Maximizing Lifetime and Target Coverage in Dynamic Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm

Maximizing Lifetime and Target Coverage in Dynamic Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Maximizing Lifetime and Target Coverage in Dynamic Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm Nguyen Thi My Binh, Tran Son Tung, Tran Le Dung, Ho Viet Duc Luong This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dynamic underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) play a crucial role in marine monitoring and surveillance, but their performance is severely constrained by limited energy resources and harsh environmental dynamics. This paper studies the Maximum Lifetime Target Coverage (MLTC-UWSN) problem, which aims to prolong network lifetime while guaranteeing complete target coverage and connectivity under a probabilistic sensing model. We propose EGA-MLTC, an enhanced genetic algorithm that integrates improved crossover, mutation, and diversity-preserving mechanisms within a key-time scheduling framework, enabling effective extraction of disjoint sensor covers that adapt to sensor state variations. The proposed approach is evaluated against baseline metaheuristics, including Differential Evolution (DE) and Harmony Search (HMS), under diverse network scales, sensor densities, and environmental conditions. Simulation results show that EGA-MLTC consistently achieves longer operational lifetimes and more robust coverage than competing methods. These findings establish EGA-MLTC as a practical and scalable solution for efficient and reliable operation of dynamic UWSNs. Underwater wireless sensor network maximizing network lifetime evolutionary computation dynamic sensor network Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 31 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7757367","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":597582962,"identity":"dec2ff1e-0171-45cd-9e2d-22f3b5bbcffa","order_by":0,"name":"Nguyen Thi My Binh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hanoi University of Industry","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nguyen","middleName":"Thi My","lastName":"Binh","suffix":""},{"id":597582965,"identity":"9e261566-d1c9-4b03-b03e-715fb18d4b53","order_by":1,"name":"Tran Son Tung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tran","middleName":"Son","lastName":"Tung","suffix":""},{"id":597582968,"identity":"2b91b899-8c16-437d-8797-2a1a2a41796f","order_by":2,"name":"Tran Le Dung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tran","middleName":"Le","lastName":"Dung","suffix":""},{"id":597582969,"identity":"29104954-46eb-465d-a9e5-c17bb5bef3a8","order_by":3,"name":"Ho Viet Duc Luong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABB0lEQVRIie3PMWrDMBSA4ScE7qI2q0xwz2AwdKkPIyFQltClkNmTp1Cvzi0MgdBRRpApRKuhHZqlczoUnKFQKXXpUqUZO+gHSUbSh22AUOgfduUmVACq7KrsYF/7kZ9E32RROMIcwWeSxr3iPELFevf+qJOl0a069HCXGqNgP9OQPhUeIidZstHZqpOsnTO4TzsBqN5a8qw8ZHozjkvJVx1Jtf0s3nQY8GWpIa7ZabKsNgMxGvDHHyR+K3PewHQgSgBGloyoh5BXOUZlntXHf5GULzqRtvPthPjI6EKs40NJk6rSet/nOX8w7e6ln91eRx7iwuTnmR5nZQf59e4Q6k+dhkKhUOgTlIdhEW/V/uMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ho","middleName":"Viet Duc","lastName":"Luong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-01 07:38:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103717162,"identity":"221d93fc-6ae4-4534-8340-608d0a93aea4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 06:11:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1653978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MaximizingLifetimeandTargetCoverageinDynamicUnderwaterWirelessSensorNetworksusinganEnhancedGeneticAlgorithm.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7757367/v1_covered_4c442764-3f4e-498f-90dd-075234a27dce.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Maximizing Lifetime and Target Coverage in Dynamic Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-network-and-systems-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jons","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Network and Systems Management](http://link.springer.com/journal/10922)","snPcode":"10922","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10922/3","title":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Underwater wireless sensor network, maximizing network, lifetime evolutionary computation, dynamic sensor network","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Dynamic underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) play a crucial role in marine monitoring and surveillance, but their performance is severely constrained by limited energy resources and harsh environmental dynamics. This paper studies the Maximum Lifetime Target Coverage (MLTC-UWSN) problem, which aims to prolong network lifetime while guaranteeing complete target coverage and connectivity under a probabilistic sensing model. We propose EGA-MLTC, an enhanced genetic algorithm that integrates improved crossover, mutation, and diversity-preserving mechanisms within a key-time scheduling framework, enabling effective extraction of disjoint sensor covers that adapt to sensor state variations. The proposed approach is evaluated against baseline metaheuristics, including Differential Evolution (DE) and Harmony Search (HMS), under diverse network scales, sensor densities, and environmental conditions. Simulation results show that EGA-MLTC consistently achieves longer operational lifetimes and more robust coverage than competing methods. These findings establish EGA-MLTC as a practical and scalable solution for efficient and reliable operation of dynamic UWSNs.","manuscriptTitle":"Maximizing Lifetime and Target Coverage in Dynamic Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 06:09:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7757367/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-26T13:29:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T13:29:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54463851763589067611055157240296061330","date":"2026-02-26T13:17:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T16:27:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T08:45:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-02T05:45:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","date":"2025-10-01T07:24:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-network-and-systems-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jons","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Network and Systems Management](http://link.springer.com/journal/10922)","snPcode":"10922","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10922/3","title":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12658daa-3b0a-4851-bb30-441c7a2d8fe5","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T13:40:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 06:09:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7757367","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7757367","identity":"rs-7757367","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}