Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses in Basic Emergency Care in Selected Health Centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses in Basic Emergency Care in Selected Health Centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses in Basic Emergency Care in Selected Health Centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study Biruk Hailu, Ayalew Zewdie, Birhanu Bayu, Menbue Sultan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Basic emergency care (BEC) utilizes the " Airway,Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) " approach to manage acutely ill patients and significantly affects hospital mortality, accounting for 15–16% of deaths globally. Strengthening BEC at the primary healthcare level can reduce mortality and alleviate hospital burdens. In Ethiopia, nurses provide most emergency care, yet data on their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) remains limited. This study assessed nurses’ KAP in BEC to identify gaps and recommend improvements. Objectives To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of emergency department nurses on basic emergency care in selected health centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from November 11, 2023, to January 11, 2024. Methods An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted involving staff nurses working in emergency departments who volunteered and were present during data collection. The sample size was 422, selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression identified associations among variables. Results Among 382 respondents (91% response rate), 52% demonstrated good knowledge, 63% had a positive attitude, and 55% showed good practice in BEC. Training in BEC was the strongest predictor of knowledge (p < 0.001), attitude (p = 0.015), and practice (p < 0.001). Diploma holders had significantly lower knowledge, less positive attitudes, and poorer practice, while greater work experience positively influenced practice. Knowledge and practice were strongly associated (OR = 6.12, p < 0.001), whereas attitude had a weaker, non-significant association with practice. Conclusions Nurses in selected Addis Ababa health centres exhibit fair knowledge, attitude, and practice in BEC, with significant room for improvement. Training substantially enhances KAP, while lower educational status negatively impacts performance. Work experience improves practice. Interventions should prioritize training, standardized protocols, and educational advancement. Basic emergency care knowledge attitude practice nurses health centres Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Emergency care involves the identification, diagnosis, stabilization, and treatment of urgent medical and trauma conditions, spanning pre-hospital to emergency unit settings[ 1 ]. While high-income countries have well-established emergency systems, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are increasingly recognizing the need for robust emergency care systems[ 2 ].Globally, injuries, ischemic heart disease, and acute conditions contribute significantly to mortality and morbidity, disproportionately affecting LMICs[ 3 ].Ethiopia faces a high burden of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and cardiovascular emergencies, with an estimated road traffic fatality rate of 25.3 per 100,000 people[ 4 – 9 ]. Standardized emergency care protocols and training reduce mortality, yet many LMICs lack formalized emergency care infrastructure and standardized acute care approaches[ 5 , 10 , 11 ]. Nurses in Ethiopia typically serve as first contact providers in emergency care at primary health centres, but data on their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding BEC is scarce. The World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM), developed the Basic Emergency Care course to train first-contact health workers in resource-limited settings; however, uptake remains low among nurses and midwives who make up 59% of the healthcare workforce worldwide; only 25% of participants are thought to have received training[ 12 ]. There is currently a lack of published research on the effectiveness of coordinated emergency care and the status of nurses' Basic Emergency Care (BEC) performance at the primary healthcare level in low-income countries like Ethiopia. This evidence gap makes it difficult for policymakers to justify and commit significant funding toward strengthening emergency medical services. This study aimed to assess nurses’ KAP on BEC in selected health centres of Addis Ababa to close the information gap on BEC at Ethiopia's primary health care levels, inform interventions and policy development. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for this study, illustrating the relationship between independent variables (socio-demographics, education, and training) and the dependent variables (knowledge, attitude, and practice), is presented in Fig. 1 . [Insert Fig. 1 here] Methods Study Design and Setting An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted from November 11, 2023, to January 11, 2024, in 15 selected health centres across four sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Population and Sampling The source population included all nurses in Addis Ababa, with the study population being nurses working at the selected health centres. A sample size of 422 was calculated assuming 50% proportion, 95% confidence, and 5% margin of error, with 10% contingency. Multistage cluster sampling randomly selected four sub-cities and proportionally 15 health centres. All nurses present during data collection in selected centres were included. The detailed schematic of the sampling stages and participant selection is illustrated in Fig. 2 . [Insert Fig. 2 here] Data Collection A structured, self-administered English questionnaire adapted from prior studies and WHO BEC materials assessed socio-demographics, knowledge (15 items), attitude (11 Likert-scale items), and practice (16 items). The tool was validated and piloted on 5% of the sample. Cronbach’s alpha assessed internal consistency. Data Analysis Data were entered into EPI-Data and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized variables. Logistic regression identified associations between socio-demographic factors and KAP. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical Considerations Ethical clearance was obtained from St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College IRB and relevant authorities. Written informed consent was secured, and confidentiality maintained. Results A total of 420 questionnaires were distributed, with 382 completed and analyzed, yielding a 91% response rate. The demographic profile of the participants is summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Socio demographic characteristics (N = 382) Variable(n = 382) Category Frequency Percent Age 21–30 279 73.04% 31–40 97 25.39% > 40 6 1.57% Gender Male 160 41.89% Female 222 58.12% Education Level Bachelor degree 260 68.06% Masters and above 94 24.61% Diploma 28 7.33% Marital Status Married 148 38.74% Unmarried 234 61.25% Work Experience (in years) 10 5 1.31% Basic Emergency Care Training No 242 63.35% Yes 140 36.65% [Insert Table 1 here] The majority of nurses were aged 21–30 years (73%), a distribution further detailed in Fig. 3 , and over half were female (58%) (Fig. 4 ). Most held a bachelor’s degree (68%) or higher (24.6%), with only 7.3% diploma holders. Nearly 72% had less than two years of emergency department experience (Fig. 5 ), and 36.7% had received Basic Emergency Care (BEC) training. [Insert Fig. 3 here] [Insert Fig. 4 here] [Insert Fig. 5 here] Regarding knowledge, 52% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of BEC (Fig. 6 ). The detailed breakdown of responses for each knowledge-based question is presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Knowledge Assessment on Basic Emergency Care Practices: Frequencies and Percentages for each question. Question Correct (Frequency, Percent) Incorrect (Frequency, Percent) 1. Which is a sign of shock? 263 (68.8%) 119 (31.2%) 2. Which of the following is a danger sign in ABCDE assessment of a 2-year-old? 172 (45.0%) 210 (55.0%) 3. A 20-year-old man experiences breathing difficulties after a car accident. He has swollen neck veins, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension. What is the most likely cause of his difficulty in breathing? 125 (32.7%) 257 (67.3%) 4. A 46-year-old man is bleeding from his head after a motorcycle accident, and despite painful stimulus applied by rubbing his sternum, no response is received. What is the AVPU score of the patient? 167 (43.7%) 215 (56.3%) 5. The ABCDE approach is based upon which of the following principles? 172 (45.0%) 210 (55.0%) 6. Which of the following statements regarding emergency oxygen therapy is true? 180 (47.1%) 202 (52.9%) 7. Which of the following cannulae has the fastest flow-rate? 280 (73.3%) 102 (26.7%) 8. Which of the following is not a risk associated with large volume crystalloid infusion? 153 (40.1%) 229 (59.9%) 9. Which of the following is the most common symptom experienced by patients with ACS? 180 (47.1%) 202 (52.9%) 10. Which of the following is a component of the trauma primary survey? 77 (20.2%) 305 (79.8%) 11. A 37-year-old male presents with fever, confusion, and stiff neck. What is the most likely cause of his altered mental status? 179 (46.9%) 203 (53.1%) 12. A child that presents with sunken eyes, small amounts of dark urine, dry mucous membranes, and abnormal skin pinch testing is most likely suffering from: 238 (62.3%) 144 (37.7%) [Insert Fig. 6 here] [Insert Table 2 here] While 68.8% correctly identified signs of shock, only 45% correctly answered questions related to the ABCDE approach and pediatric assessment. Knowledge of the AVPU scale was limited (43.7%), and less than half correctly identified symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (47.1%). Knowledge gaps were particularly notable in trauma primary survey components (20.2%). Attitude assessment revealed that 63.2% of nurses had a favorable attitude toward BEC (Table 3 ). Most agreed on the necessity of immediate first aid for road traffic accident (RTA) victims (86.4%) and prioritized BEC as a healthcare agenda (96.9%). However, fear of bloodborne infections was prevalent (85.1%), and many nurses expressed reluctance to provide emergency care for chest pain (86.9%) and respiratory distress cases, citing insufficient training and fear of causing harm. Table 3 Summary of responses of nurses on the attitudes towards of toward basic emergency care (N = 382). Attitude questions on BEC Strongly Disagree (SD) Disagree (D) Neutral (N) Agree (A) Strongly Agree (SA) Frequency Percent (%) 1. I believe that it is necessary to provide first aid immediately for road traffic accident victim in the ED. 0 (0.00%) 42 (10.99%) 10 (2.62%) 272 (71.20%) 58 (15.18%) 382 100 2. I am willing to provide basic emergency care for RTA victim 38 (9.95%) 275 (71.99%) 9 (2.36%) 51 (13.35%) 9 (2.36%) 382 100 3. I am not willing to provide emergency care to RTA because I fear blood as I can be infected by blood borne diseases. 