vujani J, Prli N, Lovri R. 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The current status and influencing factors of caring behavior among ICU nurses in 24 tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province. Chin Journalof Nurs. 2022;57(15):1868–73. 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2022.15.011 . Taylan S, Zkan L& Günnaz.ahin. Caring behaviors, moral sensitivity, and emotional intelligence in intensive care nurses: a descriptive study. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(2):734–46. 10.1111/ppc.12608 . Elahi M, Mansouri P, Khademian Z. The Effect of Education Based on Human Care Theory on Caring Behaviors and Job Involvement of Nurses in Intensive Care Units. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021;26(5):425–9. 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_43_20 . Adan F, Juan Z, Ju Z, Hongyan W, Nursing DO. (2017). The use of experiential learning in cultivating caring ability of newly graduated nurses.Journal of Nursing Science. 10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2017.10.063 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8347548","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":580138392,"identity":"6c94c0c2-b769-469e-bb48-3314d1ac43e0","order_by":0,"name":"zewei Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dongyang People’s Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"zewei","middleName":"","lastName":"Hu","suffix":""},{"id":580138393,"identity":"669a62eb-e3b5-44c4-9d53-c46d8ff365ad","order_by":1,"name":"yihong He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dongyang People’s Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yihong","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":580138394,"identity":"e22c86b0-131c-4641-9ab2-21b89522cad9","order_by":2,"name":"Fang Xie","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvmD7Z//VNjI8TPzP3yQUFFDWAufBPMxBp4zacaS7T3MBg/OHCOsRU6CLY2Bt+1w4oYzZ9gkH7YwE+Ew6R6zB5Jth40lZ+Qeq0hsYGPgb+9OwK9F5oy5gcG5dDl+iby0G4k7ZBgkzpzdgF8LQ46BREKZNdCWBLMbiWfYGAwkconQcoCNOXHDjQSzgsQ2ZiK0SKSlSTa0OYO8b8ZAnBaew4eNGcCB3JYskXDmGA9Bv8i3NzY+ZgBHJfPBjz8qauT423vxa8EAPKQpHwWjYBSMglGAFQAAFYlLSBprSvUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Dongyang People’s Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-12 16:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101435623,"identity":"3bb644fa-8860-4ae3-8dfd-710b31cac25d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-29 16:16:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotential profile characteristics of the three dimensions of nurses’ caring behaviors.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8347548/v1/5ea8713a5f5c94e55bdca48c.png"},{"id":101751632,"identity":"dc488c6a-1c60-4ced-ab49-c786d30aee05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:21:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1311979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8347548/v1/a6b0274c-5502-4388-9b62-13fa86cd560e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Associations between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity :Latent Profile Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the development of society and the transformation of medical nursing model, humanistic care has been paid more attention. A survey[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]showed that 84.7% of medical disputes were caused by poor communication between doctors and patients and poor service attitude of medical workers in China. Lack of care is one of the most important factors affecting doctor-patient disputes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].Nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior,according to Watson,has two aspects:expressive and operational activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].Expressive activities are supportive actions employed by nurses, such as honesty, trust, hope and empathy, that affect the human mood.Operational activities provide tangible services to meet basic living needs such as promoting comfort and pain relief.A survey showed that nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior and compassionate care directly affect patients\u0026rsquo; satisfaction[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].Other studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] showed that nurses\u0026rsquo; positive caring behavior was significantly related to accelerating patients\u0026rsquo; recovery and improving nursing quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical sensitivity,as also known as moral sensitivity was generally defined as nurses\u0026rsquo; understanding of the ethical consequences of caring decisions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].Moral sensitivity also helps nurses resolve ethical conflicts in their personal and professional lives[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. It not only guides nurses towards ethical decision-making in facing ethical dilemmas and challenges[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], but also improves the quality of their professional performance[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].In the current field of cross-sectional studies,many studies tend to focus on relatively single-level influencing factors,the results of these studies primarily rely on scores obtained from various scales.However,it is worth noting that these studies have largely failed to conduct in-depth analysis of the differences in population characteristics across different score levels.In contrast,Latent Profile Analysis (LPA),as an individual-centered statistical analysis method,can identify subgroups with common level patterns based on an individual\u0026rsquo;s selection pattern of dominant variables.This approach further captures the characteristics of the population that cannot be observed through variable-centered statistics.In light of this,this study use the latent profile analysis to identify potential categories of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior and analyze the differences in population characteristics across categories and ethical sensitivity,aiming to provide a reference for improving nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe theoretical framework for this study is based on Watson\u0026rsquo;s human caring theory[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].The essence of Watson\u0026rsquo;s theoretical contribution is captured in ten carative factors. The first three factors,Humanism,Hope and Sensibility are the philosophical foundation for the science of care.Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote self-development and self-actualization are able to encourage the same growth of others.With the improvement of ethical sensitivity, nurses can provide caring behavior better[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a methodological and descriptive study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statistical population consisted of nurses who worked in the clinical wards of a Grade A tertiary hospital in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province in 2024,by cluster random sampling.Individuals must meet the following inclusion criteria: they must hold a nursing practice certificate, have a minimum of 3 month of clinical nursing experience, and provide informed consent along with agreeing to participate voluntarily.Those who will be excluded from the study include individuals who have been away from clinical work for 6 months or more,whether due to leave,advanced study,or external training.Furthermore,participants will be eliminated from the study if they complete the questionnaire in less than 300s,if their responses follow a clear pattern,or if there are significant logical inconsistencies in their answers throughout the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This study strictly adheres to the ethical requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 edition), emphasizing participants' active role as research partners. