Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of HSCC

Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of HSCC | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of HSCC Xiaoxia Qiu, Juanjuan Li, Keke Yang, Song Jiang, Yong Yin, Longjun Bian, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background Lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP3) has been shown to be highly expressed in various types of tumors. It is associated with their poor prognosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, respectively. However, the role of LAMP3 in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is unclear. Objective This article aims to investigate the role of LAMP3 in the proliferation and metastasis of HSCC. Method Detection of the expression of LAMP3 in clinical HSCC and paired adjacent healthy tissue samples by using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, LAMP3 was knocked out of the HSCC cell line, FaDu, using a lentivirus vector and the in vitro biological effects of LAMP3 knockdown in FaDu cells were studied. Results Immunohistochemistry results showed that LAMP3 was highly expressed in HSCC. Additionally, it was verified at the mRNA and protein levels that lentiviral transduction effectively down-regulated the expression of LAMP3 in FaDu cells. Cell colony formation assays and CCK8 proliferation assays showed that down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cells inhibited cell proliferation and growth rate. Wound healing experiments and transwell experiments showed that significant down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cells inhibited cell migration. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that LAMP3 is a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. Virology LAMP3 Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma Proliferation Migration Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background In developing countries, the incidence of HSCC is increasing and the prognosis is poor as the 5-year overall survival rate is only 30%. 1 , 2 Recent studies have identified factors contributing to HSCC, such as smoking and HPV infection. 3 , 4 Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery have all successfully been used for HSCC treatment; 5 however, the 5-year overall survival rate of HSCC remains low. 2 , 6 Furthermore, the pharynx has unique anatomical features; therefore, patients with postoperative hypopharyngeal cancer suffer from damage or loss of hypopharyngeal function, which can significantly impact the patients’ quality of life. 7 Therefore, the molecules involved in HSCC require further study to enable the development of new treatments to improve the prognosis of patients. LAMPs, collectively referred to as lysosomal-associated membrane proteins, represent a family of glycosylated proteins present on lysosomal membranes that are expressed differently between different tissues. 8 LAMPs can participate in and influence cellular metabolic processes such as autophagy, phagocytosis, lipid transport, and senescence. 8 , 9 Current research indicates that the LAMP family contains the following five members: LAMP1 / CD107a, LAMP2 / CD107b, LAMP3 / DC-LAMP, LAMP4 / Macrosialin / CD68 and LAMP5 / BAD-LAMP. 8 , 9 LAMP1 and LAMP2 are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and cell lines, while LAMP3, LAMP4 and LAMP5 are only expressed under specific conditions in specific tissues. 9 LAMP3 not only plays a role in the maturation of dendritic cells, but also a marker of transformed type II alveolar cells. 10 , 11 There is increasing evidence that LAMP3 is highly expressed in various types of primary tumors in humans, including esophageal cancer, 12 cervical cancer, 13 breast cancer, 14 , 15 colon cancer, fallopian tube cancer, ovarian cancer, and liver cancer. 16 To date, no studies have analyzed the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC. In this study, we observed high expression of LAMP3 in HSCC by immunohistochemistry. LAMP3 was shown to regulate proliferation and migration of HSCC FaDu cells following lentiviral knockdown. Our results provide new clinical strategies for the treatment of HSCC patients. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Thirty-five pairs of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded HSCC tissue specimens were collected. Specimens were obtained from the Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of XXXX University. The whole project was approved by the ethics committee of the affiliated hospital of XXXX University(2017-L052). Following tissue sectioning, the slices were dewaxed and dehydrated with xylene and ethanol. Antigen retrieval was performed in an EDTA buffer (pH = 9.0). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 3 % H 2 O 2 . Non-specific binding was blocked by treatment with blocking reagents, and then slides were incubated with anti-LAMP3 antibody (1:100, Sangon Biotech, China) at 4°C overnight. Then, at room temperature, the slides followed by incubation with a secondary antibody (Sangon Biotech, China) for 30 minutes. The immunolabel was then displayed using a DAB detection kit (Sangon Biotech, China) to visualize the reaction. LAMP3 protein expression levels were analyzed by using Image-Pro Plus 6.0. shRNA design and construction of recombinant lentiviral vectors The small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence (NM_ 27074) (CCGGTCAGAAGCCTGTTCA) targeting LAMP3 was transformed into short hairpin RNA (shRNA) (stem-loop-stem structure) and cloned into a PGIPZ vector (Asian, Shanghai China). To exclude possible off-target effects of shRNA, comparable results were obtained using two other constructs shRNA-1 (ACGATGGCAGTCAAATGAG) and shRNA-3 (GGAAGCAGACTCTGTATAA) against LAMP3. Interference efficiency was screened for using RT-PCR. Recombinant lentiviral vectors were generated by co-transfecting HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression vectors and packaging plasmid mixtures using Lipofectamine™ 2000. Infectious lentiviral particles were harvested 48 hours after transfection, centrifuged to remove cell debris, and then filtered, centrifuged, and the virus concentrated. The titer of recombinant lentivirus was determined by serial dilution on 293T cells. Recombinant lentiviral transduction in FaDu cells and screening stable strains For lentiviral transduction, FaDu cells were subcultured into 6-well culture plates at (1–2×10 6 ) cells/well. After growth to 70 % confluence, cells were transduced with a lentivirus expressing LAMP3 shRNA at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. An empty vector was used as a control. The cells were harvested after 48 hours and the transduction efficiency was assessed by counting the percentage of GFP-positive cells. Stably transformed strains were screened for drug resistance. The drug for screening drug resistance is puromycin. The cultures were expanded and the interference efficiency was verified by RT-PCR and western blotting. Cell culture The human hypopharyngeal carcinoma cell line FaDu was purchased from Zhong Qiao Xin Zhou Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The media used to culture the cells was supplemented with 10 % high quality fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 % Penicillin-Streptomycin solution. The culture conditions were