1 (0.26%) 43 (11.26%) 9 (2.36%) 286 (74.87%) 43 (11.26%) 382 100 4. I'm willing to provide emergency care for a patient presented with chest pain 21 (5.50%) 265 (69.37%) 15 (3.93%) 77 (20.16%) 4 (1.05%) 382 100 5. I am not willing to provide emergency care to a patient with chest pain because I don’t know how to provide emergency care to such patient as I am not sufficiently trained 2 (0.52%) 43 (11.26%) 5 (1.31%) 290 (75.92%) 42 (10.99%) 382 100 6. I'm willing to provide emergency care for a patient presented with respiratory distress (RD) 25 (6.55%) 253 (66.23%) 12 (3.14%) 82 (21.47%) 10 (2.62%) 382 100 7. I'm not willing to provide emergency care for a patient with RD because I could apply wrong treatment and cause harm 6 (1.57%) 139 (36.39%) 22 (5.76%) 196 (51.31%) 19 (4.97%) 382 100 8. I believe I have sufficient basic knowledge to care for a patient with altered mentation 18 (4.71%) 39 (10.21%) 5 (1.31%) 276 (72.25%) 44 (11.52%) 382 100 9. I believe BEC training should be mandatory in the nursing curriculum 9 (2.36%) 177 (46.34%) 37 (9.69%) 138 (36.13%) 21 (5.50%) 382 100 10. I believe politicians/health care providers take up BEC as their priority agenda 1 (0.26%) 8 (2.09%) 3 (0.79%) 302 (79.06%) 68 (17.80%) 382 100 11. I need more BEC training 1 (0.26%) 8 (2.09%) 3 (0.79%) 303 (79.32%) 67 (17.54%) 382 100 [Insert Table 3 here] Practice evaluation showed that 55.5% reported good practice in BEC (Fig. 7 ). The specific frequency of clinical actions and procedural responses is detailed in Table 4 . Table 4 Practice Assessment on Basic Emergency Care Practices: Frequencies and Percentages for each question Question Correct (Frequency,%) Incorrect%) Total (N = 382) 1 An elderly woman fell at home. She had normal vital signs but complained of neck and knee pain prior to transport. During transport, she starts snoring and gurgling when taking a breath. What is the most appropriate method to immediately manage this problem? 110 (28.8%) 272 (71.2%) 382 2 A 50-year-old man has collapsed in the store, and you are called to assist him. He is unconscious, has a respiratory rate of 4 breaths per minute, and a pulse of 100 beats per minute. There is no trauma. What is the best next step? 106 (27.8%) 276 (72.3%) 382 3 A 2-year-old boy is brought to you for being more sleepy than normal. He is unconscious. You open his airway and place an oropharyngeal airway. What is your next step? 280 (73.3%) 102 (26.7%) 382 4 You are assessing a man who was involved in a car crash. He is very confused, but the remainder of the primary survey is normal. How do you perform a SAMPLE history if the patient is too confused to answer your questions? 170 (44.5%) 212 (55.5%) 382 5 You are evaluating a 21-year-old man who was in a motorcycle crash. He was thrown from the bike and suffered injuries to his face, chest, and legs. When you feel his pelvis, he screams in pain. His vital signs are: blood pressure 90/40 mmHg, heart rate 120 bpm, and respiratory rate 25/min. What should be your next step? 269 (70.4%) 113 (29.6%) 382 6 There was an explosion, and a young woman has been brought in. She has an open airway, a respiratory rate of 30 bpm, a heart rate of 125 bpm, blood pressure of 85/50 mmHg, and she complains of abdominal pain. She is in shock. She has small wounds to her skin but there is no obvious bleeding. What would you do to manage this patient? 326 (85.3%) 56 (14.7%) 382 7 There was a fire in a nearby house, and a patient is brought to you with burned nasal hairs and shortness of breath. What should you do first? 307 (80.4%) 75 (19.6%) 382 8 A 30-year-old woman was stung by a bee and now has difficulty in breathing, facial swelling, and a rash. She has a history of severe allergic reactions to bee stings. What medication should you give her? 221 (57.9%) 161 (42.1%) 382 9 A 7-year-old boy presents with lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea for the past 4 days. His vital signs are: blood pressure 80/40 mmHg, heart rate 140 bpm, and respiratory rate 18 breaths/min. The patient vomits when you try to give anything by mouth. What is your most immediate management? 336 (87.9%) 46 (12.1%) 382 10 You are assessing a 23-year-old man who was stabbed in the chest. You expose the chest to find one stab wound in the right anterior chest with minor bleeding. He is complaining of severe difficulty in breathing, and there are no lung sounds on the right side. His neck veins are distended and his skin is cool and sweaty. His vital signs are: blood pressure 86/56 mmHg, heart rate 136 bpm, and respiratory rate 28 bpm. What is your next step? 95 (24.9%) 287 (75.1%) 382 11 A 46-year-old man comes in to check his blood pressure. His vital signs are: blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, heart rate 120, respiratory rate 18, and blood glucose is 5 mmol/l. While you are examining him, he has a seizure/convulsion. What treatment should you give? 157 (41.1%) 225 (58.9%) 382 12 A 36-week pregnant woman is having a seizure/convulsion. She has a recent history of high blood pressure as well. What treatment should you give? 252 (65.9%) 130 (34.1%) 382 13 When planning a transfer of a patient, you should consider which of the following factors? 371 (97.1%) 11 (2.9%) 382 14 When should formalized patient handover occur? 172 (45.0%) 210 (55.0%) 382 15 A 5-year-old child fell from a tree. The mother runs in and gives you the child to look after. The child is unconscious and blue. What is the first thing you assess? 214 (56.0%) 168 (44.0%) 382 16 A woman who is 37 weeks pregnant has been hit by a car. She has been stabilized and does not have a head injury but remains in cervical spine immobilization. Bystanders have laid her flat on the ground to immobilize the spine. While she is awaiting transport to the nearest obstetric center, she tells you she does not feel well, and when you check her blood pressure, it is 78/50 mmHg. What is the first thing you should do? 139 (36.4%) 243 (63.6%) 382 [Insert Fig. 7 here] [Insert Table 4 here] Significant deficiencies were observed in airway management, with 71.2% unable to manage airway obstruction appropriately during transport, and 72.3% failing to identify correct interventions for respiratory depression. Conversely, management of shock (85.3%) and patient transfer considerations (97.1%) were well understood. A notable gap existed in formal patient handover timing, with 55% answering incorrectly. While checking for associations across all three domains (knowledge, attitude, and practice), we first performed a multicollinearity diagnostic check for all predictor variables. In all models, tolerance values remained above 0.25 and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values were below 4. This confirmed that the independent variables were suitable for reliable coefficient estimation without significant multicollinearity concerns, as detailed in Table 5 (Knowledge), Table 8 (Attitude), and Table 11 (Practice). Table 5 Checking multicollinarity for predictors of knowledge Predictor variables Tolerance VIF 1.Age 0.518 1.929 5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months 0.717 1.394 2.Gender 0.854 1.171 3.Educational status 0.841 1.189 6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? 0.82 1.219 4.Marital status 0.579 1.728 Keys: VIF, variance inflation factor Table 8 Cheking multicollinarity for predictors of attitude Predictor variables Tolerance VIF 1.Age 0.546 1.831 5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months 0.695 1.439 2.Gender 0.858 1.166 3.Educational status 0.812 1.231 6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? 0.794 1.26 4.Marital status 2 0.592 1.69 Keys: VIF, Variance Inflation Factor. Table 11 Cheking multicollinarity for predictors of practice Predictor variables Tolerance VIF 1.Age 0.532 1.878 5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months 0.751 1.331 2.Gender 0.852 1.173 3.Educational status 0.865 1.157 4.Marital status 2 0.6 1.667 6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? 0.847 1.18 Over all attitude 0.969 1.032 Over all knowledge 0.901 1.11 Keys:VIF, Variance Inflation Factor . [Insert Table 5 here] [Insert Table 8 here] [Insert Table 11 here] Following the diagnostic checks, a bivariable logistic regression was conducted to screen for potential predictors for each outcome. Variables demonstrating an association with a p-value < 0.25 were considered candidates and were entered into the final multivariable models. These bivariable associations are summarized in Table 6 (Knowledge), Table 9 (Attitude), and Table 12 (Practice). Table 6 Bivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and knowledge(N = 382) Variables(n = 382) Knowledge status P-value Cor.Cof(B)(CI) Good (%) Poor (%) Age 0.733 0.008(-0.039 to 0.055) 21–30 146 (52.33%) 133 (47.67%) 31–40 50 (51.54%) 47 (48.45%) > 40 3 (50%) 3(50%) Gender Male(ref) 94 (58.75%) 66 (41.25%) Female 105 (47.3%) 117 (52.7%) 0.027 -0.462(-0.872 to-0.051) Educational Status Bachelor degree(ref) 133 (51.15%) 127 (48.85%) Masters and above 59 (62.77%) 35 (37.23%) 0.054 0.476(-0.008 to 0.960) Diploma 7 (25.00%) 21 (75.00%) 0.012 -1.145(-2.034 to 0.255 Marital Status 0.637 0.067 Married(ref) 79 (39.7%) 69 (37.7%) Unmarried 120 (60.3%) 114 (62.3%) 0.690 -0.084(-0.496 to 0.328 Working Experience < .001 0.015(0.007 to 0.023) 10years 3 (60.00%) 2 (40.00%) Trained on BEC? No(ref) 88 (36.36%) 154 (63.64%) Yes 111 (79.29%) 29 (20.71%) < .001 1.902(1.416 to 2.387) Keys : Cor. coeff (B) ,Regression coefficient (B) Table 9 Bivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and Attitude(N = 382) Variables (n = 382) Attitude status P value Cor.Cof(B)(CI) Favourable (%) Unfavourable (%) Age Category 0.768 0.007(-0.040 to 0.054) 21–30 125 (44.64%) 155 (55.35%) 31–40 42 (43.29%) 55 (56.70%) > 40 4(80%) 1 (20%) Gender 1. Male(ref) 78 (48.75%) 82 (51.25%) 2. Female 3 (2.27%) 129 (97.77%) 0.184 -0.277(-0.686 to 132) Educational Status 1. Bachelor degree(ref) 117 (45%) 143 (55%) 2. Masters an above 47 (50%) 47 (50%) 0.405 -0.201(-0.272 to -0.673) 3. Diploma 7 (25%) 21 (75%) 0.048 -0.896(-1.788 to -0.008) Marital Status 1. Married(ref) 68 (45.95%) 80 (54.05%) 2. Unmarried 103 (44.01%) 131 (55.98%) 0.712 -0.078(-0.492 to 0.336) Work experience 0.035 0.008(0.001 to 0.015) 10years 4 (80.00%) 1 (20.00%) Trained on BEC? 1. No(ref) 92 (38.01%) 150 (61.98%) 2. Yes 79 (56.5%) 61 (43.5%) < 0.001 0.747(0.324 to 1.170) Keys:Cor.coff(B), Regression coefficient (B);CI, confidence interval Table 12 Bivariable analysis of level of practice Variables (n = 382) Practice Level P-value Cor.Cof(B)(CI) Good(%) l Poor(%) Age 0.669 0.010(-0.037 to 0.058) 21–30 154 (54.6%) 126 (45.4%) 31–40 55 (56.5%) 42 (43.5%) > 40 3 (60%) 2 (40%) Gender Male 97 (60.6%) 63 (39.4%) Female 115 (51.8%) 107 (48.2%) 0.087 -0.359(-0.772 to 0.053)) Educational Status Bachelor degree 136 (52.3%) 124 (47.7%) Masters and above 70 (74.3%) 24 (25.7%) < 0.001 0.978(0.454 to 1.502) Diploma 6 (21.4%) 22 (78.6%) 0.004 -1.392(-2.327 to -0.457) Marital Status Married 91 (61.6%) 57 (38.4%) Unmarried 121 (51.71%) 113(48.29%) 0.062 -0.399(-0.818 to 0.019) Working Experience < .001 0.024(0.015 to 0.034) 10 years 2 (40.0%) 3 (60.0%) Trained on BEC? No 100 (41.3%) 142 (58.7%) Yes 112 (80.0%) 28 (20.0%) < .001 1.737(1.250 to 2.224) [Insert Table 6 here] [Insert Table 9 here] [Insert Table 12 here] The final multivariable logistic regression revealed that prior BEC training was the strongest independent predictor across all domains: good knowledge (OR = 5.96, p < 0.001), favorable attitude (OR = 1.85, p = 0.011), and good practice (OR = 3.68, p < 0.001).Educational status was also a significant predictor for knowledge and practice; specifically, diploma holders had significantly lower odds of good knowledge (OR = 0.33, p = 0.023) and good practice (OR = 0.20, p = 0.003) compared to those with higher degrees. However, educational status did not reach statistical significance regarding nurses' attitudes (p = 0.062).The detailed multivariable results are presented in Table 7 (Knowledge), Table 10 (Attitude), and Table 13 (Practice). Table 7 Multivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and knowledge(N = 382) Variables Estimate Standard Error Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval p value 2. Gender (Female) -0.22 0.239 0.803 (0.503, 1.281) 0.356 3. Educational status (Masters and above) -0.147 0.291 0.863 (0.488, 1.527) 0.612 3. Educational status (Diploma) -1.106 0.487 0.331 (0.127, 0.860) 0.023 5. Working experience in emergency and trauma unit (months) 0.004 0.005 1.004 (0.995, 1.013) 0.395 6. Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? (Yes) 1.785 0.274 5.962 (3.486, 10.198) < .001 Table 10 Multivariable analysis of the relationship between Attitude and socio-demographic factors Variable Estimate Odds Ratio (95% CI) p-value Gender (Female) -0.144 0.866 (0.562, 1.335) 0.515 Educational status (Masters and above) -0.086 0.918 (0.549, 1.535) 0.744 Educational status (Diploma) -0.862 0.422 (0.171, 1.043) 0.062 Working experience in emergency and trauma unit (in months) 0.004 1.004 (0.996, 1.012) 0.361 Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? (Yes) 0.618 1.855 (1.154, 2.982) 0.011 Keys: CI, confidence interval Table 13 Multivariable analysis of level of practice Variable Estimate Odds Ratio (95% CI) p Educational status 2 (Masters and aboe) 0.517 1.676 (0.925, 3.037) 0.088 Educational status 2 (Diploma) -1.601 0.202 (0.071, 0.573) 0.003 Marital status (Single) 0.171 1.187 (0.723, 1.948) 0.498 Marial status (Widowed) -1.561 0.210 (0.019, 2.268) 0.199 Marital status (Divorced) -17.648 2.165×10⁻⁸ (0.000, ∞) 0.979 Working experiencein emergency and trauma unit (months) 0.021 1.021 (1.010, 1.032) < .001 Have youever been trained on basic emergecy care before? (Yes) 1.303 3.682 (2.156, 6.287) < .001 Keys:CI,confidence interval [Insert Table 7 here] [Insert Table 10 here] [Insert Table 13 here] Educational status was a significant predictor for knowledge and practice; specifically, diploma holders had significantly lower odds of good knowledge (OR = 0.33, p = 0.023) and good practice (OR = 0.20, p = 0.003) compared to those with higher degrees. However, educational status did not reach statistical significance regarding nurses' attitudes (p = 0.062). Additionally, while checking for associations between the outcomes, a strong positive association was found between knowledge and practice (OR = 6.12, p < 0.001) (Table 14 and Table 15 ). Table 14 Chisqaure test of attitude and knowledge with practice Variables Poor practice Good practice Χ² OR(CI%) p value Phi-coefficient /Cramer's V Attitude status 11.111 0.701(0.28 < .001 0.171 -1.115) Unfavourable 110 101 Favourable 60 111 Knowledge level 92.073 2.163(1.699–2.628 < .001 0.491 Poor 128 55 Good 42 157 Keys:OR,odds ratio; CI,confidence interval Table 15 Multivariable analysis of association between practice level with socio demographic factors, attitude and knowledge Keys:CI,confidence interval Variable Odds Ratio (95% CI) p Educational Status 2 (Masters and above) 1.886 (0.987, 3.603) 0.055 Educational Status 2 (Diploma) 0.288 (0.100, 0.829) 0.021 Marital Status (Single) 1.044 (0.606,1.798) 0.876 Marital Status (Widowed) 0.261 (0.019, 3.659) 0.318 Marital Status (Divorced) 1.177e-08 (0.000, ∞) 0.978 Working Experience in Emergency and Trauma Unit (months) 1.021 (1.009, .033) < .001 Trained on Basic Emergency Care (Yes) 1.932 1.059, 3.525) 0.032 OVERALL ATTITUDE (FAVOURABLE ) 1.254 (0.753, 2.088) 0.385 OVERALL KNOWLEDGE(GOOD) 6.119 (3.625, 10.328) < .001 [Insert Table 14 here] [Insert Table 15 here] Discussion This study highlights that nurses working in selected health centres of Addis Ababa are predominantly young(73%) and female(58%), consistent with regional workforce demographics. The higher educational attainment among participants (68% bachelor’s, 24.6% master’s) contrasts with studies from Addis Ababa pre-hospital settings and Rwanda, where diploma-level nurses predominate. This educational profile may reflect advancements in educational access, variations in healthcare policies and increased professional development opportunities[ 13 – 16 ]. The majority of nurses had less than two years of emergency experience, aligning with findings from Rwanda that report high turnover and a young workforce in emergency care settings. This demographic composition may influence skill acquisition and confidence in emergency interventions. Only 36.7% of nurses had received BEC training, revealing a critical gap in preparedness. This proportion is lower than reported in Rwanda (68.6%) but comparable to Tanzania (47%). Limited training access and resource constraints likely contribute to this deficiency, potentially compromising emergency care quality[ 14 , 17 ]. Knowledge levels were moderate, with 52% demonstrating good knowledge. While recognition of shock signs was relatively strong (68.8%), knowledge deficits were evident in paediatric ABCDE assessment, trauma primary surveys, and AVPU scale use. Comparatively, higher knowledge levels in Rwanda and the Netherlands, where ABCDE knowledge exceeds 80% and 88% respectively, suggest that systematic training and resource availability improve competencies[ 14 , 18 ]. Another alarming finding of the study was the low awareness of acute coronary syndrome symptoms (47.1%) which contrasts with the result of a study done in india where nurses’ knowledge regarding acute coronary syndrome was higher(57%)[ 19 ].This underscores the need for enhanced cardiovascular emergency education. Attitudes toward BEC were generally favorable (63.2%), with strong recognition of the importance of immediate first aid for RTA victims (86.4%) and prioritization of BEC in healthcare agendas (96.9%). However, pervasive fear of bloodborne infections (85.1%) and reluctance to manage chest pain and respiratory distress highlight psychological and educational barriers. These findings mirror studies from Rwanda and Kenya reporting favorable attitudes tempered by fear and training inadequacies[ 14 , 20 ].The high prevalence of fear underscores the need for infection control training and confidence-building measures. Practice results reveal significant gaps, particularly in airway management and formal patient handover protocols. The inability of over 70% of nurses to manage airway obstruction and respiratory depression contrasts with better performance in shock management and patient transfer planning. Similar deficits have been reported in Uganda, emphasizing the challenge of translating knowledge into clinical skills[ 21 ]. The poor understanding of handover timing (55% incorrect) indicates communication weaknesses that may jeopardize patient safety, a concern echoed in studies from Turkey and other settings[ 22 ]. While 55.5% of nurses report "good" practice, the 44.5% who feel underprepared highlight a significant gap in emergency care confidence. Addressing the challenges faced by this substantial minority is essential for improving overall clinical quality. Training emerged as the most influential modifiable factor, strongly associated with improved knowledge (OR = 0.596,p < 0.001), attitude(OR = 1.85,p = 0.015), and practice(OR = 3.68,P < 0.001).Diploma holders consistently showed lower KAP levels (having OR = 0.33,p = 0.018 and OR = 0.2,p = 0.003 for knowledge and practice respectively), highlighting educational disparities affecting emergency care competence. Greater work experience enhanced practice (OR = 1.02,P < 0.001), reflecting skill acquisition through clinical exposure. These associations align with previous Ethiopian and international studies emphasizing the critical role of education and training in emergency care proficiency[ 23 , 24 ]. The strong correlation between knowledge and practice (OR = 6.12, p < 0.001) confirms that knowledge underpins effective clinical performance, consistent with the Health Belief Model framework guiding this study[ 25 ]. The weaker association between attitude and practice (OR = 1.254, p = 0.385) suggests that positive disposition alone is insufficient without adequate knowledge and skills. Overall, the findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive, targeted training programs, standardized