Antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of bacteria isolated from tropical shrimps (Farfantepenaeus notialis and Penaeus monodon) in Cameroun

Antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of bacteria isolated from tropical shrimps (Farfantepenaeus notialis and Penaeus monodon) in Cameroun | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research note Antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of bacteria isolated from tropical shrimps ( Farfantepenaeus notialis and Penaeus monodon ) in Cameroun Sabine Ninelle NGA OMBEDE, Victorien Tamègnon DOUGNON, Hornel KOUDOKPON, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jul, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Research Notes → Version 2 posted 2 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Objective: Post-harvest shrimp losses are a big problem due to the proliferation of spoilage bacteria. Presence and multiplication of these bacteria promotes the emergence of food-borne illnesses. This study was carried out to characterize specifics spoilage bacteria from tropical brackish water shrimp and black tiger shrimp shrimps. Result: 22 Bacillus spp ; 09 SCNs staphylococcus and 04 enterobacteria such as 01 Pantoea genus ; 01 Serratia plymutica and 02 Serratia rubidaea have been identified. Resistance and virulence genes were searched. All isolates expressed resistance to at least three of antibiotics tested. 03 strains of enterobacteria were sensible to cetfazidim and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid . Bacillus showed complete susceptibility to Cefixim, ertapenem and cetfazidim. Staphylocococci were susceptible to clyndamycine. Pantoea spp was resistant to all antibiotics but exhibited intermediate susceptibility to Amoxycyclin-Clavulanic Acid. 04 strains of Staphycolocci were positive to mecA genes. None enterobacteria were positives to tetracycline resistance genes. All the strains of Bacillus contained enterotoxin genes, high prevalence of 21 strain to hemolytic enterotoxins and 17 strains to cell-lyse factor production like sphingomyelinase activities. The majority of Bacillus strains present in the study poses a potential risk of food poisoning due to the prevalence of toxin genes found. Applied & Industrial Microbiology Spoilage shrimps Bacillus resistance genes enterotoxins Figures Figure 1 Introduction Shrimps are great component of global seafood production. In general, they contain good quantities of digestible proteins, essential aminoacids, bioactive peptides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Venugopal, 2009). In Cameroun, tropical brackish water shrimp ( Farfantepenaeus notialis ) and black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) are species widely consumed (MINEPIA, 2014). Shrimps are generally safe for consumption but their exposure to handling practices may occasionally entail health risks (Pang 2002; Yang et al., 2017, Don et al., 2018). Many retailers inappropriately stored shrimps in addition to poorly handling practices causing postharvest degradation (Nga Ombede et al., 2018). Specific spoilage organisms will change characteristics of food as consequence of contamination (Leisner, 2000). Many studies showed emergence of foodborne diseases due to spoilage bacteria (Chaves et al., 2011). Gram-positive bacteria are slightly dominant in tropical warm water (Al Bulushi et al., 2010). This suggests their great implications in spoilage, especially at ambient temperature (Dabadé et al., 2015). Foodborne illness could result from the fact that those bacteria harbor enterotoxins and resistance genes (Chaves et al., 2011). The aim of this study was then to explore antibiotics resistance and virulence factor of spoilage bacteria isolated from shrimps stored in ambient temperature (25°C) in our markets. Material And Methods Collection and storage of samples Experiments were carried out with 5 kilograms of tropical brackish water shrimp ( Farfantepenaeus notialis ) and the same quantity of black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ). The sampling took place from November to December 2018. Freshly harvested shrimp were purchased from ‘Youpwe fisheries market’ in Douala, Cameroon. Those samples were transported to the laboratory in iced box. They were then packed into four groups of 250 g portions per species in sterile plastic bags and kept at -20°C until lab processing. Every two days, one plastic bag from each species was randomly taken for enumeration and isolation of total spoilage bacteria. Before this, shrimps were removed from fridge and left at 25°C for 24h in the laboratory. This was done at room temperature because shrimps are sold in the markets without cold conditions and allowed spoilage odor to be produced. Identification of spoilage bacteria 25 grams of shrimp per specie were aseptically added to 225 mL of peptone water and homogenized (ISO, 2013). Seven fold dilutions of each homogenate were prepared and 0.1 ml of 10 -7 dilution was used for enumeration and isolation on nutrient agar. Replicate plates were incubated in aerobiosis and in anaerobiosis at 37°C. Thereafter counting, three characteristic isolates per plate were purified on Mueller Hinton. Pure isolates were stored at -80°C in 20% glycerol. Identification of bacterial isolates was then carried out using biochemical tests. Detection of resistance profile An overnight bacterial pre-culture was diluted to obtain a turbidity of 0.5 McFarland. Kirby Bauer techniques were used to perform susceptibility testing (Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology, CA-SFM, 2012). Broth cultures were aseptically swabbed on Mueller Hinton agar. Antibiotic disks were placed on the agar plates and incubated 24 hours at 37°C. Inhibition zone diameters were measured after 24hours. Susceptibility or resistance was determined according to CA-SFM (2012). Antibiotic disks ( HIMEDIA , India) used were amoxicillin (30 μg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), cefixim (5 μg), ceftazidim (30 μg), ceftriazone (30 μg), ciprofoxacin (5 μg), clindamycin (10 μg) colistin (25 μg), ertapenem (10 μg), erythromycin (15 μg) fosfomycin (50 μg), imipenem (10 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), oxacillin (1 μg), penicillin (10 μg), pristinamycin (15 μg) and vancomycin (30 μg). Molecular identification of antibiotic resistance genes DNA was extracted from the overnight colony obtained by spreading on Muller Hinton agar. DNA was extracted from isolates using Qiagen blue extraction kit. PCR mixture of 23 µl contained 10 Nmole of genomic DNA, 0,5 µl of each primer, 0.5 µl dNTP, 2.5 µl Buffer with MgCl2, 0,125 µl Taq DNA Polymerase, and 16 µl distilled water. For enterobacteria and staphylococci isolates, PCR detection was performed for the following different resistance genes : macrolide-resistance genes, vancomycin resistance genes, methicillin resistance genes and tetracycline resistance genes. PCR conditions included initial denaturation for 5 minutes at 94 °C, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation for 45s at 94 °C, annealing for 55s at 45°C, extension for 90 s at 72 °C and final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. PCR conditions for mecA were in accordance with those described by Igbinosa and Beshiru (2019). For Bacillus , virulence and enterotoxins genes were investigated. Genes encoding hemolysin (hbl-D/A), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nheB), B. cereus enterotoxin T (bceT) and enterotoxin FM (entFM) were screened. Table S1 show the primers used in the study. Virulence factors targeting genes coding for two phospholipases associated with cell lysis, sphingomyelinase (sph) and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (piplc) were also investigated in accordance with Matarante et al. (2004) and Mohammadou et al. (2014). PCR products were analyzed on 1.5% (w/v) agarose gel stained (120 volts at 35 min) with ethidium bromide (0.5 µg/ml) and visualized by UV. Table S2 shows the primers of virulence factor genes detection. Results Identification of spoilage bacteria Shrimps contained more than 10 7 germs/g after 24 hours in ambient storage. Figure S1 shows the microbial population present in tropical shrimps. Results showed the main presence of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus spp and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS). Some isolates of enterobacteria ( Serratia spp and Pantoea spp ) were also identified. Resistance profile All the isolates of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci were susceptible to clindamycin. They showed total resistance to oxacillin and penicillin. The isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, colistin and vancomycin (55.56%), to nalidixic acid (88.89% ). 15 isolates showed resistance to ceftazidim, ceftriaxon, cefixim and amoxicillin. Table 1 presents the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococci . Table 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococci Antibiotics S if ≥ R if < S % I % R % Ciprofloxacin 25 22 3 (33.33%) 1 (11.11%) 5 5.56%) Pristinamycin 22 19 5 (55.56%) 1 (11.11%) 3 (33.33%) Penicillin 29 18 0 0 9 (100%) Fosfomycin 14 14 6 (66.67%) 0 3 (33.33%) Erythromycin 22 17 5 (55.56%) 1 (11.11%) 3 (33.33%) Clindamycin 15 15 9 (100%) 0 0 Nalidixic Acid 20 15 1 (11.11%) 0 8 (88.89%) Vancomycin 17 - 4 (44.44%) 0 5 (55.56%) Oxacillin 21 21 0 0 9 (100%) Colistin 15 15 4 (44.44%) 0 5 (55.56%) S= sensible; R= resistant; I= intermediate Enterobacteria showed total resistance to ceftriazon, cefixim, amoxicillin and ertapenem. Only isolates of Pantoea spp showed intermediate resistance to amoxicillin - clavulanic acid and total resistance to all other antibiotics tested. Bacillus spp were susceptible to imipenem. 59.09% of Bacillus spp exhibited intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Table 2 shows antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria and Bacillus spp . Table 2: Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterobacteria and Bacillus species Antibiotics Enterobacteria Bacillus spp S if≥ R if < S I R S % I % R % A moxicillin - clavulanic Acid 23 16 3 1 - 8 (36.36%) 13 (59.09%) 1 (4.55%) Vancomycin 17 - 2 - 2 7 (31.82%) - 15 (68.18%) Ceftazidim 21 19 - 1 3 - - 22 (100%) Impenem 21 18 3 - 1 22 (100%) - - Ciprofloxacin 25 22 1 2 1 6 (27.27%) 6 (27.27%) 10 (45.45%) Ceftriazone 26 23 4 0 1 (4,55%) 21 (95,45%) Cefixim 25 22 4 0 0 22 (100%) Amoxicillin 23 16 4 0 1 (4,55%) 21 (95,45%) Ertapenem 28 26 4 0 0 22 (100%) S= sensible; R= resistant; I= intermediate Resistance and enterotoxins-virulence genes Bacillus isolates isolated harbor at least two enterotoxins genes. Only one isolate was positive to hemolysin gene. Three isolates were negative to sph and piplo virulence genes. All Bacillus isolates (08) harbor Bacillus cereus enterotoxin T and also the sph gene. 04 isolates of Staphylococci exhibited the presence of MecA resistant gene. All enterobacteria isolates were tested negative to tetracycline resistance gene. Figures 1 shows the results of PCR product migration. Discussion Identification of spoilage bacteria This study was carried out to explore resistance and virulence genes of spoilage bacteria isolated from shrimps in Cameroun. Results of this study are similar to those of Dabadé et al. (2015) who mainly found positive Gram bacteria, especially lactic bacteria and enterobacteria in black tropical brackish water shrimp. Those Authors revealed that potentially spoilage bacteria in tropical shrimps in Benin may be H 2 S-producing dominant group of bacteria. Finding in this study suggests that Bacillus and Staphylococci species are responsible for spoilage detected in tropical shrimp. The results of this study are different from those of Srinivasan and Saranraj (2017) who found Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella Typhi , Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . These microorganisms are common in polluted water, so it is possible to find them in the seafood. The results obtained are comparable to those of Al Bulushi et al. (2010) who who also isolated Staphylococci in their study. They also related that the frequency of Staphylococci in marine environments depend on geographic location. Bacillus species in coastal fisheries are also common, despite the relative abundance of Staphylococcus spp (Al bulushi et al., 2010). Abundance of Bacillus in coastal waters and marine fisheries depends on temperature, depth and decline distance from the coast and, suggests that Bacillus species in coastal water originate from runoff (Rüger et al., 2000). Mohammadou et al. (2014) reported Bacillus species such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis were well-known as food poisoning in spoilage food. Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative in tropical water. According to Al bulushi et al. (2010), their influence in spoilage remain little probed. Findings of this study also showed low frequency of enterobacteria such as Serratia and Pantoea isolates who grow in a broad range of temperatures and substrates according to Garrity et al. (2005). Many species related with food spoilage, have been described as opportunistic human pathogens (Mardanehand and Mohammad, 2013; Mahlen, 2011; Déletoile et al., 2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility profile The presence of Pantoea spp and Serratia spp in food is often neglected, when compared to classic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (Halpern et al., 2011, Melo et al., 2018, Cunningham and Leber. 2018) likewise in this study. They are opportunistic pathogens among the most common causes of nosocomial diseases and transmissible by food ingestion. Resistance diversity of Bacillus isolates in the study is not similar to the works of Mohammadou et al. (2014). Those authors revealed relative susceptibility of Bacillus isolates to antibiotics unlike our results. Chaves et al. (2011) also found susceptibilities of Bacillus isolated from Brazilian food to gentamicin and tetracycline. Drug resistance of isolates in this study may be attributed to the spores of Bacillus species. Mohammadou et al. (2014) found that B. subtilus was able to produce bacteriocins such as subtilin in Mbuja. Resistance and enterotoxins-virulence genes Tetracycline resistance genes can be explored to current and emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. None enterobacteria presented tetracycline resistance genes, although they were all resistant to ertapenem. MecA genes as presented in this study about Staphylococci are similar to those of Ali (2014) and Igbinosa and Beshiru (2019). MecA gene is present in all Staphylococci isolates and is known to encode penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a). Beta-lactam resistance is mostly attributed to mutations in mecA gene, but other genetic elements may also be considered for the explanation of the mechanism of resistance. Half of Bacillus isolates were positive to HBL genes. These results are similar to those of Chaves et al. (2011). The same authors demonstrated prevalence of hemolytic toxins in Bacillus isolates from fermented foods. Many authors correlate prevalence of enterotoxins HBL-NHE (Boonchai et al., 2008). According to Trans et al. (2010), wall peptidase (sph genes and PIPLC genes) are involved in adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence. Prevalence of entFM genes in more than half of Bacillus isolates is located on the chromosome and appears to be common to Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus . Detection of EntFM is similar to the results of Mohammadou et al. (2014). Presence of Bcet gene is evidence of presence of B. cereus among isolates. Agata et al. (1995) also demonstrated that prevalence of this gene carried out other isolates than B. cereus . The majority of the isolates isolated pose a potential risk of food poisoning due to their antibiotic resistance profile and the prevalence of toxin genes found in Bacillus isolates. The surveillance of the quality control of those seafoods should be enhanced in the country, from the water to the final sellers. This is important and urgent to protect consumers’ health. Limitations: To better understand the links between spoilage and the bacteria involved, it would be useful to identify isolates using advanced methods as 16S rRNA gene sequencing or species-specific PCR. The strains will be kept at -20°C for sequencing in Helsinki (Finland). Abbreviations CNS : Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not Applicable. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and supplementary information files. Competing interests: Authors declare no competing interest. Funding: This study has been self-funded by the authors. Authors' contributions: Authors' contributions: SNNO, FT and VD drafted the protocol. HK, ED, RPJMN, JPG, CT, AY performed the analysis. HK, ED and VD carried out the statistical analysis. SNNO, VD, ED wrote the draft of publication. AY and JD supervised the work and reviewed the manuscript. All the authors read the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Prof Pascal HOUNGNANDAN, National University of Agriculture, Ketou (Benin) who allowed this collaboration between the both teams from Benin and Cameroon. Authors' information (optional): Sabine Ninelle NGA OMBEDE ( [email protected] ) ; Victorien DOUGNON ( [email protected] ); Hornel KOUDOKPON ( [email protected] ) ; Esther DEGUENON ( [email protected] ); Rajeunie Pernelle Jaelle MINDZIE NGOMO ( [email protected] ); Carine TCHIBOZO ( [email protected] ); Jean Pierre GNIMATIN ( [email protected] ) ; François TCHOUMBOUGNANG ( [email protected] ); Anges YADOULETON ( [email protected] ) ; Jacques DOUGNON ( [email protected] ) References Agata, N., Ohta, M., Arakawa, Y. and Mori, M., 1995. The bceT gene of Bacillus cereus encodes an enterotoxic protein. Microbiology , 141 (4), pp.983-988. Al Bulushi, I.M., Poole, S.E., Barlow, R., Deeth, H.C. and Dykes, G.A., 2010. Speciation of Gram-positive bacteria in fresh and ambient-stored sub-tropical marine fish. International Journal of Food Microbiology , 138 (1-2), pp.32-38. Ali, H.H., 2014. 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International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology , 50 (3), pp.1305-1313. Supplementary Files Supplementaryfiles.