Effects of Protein Feed Ingredients on Odor and Carbon Emission in Nursery Pigs: An In Vitro Fermentation Study

Effects of Protein Feed Ingredients on Odor and Carbon Emission in Nursery Pigs: An In Vitro Fermentation Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Protein Feed Ingredients on Odor and Carbon Emission in Nursery Pigs: An In Vitro Fermentation Study Yan Li, Hao Fu, Ganlin Lu, Fuyan Ke, Qiaoyun Chen, Xiaohui Li, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6516570/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Odor emissions from pig farming industry pose a risk to the environment and animal health. Although recent research has investigated the impacts of feed selection, waste treatment, and management on odor reduction, few studies have specifically addressed odor mitigation through the composition of feed ingredients. Results This study evaluated the effects of seven feed ingredients (soybean meal, rice bran meal, peanut meal, sesame meal, palm meal, sunflower meal, and dephenolized cottonseed protein) on the emission of odor and greenhouse gases, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the regulation of the gut microbiota in nursery pigs via in vitro simulated fermentation. High-protein feeds such as soybean meal and dephenolized cottonseed protein produced more total gases and ammonia (NH 3 ), whereas sesame meal-J resulted in the lowest gas production. The level of acetate from sesame meal-J was significantly lower than that from soybean meal-K. Lactobacillus , enriched in the sesame meal-J fermented group, was negatively correlated with H 2 S and NH 3 emissions through the suppression of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism but the activation of carbon metabolism functional pathways. In contrast, Megasphaera and Olsenella , which were enriched in the sesame meal-Q and defatted rice bran meal fermented groups, were positively correlated with H 2 S and NH 3 levels and presented opposite metabolic profiles. Conclusions This study determined the effects of seven feed ingredients on odor emissions and gut microbiota composition in finishing pigs. Increasing the proportion of sesame meal-J in the diet reduced odor emissions, thereby promoting ecological and low-carbon development of animal husbandry. odor mitigation gases gut microbiota feed ingredient in vitro fermentation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6516570","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":472924116,"identity":"f8607114-53ea-443b-847c-778dec2a3f5b","order_by":0,"name":"Yan Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":472924117,"identity":"ff2e4d36-c005-48ce-9ce5-71f3f56eb239","order_by":1,"name":"Hao Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural 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fermentation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6516570/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6516570/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdor emissions from pig farming industry pose a risk to the environment and animal health. Although recent research has investigated the impacts of feed selection, waste treatment, and management on odor reduction, few studies have specifically addressed odor mitigation through the composition of feed ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the effects of seven feed ingredients (soybean meal, rice bran meal, peanut meal, sesame meal, palm meal, sunflower meal, and dephenolized cottonseed protein) on the emission of odor and greenhouse gases, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the regulation of the gut microbiota in nursery pigs via \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e simulated fermentation. High-protein feeds such as soybean meal and dephenolized cottonseed protein produced more total gases and ammonia (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), whereas sesame meal-J resulted in the lowest gas production. The level of acetate from sesame meal-J was significantly lower than that from soybean meal-K. \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, enriched in the sesame meal-J fermented group, was negatively correlated with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e emissions through the suppression of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism but the activation of carbon metabolism functional pathways. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eMegasphaera\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOlsenella\u003c/em\u003e, which were enriched in the sesame meal-Q and defatted rice bran meal fermented groups, were positively correlated with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e levels and presented opposite metabolic profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study determined the effects of seven feed ingredients on odor emissions and gut microbiota composition in finishing pigs. Increasing the proportion of sesame meal-J in the diet reduced odor emissions, thereby promoting ecological and low-carbon development of animal husbandry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Protein Feed Ingredients on Odor and Carbon Emission in Nursery Pigs: An In Vitro Fermentation Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-19 19:46:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6516570/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2e4d4a7d-7e2a-46ab-92d2-1f610d48e82a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-19T12:39:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-19 19:46:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6516570","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6516570","identity":"rs-6516570","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}