carried out in a 5% CO 2 、37 O C incubator. Western blot analysis The cells were collected and the protein was extracted using a protein lysis buffer (RIPA: PMSF = 100:1) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The protein concentration was determined using BCA working solution (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). The protein sample was loaded (20 µg per well) and separated by electrophoresis on a 10 % SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Samples were then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride film (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and the membrane was blocked in 5 % skim milk for two hours. The membrane was incubated with primary antibody at 4°C overnight (anti-LAMP3 antibody, 1:800, Sangon Biotech, China), (anti-GAPDH antibody, 1:1000, Sangon Biotech, China). After washing with TBST, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000) for 1.5 hours. Finally, the signal was developed using a chemiluminescent agent (NCM Biotech, Suzhou, China). Images were captured and Image J software was used to compare and calculate gray values. qRT-PCR Total RNA from cells was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Ambion, Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The concentration of RNA was measured using a SmartSpec Plus spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad). RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. Primers were designed as follows: h-LAMP3 sense: 5'-ACTACCCCAGCGACTACAAAA-3' and antisense 5'-CTAGGGCCGACTGTAACTTCA-3'. GAPDH sense: 5’-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3’, antisense: 5’-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3’. The primers were designed by Asia-Vector Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. GAPDH levels were used to normalize the relative expression levels of LAMP3 mRNA using the DDCt method. Scratch-wound experiments The FaDu cells were seeded in a six-well plate and grown until the cells were at 80 % confluence. A scratch was made along the surface of the cells with the tip of a 10 µl pipette. The cells were washed three times with PBS and the culture media was replaced with serum-free basal culture media. Photographs were taken at 0 h and 24 h to measure the width of the scratch. Cell migration assay A single cell suspension with a density of 5 x 10 4 / ml was prepared using serum-free media. The cell suspension (100 µl) was added to the upper chamber of each transwell chamber and 600 µl of 20 % FBS medium was added to the lower chamber as a chemical attractant. Three sub-wells were set up in each group. The 24-well plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours in a 5% CO 2 incubator. Non-migrating cells on the chamber membrane were removed with a cotton swab. The cells under the chamber were fixed in paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 10 minutes. Photographs were taken (magnification, ×100) and the cells counted. Cell proliferation assay To the wells of a 96-well plate, 2000 cells in 100 µl were added and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cell viability was determined using a CCK8 kit (Sangon Biotech, China) according to the manufacturer’s procedures. The number of viable cells was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm using a microplate reader at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h. Colony formation assay FaDu cells (600 per well) were seeded into a six-well plate. After incubation for 14 days at 37°C, a cell mass visible to the naked eye was formed and removed. The cells were fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and stained with crystal violet for 10 minutes. The number of cell pellets was calculated using an optical microscope. Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results High expression of LAMP3 in HSCC To investigate the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC, we selected 35 pairs of paraffin-embedded HSCC tissues and their matched adjacent healthy tissues for immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 1). Immunohistochemical staining showed that LAMP3 protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of the HSCC samples as shown by brownish yellow staining (Fig. 1AB). Furthermore, optical density analysis identified increased expression of LAMP3 protein in cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues. This difference was statistically significant (Fig. 1E) (P < 0.01). Screening of LAMP3 shRNA, lentiviral-mediated shRNA inhibition of LAMP3 expression in FaDu cells To identify whether LAMP3 could be used as a therapeutic target for HSCC, we used RNA interference (shRNA) to inhibit the expression of LAMP3 in the HSCC cell line FaDu. To ensure interference efficiency, three shRNAs were designed, named sh1, sh2, and sh3. The shRNA was screened using HEK293T cells. We screened the most efficient shRNA by real-time quantitative RT-PCR for subsequent experiments (Fig. 2C). Compared with the negative control group, the mRNA level of LAMP3 in the transfected shLAMP3 interference plasmid group was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (***P < 0.001). The most effective shRNA tested was LAMP3-sh2. We then used the HEK293T cells to package the lentiviral vector and examined GFP expression by fluorescence microscopy after 48 hours (Fig. 2AB). Sequential dilutions explored the appropriate viral titers. The dilution ratio of the mock transfected conditioned control group was 10 − 5 and the dilution ratio of the experimental group was 10 − 6 . FaDu cells had an MOI value of 10 with the highest infection efficiency. The FaDu cells were successfully infected with packaged lentivirus, and the stably transformed strain was screened using puromycin resistance and examined by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 2DE). The interference efficiency was verified by RT-PCR (Fig. 2F, p < 0.01) and western blot (Fig. 2G, p < 0.01). Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation of FaDu cells The effect of LAMP3 down-regulation on the proliferation of FaDu cells was assessed by CCK8 assay and colony formation assay. Cellular growth of mock transfected conditioned control cells (FaDu-NC) and the experimental group (FaDu-shLAMP3) was measured at five time points. The results showed that the proliferation of the FaDu-shLAMP3 group was significantly lower than the control group. (Fig. 3B, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of colonies formed in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group and the FaDu cell only group (P < 0.05). This is consistent with the results seen in the CCK8 experiments. (Fig. 3A). These results indicate that down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation of FaDu cells. Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits FaDu cell migration We analyzed the effects of down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cell migration by scratch-wound experiments and transwell migration assays. The scratch-wound experiments showed that the migration ability of FaDu cells was inhibited in the LAMP3 experimental group compared with the control group (Fig. 4A, p < 0.05). The results of the cell migration test were consistent with the scratch-wound experiments, whereby, the migration ability of the experimental group was lower than the control group (Fig. 4B, p < 0.01). These results indicate that down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the migration of FaDu cells. Discussion LAMP3 is a protein encoded by the LAMP3 gene in humans. 