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jul, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Research Notes → Version 2 posted Submission checks completed at journal 15 Jul, 2020 Editorial decision: Accept 13 Jul, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-22912","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research note","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":850144,"identity":"2e72df29-aa14-49d6-8d9c-f06260cd2bf2","order_by":0,"name":"Sabine Ninelle NGA OMBEDE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of fisheries and Aquatic sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sabine","middleName":"Ninelle NGA","lastName":"OMBEDE","suffix":""},{"id":850145,"identity":"b82399aa-5049-4899-a019-3bb5a4ad88cf","order_by":1,"name":"Victorien Tamègnon 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d'Abomey-Calavi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anges","middleName":"","lastName":"YADOULETON","suffix":""},{"id":850153,"identity":"c1ac5d5c-4c88-4c61-b323-194536b75cfb","order_by":9,"name":"Jacques DOUGNON","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universite d'Abomey-Calavi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jacques","middleName":"","lastName":"DOUGNON","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-04-14 10:58:20","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05184-1","type":"published","date":"2020-07-29T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1584283,"identity":"dad208d1-d308-4a5e-8662-4cda0ed57dbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-07-16 15:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 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15:49:13","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":21976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfiles.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-22912/v2/Supplementaryfiles.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of bacteria isolated from tropical shrimps (\u003cem\u003eFarfantepenaeus notialis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e) in Cameroun\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eShrimps are great component of global seafood production. In general, they contain good quantities of digestible proteins, essential aminoacids, bioactive peptides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Venugopal, 2009). In Cameroun, tropical brackish water shrimp (\u003cem\u003eFarfantepenaeus notialis\u003c/em\u003e) and black tiger shrimp (\u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e) are species widely consumed (MINEPIA, 2014). Shrimps are generally safe for consumption but their exposure to handling practices may occasionally entail health risks (Pang 2002; Yang et al., 2017, Don et al., 2018). Many retailers inappropriately stored shrimps in addition to poorly handling practices causing postharvest degradation (Nga Ombede et al., 2018). Specific spoilage organisms will change characteristics of food as consequence of contamination (Leisner, 2000). Many studies showed emergence of foodborne diseases due to spoilage bacteria (Chaves et al., 2011). Gram-positive bacteria are slightly dominant in tropical warm water (Al Bulushi et al., 2010). This suggests their great implications in spoilage, especially at ambient temperature (Dabad\u0026eacute; et al., 2015). Foodborne illness could result from the fact that those bacteria harbor enterotoxins and resistance genes (Chaves et al., 2011). The aim of this study was then to explore antibiotics resistance and virulence factor of spoilage bacteria isolated from shrimps stored in ambient temperature (25\u0026deg;C) in our markets.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material And Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection and storage of samples \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperiments were carried out with 5 kilograms of tropical brackish water shrimp (\u003cem\u003eFarfantepenaeus notialis\u003c/em\u003e) and the same quantity of black tiger shrimp (\u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e). The sampling took place from November to December 2018. Freshly harvested shrimp were purchased from \u0026lsquo;Youpwe fisheries market\u0026rsquo; in Douala, Cameroon. Those samples were transported to the laboratory in iced box. They were then packed into four groups of 250 g portions per species in sterile plastic bags and kept at -20\u0026deg;C until lab processing. Every two days, one plastic bag from each species was randomly taken for enumeration and isolation of total spoilage bacteria. Before this, shrimps were removed from fridge and left at 25\u0026deg;C for 24h in the laboratory. This was done at room temperature because shrimps are sold in the markets without cold conditions and allowed spoilage odor to be produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of spoilage bacteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 grams of shrimp per specie were aseptically added to 225 mL of peptone water and homogenized (ISO, 2013). Seven fold dilutions of each homogenate were prepared and 0.1 ml of 10\u003csup\u003e-7 \u003c/sup\u003edilution was used for enumeration and isolation on nutrient agar. Replicate plates were incubated in aerobiosis and in anaerobiosis at 37\u0026deg;C. Thereafter counting, three characteristic isolates per plate were purified on Mueller Hinton. Pure isolates were stored at -80\u0026deg;C in 20% glycerol. Identification of bacterial isolates was then carried out using biochemical tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetection of resistance profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn overnight bacterial pre-culture was diluted to obtain a turbidity of 0.5 McFarland. Kirby Bauer techniques were used to perform susceptibility testing (Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology, CA-SFM, 2012). Broth cultures were aseptically swabbed on Mueller Hinton agar. Antibiotic disks were placed on the agar plates and incubated 24 hours at 37\u0026deg;C. Inhibition zone diameters were measured after 24hours. Susceptibility or resistance was determined according to CA-SFM (2012). Antibiotic disks (\u003ca href=\"https://himedialabs.com/HML/Pages/enews10/main_page/index.aspx\"\u003eHIMEDIA\u003c/a\u003e, India) used were amoxicillin (30 \u0026mu;g), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 \u0026mu;g), cefixim (5 \u0026mu;g), ceftazidim (30 \u0026mu;g), ceftriazone (30 \u0026mu;g), ciprofoxacin (5 \u0026mu;g), clindamycin (10 \u0026mu;g) colistin (25 \u0026mu;g), ertapenem (10 \u0026mu;g), erythromycin (15 \u0026mu;g) fosfomycin (50 \u0026mu;g), imipenem (10 \u0026mu;g), nalidixic acid (30 \u0026mu;g), oxacillin (1 \u0026mu;g), penicillin (10 \u0026mu;g), pristinamycin (15 \u0026mu;g) and