protocols, and supportive policies to enhance emergency care delivery at the primary healthcare level in Ethiopia and similar LMIC settings. Limitations The study was limited to 15 health centres in Addis Ababa, restricting generalizability across Ethiopia. The cross-sectional design limits causal inference. The scarcity of comparable local studies constrains contextual analysis. Future longitudinal and multi-site research is needed. Recommendations Management and Policy: Develop and enforce standardized emergency care protocols across health centres. Mandate regular BEC training for all nursing staff. Provide scholarships and support for diploma nurses to pursue higher education. Establish mentorship programs pairing experienced with less experienced nurses. Practice: Implement regular hands-on training and simulation exercises to build clinical competence. Foster teamwork and collaboration in emergency care settings. Conduct routine audits to monitor and improve emergency care delivery. Tailor training to address prevalent local emergency scenarios. Education and Training: Design targeted refresher courses based on socio-demographic factors. Promote continuous professional development with incentives. Integrate simulation-based learning into nursing curricula. Encourage interdisciplinary training to enhance collaboration. Cultivate a culture of lifelong learning and certification in emergency care. Research: Conduct longitudinal and larger-scale studies to assess emergency care competencies over time. Investigate barriers to training uptake and develop strategies to improve access and participation. Conclusions Nurses working in selected health centres of Addis Ababa demonstrate fair knowledge, attitude, and practice in basic emergency care, with notable gaps in pediatric assessment, airway management, and handover protocols. Training significantly enhances all aspects of KAP, while lower educational attainment adversely affects performance. Increased work experience improves practice. The interrelated nature of knowledge, attitude, and practice underscores the need for comprehensive, multifaceted interventions. primary health care. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABCDE: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure ALS: Advance Life Support BLS: Basic Life Support BEC: Basic emergency care ED: Emergency department GNI: Gross National Income HC: Health Centre KAP: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice LMIC: Low and Middle Income Countries MOH: Ministry of Health NHHC: Non hospital health centre NGO: None Governmental Organization RTA: Road Traffic Accident SDG: Sustainable developmental goals US $ : American dollar WHA: World Health Assembly WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the respective administrative bodies of the selected health centres. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Confidentiality of the information was maintained throughout the study. Consent for publication Not applicable (as the data is anonymized). Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The author declares that there are no competing interests. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ Contributions BH: Conceived the study, designed the methodology, collected and analyzed the data, interpreted findings, and drafted the manuscript. AZ: Supervised the study, provided expert guidance on methodology, data interpretation, and critical revision of the manuscript. BB: Assisted in study design, supervision, and critical revision of the manuscript. MS: Contributed to study supervision, data interpretation, and manuscript review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, the Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, and the administrators of the selected health centres for their institutional support. Special thanks are extended to all nurses who participated in the study for their time and cooperation. Declaration of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Gemini (an AI tool) for the purpose of language editing and formatting assistance only. This was done to improve the clarity and readability of the text. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content of the published article. The tool was not used to generate data, interpretations, or clinical conclusions. References Reynolds TA, Sawe H, Rubiano AM, Shin SD, Wallis L, Mock CN. Strengthening health systems to provide emergency care. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2017. Suter RE. Emergency medicine in the United States: a systemic review. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3(1):5. Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2):e009655. Johnston CL, Chew M, Schluter PJ, Dick ML. Medical emergencies in general practice in South-East Queensland: prevalence and practice preparedness. Med J Aust. 2001;175(2):99–103. Mamo Y, Seid E, Adams S, Gardiner A, Parry E. A primary healthcare approach to the management of chronic disease in Ethiopia: an example for other countries. J Clin Med. 2007;7:228–31. Meal AG, Peden PM, Hammersley V. Time changes in new cases of ischaemic heart disease in general practice. Fam Pract. 2000;17(5):394–400. Misganaw A, Mariam DH, Araya T. The double mortality burden among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E84. Melaku Z, Alemayehu M, Oli K, Tizazu G. Pattern of admissions to the medical intensive care unit of Addis Ababa University Teaching Hospital. Ethiop Med J. 2006;44:33–42. Organization WH. Global status report on road safety 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Reerink IH, Sauerborn R. Quality of primary health care in developing countries: recent experiences and future directions. Int J Qual Heal Care. 1996;8(2):131–9. Organization WH. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978. Organization WH. Initiative aiming to provide training in basic emergency care for nurses and midwives. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Abebe A, Kebede Z, Demissie DB. Practice of pre-hospital emergency care and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. Open Access Emerg Med. 2023;15:277–87. Nshutiyukuri C, Byiringiro B, Gishoma D. Emergency care challenges in Rwanda. Afr J Emerg Med. 2020;10(3):127–31. Nigatu M, Dereje F, Tuli W. Assessment of knowledge, practice, and associated factors toward airway and breathing management among nurses working in emergency departments of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Open Access Emerg Med. 2022;14:235–47. Tastan S, Unver V, Hatipoglu S. An analysis of the factors affecting the transition period to professional roles for newly graduated nurses in Turkey. Int Nurs Rev. 2013;60(3):405–12. Aloyce R, Leshabari S, Brysiewicz P. Assessment of knowledge and skills of triage amongst nurses working in emergency centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Afr J Emerg Med. 2014;4:14–8. Schoeber NHC, Binkhorst M, de Boode WP, Fluit C, Hogeveen M. Healthcare professionals’ knowledge of the systematic ABCDE approach: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2022;22:202. Karadkar G, Dasila P, Deshpande A, Kambli S. Nurses’ knowledge regarding acute coronary syndrome. Int J Heal Sci Res. 2022;12(8). Rutto J, Chepchirchir A, Odero T. Nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice on the initial management of acute poisoning among adult casualties at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Open J Nurs. 2012;2:245–51. Namukwaya H, Aliga C, Nakate G, Mutyabule J. Knowledge and practice of emergency nursing interventions at a tertiary public cardiac health center in Uganda. Int J Crit Care. 2022;16(2):56–74. Genc SG, Sahin SA, Bas T. Evaluation of emergency service nurses’ patient handover and affecting factors: a descriptive study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2022;61. Al-Rawee R, Faris M, AlSalih A, Mohammed E, Tawfeeq B. Knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing staff toward working at emergency units. Ann Coll Med Mosul. 2022;44:22–8. Kavalieratos D, Mitchell R, Zubkoff L. Palliative care for patients with advanced illness. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):6. Carter S, Garfield S, Newbould J. A review of the use of the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Transtheoretical Model to study and predict health-related behaviour change. Health Psychol Rev. 2006;1(1):1–26. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 04 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8748367","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":596691527,"identity":"b80a52eb-e6b3-43ab-bac7-8b3d8a30dc1a","order_by":0,"name":"Biruk Hailu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwnGBgaGAzVy9u0NIK4F0VqOGRvwHABzidECIg8wJ26QSACxiNBiLt3c9pnnDJuxueTzqxt+FEgw8Ld3J+DVYjnnYPNsnhsycpazc8pu9gAtlThzdgN+h91IbGbm+cBmzHA7J+0GD1CLgUQuUVqYExtunkm7+Yd4LTeA3r/Bfuw2cbbcOdjMOOfMMWPJnhy22zIGEjyE/XK7/THDm2M1cvzsx5/dfPPHRo6/vRe/FiTAYwAmiVUOAuwPSFE9CkbBKBgFIwgAAD/mS+o3iKHWAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biruk","middleName":"","lastName":"Hailu","suffix":""},{"id":596691528,"identity":"e12aea96-91a6-4c27-ac55-9b3cea1b7d96","order_by":1,"name":"Ayalew Zewdie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayalew","middleName":"","lastName":"Zewdie","suffix":""},{"id":596691529,"identity":"4357e1d2-9506-4645-a4d7-96057f3de787","order_by":2,"name":"Birhanu Bayu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Birhanu","middleName":"","lastName":"Bayu","suffix":""},{"id":596691530,"identity":"59d1280b-a89c-4fee-a15e-6e3d35ce7a9c","order_by":3,"name":"Menbue Sultan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Menbue","middleName":"","lastName":"Sultan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-31 09:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103587371,"identity":"16083ffb-5bd6-4c0c-848f-a8d509e3cb4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) conceptual frame work\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/b8403b2b3839ee55a08b9e33.jpg"},{"id":103587373,"identity":"c32a2e03-4978-42dd-a3ff-cd45963e0d4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic presentation of sampling procedure and selection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/68b7bc45bd2651abcb75331d.jpg"},{"id":103587369,"identity":"af775b53-6ff4-41fe-ad30-c6717aa71fbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge distribution of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/62ecd81b176055e7dd14c714.jpg"},{"id":103587379,"identity":"861b2c7c-4950-4904-b74e-2f05a1e5b528","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/8eda567a28fdfd2bb2f8127a.jpg"},{"id":103587377,"identity":"08344b52-2dc3-41ef-8d29-70348877b639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents working experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/415c2d60c494a28fbc5e0a80.jpg"},{"id":103587375,"identity":"349bed5f-eb2c-48d4-9f2e-f6336d664f77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall knowledge level of nurses with regard to basic emergency care(BEC) (N=382)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/7e0a6bc53a2b3bfd8df988e7.jpg"},{"id":103587370,"identity":"1a537cad-df96-4331-b701-49522ee06cef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 11:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall level of practice of nurses with regard to basic emergency care (BEC) (N=382).