17 LAMP3 is highly expressed in differentiated and mature dendritic cells, 18 as well as many cancer cell types, including esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer. 12 – 15 Reportedly, LAMP3 has a number of diverse functions including hepatic lipid metabolism 19 and is associated with Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia. 20 Recently, LAMP3 has been reported as a specific tumor protein. 13 For example, Liao et al. showed that the expression of LAMP3 in the epithelium is directly related to the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. 12 Furthermore, Ishigami et al. demonstrated that the presence of LAMP3 positive tumor-infiltrating mature dendritic cells has prognostic value for gastric cancer. 20 This evidence suggests that the biological functions of LAMP3 are diverse; however, the mechanisms of actions of LAMP3 in HSCC have not been studied. In the present study, we identified that LAMP3 had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of FaDu cells. We determined the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC by immunohistochemical analysis and found that the expression of LAMP3 in tumor tissues was higher than that in adjacent healthy tissues. We hypothesized that LAMP3 was involved in the development of HSCC; therefore, we used the FaDu cell line to analyze the silencing of LAMP3 in vitro. After silencing LAMP3, FaDu cells showed a significant decrease in proliferative capacity and colony forming ability. Consistent with our study, Liu et al found that knockdown of LAMP3 significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell viability and promoted apoptosis. 21 Moreover, studies have found that cell proliferation is significantly inhibited after LAMP3 knockdown in laryngeal carcinoma cell lines, with a concurrent increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, after complementation with LAMP3, the inhibition of cell proliferation is diminished and apoptosis is also reduced. 22 These data indicate that LAMP3 promotes the proliferation and growth of the HSCC cell line FaDu. The scratch-wound experiments and cell migration assay showed that the migration ability of the FaDu-shLAMP3 was significantly lower than the FaDu-NC and FaDu cell only groups. Kanao et al found that the migration of cervical cancer cells overexpressing LAMP3 was significantly higher than control cervical cancer cells during in vitro invasion assays. 13 Recent studies have shown that HAGLR acts as a competitive endogenous RNA to miR-143-5p to increase the expression of LAMP3, thereby promoting proliferation, invasion, and migration in esophageal cancer cells. 23 These are consistent with our findings, suggesting that LAMP3 may contribute to the invasion and migration of the HSCC cell line FaDu. There are some limitations to our experiments, namely the low number samples used for tissue protein expression detection (n = 35); thus, protein expression levels could not be used for survival analysis. Conclusion We identified increased expression of LAMP3 in HSCC samples compared with healthy tissues and demonstrated that LAMP3 is closely related to the development of HSCC. These findings suggest that LAMP3 could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of HSCC; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating LAMP3 expression remain to be analyzed. Abbreviations HSCC Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: My Title of the manuscript：Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. I promise that the study was performed according to the international, national and institutional rules considering animal experiments, clinical studies and biodiversity rights. The study protocol was approved by Nantong University Affiliated Hospital Ethics Committee. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are avilable from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: Not applicable. Authors’ contributions: JJL,KKY and XXQ conceived and designed research; SJ,YY,LJB,XRH and YS collected data and conducted research,JJLand KKY wrote the initial paper, ZXZ revised the paper,XXQ had primary responsibility for final content,All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank S. J. Win, PhD, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Editing China ( www.liwenbianji.cn/ac ) for editing a draft of this manuscript. References Bradley PJ. Epidemiology of Hypopharyngeal Cancer. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;83:1–14. Xu J, Zang Y, Cao S, Lei D, Pan X. Aberrant expression of PAFAH1B3 associates with poor prognosis and affects proliferation and aggressiveness in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2019;12:2799–808. Comprehensive genomic characterization. of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. NATURE. 2015;517:576–82. Lang S, Schimansky S, Beynon R, Penfold C, Davies A, Waylen A, et al. Dietary behaviors and survival in people with head and neck cancer: Results from Head and Neck 5000. Head Neck. 2019;41:2074–84. Kwon DI, Miles BA. Hypopharyngeal carcinoma: Do you know your guidelines? Head Neck. 2019;41:569–76. Eckel HE, Bradley PJ. Natural History of Treated and Untreated Hypopharyngeal Cancer. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;83:27–34. Moser SE. Laryngeal problems. Prim Care. 2014;41:99–107. Alessandrini F, Pezze L, Ciribilli Y. LAMPs. Shedding light on cancer biology. SEMIN ONCOL. 2017;44:239–53. Wilke S, Krausze J, Bussow K. Crystal structure of the conserved domain of the DC lysosomal associated membrane protein: implications for the lysosomal glycocalyx. BMC BIOL. 2012;10:62. de Saint-Vis B, Vincent J, Vandenabeele S, Vanbervliet B, Pin JJ, Ait-Yahia S, et al. A novel lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein, DC-LAMP, induced upon DC maturation, is transiently expressed in MHC class II compartment. IMMUNITY. 1998;9:325–36. Akasaki K, Nakamura N, Tsukui N, Yokota S, Murata S, Katoh R, et al. Human dendritic cell lysosome-associated membrane protein expressed in lung type II pneumocytes. ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS. 2004;425:147–57. Liao X, Chen Y, Liu D, Li F, Li X, Jia W. High Expression of LAMP3 Is a Novel Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. INT J MOL SCI. 2015;16:17655–67. Kanao H, Enomoto T, Kimura T, Fujita M, Nakashima R, Ueda Y, et al. Overexpression of LAMP3/TSC403/DC-LAMP promotes metastasis in uterine cervical cancer. CANCER RES. 2005;65:8640–5. Nagelkerke A, Bussink J, Mujcic H, Wouters BG, Lehmann S, Sweep FC, et al. Hypoxia stimulates migration of breast cancer cells via the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response. BREAST CANCER RES. 2013;15:R2. Nagelkerke A, Mujcic H, Bussink J, Wouters BG, van Laarhoven HW, Sweep FC, et al. Hypoxic regulation and prognostic value of LAMP3 expression in breast cancer. CANCER-AM CANCER SOC. 2011;117:3670–81. Gui Y, Liu WB, Chen H, Ma JL, Li JS. Expression of LAMP3 and its correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2018;11:367–74. Zhou Z, Xue Q, Wan Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Hung T. Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 is involved in influenza A virus replication in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. VIROL J. 2011;8:384. Malaguarnera L, Marsullo A, Zorena K, Musumeci G, Di Rosa M. Vitamin D3 regulates LAMP3 expression in monocyte derived dendritic cells. CELL IMMUNOL. 2017;311:13–21. Liao X, Song L, Zhang L, Wang H, Tong Q, Xu J, et al. LAMP3 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through activating PI3K/Akt pathway. MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL. 2018;470:160–7. Gonzalez S, Gupta J, Villa E, Mallawaarachchi I, Rodriguez M, Ramirez M, et al. Replication of genome-wide association study (GWAS) susceptibility loci in a Latino bipolar disorder cohort. BIPOLAR DISORD. 2016;18:520–7. Liu S, Yue J, Du W, Han J, Zhang W. LAMP3 plays an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma cells partially by inhibiting TP53. CELL MOL BIOL LETT. 2018;23:33. Wu H, Li J, Chen J, Yin Y, Da P, Chen Q, et al. Highlight article: Efficacy of radiation exposure in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is mediated by the LAMP3/LAMC2/tenascin-C pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2019;244:1070–80. Yang C, Shen S, Zheng X, Ye K, Sun Y, Lu Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA HAGLR acts as a microRNA-143-5p sponge to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic potential in esophageal cancer by regulating LAMP3. FASEB J. 2019;33:10490–504. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-73512","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":17970552,"identity":"b13d541d-4736-4af2-85da-f9ed0ea2186b","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaoxia Qiu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyDCwMaOn5n58AMStBSkJUu2s6UZkKDlw2HGDed5FCSI0sF3+/A2aR4DZmbjwzwMBgw1NtEEtUieSys2nGHAxmd2mPfAA4ZjabkNhLQYnOExfPDBgIfZ7DBfggFjw2GitBgcSDCQYNzczAMkidQCssWAcQMzsVokz7CB/JKQLHEYGMgJxPiF7wwzMMT+/Lfj7z98+MGHGhvCWkBuQzATiFCOpmUUjIJRMApGATYAAHm8PINR6yk2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-2953","institution":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":17970553,"identity":"96eeec9b-f1ff-49bf-b355-38ab22e46bb3","order_by":1,"name":"Juanjuan Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juanjuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":17970554,"identity":"be7753a0-723f-4b02-8a99-d88b00ffd475","order_by":2,"name":"Keke Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keke","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":17970555,"identity":"ab6347ed-910b-49ca-a46c-dd18fa78cc68","order_by":3,"name":"Song Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Song","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":17970556,"identity":"69ce58cf-a533-4e2d-9b41-3d1fc8f27c04","order_by":4,"name":"Yong Yin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yin","suffix":""},{"id":17970557,"identity":"3ed5fda6-daad-4438-a041-3b72920f9290","order_by":5,"name":"Longjun Bian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Longjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Bian","suffix":""},{"id":17970558,"identity":"c7cffe0e-362e-4de9-9c65-2138d74beef9","order_by":6,"name":"Xiaorong Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaorong","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":17970559,"identity":"3038fc6b-f85f-4fb5-9baa-a1347b2afe89","order_by":7,"name":"Yi Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yi","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":17970560,"identity":"b2161641-0810-41ce-a2ff-786a61bd1559","order_by":8,"name":"Zhenxin Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nantong University Affiliated Hospital: Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-09-07 10:39:53","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":7261022,"identity":"81a08197-1a88-4b72-9611-5540cf480d46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-23 10:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1213304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Determination of LAMP3 expression in hypharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues by IHC analysis. \n(A ,B)HSCC tissues showd high expression of LAMP3. (C ,D) Low expression level of LAMP3 was observed in adjacent non-tumor tissues. (A,C) Original magnification ×100. (B,D) Original magnification ×400. (E) Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P \u003c 0.01 represents statistical difference.\n","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-73512/v2/f34320ce74b63bc4a8fc7000.png"},{"id":7261021,"identity":"e7f56446-b96f-42d3-bb02-954e50e77562","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-23 10:40:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2772201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Screening of LAMP3 shRNA，Lentivirus-mediated shRNA inhibited LAMP3 expression in FaDu cells.\nA.\tTransfection of Lenti-NC plasmid into 293T cells for 48h. (Original magnification ×100).\nB.\tLenti-shLamp3 plasmid transfected 293T cells for 48h lesions. (Original magnification ×100)\nC.\tIn HEK293T cells, compared with the negative control group, the mRNA level of LAMP3 in the transfected shLAMP3 interference plasmid group was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (***P\u003c0.001). The most effective one was LAMP3-sh2.\nD.\tFADU-NC bright field and fluorescent infection rate. (Original magnification ×100).\nE.\tFADU-shLamp3 bright field and fluorescent infection rate. (Original magnification ×100).\nF.\tThe expressions of LAMP3 in the FaDu cell were detected by using qRT-PCR.\nG.\tThe expression of LAMP3 was detected by western blotting assay.\nDatawere expressed as mean ± SD. *P \u003c 0.05, **P \u003c 0.01,***P\u003c0.001 represents statistical difference\n","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-73512/v2/a185e1ea1c87ba69475e3ee6.png"},{"id":7261023,"identity":"80998470-9f49-43eb-9316-195fb05c55f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-23 10:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":854727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effect of downregulation of LAMP3 on cell proliferation in FaDu cells\nA.\tColony formation was performed to analyze cell proliferation.\nB.\tThe FaDu cell growth was measured by CCK8 assay\nData were expressed as mean ± SD. *P \u003c 0.05, **P \u003c 0.01 represents statistical differe\n","description":"","filename":"fig31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-73512/v2/425fe7efe1cd0dcfa701bba7.png"},{"id":7261020,"identity":"6805a33f-21c0-4413-aaf0-beef3ce997ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-23 10:40:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2835412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effect of downregulation of LAMP3 on cell migration in FaDu cells\nA.\tScratch-wound experiments showed cell migration in Fadu-shLamp3\nB.\tTranswell migration assays were performed to measure cell migration. (Original magnification ×100).\nData were expressed as mean ± SD. *P \u003c 0.05, **P \u003c 0.01 represents statistical difference.\n","description":"","filename":"fig41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-73512/v2/71b49cff4f43254f6cc5b14f.png"},{"id":13682159,"identity":"065f597a-e178-4e8a-8c8d-13cc3f2a1328","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 11:55:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5200843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-73512/v2/5be39fc2-3d68-4ef6-9c04-88cbbe38e056.