Influence of secondary phases and Ni doping on the dielectric properties of Cu1-xNixMoO4 ceramics sintered at ultra-low temperature

Influence of secondary phases and Ni doping on the dielectric properties of Cu1-xNixMoO4 ceramics sintered at ultra-low temperature | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of secondary phases and Ni doping on the dielectric properties of Cu 1-x Ni x MoO 4 ceramics sintered at ultra-low temperature Ling Tang, Yuan-Bin Chen, Ruihong Huang, Yuedong Cai, Jia-ao Yu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ultralow-temperature sintered ceramics (ULTCCs) are attracting increasing attention due to their excellent dielectric properties, low processing temperatures, and unique microstructures that enable low dielectric loss in high-frequency applications. In this work, the dielectric behavior of Cu 1-x Ni x MoO 4 (CNMO, x = 0.02-0.11) ceramics was systematically investigated, with emphasis on the role of secondary phases. X-ray diffraction revealed that samples with x = 0.02 and 0.08 were dominated by the CuMoO 4 phase, while Cu 3 (Mo 2 O 9 ) and MoO 3 appeared at x = 0.05 and 0.11, respectively. These secondary phases, together with changes in densification, significantly modified both dielectric permittivity (ε r ) and the quality factor (Q×f). SEM and EDS analyses confirmed distinct morphological features between the primary and secondary phases. Dielectric permittivity was primarily governed by shrinkage and relative density, whereas Q×f was strongly influenced by the intrinsic loss characteristics of the secondary phases. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ f ) was mainly correlated with bond energy, bond valence, and thermal expansion behavior. Raman analysis further revealed that peak shifts and variations in full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Mo-O vibrations were directly linked to ε r and dielectric loss. Among all compositions, Cu 0.89 Ni 0.11 MoO 4 sintered at 650 ℃ exhibited optimal microwave dielectric performance (ε r = 4.61, Q×f = 42,067 GHz, τ f = -58.96 ppm/℃). These results demonstrate that CNMO ceramics can achieve ultralow-temperature sintering while maintaining excellent frequency stability and low dielectric loss, underscoring their strong potential for ULTCC and microwave communication applications. ULTCC Cu1 − xNixMoO4 Secondary phase Dielectric loss Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8029015","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549344219,"identity":"01400023-f922-4baa-9c4c-360d2cd08129","order_by":0,"name":"Ling Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhaoqing University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ling","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":549344220,"identity":"ac99a5e6-16dc-45e8-bc1a-c8f8ba59e189","order_by":1,"name":"Yuan-Bin Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDAC9uaDDxIMJOz4QZwHDAwGhLXwHEs2+FBgkyzZwMDYkECUFokcM8kZH9IYNxwgVos5Q1qaNI/BYWbj4z3mDxIqbIwZ2A8f3YBPi2XD4cPWQC18ZmfOGDYknEkzY+BJS7uBT4vBwbbE2yBbzG7kGDYkth22YZDgMcOv5TCPAchhjJtnEK3lGI+R5AwDoPclIFrMCGs5wwYMZAObZIkzxwpnAP1izEbQL/cfA6PyDzAq25s3fPhQYWPYz374GF4tmICNNOWjYBSMglEwCrABAK01TsrPqQqWAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Zhaoqing University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan-Bin","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":549344221,"identity":"aafac665-92c2-420d-a93f-aed252b28b18","order_by":2,"name":"Ruihong Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhaoqing University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruihong","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":549344222,"identity":"591ff345-20d0-496f-a1d1-76ae6b5c7d8f","order_by":3,"name":"Yuedong Cai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhaoqing University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuedong","middleName":"","lastName":"Cai","suffix":""},{"id":549344223,"identity":"cad05b46-774f-4437-bcf2-5f8310935a7f","order_by":4,"name":"Jia-ao Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhaoqing University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jia-ao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-04 12:53:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16504-1","type":"published","date":"2026-01-03T15:56:56+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96710679,"identity":"87c56882-1636-4d64-8e67-94f4f189715e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:03","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8588740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"40.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/594427bda799c7f6be8e75c4.docx"},{"id":96683156,"identity":"d5ac0b18-4cfa-477f-8384-b77960ca5491","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1339f755e64f422691b5600af081405b.