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/e5993399d3f7a72731b48ad8.jpg"},{"id":104399427,"identity":"76016863-9aa7-4b09-9894-c93d4cfb953c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:06:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2275279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8748367/v1/f83ed345-d222-49b0-8825-58ea7b33c7ac.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses in Basic Emergency Care in Selected Health Centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEmergency care involves the identification, diagnosis, stabilization, and treatment of urgent medical and trauma conditions, spanning pre-hospital to emergency unit settings[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. While high-income countries have well-established emergency systems, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are increasingly recognizing the need for robust emergency care systems[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].Globally, injuries, ischemic heart disease, and acute conditions contribute significantly to mortality and morbidity, disproportionately affecting LMICs[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].Ethiopia faces a high burden of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and cardiovascular emergencies, with an estimated road traffic fatality rate of 25.3 per 100,000 people[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized emergency care protocols and training reduce mortality, yet many LMICs lack formalized emergency care infrastructure and standardized acute care approaches[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses in Ethiopia typically serve as first contact providers in emergency care at primary health centres, but data on their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding BEC is scarce. The World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM), developed the Basic Emergency Care course to train first-contact health workers in resource-limited settings; however, uptake remains low among nurses and midwives who make up 59% of the healthcare workforce worldwide; only 25% of participants are thought to have received training[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is currently a lack of published research on the effectiveness of coordinated emergency care and the status of nurses' Basic Emergency Care (BEC) performance at the primary healthcare level in low-income countries like Ethiopia. This evidence gap makes it difficult for policymakers to justify and commit significant funding toward strengthening emergency medical services. This study aimed to assess nurses’ KAP on BEC in selected health centres of Addis Ababa to close the information gap on BEC at Ethiopia's primary health care levels, inform interventions and policy development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConceptual Framework\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe conceptual framework for this study, illustrating the relationship between independent variables (socio-demographics, education, and training) and the dependent variables (knowledge, attitude, and practice), is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted from November 11, 2023, to January 11, 2024, in 15 selected health centres across four sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePopulation and Sampling\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe source population included all nurses in Addis Ababa, with the study population being nurses working at the selected health centres. A sample size of 422 was calculated assuming 50% proportion, 95% confidence, and 5% margin of error, with 10% contingency. Multistage cluster sampling randomly selected four sub-cities and proportionally 15 health centres. All nurses present during data collection in selected centres were included. The detailed schematic of the sampling stages and participant selection is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA structured, self-administered English questionnaire adapted from prior studies and WHO BEC materials assessed socio-demographics, knowledge (15 items), attitude (11 Likert-scale items), and practice (16 items). The tool was validated and piloted on 5% of the sample. Cronbach’s alpha assessed internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were entered into EPI-Data and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized variables. Logistic regression identified associations between socio-demographic factors and KAP. Significance was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethical clearance was obtained from St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College IRB and relevant authorities. Written informed consent was secured, and confidentiality maintained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 420 questionnaires were distributed, with 382 completed and analyzed, yielding a 91% response rate. The demographic profile of the participants is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio demographic characteristics (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.04%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.39%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.89%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.06%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.61%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.74%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork Experience (in years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.99%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasic Emergency Care Training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of nurses were aged 21\u0026ndash;30 years (73%), a distribution further detailed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and over half were female (58%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Most held a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree (68%) or higher (24.6%), with only 7.3% diploma holders. Nearly 72% had less than two years of emergency department experience (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), and 36.7% had received Basic Emergency Care (BEC) training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding knowledge, 52% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of BEC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The detailed breakdown of responses for each knowledge-based question is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Assessment on Basic Emergency Care Practices: Frequencies and Percentages for each question.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrect (Frequency, Percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncorrect (Frequency, Percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Which is a sign of shock?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263 (68.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (31.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Which of the following is a danger sign in ABCDE assessment of a 2-year-old?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (45.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (55.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. A 20-year-old man experiences breathing difficulties after a car accident. He has swollen neck veins, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension. What is the most likely cause of his difficulty in breathing?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (32.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257 (67.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. A 46-year-old man is bleeding from his head after a motorcycle accident, and despite painful stimulus applied by rubbing his sternum, no response is received. What is the AVPU score of the patient?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (43.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. The ABCDE approach is based upon which of the following principles?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (45.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (55.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Which of the following statements regarding emergency oxygen therapy is true?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 (52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Which of the following cannulae has the fastest flow-rate?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Which of the following is not a risk associated with large volume crystalloid infusion?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (40.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229 (59.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Which of the following is the most common symptom experienced by patients with ACS?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 (52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Which of the following is a component of the trauma primary survey?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (20.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305 (79.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. A 37-year-old male presents with fever, confusion, and stiff neck. What is the most likely cause of his altered mental status?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179 (46.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203 (53.