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Dongyang People\u0026rsquo;s hospital.Verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants after explaining the purpose,risks,and benefits of the study.Their participation was voluntary and anonymous.No personally identifiable information was collected. Approval No.Dongrenyi 2025-YX-250 and complies with ethical standards during public health emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstruments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneral information questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA general information questionnaire was designed independently.It mainly included 12 aspects,such as age,sex,education,hospital grade,title,department,the number of children,average number of night shifts per month,average number of patients in charge,mode of employment,monthly income,and the experience of receiving caring training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChinese version of Caring Behaviors Inventory\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Caring Behaviors Inventory,or CBI-24,was originally developed by Wolf[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]in the context of caring theory.The CBI-24\u0026rsquo;s theoretical definition is focused on the perception of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring.It was translated and localized by Da chaojin[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].The scale consists of 24 entries across three dimensions,including support and guarantee (9 entries), knowledge and skill (5 entries), and deference and positive connectedness(10 entries).The items are rated on a six-point Likert scale(6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;always,5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;almost always,4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;usually,3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;occasionally,2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;almost never,1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never). Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.985.The total score ranges from 24 to 144. The higher the mean of responses, the more frequently caring behavior is perceived.We again checked that its reliability was verified by our study and found a result of Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.974.Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version into Chinese, MSQR-CV.Huang et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] translated the MSQ-R from English into Chinese,two dimensions were defined:Moral strength and responsibility(5 entries) and Sense of moral burden(4 entries).The items are rated on a six-point Likert scale(1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;totally disagress,2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree,3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree,4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree,5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree,6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;totally agree).The range of the MSQR-CV was 0\u0026ndash;54,with higher scores indicating a greater degree of moral.Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.921.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prepared instructions and questionnaire link were distributed to clinical nurses through the Wenjuanxing app with the approval of the hospital.The questionnaire was administered anonymously.The participants were required to complete all questions before submission,each person allowed to submit only once,ensure the completeness and validity of the questionnaire. After the questionnaires were collected, two researchers reviewed the data and manually eliminated invalid questionnaires.A total of 391 questionnaires were distributed,of which 4 invalid questionnaires were eliminated(3 regular answer,1 incorrect filling) and 387 valid questionnaires were recovered,with an effective recovery rate of 99.0%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, we used SPSS 24.0 to tabulate and process the data.The quantitative data that followed a normal distribution were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{\\text{x}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026plusmn;s), while the qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage (%). We analyzed the demographic data of the 387 participants and found no missing items.Descriptive statistics were then conducted for the dependent and independent variables,and the corresponding statistical values and p-values were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLatent profile analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to investigate the optimal number of latent profiles that describe the patients\u0026rsquo; perceptions for each of CBI domains.We used Mplus 8.3 software to conduct the latent profile analysis.The LPA classified the individuals based on their self-reported levels of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors, as measured by the Chinese version of Caring Behaviors Inventory.We provided a comprehensive overview of various parameterized models in LPA.The model fit indexes used to evaluate these models included the Akaike information criterion(AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and sample adjusted BIC (a BIC). Lower values of these indexes indicate a better model fit.In addition, information entropy was used to assess classification accuracy,values ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 with higher values indicating greater accuracy.We examined the average posterior probability of profile membership.Values\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.80 indicated a good profile solution.Moreover, Mplus offers two likelihood ratio test indicators:the Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMR-LRT) and the bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT). These indicators are used to compare the fit of latent class models.We assessed fit indexes and model solutions from various parameterized methods,considering variance and covariance changes across multiple models. If the p-values for these two tests were less than 0.05,it indicated that the k-class model was significantly better than the k-1-class model.During model selection,we also considered the variability in classification measures and the number of individual profiles,typically\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%.To predict outcomes and explain the interactions between independent variables and their effects on dependent variables,we conducted a logistic regression analysis with the latent classes of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors as the dependent variable and the statistically significant factors from one-way ANOVA as the independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample consisted of 387 participants with a mean age of 32.63 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.71;range of 23\u0026ndash;51) years.The participants included 86 (22.9%) primary nurse,151(44.7%)nurse practitioner,122(31.2%)nurse in charge,and 28(1.4%) associate chief nurse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior score of the 387 nurses was 89.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.81, which suggested that the nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior was at a moderate to high level,scores in each dimension were shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors scores(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;387)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry parity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(accountancy)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport and guarantee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge and skill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.813\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeference and positive connectedness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLatent profile analysis (LPA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential profile analysis of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring hebavior across the three dimensions of the expectation score aimed to establish a 1\u0026ndash;4 potential category model.Each model fit index is detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTabel 2 Comparison of the potential profile model fit metrics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;387)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMould\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaBIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecategorical probability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMR-LRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13089.