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/bcf3e96a793d24b52a0fbf98.json"},{"id":96711118,"identity":"f3a40877-8d10-438b-b054-29aebf3d0ed8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:40","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":158531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1339f755e64f422691b5600af081405b1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/5bc4d0830ce1be7ed323d076.xml"},{"id":96710757,"identity":"fec118ea-c933-464f-9c5f-eb5cda5eeadc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":181505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/da9bf1627887f8dd7eb9544f.png"},{"id":96683160,"identity":"b2f04d29-426e-4e20-b127-9334165c0b26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":453937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/2fc996ca60f7cebaff4c5f22.png"},{"id":96710929,"identity":"f0410f0b-286b-47f0-b53e-9d5cbebeae2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:25","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/a2fa99676247e7c59631f203.emf"},{"id":96710337,"identity":"051ae242-a2ea-45b6-bcf9-2f78792f1282","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":432977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/2b2a3cd03eebff688c0e72f4.jpeg"},{"id":96683159,"identity":"66c37a91-eeb4-4c66-bdb4-ce29a7d1d8b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/cabfa90b324a160661d997a0.png"},{"id":96683164,"identity":"b2ba8409-1150-40c9-b0b5-dae7ccca64d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":415793,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/d46d088e49de6440751cf0be.png"},{"id":96710919,"identity":"f96fe3e3-a387-4548-a809-7b5ad4d43734","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:25","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1396272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/6d5c78a2e44b0cefca5a69c5.png"},{"id":96710923,"identity":"daeab18d-f9a6-4acb-bcce-491b8097a07e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:25","extension":"emf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7667436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/1f2ecfb07d8153f907eb4e28.emf"},{"id":96683169,"identity":"9b19c741-0acf-46b3-9792-1e79396c3c78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"emf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":469860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/befb4fd20108809fc123a23f.emf"},{"id":96710741,"identity":"298ed858-4955-4be8-a0dd-1fdcdbfe9cb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:08","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/2bc6f085e946234bb79ff6ba.emf"},{"id":96710543,"identity":"acd1f5e5-2399-40ab-bd5e-baace8ec07f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:52","extension":"emf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/d3a5c5bb5fa506811e39b020.emf"},{"id":96683178,"identity":"8425465c-127b-4f08-b70e-6d342e86c1b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":151424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/494e18f683308c33f0a9f33c.png"},{"id":96683167,"identity":"47756845-4f13-46ea-b800-4bb82aa84bca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/186e1805227f1c4c07b529fe.wmf"},{"id":96710336,"identity":"00fa12a7-9dae-452a-8b32-ba6bd61ab6a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:29","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/4e2a933839f50833145f35b4.wmf"},{"id":96710585,"identity":"34b9b9ae-4704-43d2-8334-d6b3781932d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/7b68f43dd3162caf45f9a720.wmf"},{"id":96710879,"identity":"2502e82a-a020-491a-94bf-a088ea08010f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:18","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/105f6953e95beaa41fa0d283.wmf"},{"id":96683187,"identity":"3a4e0883-754c-42db-8f10-af1dedd9f68d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":950,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/bdfe8756d9a5e7547d89d964.wmf"},{"id":96683170,"identity":"3a1f84c9-9fcb-44cb-9ade-e8fc9eef230e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/bdec2704cf360a1a24b99171.wmf"},{"id":96710353,"identity":"d607d0b3-392e-4171-8d17-b7f810a45b23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:31","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":932,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/4c28755077d7fe1c8a43638a.wmf"},{"id":96710804,"identity":"4494f0ea-bdbf-4ff4-be29-9d7ccdd94ca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:12","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/286daf62c24f834d0ad5f934.wmf"},{"id":96710644,"identity":"a3016050-52eb-4d9c-ab09-d8faed98ee05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:02","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image20.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/b148a79f79ac6b808faf0125.wmf"},{"id":96683188,"identity":"1a290e29-9c9c-48ff-b85f-127f2d286053","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image21.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/13b4b526c5d32e01d061c18d.wmf"},{"id":96683182,"identity":"a1fa24f3-58cc-41fd-96a7-48244e6f1d84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image22.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/c9908290d1eb11c74803b259.wmf"},{"id":96683208,"identity":"b1e278ba-9873-43a5-a493-6983c1d486f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image23.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/da43b9746d07cf6f0053f60a.wmf"},{"id":96710637,"identity":"d570d69a-e984-4e96-ac09-e76fec236546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:01","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1398,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image24.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/4e9a86c7db38bafae5861f21.wmf"},{"id":96710638,"identity":"c86a9bea-51fe-4f5e-a499-5e946d11a88c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:01","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image25.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/a62cef608d38c896001290fe.wmf"},{"id":96683186,"identity":"50962502-a98d-4238-8b64-afe010808d1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image26.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/3d4186d8ef8b4747159f97eb.wmf"},{"id":96710887,"identity":"80c253f0-f4cf-4301-bf95-7999d378510f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:21","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image27.