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. A child that presents with sunken eyes, small amounts of dark urine, dry mucous membranes, and abnormal skin pinch testing is most likely suffering from:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238 (62.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile 68.8% correctly identified signs of shock, only 45% correctly answered questions related to the ABCDE approach and pediatric assessment. Knowledge of the AVPU scale was limited (43.7%), and less than half correctly identified symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (47.1%). Knowledge gaps were particularly notable in trauma primary survey components (20.2%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude assessment revealed that 63.2% of nurses had a favorable attitude toward BEC (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Most agreed on the necessity of immediate first aid for road traffic accident (RTA) victims (86.4%) and prioritized BEC as a healthcare agenda (96.9%). However, fear of bloodborne infections was prevalent (85.1%), and many nurses expressed reluctance to provide emergency care for chest pain (86.9%) and respiratory distress cases, citing insufficient training and fear of causing harm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of responses of nurses on the attitudes towards of toward basic emergency care (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude questions on BEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree (A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree (SA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. I believe that it is necessary to provide first aid immediately for road traffic accident victim in the ED.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (10.99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (2.62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272 (71.20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (15.18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. I am willing to provide basic emergency care for RTA victim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (9.95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275 (71.99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (13.35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. I am not willing to provide emergency care to RTA because I fear blood as I can be infected by blood borne diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (11.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286 (74.87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (11.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. I'm willing to provide emergency care for a patient presented with chest pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (5.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265 (69.37%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (3.93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (20.16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (1.05%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. I am not willing to provide emergency care to a patient with chest pain because I don\u0026rsquo;t know how to provide emergency care to such patient as I am not sufficiently trained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (11.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290 (75.92%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (10.99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. I'm willing to provide emergency care for a patient presented with respiratory distress (RD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (6.55%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253 (66.23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (3.14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (21.47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (2.62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. I'm not willing to provide emergency care for a patient with RD because I could apply wrong treatment and cause harm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (1.57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (36.39%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (5.76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196 (51.31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (4.97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. I believe I have sufficient basic knowledge to care for a patient with altered mentation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (4.71%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (10.21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276 (72.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (11.52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. I believe BEC training should be mandatory in the nursing curriculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (46.34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9.69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (36.13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (5.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. I believe politicians/health care providers take up BEC as their priority agenda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.09%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302 (79.06%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (17.80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. I need more BEC training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.09%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303 (79.32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (17.54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice evaluation showed that 55.5% reported good practice in BEC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The specific frequency of clinical actions and procedural responses is detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice Assessment on Basic Emergency Care Practices: Frequencies and Percentages for each question\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrect (Frequency,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncorrect%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn elderly woman fell at home. She had normal vital signs but complained of neck and knee pain prior to transport. During transport, she starts snoring and gurgling when taking a breath. What is the most appropriate method to immediately manage this problem?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (28.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272 (71.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 50-year-old man has collapsed in the store, and you are called to assist him. He is unconscious, has a respiratory rate of 4 breaths per minute, and a pulse of 100 beats per minute. There is no trauma. What is the best next step?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (27.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276 (72.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 2-year-old boy is brought to you for being more sleepy than normal. He is unconscious. You open his airway and place an oropharyngeal airway. What is your next step?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYou are assessing a man who was involved in a car crash. He is very confused, but the remainder of the primary survey is normal. How do you perform a SAMPLE history if the patient is too confused to answer your questions?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170 (44.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212 (55.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYou are evaluating a 21-year-old man who was in a motorcycle crash. He was thrown from the bike and suffered injuries to his face, chest, and legs. When you feel his pelvis, he screams in pain. His vital signs are: blood pressure 90/40 mmHg, heart rate 120 bpm, and respiratory rate 25/min. What should be your next step?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269 (70.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (29.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was an explosion, and a young woman has been brought in. She has an open airway, a respiratory rate of 30 bpm, a heart rate of 125 bpm, blood pressure of 85/50 mmHg, and she complains of abdominal pain. She is in shock. She has small wounds to her skin but there is no obvious bleeding. What would you do to manage this patient?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326 (85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a fire in a nearby house, and a patient is brought to you with burned nasal hairs and shortness of breath. What should you do first?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307 (80.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 30-year-old woman was stung by a bee and now has difficulty in breathing, facial swelling, and a rash. She has a history of severe allergic reactions to bee stings. What medication should you give her?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221 (57.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (42.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 7-year-old boy presents with lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea for the past 4 days. His vital signs are: blood pressure 80/40 mmHg, heart rate 140 bpm, and respiratory rate 18 breaths/min. The patient vomits when you try to give anything by mouth. What is your most immediate management?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336 (87.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYou are assessing a 23-year-old man who was stabbed in the chest. You expose the chest to find one stab wound in the right anterior chest with minor bleeding. He is complaining of severe difficulty in breathing, and there are no lung sounds on the right side. His neck veins are distended and his skin is cool and sweaty. His vital signs are: blood pressure 86/56 mmHg, heart rate 136 bpm, and respiratory rate 28 bpm. What is your next step?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (24.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287 (75.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 46-year-old man comes in to check his blood pressure. His vital signs are: blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, heart rate 120, respiratory rate 18, and blood glucose is 5 mmol/l. While you are examining him, he has a seizure/convulsion. What treatment should you give?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (41.