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26274.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26464.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26311.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10435.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21017.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21305.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21074.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.26/45.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9434.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19065.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19453.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19142.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.39/34.11/38.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9130.720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18507.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18994.325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18604.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10/25.84/32.04/39.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the increase in the number of categories,the entropy value exceeds 0.982,while the values of the AIC,BIC,and aBIC decrease.However,the LMR-LRT value for the categories (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1579) is not significant,suggesting that the model lacks a goo fit.Although the values of the AIC,BIC,and aBIC show a decreasing trend with the increase in the number of classifications and the entropy value of the 4-classification model is higher than that of the 3-classification model,the uneven distribution of category probabilities in the 4-classifications model,where 1 group accounts for only 3.1% of the total,led to the conclusion that,based on the comprehensive results of the statistical analysis and theoretical considerations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e](chaojin Da.,2016), model 3 was the best potential profile model.Based on the distribution of conditional means on the three dimensions in model 3,see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,the categories were named according to the epiphenomenal characteristics of the dimensions of the scale.They were designated as follows:the \u0026ldquo;low caring behavior group\u0026rdquo;,with 149 people, accounting for 38.5%;the \u0026ldquo;medium caring behavior group\u0026rdquo; with 132 people, accounting for 34.11%;and the \u0026ldquo;high caring behavior group\u0026rdquo; with 106 people,accounting for 27.39%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUnivariate analysis of the potential categories of caring behaviors for the nurses with different characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the differences between the three potential categories were statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in terms of marital status, education, number of children, years of work experience, professional title, nursing grade, average monthly income, average number of patients in charge, average number of night shifts per month, and whether or not they had received care training. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral information of the nurses and the univariate analysis of the potential categories of nurse\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors with different characteristics[n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;387,(%)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSports event\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow caring behavior group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;149)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedium caring behavior group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;132)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehigh caring behavior group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;106)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95(72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;25 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(36.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;30 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;30 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(22.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(53.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-year college\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(36.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(19.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate or above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(63.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(80.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(61.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(37.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(29.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(20.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(21.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(21.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(49.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(29.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(34.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estaff nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(41.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(43.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eassistant head nurse or above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing Rank System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(38.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;Level2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly salary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026yen;4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026yen;4001\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(34.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026yen;6001\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026yen;8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(9.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient workload\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage number of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003enight shifts per month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(59.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(58.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(21.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(9.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ereceiving prior caring training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(88.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(97.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(16.