Influence of carrier material and performance optimization of anammox process based on fixed bed method

Influence of carrier material and performance optimization of anammox process based on fixed bed method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of carrier material and performance optimization of anammox process based on fixed bed method Jie Han, Youzhao Wang, Rui Du, Yaonan Zhu, Xu Li, Yongguang Ma, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770634/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is currently recognized as the most cost-effective process for wastewater nitrogen removal. In this study, the effects of volcanic rock, polyurethane sponge, fiber balls, and nylon fibers as stationary carriers, as well as the composite packing consisting of polyurethane sponge and nylon fibers, were evaluated in lab-scale fixed-bed biofilm reactors. The overall performance of the fixed-bed reactors with four types of carriers from priority to inferiority was noticed as, polyurethane sponge, nylon fibers, volcanic rock and fiber balls, with the composite packing using polyurethane sponge and nylon fibers performing better overall than the single packing under the same packing ratio of 50 v%. The porous structure of the polyurethane sponge facilitated the attachment of anammox bacteria, which contributed to achieving a total nitrogen removal rate of 0.945 kg-N/(m3-d) in 52 days. The composite packing of polyurethane sponge and nylon fiber combines the advantages of the two types of packing, and is able to achieve an average [[EQUATION]] removal efficiency of 85.6% at HRT of 6 h. The dominant genus of anammox bacteria attached to polyurethane sponge was Candidatus_Kuenenia (24.3%), and the dominant genus of anammox bacteria attached to nylon fibers was Candidatus_Kuenenia (24.1%). In conclusion, the results provide strong evidence for the realization of efficient anammox process in a fixed-bed reactor with the composite packing using polyurethane sponge and nylon fibers, and would benefit towards accomplishing a stable partial nitritation-anammox process in the future. Anammox Carrier Nitrogen removal Polyurethane sponge Nylon fiber Full Text Supplementary Files Highlights.docx GraphicalAbstract.pdf StatementofNovelty.docx DeclarationofInterestStatement.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jan, 2025 Editor invited by journal 18 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5770634","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":405265788,"identity":"11954ce4-d18c-4283-a4e2-82c67a9cb07f","order_by":0,"name":"Jie Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northeastern University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":405265789,"identity":"98c12ed8-73f8-410f-9f6a-6bd6034d4c4e","order_by":1,"name":"Youzhao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northeastern 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