vancomycin (30 \u0026mu;g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identification of antibiotic resistance genes \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDNA was extracted from the overnight colony obtained by spreading on Muller Hinton agar. DNA was extracted from isolates using Qiagen blue extraction kit. PCR mixture of 23 \u0026micro;l contained 10 Nmole of genomic DNA, 0,5 \u0026micro;l of each primer, 0.5 \u0026micro;l dNTP, 2.5 \u0026micro;l Buffer with MgCl2, 0,125 \u0026micro;l Taq DNA Polymerase, and 16 \u0026micro;l distilled water. For enterobacteria and staphylococci isolates, PCR detection was performed for the following different resistance genes : macrolide-resistance genes, vancomycin resistance genes, methicillin\u0026nbsp;resistance genes and tetracycline resistance genes. PCR conditions included initial denaturation for 5 minutes at 94 \u0026deg;C, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation for 45s at 94 \u0026deg;C, annealing for 55s at 45\u0026deg;C, extension for 90 s at 72 \u0026deg;C and final extension for 10 min at 72 \u0026deg;C. PCR conditions for mecA were in accordance with those described by Igbinosa and Beshiru (2019). For \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e, virulence and enterotoxins genes were investigated. Genes encoding hemolysin (hbl-D/A), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nheB), \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e enterotoxin T (bceT) and enterotoxin FM (entFM) were screened. Table S1 show the primers used in the study. Virulence factors targeting genes coding for two phospholipases associated with cell lysis, sphingomyelinase (sph) and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (piplc) were also investigated in accordance with Matarante et al. (2004) and Mohammadou et al. (2014). PCR products were analyzed on 1.5% (w/v) agarose gel stained (120 volts at 35 min) with ethidium bromide (0.5 \u0026micro;g/ml) and visualized by UV. Table S2 shows the primers of virulence factor genes detection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2 style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eIdentification of spoilage bacteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eShrimps contained more than 10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003egerms/g after 24 hours in ambient storage. Figure S1 shows the microbial population present in tropical shrimps. Results showed the main presence of Gram-positive bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eBacillus spp\u003c/em\u003e and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS). Some isolates of enterobacteria (\u003cem\u003eSerratia spp\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePantoea spp\u003c/em\u003e) were also identified. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eResistance profile \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAll the isolates of Coagulase Negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e were susceptible to clindamycin. They showed total resistance to oxacillin and penicillin. The isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, colistin and vancomycin (55.56%), to nalidixic acid (88.89%\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e). \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15 isolates showed resistance to ceftazidim, ceftriaxon, cefixim and amoxicillin.\u0026nbsp; Table 1 presents the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eTable 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 467.05pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.1pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS if \u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eR if \u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.3pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 84.3pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 35.1pt;\" width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; 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text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(11.11%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5.56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003ePristinamycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(55.56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(11.11%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(33.33%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003ePenicillin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eFosfomycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(66.67%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(33.33%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eErythromycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(55.56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(11.11%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(33.33%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eClindamycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eNalidixic Acid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(11.11%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(88.89%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eVancomycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(44.44%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(55.56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eOxacillin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.85pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 104.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 1.1pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.85pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eColistin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"88\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.85pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.1pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"99\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(44.44%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 78.0pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 87.3pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"116\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(55.56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"140\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"66\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"53\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"94\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: none;\" width=\"112\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS= sensible; R= resistant; I= intermediate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eEnterobacteria showed total resistance to ceftriazon, cefixim, amoxicillin and ertapenem. Only isolates of \u003cem\u003ePantoea spp\u003c/em\u003e showed intermediate resistance to amoxicillin - clavulanic acid and total resistance to all other antibiotics tested. \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003espp \u003c/em\u003ewere susceptible to imipenem. 