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/44cb98d9a2a6e5f11630ed39.wmf"},{"id":96711229,"identity":"0dbb14e3-c702-4529-9bfb-1c63906f2076","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:47","extension":"wmf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":892,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image28.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ad0f41c0e932bca10ec09b99.wmf"},{"id":96683174,"identity":"e1a97c41-9bdb-4404-b41e-dcfc5c79ecca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/744038bbcbb1521a0e818d86.wmf"},{"id":96683190,"identity":"aee0ea83-e91e-4e08-b67b-081fea527494","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/e8834b7bce4bc6a3dffcf14f.wmf"},{"id":96683191,"identity":"c6380ad4-a6fc-4570-9043-3a38353a56e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ee48e3926b8cafd3f2d0cc78.png"},{"id":96683192,"identity":"ead77acf-bd74-4e23-b0cf-30c95cb70164","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/8fa099bbd1c5ef2abfcf9124.png"},{"id":96683179,"identity":"ccc418fa-0c25-4d2e-a809-ebde092beeb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/c8dba1dc4bbadf55db5e61f6.png"},{"id":96710917,"identity":"76a87e7a-f09c-45f0-9746-c7ea3b29bf91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:25","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ea020d5c49f33ffc12e78cbf.png"},{"id":96711429,"identity":"d35d651e-bfb2-4fbe-858a-6d9f4ff963c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:12:01","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/1fe43c6b84a192aba332d76e.png"},{"id":96710723,"identity":"024339fd-b47e-42d3-996c-3048235f04a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:07","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/181ff4348d895f98317036fc.png"},{"id":96710541,"identity":"367b5121-40d8-42f3-bc0a-fdbf64d06b15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:52","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":270664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/7b63e39397021288855c4773.png"},{"id":96683201,"identity":"1e9cc465-98a8-4520-be2e-5f18cab88490","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/d02e9d3a17b5b2f2abdaa13c.png"},{"id":96683199,"identity":"61053b46-b820-4b05-8b5b-33e628bdd7a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/2db00b322f7e7e4996577f16.png"},{"id":96711045,"identity":"7a57b0d5-020c-4c41-9569-7de5e7f3d112","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/14e11644db0cce967e0e0db0.png"},{"id":96683184,"identity":"0c502953-0725-429e-80bd-9b8c25c6fb7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/fe3cc9ffc0d234b0be0bf226.png"},{"id":96710796,"identity":"e28d7434-8be1-4237-8147-e05e6f811bcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:11","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40433,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/9c047c607bac0105712c7925.png"},{"id":96683183,"identity":"fda38817-b311-452e-afdf-d7bf192acd2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/47d285b69d8fe0b42611922e.png"},{"id":96683216,"identity":"d3c047cb-cf91-4ea4-85f9-dfca0de06fff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/90576a10279091d9de6da2eb.png"},{"id":96683207,"identity":"017edc3b-75fd-4b64-b78b-40cabe6b8a9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/d8dedb967cff54b044525533.png"},{"id":96683214,"identity":"ea2d3be8-333b-42e3-b7ea-4702214d5241","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/e02ea96411b048db483c11a4.png"},{"id":96711243,"identity":"742cbf8a-7bd7-49df-9ecd-0e17993ec072","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:47","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/5619a578c2f69e412c01f812.png"},{"id":96683189,"identity":"7ed94a3c-a042-4532-888b-1d9d30cdde27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/898d27348d44cb938c456023.png"},{"id":96683210,"identity":"2a2fe646-a8db-4ec8-a7c5-c7e41e52154f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/b772224b463dde8f524041f2.png"},{"id":96683196,"identity":"77739361-fb46-4758-9791-c5da925c6c08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/61664a0f052904ddf74d2eda.png"},{"id":96683198,"identity":"86785e75-2bb3-4be1-b561-6ce59c0765bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/34de8f8792704ac42763e3c9.png"},{"id":96710510,"identity":"ff2ef508-df3c-4929-a111-4d00065051ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:46","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2725,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/6d9bd7f2fecf0b473fcf36f0.png"},{"id":96710437,"identity":"302382b8-bf68-47ac-8f78-4dfcfd77362e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:39","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ac566f2858859a278a8459b5.png"},{"id":96683204,"identity":"dab8a3c1-822b-4e75-99af-f75098684280","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/bff9da9322e0fcd97f5a6231.png"},{"id":96683213,"identity":"ffd7eb6e-1ef2-487b-90fe-2351fec44948","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/c2dfb987e697ca1d5240ccff.png"},{"id":96710742,"identity":"0852e677-f8c4-4a62-b316-1872bc5959c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:08","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/311b8e1d52940d486edfa1c6.png"},{"id":96683211,"identity":"815be3dc-eb88-4b11-afce-7fb780b4afd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/193372ab2ce359198518ac1c.png"},{"id":96710618,"identity":"ec3af680-fc51-4d8d-9817-e87ad55cf391","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:59","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ba6acad14dce6e92e9f720a0.png"},{"id":96710983,"identity":"efc1274e-f185-4736-9ece-6c117e9f7ad3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:29","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/98740f464562b0911312aa5f.png"},{"id":96710598,"identity":"8c66c109-ba14-4101-aab9-16f167a72705","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/ecc1d0cecabf93cb57e9040f.png"},{"id":96710431,"identity":"a367e096-04f5-4a40-a046-308947a5a712","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:39","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/adc87645bea3182bb0e8b1c6.png"},{"id":96683218,"identity":"f4c03e31-c8cb-4975-bc0a-1b7456f2ecd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 