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of HSCC","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn developing countries, the incidence of HSCC is increasing and the prognosis is poor as the 5-year overall survival rate is only 30%. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Recent studies have identified factors contributing to HSCC, such as smoking and HPV infection. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery have all successfully been used for HSCC treatment;\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e however, the 5-year overall survival rate of HSCC remains low. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Furthermore, the pharynx has unique anatomical features; therefore, patients with postoperative hypopharyngeal cancer suffer from damage or loss of hypopharyngeal function, which can significantly impact the patients\u0026rsquo; quality of life.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, the molecules involved in HSCC require further study to enable the development of new treatments to improve the prognosis of patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAMPs, collectively referred to as lysosomal-associated membrane proteins, represent a family of glycosylated proteins present on lysosomal membranes that are expressed differently between different tissues.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LAMPs can participate in and influence cellular metabolic processes such as autophagy, phagocytosis, lipid transport, and senescence. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Current research indicates that the LAMP family contains the following five members: LAMP1 / CD107a, LAMP2 / CD107b, LAMP3 / DC-LAMP, LAMP4 / Macrosialin / CD68 and LAMP5 / BAD-LAMP. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LAMP1 and LAMP2 are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and cell lines, while LAMP3, LAMP4 and LAMP5 are only expressed under specific conditions in specific tissues.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LAMP3 not only plays a role in the maturation of dendritic cells, but also a marker of transformed type II alveolar cells.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e There is increasing evidence that LAMP3 is highly expressed in various types of primary tumors in humans, including esophageal cancer,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e cervical cancer,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e breast cancer, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e colon cancer, fallopian tube cancer, ovarian cancer, and liver cancer.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e To date, no studies have analyzed the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we observed high expression of LAMP3 in HSCC by immunohistochemistry. LAMP3 was shown to regulate proliferation and migration of HSCC FaDu cells following lentiviral knockdown. Our results provide new clinical strategies for the treatment of HSCC patients.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty-five pairs of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded HSCC tissue specimens were collected. Specimens were obtained from the Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of XXXX University. The whole project was approved by the ethics committee of the affiliated hospital of XXXX University(2017-L052). Following tissue sectioning, the slices were dewaxed and dehydrated with xylene and ethanol. Antigen retrieval was performed in an EDTA buffer (pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.0). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 3 % H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Non-specific binding was blocked by treatment with blocking reagents, and then slides were incubated with anti-LAMP3 antibody (1:100, Sangon Biotech, China) at 4\u0026deg;C overnight. Then, at room temperature, the slides followed by incubation with a secondary antibody (Sangon Biotech, China) for 30 minutes. The immunolabel was then displayed using a DAB detection kit (Sangon Biotech, China) to visualize the reaction. LAMP3 protein expression levels were analyzed by using Image-Pro Plus 6.0.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eshRNA design and construction of recombinant lentiviral vectors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence (NM_ 27074) (CCGGTCAGAAGCCTGTTCA) targeting LAMP3 was transformed into short hairpin RNA (shRNA) (stem-loop-stem structure) and cloned into a PGIPZ vector (Asian, Shanghai China). To exclude possible off-target effects of shRNA, comparable results were obtained using two other constructs shRNA-1 (ACGATGGCAGTCAAATGAG) and shRNA-3 (GGAAGCAGACTCTGTATAA) against LAMP3. Interference efficiency was screened for using RT-PCR. Recombinant lentiviral vectors were generated by co-transfecting HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression vectors and packaging plasmid mixtures using Lipofectamine\u0026trade; 2000. Infectious lentiviral particles were harvested 48 hours after transfection, centrifuged to remove cell debris, and then filtered, centrifuged, and the virus concentrated. The titer of recombinant lentivirus was determined by serial dilution on 293T cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecombinant lentiviral transduction in FaDu cells and screening stable strains\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor lentiviral transduction, FaDu cells were subcultured into 6-well culture plates at (1\u0026ndash;2\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e) cells/well. After growth to 70 % confluence, cells were transduced with a lentivirus expressing LAMP3 shRNA at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. An empty vector was used as a control. The cells were harvested after 48 hours and the transduction efficiency was assessed by counting the percentage of GFP-positive cells. Stably transformed strains were screened for drug resistance. The drug for screening drug resistance is puromycin. The cultures were expanded and the interference efficiency was verified by RT-PCR and western blotting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCell culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe human hypopharyngeal carcinoma cell line FaDu was purchased from Zhong Qiao Xin Zhou Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The media used to culture the cells was supplemented with 10 % high quality fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 % Penicillin-Streptomycin solution. The culture conditions were carried out in a 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e、37 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC incubator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWestern blot analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cells were collected and the protein was extracted using a protein lysis buffer (RIPA: PMSF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100:1) according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s recommendations. The protein concentration was determined using BCA working solution (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). The protein sample