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225 (58.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 36-week pregnant woman is having a seizure/convulsion. She has a recent history of high blood pressure as well. What treatment should you give?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252 (65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen planning a transfer of a patient, you should consider which of the following factors?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371 (97.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen should formalized patient handover occur?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (45.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (55.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 5-year-old child fell from a tree. The mother runs in and gives you the child to look after. The child is unconscious and blue. What is the first thing you assess?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214 (56.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA woman who is 37 weeks pregnant has been hit by a car. She has been stabilized and does not have a head injury but remains in cervical spine immobilization. Bystanders have laid her flat on the ground to immobilize the spine. While she is awaiting transport to the nearest obstetric center, she tells you she does not feel well, and when you check her blood pressure, it is 78/50 mmHg. What is the first thing you should do?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243 (63.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant deficiencies were observed in airway management, with 71.2% unable to manage airway obstruction appropriately during transport, and 72.3% failing to identify correct interventions for respiratory depression. Conversely, management of shock (85.3%) and patient transfer considerations (97.1%) were well understood. A notable gap existed in formal patient handover timing, with 55% answering incorrectly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile checking for associations across all three domains (knowledge, attitude, and practice), we first performed a multicollinearity diagnostic check for all predictor variables. In all models, tolerance values remained above 0.25 and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values were below 4. This confirmed that the independent variables were suitable for reliable coefficient estimation without significant multicollinearity concerns, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e (Knowledge), Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e (Attitude), and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e (Practice).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChecking multicollinarity for predictors of knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Marital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eKeys: VIF, variance inflation factor\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheking multicollinarity for predictors of attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Marital status 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eKeys: VIF, Variance Inflation Factor.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheking multicollinarity for predictors of practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.Working experience in emergency and trauma unit:in months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Marital status 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver all attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver all knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eKeys:VIF, \u003cb\u003eVariance Inflation Factor\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the diagnostic checks, a bivariable logistic regression was conducted to screen for potential predictors for each outcome. Variables demonstrating an association with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 were considered candidates and were entered into the final multivariable models. These bivariable associations are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e (Knowledge), Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e (Attitude), and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e (Practice).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and knowledge(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCor.Cof(B)(CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008(-0.039 to 0.055)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (52.33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (47.67%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (51.54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (48.45%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (58.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (41.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (47.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (52.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.462(-0.872 to-0.051)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (51.15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (48.85%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (62.77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (37.23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.476(-0.008 to 0.960)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (25.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (75.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.145(-2.034 to 0.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (39.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (60.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (62.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.084(-0.496 to 0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking Experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015(0.007 to 0.023)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (46.79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (53.21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-5years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (58.49%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (41.51%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (68.09%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (31.91%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrained on BEC?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (36.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154 (63.64%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (79.29%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (20.71%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.902(1.416 to 2.387)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKeys :\u003c/strong\u003e Cor. coeff (B) ,Regression coefficient (B)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and Attitude(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCor.Cof(B)(CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFavourable (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavourable (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007(-0.040 to 0.054)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (44.64%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155 (55.35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (43.29%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (56.70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Male(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (48.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (51.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2.27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (97.77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.277(-0.686 to 132)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Bachelor degree(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (45%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (55%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Masters an above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.201(-0.272 to -0.673)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.896(-1.788 to -0.008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Married(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (45.95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (54.05%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Unmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (44.01%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (55.98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.078(-0.492 to 0.336)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008(0.001 to 0.015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (88.63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (11.36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-5years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (47.27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (52.73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (51.06%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (48.94%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (80.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrained on BEC?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. No(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (38.01%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (61.98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Yes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (56.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (43.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747(0.324 to 1.170)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eKeys:Cor.coff(B), Regression coefficient (B);CI, confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariable analysis of level of practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCor.Cof(B)(CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003el Poor(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010(-0.037 to 0.058)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154 (54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (56.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (43.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (51.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (48.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.359(-0.772 to 0.053))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (74.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (25.