04:13:35","extension":"xml","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":157635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1339f755e64f422691b5600af081405b1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/37a7871f6fe9610d17293e0f.xml"},{"id":96710797,"identity":"c9219686-8418-4282-83ad-bae1efa76c4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:11:11","extension":"html","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1/f3c51a54347eac352ee4be60.html"},{"id":99545171,"identity":"863c2a17-78b8-424b-94e8-91e59d596d39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:00:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1757588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"40.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8029015/v1_covered_3c44048b-e7f1-409e-81a8-0b2e5187e6d6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence of secondary phases and Ni doping on the dielectric properties of Cu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-x\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ceramics sintered at ultra-low temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ULTCC, Cu1 − xNixMoO4, Secondary phase, Dielectric loss","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUltralow-temperature sintered ceramics (ULTCCs) are attracting increasing attention due to their excellent dielectric properties, low processing temperatures, and unique microstructures that enable low dielectric loss in high-frequency applications. In this work, the dielectric behavior of Cu\u003csub\u003e1-x\u003c/sub\u003eNi\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (CNMO, x = 0.02-0.11) ceramics was systematically investigated, with emphasis on the role of secondary phases. X-ray diffraction revealed that samples with x = 0.02 and 0.08 were dominated by the CuMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e phase, while Cu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(Mo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e) and MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e appeared at x = 0.05 and 0.11, respectively. These secondary phases, together with changes in densification, significantly modified both dielectric permittivity (ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e) and the quality factor (Q×f). SEM and EDS analyses confirmed distinct morphological features between the primary and secondary phases. Dielectric permittivity was primarily governed by shrinkage and relative density, whereas Q×f was strongly influenced by the intrinsic loss characteristics of the secondary phases. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e) was mainly correlated with bond energy, bond valence, and thermal expansion behavior. Raman analysis further revealed that peak shifts and variations in full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Mo-O vibrations were directly linked to ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e and dielectric loss. Among all compositions, Cu\u003csub\u003e0.89\u003c/sub\u003eNi\u003csub\u003e0.11\u003c/sub\u003eMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e sintered at 650 ℃ exhibited optimal microwave dielectric performance (ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e = 4.61, Q×f = 42,067 GHz, τ\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e = -58.96 ppm/℃). These results demonstrate that CNMO ceramics can achieve ultralow-temperature sintering while maintaining excellent frequency stability and low dielectric loss, underscoring their strong potential for ULTCC and microwave communication applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of secondary phases and Ni doping on the dielectric properties of Cu1-xNixMoO4 ceramics sintered at ultra-low temperature","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-25 04:13:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8029015/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6d691548-e663-4cbf-a70b-b07419065723","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T15:58:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8029015","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16504-1","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-materials-science-materials-in-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-03 15:56:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 3rd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-25 04:13:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10854-025-16504-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16504-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8029015","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8029015","identity":"rs-8029015","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}