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe one-way ANOVA indicated that the three latent profiles of nursing care behaviors were significantly associated with two dimensions of moral sensitivity (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of scores on different dimensions of clinical nurses\u0026rsquo; moral sensitivity across various latent profiles of caring behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elow caring behavior group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedium caring behavior group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehigh caring behavior group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral power and responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral burden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultifactor logistic regression analysis of the potential profiles of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing three potential profiles of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior as dependent variables (low-caring behavior group\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,medium-caring behavior group\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, high-caring behavior group\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), we performed multinomial logistic regression analysis with statistically significant demographic variables and two dimensions of moral sensitivity.The results demonstrated that individuals aged 26\u0026ndash;30 years,moral strength and responsibility,moral burden and receiving prior caring training significantly influenced outcomes relative to the low-caring behavior group.Compared to older age groups(\u0026gt;30 years),individuals aged 26\u0026ndash;30 years were significantly more likely to exhibit lower levels of caring behaviors (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.319, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). Higher scores on the dimensions of moral responsibility and strength (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.335, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001),(OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.950, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors. Conversely, lower scores on perceived moral burden were associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.863, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030). Furthermore, receiving prior caring training was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of higher levels of caring behaviors (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.131, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009). Details are provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultifactor logistic regression analysis of the potential profiles of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedium caring behavior group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaldX2 value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.557\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral burden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;1.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral strength and responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.191\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;1.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehigh caring behavior group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral burden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.755\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoral strength and responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.664\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ereceiving prior caring training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCurrent Status and Characteristics of Clinical Nurses\u0026rsquo; Caring Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults indicate that clinical nurses' caring behavior score was 89.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.81points.Compared to the scale's midpoint value of 84 points, this reflects a moderate to high level.The distribution across the three profiles was relatively balanced at 27.39%,34.11%,and 38.50% respectively.Analysis of dimension scores revealed that Knowledge and Skills and Support and Assurance dimensions exhibited comparable scores,the Respect and connectedness dimension scored the lowest.This is similar to the findings of Geng[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e],demonstrating that:Clinical nurses generally have a positive perceptions of their caring behaviors,and they recognize the significance of caring behaviors in practice.Moreover,nurses exhibit strong professional compence in addressing patients\u0026rsquo; physiological needs and providing essential life support.However, improvement is required in:Perceiving patients\u0026rsquo; psychological needs,implementing effective communication strategies and guiding patient participation in treatment planning.Previous researech suggests that the lower scores in respect and connectedness dimensions may be attributed to excessive clinical workloads,which limiting nurses\u0026rsquo; capacity to establish relationships beyond essential professional interactions.What\u0026rsquo;s more, the core requirements of personalized care and shared decision-making, which necessitate collaborative development between nurses and patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].Other patient-related factors include:inadequate articulation of disease/treatment experiences,lower educational attainment and reluctance to participate in care planning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLatent profiles of clinical nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study identified three latent subgroups of clinical nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior through latent profile analysis,namely the high caring behavior group,moderate caring behavior group,and low caring behavior group.This confirmed the presence of heterogeneity among individuals in the characteristics of clinical nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior.The low caring behavior group was characterized by fewer children and younger age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of high caring-behavior groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses demonstrating high levels of caring behaviors exhibit three dominant attributes:higher education,senior professional level and had already received care training.Chuanru et al[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. establishes that higher-educated nurses display more proactive caring behaviors, with advanced knowledge facilitating deeper integration of humanistic care into practice.A research[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] in turkey confirms education level as a key predictor of caring behaviors.Elahi M et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrate that humanistic care theory training directly enhances nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors and job involvement.Adan, Adan et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]significantly improved nurses\u0026rsquo; humanistic care abilities and behaviors through humanistic training.The underlying mechanism is as follows:Clinical experience and humanistic education foster nurses\u0026rsquo; recognition of care\u0026rsquo;s therapeutic value and professional accountability,encourage nurses to cultivate empathetic perception skills to identify patient/family emotional needs,and drives proactive implementation of context-specific caring actions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInfluencing factors of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that clinical nurses aged 26\u0026ndash;30 years exhibited a significantly higher risk of demonstrating low caring behaviors compared to those over 30 years old (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.317, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04).This elevated risk may stem from the fact that nurses in this age bracket often serve as the primary workforce in their departments,carrying a heavier patient load and greater workload.Consequently,they may lack sufficient time and energy to provide adequate care and meet patients\u0026rsquo; emotional needs.These findings suggest that nursing managers should implement strategies such as enhancing nursing informatics or increasing staffing levels to reduce nurses\u0026rsquo; workload. This reduction could potentially free up more time for nurse-patient communication, thereby improving the quality of care delivered and better addressing patients\u0026rsquo; needs for compassion and support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther analysis revealed that having received caring training is a protective factor for nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors. Liu et al.