was loaded (20 \u0026micro;g per well) and separated by electrophoresis on a 10 % SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Samples were then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride film (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and the membrane was blocked in 5 % skim milk for two hours. The membrane was incubated with primary antibody at 4\u0026deg;C overnight (anti-LAMP3 antibody, 1:800, Sangon Biotech, China), (anti-GAPDH antibody, 1:1000, Sangon Biotech, China). After washing with TBST, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000) for 1.5 hours. Finally, the signal was developed using a chemiluminescent agent (NCM Biotech, Suzhou, China). Images were captured and Image J software was used to compare and calculate gray values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eqRT-PCR\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal RNA from cells was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Ambion, Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The concentration of RNA was measured using a SmartSpec Plus spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad). RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. Primers were designed as follows: h-LAMP3 sense: 5'-ACTACCCCAGCGACTACAAAA-3' and antisense 5'-CTAGGGCCGACTGTAACTTCA-3'. GAPDH sense: 5\u0026rsquo;-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3\u0026rsquo;, antisense: 5\u0026rsquo;-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3\u0026rsquo;. The primers were designed by Asia-Vector Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. GAPDH levels were used to normalize the relative expression levels of LAMP3 mRNA using the DDCt method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScratch-wound experiments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FaDu cells were seeded in a six-well plate and grown until the cells were at 80 % confluence. A scratch was made along the surface of the cells with the tip of a 10 \u0026micro;l pipette. The cells were washed three times with PBS and the culture media was replaced with serum-free basal culture media. Photographs were taken at 0 h and 24 h to measure the width of the scratch.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCell migration assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA single cell suspension with a density of 5 x 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e / ml was prepared using serum-free media. The cell suspension (100 \u0026micro;l) was added to the upper chamber of each transwell chamber and 600 \u0026micro;l of 20 % FBS medium was added to the lower chamber as a chemical attractant. Three sub-wells were set up in each group. The 24-well plates were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours in a 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e incubator. Non-migrating cells on the chamber membrane were removed with a cotton swab. The cells under the chamber were fixed in paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 10 minutes. Photographs were taken (magnification, \u0026times;100) and the cells counted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCell proliferation assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo the wells of a 96-well plate, 2000 cells in 100 \u0026micro;l were added and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 h. Cell viability was determined using a CCK8 kit (Sangon Biotech, China) according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s procedures. The number of viable cells was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm using a microplate reader at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eColony formation assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaDu cells (600 per well) were seeded into a six-well plate. After incubation for 14 days at 37\u0026deg;C, a cell mass visible to the naked eye was formed and removed. The cells were fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and stained with crystal violet for 10 minutes. The number of cell pellets was calculated using an optical microscope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData are expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHigh expression of LAMP3 in HSCC\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC, we selected 35 pairs of paraffin-embedded HSCC tissues and their matched adjacent healthy tissues for immunohistochemical staining (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Immunohistochemical staining showed that LAMP3 protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of the HSCC samples as shown by brownish yellow staining (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1AB). Furthermore, optical density analysis identified increased expression of LAMP3 protein in cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues. This difference was statistically significant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1E) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eScreening of LAMP3 shRNA, lentiviral-mediated shRNA inhibition of LAMP3 expression in FaDu cells\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify whether LAMP3 could be used as a therapeutic target for HSCC, we used RNA interference (shRNA) to inhibit the expression of LAMP3 in the HSCC cell line FaDu. To ensure interference efficiency, three shRNAs were designed, named sh1, sh2, and sh3. The shRNA was screened using HEK293T cells. We screened the most efficient shRNA by real-time quantitative RT-PCR for subsequent experiments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2C). Compared with the negative control group, the mRNA level of LAMP3 in the transfected shLAMP3 interference plasmid group was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (***P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The most effective shRNA tested was LAMP3-sh2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe then used the HEK293T cells to package the lentiviral vector and examined GFP expression by fluorescence microscopy after 48 hours (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2AB). Sequential dilutions explored the appropriate viral titers. The dilution ratio of the mock transfected conditioned control group was 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e and the dilution ratio of the experimental group was 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFaDu cells had an MOI value of 10 with the highest infection efficiency. The FaDu cells were successfully infected with packaged lentivirus, and the stably transformed strain was screened using puromycin resistance and examined by fluorescence microscopy (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2DE). The interference efficiency was verified by RT-PCR (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2F, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and western blot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2G, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDown-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation of FaDu cells\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of LAMP3 down-regulation on the proliferation of FaDu cells was assessed by CCK8 assay and colony formation assay. Cellular growth of mock transfected conditioned control cells (FaDu-NC) and the experimental group (FaDu-shLAMP3) was measured at five time points. The results showed that the proliferation of the FaDu-shLAMP3 group was significantly lower than the control group. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3B, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Furthermore, the number of colonies formed in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group and the FaDu cell only group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This is consistent with the results seen in the CCK8 experiments. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3A). These results indicate that down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation of FaDu cells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDown-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits FaDu cell migration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe analyzed the effects of down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cell migration by scratch-wound experiments and transwell migration assays. The scratch-wound experiments showed that the migration ability of FaDu cells was inhibited in the LAMP3 experimental group compared with the control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4A, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The results of the cell migration test were consistent with the scratch-wound experiments, whereby, the migration ability of the experimental group was lower than the control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4B, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). These results indicate that down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the migration of FaDu cells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eLAMP3 is a protein encoded by the LAMP3 gene in humans.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LAMP3 is highly expressed in differentiated and mature dendritic cells,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e as well as many cancer cell types, including esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Reportedly, LAMP3 has a number of diverse functions including hepatic lipid metabolism \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and is associated with Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Recently, LAMP3 has been reported as a specific tumor protein.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e For example, Liao et al. showed that the expression of LAMP3 in the epithelium is directly related to the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Furthermore, Ishigami et al. demonstrated that the presence of LAMP3 positive tumor-infiltrating mature dendritic cells has prognostic value for gastric cancer.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This evidence suggests that the biological functions of LAMP3 are diverse; however, the mechanisms of actions of LAMP3 in HSCC have not been studied. In the present study, we identified that LAMP3 had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of FaDu cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe determined the expression of LAMP3 in HSCC by immunohistochemical analysis and found that the expression of LAMP3 in tumor tissues was higher than that in adjacent healthy tissues. We hypothesized that LAMP3 was involved in the development of HSCC; therefore, we used the FaDu cell line to analyze the silencing of LAMP3 in vitro.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter silencing LAMP3, FaDu cells showed a significant decrease in proliferative capacity and colony forming ability. Consistent with our study, Liu et al found that knockdown of LAMP3 significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell viability and promoted apoptosis.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Moreover, studies have found that cell proliferation is significantly inhibited after LAMP3 knockdown in laryngeal carcinoma cell lines, with a concurrent increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, after complementation with LAMP3, the inhibition of cell proliferation is diminished and apoptosis is also reduced.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These data indicate that LAMP3 promotes the proliferation and growth of the HSCC cell line FaDu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scratch-wound experiments and cell migration assay showed that the migration ability of the FaDu-shLAMP3 was significantly lower than the FaDu-NC and FaDu cell only groups. Kanao et al found that the migration of cervical cancer cells overexpressing LAMP3 was significantly higher than control cervical cancer cells during in vitro invasion assays.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Recent studies have shown that HAGLR acts as a competitive endogenous RNA to miR-143-5p to increase the expression of LAMP3, thereby promoting proliferation, invasion, and migration in esophageal cancer cells.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These are consistent with our findings, suggesting that LAMP3 may contribute to the invasion and migration of the HSCC cell line FaDu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are some limitations to our experiments, namely the low number samples used for tissue protein expression detection (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35); thus, protein expression levels could not be used for survival analysis.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eWe identified increased expression of LAMP3 in HSCC samples compared with healthy tissues and demonstrated that LAMP3 is closely related to the development of HSCC. These findings suggest that LAMP3 could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of HSCC; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating LAMP3 expression remain to be analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHSCC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMy Title of the manuscript：Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. I promise that the study was performed according to the international, national and institutional rules considering animal experiments, clinical studies and biodiversity rights. The study protocol was approved by Nantong University Affiliated Hospital Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are avilable from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJJL,KKY and XXQ conceived and designed research; SJ,YY,LJB,XRH and YS collected data and conducted research,JJLand KKY wrote the initial paper, ZXZ revised the paper,XXQ had primary responsibility for final content,All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank S. J. Win, PhD, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Editing China (\u003ca href=\"http://www.liwenbianji.cn/ac\"\u003ewww.liwenbianji.cn/ac\u003c/a\u003e) for editing a draft of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBradley PJ. Epidemiology of Hypopharyngeal Cancer. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;83:1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu J, Zang Y, Cao S, Lei D, Pan X. Aberrant expression of PAFAH1B3 associates with poor prognosis and affects proliferation and aggressiveness in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2019;12:2799\u0026ndash;808.