59.09% of \u003cem\u003eBacillus spp\u003c/em\u003e exhibited intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Table 2 shows antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria and \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003espp\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eTable 2: Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterobacteria and Bacillus species \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 102.05pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"136\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 98.7pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eEnterobacteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 200.6pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"267\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eBacillus spp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS if\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eR if \u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.25pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 60.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 102.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"136\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.1pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003emoxicillin\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e - clavulanic Acid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.25pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(36.36%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 60.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(59.09%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(4.55%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 102.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"136\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.1pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eVancomycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.25pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt; 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border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%; vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; 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border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 60.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 102.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"136\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.1pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; 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border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(27.27%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; 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padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; 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border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.25pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; 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margin: 0in 0in .0001pt 1.1pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eErtapenem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 23.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.3pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 26.25pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 60.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 15.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 200%; vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.05pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eS= sensible; R= resistant; I= intermediate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eResistance and enterotoxins-virulence genes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eBacillus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e isolates isolated harbor at least two enterotoxins genes. Only one isolate was positive to hemolysin gene. Three isolates were negative to sph and piplo virulence genes. All \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates (08) harbor \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e enterotoxin T and also the sph gene. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e04 isolates of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the presence of MecA resistant gene. All enterobacteria isolates were tested negative to tetracycline resistance gene. Figures 1 shows the results of PCR product migration.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of spoilage bacteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out to explore resistance and virulence genes of spoilage bacteria isolated from shrimps in Cameroun. Results of this study are similar to those of Dabad\u0026eacute; et al. (2015) who mainly found positive Gram bacteria, especially lactic bacteria and enterobacteria in black tropical brackish water shrimp. Those Authors revealed that potentially spoilage bacteria in tropical shrimps in Benin may be H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS-producing dominant group of bacteria. Finding in this study suggests that \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e species are responsible for spoilage detected in tropical shrimp. The results of this study are different from those of Srinivasan and Saranraj (2017) who found \u003cem\u003eVibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella\u003c/em\u003e Typhi\u003cem\u003e, Staphylococcus aureus \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e. These microorganisms are common in polluted water, so it is possible to find them in the seafood. The results