(2017)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]posit that humanistic care, as an essential component of nursing quality management, should be integrated into the overall management framework,similar to clinical skills or nursing rounds,to truly benefit patients, nurses, medical institutions, and society. However, current humanistic care practices in China primarily rely on nursing managers\u0026rsquo; awareness and nurses\u0026rsquo; intrinsic cultivation, lacking standardized criteria and management systems.This results in insufficient implementation depth and effectiveness.Consequently,managers should prioritize and standardize the cultivation of humanistic care knowledge to facilitate its internalization,thereby improving nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImpact of Moral Sensitivity on Nurses\u0026rsquo; Caring Behaviors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates that the \u0026ldquo;Moral Strength and Responsibility\u0026rdquo; dimension of moral sensitivity is a positive predictor of nurses\u0026rsquo;caring behaviors (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.950, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Nurses scoring higher on this dimension exhibit a greater tendency toward high-caring behaviors. \u0026ldquo;Moral Strength and Responsibility\u0026rdquo; refers to the courage and capability of nurses to overcome self-interest and external pressures to act ethically, driven by a sense of duty.As patient advocates, nurses must actively engage in ethical decision-making processes concerning patients. Sustaining moral sensitivity empowers nurses to courageously act on their ethical convictions, implement caring behaviors appropriately, and enhance care quality. Conversely, lower scores on the \"Moral Burden\" dimension of moral sensitivity correlate with a higher likelihood of high-caring behaviors.In daily practice,when nurses experience moral distress due to value conflicts,they may exhibit low-caring behaviors.Therefore, nursing administrators should develop systematic moral education programs, implement nursing ethics courses,and foster a positive ethical climate to alleviate nurses\u0026rsquo; moral burden, enhance their moral sensitivity, and ultimately elevate the level of caring behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSummary\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the overall caring behavior of the nurses was at a moderate to high level, and the caring behavior of the nurses could be categorized into three groups: low caring behavior group,medium caring behavior group and high caring behavior group.Nurses\u0026rsquo; educational level,participation in caring training,grading of nurses and age were the factors influencing the different potential categories of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behaviors. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the dimension of moral power and responsibility in moral sensitivity and caring behaviors in nurses.Nursing managers should implement targeted measures to improve caring behaviors based on these influencing factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBefore starting the study, ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Dongyang People\u0026rsquo; s hospital.Verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants after explaining the purpose,risks,and benefits of the study.Their participation was voluntary and anonymous.No personally identifiable information was collected. Approval No.Dongrenyi 2025-YX-250 and complies with ethical standards during public health emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026zwnj;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026zwnj;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy conception and design: All authors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection: HZW, HYH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis and interpretation: HZW, HYH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrafting of the article: XF,HYH,HZW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritical revision of the article: XF,HYH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the participation and support of several people without whom this study could never have been completed, including the administrative and clinical staff, physicians, and head nurses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeiwei Y. 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The use of experiential learning in cultivating caring ability of newly graduated nurses.Journal of Nursing Science. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2017.10.063\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2017.10.063\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Caring behavior, Moral sensitivity, Cross-sectional survey, Latent profile analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaring behavior influence patients\u0026rsquo; recovery and improving nursing quality.However,potential categories of caring behavior and the relationship between nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior and moral sensitivity,remain unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to examine the current situation of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior,the correlation between nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior and moral sensitivity,identify potential categories,and analyze the distribution characteristics of demographic variables in each subgroup.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research was a descriptive, correlational study. Data were collected using Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version into Chinese,MSQR-CV(range: 9\u0026ndash;54) and the Chinese version of Caring Behavior Inventory(CBI) (range: 24\u0026ndash;144). A total of 387 nursing staff were seleted to be included in this research using a convenience sampling method.Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to explore nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior with 3 dimensions of the Chinese version of Caring Behavior Inventory as explicit variables.The influencing factors of different potential profiles of nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.Differences between profiles were analysed by MANOVA and ANOVAs as a follow-up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LPA results showed that the three-profile model was the most suitable and supported the existence of three distinct QOL profiles: high(27.39%), moderate (34.11%) and low(8.4%). The relative entropy value was high (0.975), results pointed to a good profile solution and the three profiles differed significantly from one another.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior was at a moderate to high level.The classification of nurses could be predicted by factors, such as educational level, participation in caring training,grading of nurses and age.Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the dimension of moral power and responsibility in moral sensitivity and caring behavior in nurses.On the contrary,lower dimension of moral burden,which was the negative dimension of moral sensitivity tended to higher caring behavior in nurses.Nursing managers can formulate targeted interventions according to the influencing factors of potential profiles to improve nurses\u0026rsquo; caring behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Associations between nurses’ caring behavior and moral sensitivity :Latent Profile Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-29 16:16:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8347548/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"242068464327816286773081490176670384224","date":"2026-01-25T18:30:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"211231858404332012545990305763851597586","date":"2026-01-25T17:45:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T12:13:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-22T09:39:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T04:47:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-01T04:29:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2026-01-01T04:24:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"988c0a85-c043-448a-9efd-b7ad308f9424","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-29T16:16:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-29 16:16:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8347548","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8347548","identity":"rs-8347548","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}