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eComprehensive genomic characterization. of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. NATURE. 2015;517:576\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLang S, Schimansky S, Beynon R, Penfold C, Davies A, Waylen A, et al. Dietary behaviors and survival in people with head and neck cancer: Results from Head and Neck 5000. Head Neck. 2019;41:2074\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKwon DI, Miles BA. Hypopharyngeal carcinoma: Do you know your guidelines? Head Neck. 2019;41:569\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEckel HE, Bradley PJ. Natural History of Treated and Untreated Hypopharyngeal Cancer. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;83:27\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoser SE. Laryngeal problems. Prim Care. 2014;41:99\u0026ndash;107.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlessandrini F, Pezze L, Ciribilli Y. LAMPs. Shedding light on cancer biology. SEMIN ONCOL. 2017;44:239\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWilke S, Krausze J, Bussow K. Crystal structure of the conserved domain of the DC lysosomal associated membrane protein: implications for the lysosomal glycocalyx. BMC BIOL. 2012;10:62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ede Saint-Vis B, Vincent J, Vandenabeele S, Vanbervliet B, Pin JJ, Ait-Yahia S, et al. A novel lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein, DC-LAMP, induced upon DC maturation, is transiently expressed in MHC class II compartment. IMMUNITY. 1998;9:325\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkasaki K, Nakamura N, Tsukui N, Yokota S, Murata S, Katoh R, et al. Human dendritic cell lysosome-associated membrane protein expressed in lung type II pneumocytes. ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS. 2004;425:147\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiao X, Chen Y, Liu D, Li F, Li X, Jia W. High Expression of LAMP3 Is a Novel Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. INT J MOL SCI. 2015;16:17655\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKanao H, Enomoto T, Kimura T, Fujita M, Nakashima R, Ueda Y, et al. Overexpression of LAMP3/TSC403/DC-LAMP promotes metastasis in uterine cervical cancer. CANCER RES. 2005;65:8640\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNagelkerke A, Bussink J, Mujcic H, Wouters BG, Lehmann S, Sweep FC, et al. Hypoxia stimulates migration of breast cancer cells via the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response. BREAST CANCER RES. 2013;15:R2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNagelkerke A, Mujcic H, Bussink J, Wouters BG, van Laarhoven HW, Sweep FC, et al. Hypoxic regulation and prognostic value of LAMP3 expression in breast cancer. CANCER-AM CANCER SOC. 2011;117:3670\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGui Y, Liu WB, Chen H, Ma JL, Li JS. Expression of LAMP3 and its correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2018;11:367\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou Z, Xue Q, Wan Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Hung T. Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 is involved in influenza A virus replication in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. VIROL J. 2011;8:384.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMalaguarnera L, Marsullo A, Zorena K, Musumeci G, Di Rosa M. Vitamin D3 regulates LAMP3 expression in monocyte derived dendritic cells. CELL IMMUNOL. 2017;311:13\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiao X, Song L, Zhang L, Wang H, Tong Q, Xu J, et al. LAMP3 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through activating PI3K/Akt pathway. MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL. 2018;470:160\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGonzalez S, Gupta J, Villa E, Mallawaarachchi I, Rodriguez M, Ramirez M, et al. Replication of genome-wide association study (GWAS) susceptibility loci in a Latino bipolar disorder cohort. BIPOLAR DISORD. 2016;18:520\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu S, Yue J, Du W, Han J, Zhang W. LAMP3 plays an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma cells partially by inhibiting TP53. CELL MOL BIOL LETT. 2018;23:33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu H, Li J, Chen J, Yin Y, Da P, Chen Q, et al. Highlight article: Efficacy of radiation exposure in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is mediated by the LAMP3/LAMC2/tenascin-C pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2019;244:1070\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang C, Shen S, Zheng X, Ye K, Sun Y, Lu Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA HAGLR acts as a microRNA-143-5p sponge to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic potential in esophageal cancer by regulating LAMP3. FASEB J. 2019;33:10490\u0026ndash;504.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"LAMP3, Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, Proliferation Migration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP3) has been shown to be highly expressed in various types of tumors. It is associated with their poor prognosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, respectively. However, the role of LAMP3 in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis article aims to investigate the role of LAMP3 in the proliferation and metastasis of HSCC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetection of the expression of LAMP3 in clinical HSCC and paired adjacent healthy tissue samples by using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, LAMP3 was knocked out of the HSCC cell line, FaDu, using a lentivirus vector and the in vitro biological effects of LAMP3 knockdown in FaDu cells were studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImmunohistochemistry results showed that LAMP3 was highly expressed in HSCC. Additionally, it was verified at the mRNA and protein levels that lentiviral transduction effectively down-regulated the expression of LAMP3 in FaDu cells. Cell colony formation assays and CCK8 proliferation assays showed that down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cells inhibited cell proliferation and growth rate. Wound healing experiments and transwell experiments showed that significant down-regulation of LAMP3 on FaDu cells inhibited cell migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollectively, our results suggest that LAMP3 is a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Down-regulation of LAMP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of HSCC","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2021-03-23 10:40:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-10-01 16:02:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-73512/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6df346f0-d60c-4d0c-9618-9f9c9e7ab981","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 23rd, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":3148170,"name":"Virology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-08T13:44:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-03-23 10:40:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-73512","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-73512","identity":"rs-73512","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}