obtained are comparable to those of\u0026nbsp; Al Bulushi et al. (2010) who who also isolated \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e in their study. They also related that the frequency of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e in marine environments depend on geographic location. \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species in coastal fisheries are also common, despite the relative abundance of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus spp\u003c/em\u003e (Al bulushi et al., 2010). Abundance of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e in coastal waters and marine fisheries depends on temperature, depth and decline distance from the coast and, suggests that \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species in coastal water originate from runoff (R\u0026uuml;ger et al., 2000). Mohammadou et al. (2014) reported \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species such as \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBacillus anthracis\u003c/em\u003e were well-known as food poisoning in spoilage food. Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative in tropical water. According to Al bulushi et al. (2010), their influence in spoilage remain little probed. Findings of this study also showed low frequency of enterobacteria such as \u003cem\u003eSerratia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePantoea \u003c/em\u003eisolates who grow in a broad range of temperatures and substrates according to Garrity et al. (2005). Many species related with food spoilage, have been described as opportunistic human pathogens (Mardanehand and Mohammad, 2013; Mahlen, 2011; D\u0026eacute;letoile et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of \u003cem\u003ePantoea spp\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSerratia spp\u003c/em\u003e in food is often neglected, when compared to classic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (Halpern et al., 2011, Melo et al., 2018, Cunningham and Leber. 2018) likewise in this study. They are opportunistic pathogens among the most common causes of nosocomial diseases and transmissible by food ingestion. Resistance diversity of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates in the study is not similar to the works of Mohammadou et al. (2014). Those authors revealed relative susceptibility of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates to antibiotics unlike our results. Chaves et al. (2011) also found susceptibilities of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from Brazilian food to gentamicin and tetracycline. Drug resistance of isolates in this study may be attributed to the spores of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species. Mohammadou et al. (2014) found that \u003cem\u003eB. subtilus\u003c/em\u003e was able to produce bacteriocins such as subtilin in Mbuja.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResistance and enterotoxins-virulence genes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetracycline resistance genes can be explored to current and emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. None enterobacteria presented tetracycline resistance genes, although they were all resistant to ertapenem. MecA genes as presented in this study about \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e are similar to those of Ali (2014) and Igbinosa and Beshiru (2019). MecA gene is present in all \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e isolates and is known to encode penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a). Beta-lactam resistance is mostly attributed to mutations in mecA gene, but other genetic elements may also be considered for the explanation of the mechanism of resistance. Half of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates were positive to HBL genes. These results are similar to those of Chaves et al. (2011).\u0026nbsp; The same authors demonstrated prevalence of hemolytic toxins in \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from fermented foods. Many authors correlate prevalence of enterotoxins HBL-NHE (Boonchai et al., 2008). According to Trans et al. (2010), wall peptidase (sph genes and PIPLC genes) are involved in adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence. Prevalence of entFM genes in more than half of \u003cem\u003eBacillus \u003c/em\u003eisolates is located on the chromosome and appears to be common to \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e. Detection of EntFM is similar to the results of Mohammadou et al. (2014). Presence of Bcet gene is evidence of presence of \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e among isolates. Agata et al. (1995) also demonstrated that prevalence of this gene carried out other isolates than \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e. The majority of the isolates isolated pose a potential risk of food poisoning due to their antibiotic resistance profile and the prevalence of toxin genes found in \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates. The surveillance of the quality control of those seafoods should be enhanced in the country, from the water to the final sellers. This is important and urgent to protect consumers\u0026rsquo; health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations: \u003c/strong\u003eTo better understand the links between spoilage and the bacteria involved, it would be useful to identify isolates using advanced methods as 16S rRNA gene sequencing or species-specific PCR. The strains will be kept at -20\u0026deg;C for sequencing in Helsinki (Finland).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCNS : Coagulase Negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: \u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication: \u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials: \u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e Authors declare no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study has been self-funded by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions: \u003c/strong\u003eAuthors' contributions: SNNO, FT and VD drafted the protocol. HK, ED, RPJMN, JPG, CT, AY performed the analysis. HK, ED and VD carried out the statistical analysis. SNNO, VD, ED wrote the draft of publication. AY and JD supervised the work and reviewed the manuscript. All the authors read the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors are grateful to Prof Pascal HOUNGNANDAN, National University of Agriculture, Ketou (Benin) who allowed this collaboration between the both teams from Benin and Cameroon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' information (optional): \u003c/strong\u003eSabine Ninelle NGA OMBEDE ([email protected]) ; Victorien DOUGNON ([email protected]); Hornel KOUDOKPON ([email protected]) ; Esther DEGUENON ([email protected]); Rajeunie Pernelle Jaelle MINDZIE NGOMO ([email protected]); Carine TCHIBOZO ([email protected]); Jean Pierre GNIMATIN ([email protected]) ; Fran\u0026ccedil;ois TCHOUMBOUGNANG ([email protected]); Anges YADOULETON ([email protected]) ; Jacques DOUGNON ([email protected])\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAgata, N., Ohta, M., Arakawa, Y. and Mori, M., 1995. 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Academic Press.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelo, D.H., Souza, B.V., Nascimento, J.S., Amorim, A.M.B., Medeiros, L.M. and Mattoso, J.M.V., 2018. A reddish problem: Antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens in dairy food commercialized in Rio de Janeiro.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInternational Food Research Journal\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohammadou, B.A., Le Blay, G., Mbofung, C.M. and Barbier, G., 2014. Antimicrobial activities, toxinogenic potential and sensitivity to antibiotics of Bacillus isolates isolated from Mbuja, an Hibiscus sabdariffa fermented seeds from Cameroon.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(35).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSrinivasan, T. and Saranraj, P., 2017. Isolation and identification of spoilage causing microorganisms in an Indian mackerel fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInt J Adv Res Biol Sci\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(7), pp.1-7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTran, S.L., Guillemet, E., Gohar, M., Lereclus, D. and Ramarao, N., 2010. CwpFM (EntFM) is a Bacillus cereus potential cell wall peptidase implicated in adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eJournal of bacteriology\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e192\u003c/em\u003e(10), pp.2638-2642.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u0026uuml;ger, H.J., Fritze, D. and Spr\u0026ouml;er, C., 2000. New psychrophilic and psychrotolerant Bacillus marinus isolates from tropical and polar deep-sea sediments and emended description of the species.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInternational journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.1305-1313.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spoilage, shrimps, Bacillus, resistance genes, enterotoxins","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjective: Post-harvest shrimp losses are a big problem due to the proliferation of spoilage bacteria.\u0026nbsp;Presence and multiplication of these bacteria promotes the emergence of food-borne illnesses. This study was carried out to characterize specifics spoilage bacteria from tropical brackish water shrimp and black tiger shrimp shrimps. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResult: 22 Bacillus spp ; 09 SCNs staphylococcus and 04 enterobacteria such as 01 Pantoea genus ; 01 Serratia plymutica and 02 Serratia rubidaea have been identified. Resistance and virulence genes were searched. All isolates expressed resistance to at least three of antibiotics tested. 03 strains of enterobacteria were sensible to cetfazidim and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid . Bacillus showed complete susceptibility to Cefixim, ertapenem and cetfazidim. Staphylocococci were susceptible to clyndamycine. Pantoea spp was resistant to all antibiotics but exhibited intermediate susceptibility to Amoxycyclin-Clavulanic Acid. 04 strains of Staphycolocci were positive to mecA\u0026nbsp;genes. None enterobacteria were positives to tetracycline resistance genes. All the strains of Bacillus contained enterotoxin genes, high prevalence of 21 strain to hemolytic enterotoxins and 17 strains to cell-lyse factor production like sphingomyelinase activities. The majority of Bacillus strains present in the study poses a potential risk of food poisoning due to the prevalence of toxin genes found.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of bacteria isolated from tropical shrimps (Farfantepenaeus notialis and Penaeus monodon) in Cameroun","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2020-07-16 15:47:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-07-15T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-07-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-04-23 21:24:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-22912/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-06-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-06-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-05-07T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-04-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-04-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-04-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"322fb1ea-d695-43a7-8c03-d79d817499e9","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":166790,"name":"Applied \u0026 Industrial Microbiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-08-03T13:33:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-22912","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05184-1","journal":{"identity":"bmc-research-notes","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Research Notes"},"publishedOn":"2020-07-29 12:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 29th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-07-16 15:47:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13104-020-05184-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05184-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-22912","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-22912","identity":"rs-22912","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}