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978(0.454 to 1.502)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (78.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.392(-2.327 to -0.457)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (61.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (38.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (51.71%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(48.29%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.399(-0.818 to 0.019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking Experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024(0.015 to 0.034)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (74.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (25.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (80.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrained on BEC?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (41.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (58.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112 (80.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.737(1.250 to 2.224)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final multivariable logistic regression revealed that prior BEC training was the strongest independent predictor across all domains: good knowledge (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.96, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), favorable attitude (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.85, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011), and good practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.68, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).Educational status was also a significant predictor for knowledge and practice; specifically, diploma holders had significantly lower odds of good knowledge (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023) and good practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.20, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) compared to those with higher degrees. However, educational status did not reach statistical significance regarding nurses' attitudes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.062).The detailed multivariable results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e (Knowledge), Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e (Attitude), and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e (Practice).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis of the relationship between Socio demographic factors and knowledge(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Gender (Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.503, 1.281)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Educational status (Masters and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.488, 1.527)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Educational status (Diploma)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.127, 0.860)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Working experience in emergency and trauma unit (months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.995, 1.013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Have you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.486, 10.198)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis of the relationship between Attitude and socio-demographic factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender (Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.866 (0.562, 1.335)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status (Masters and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918 (0.549, 1.535)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status (Diploma)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.422 (0.171, 1.043)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking experience in emergency and trauma unit (in months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.004 (0.996, 1.012)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you ever been trained on basic emergency care before? (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.855 (1.154, 2.982)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eKeys: CI, confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis of level of practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status 2 (Masters and aboe)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.676 (0.925, 3.037)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status 2 (Diploma)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202 (0.071, 0.573)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status (Single)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.187 (0.723, 1.948)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarial status (Widowed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210 (0.019, 2.268)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status (Divorced)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-17.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.165\u0026times;10⁻⁸ (0.000, \u0026infin;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking experiencein emergency and trauma unit (months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.021 (1.010, 1.032)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave youever been trained on basic emergecy care before? (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.682 (2.156, 6.287)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eKeys:CI,confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status was a significant predictor for knowledge and practice; specifically, diploma holders had significantly lower odds of good knowledge (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023) and good practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.20, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) compared to those with higher degrees. However, educational status did not reach statistical significance regarding nurses' attitudes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.062).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, while checking for associations between the outcomes, a strong positive association was found between knowledge and practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.12, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChisqaure test of attitude and knowledge with practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΧ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR(CI%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhi-coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/Cramer's V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.701(0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.115)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavourable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFavourable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.163(1.699\u0026ndash;2.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eKeys:OR,odds ratio; CI,confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMultivariable analysis of association between practice level with socio demographic factors, attitude and knowledge\u003c/b\u003e Keys:CI,confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status 2 (Masters and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.886 (0.987, 3.603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status 2 (Diploma)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288 (0.100, 0.829)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status (Single)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.044 (0.606,1.798)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status (Widowed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.261 (0.019, 3.659)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status (Divorced)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.177e-08 (0.000, \u0026infin;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking Experience in Emergency and Trauma Unit (months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.021 (1.009, .033)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrained on Basic Emergency Care (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.932 1.059, 3.525)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOVERALL ATTITUDE (FAVOURABLE )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.254 (0.753, 2.088)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOVERALL KNOWLEDGE(GOOD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.119 (3.625, 10.328)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e here] [Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights that nurses working in selected health centres of Addis Ababa are predominantly young(73%) and female(58%), consistent with regional workforce demographics. The higher educational attainment among participants (68% bachelor\u0026rsquo;s, 24.6% master\u0026rsquo;s) contrasts with studies from Addis Ababa pre-hospital settings and Rwanda, where diploma-level nurses predominate. This educational profile may reflect advancements in educational access, variations in healthcare policies and increased professional development opportunities[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of nurses had less than two years of emergency experience, aligning with findings from Rwanda that report high turnover and a young workforce in emergency care settings. This demographic composition may influence skill acquisition and confidence in emergency interventions. Only 36.7% of nurses had received BEC training, revealing a critical gap in preparedness. This proportion is lower than reported in Rwanda (68.6%) but comparable to Tanzania (47%). Limited training access and resource constraints likely contribute to this deficiency, potentially compromising emergency care quality[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge levels were moderate, with 52% demonstrating good knowledge. While recognition of shock signs was relatively strong (68.8%), knowledge deficits were evident in paediatric ABCDE assessment, trauma primary surveys, and AVPU scale use. Comparatively, higher knowledge levels in Rwanda and the Netherlands, where ABCDE knowledge exceeds 80% and 88% respectively, suggest that systematic training and resource availability improve competencies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Another alarming finding of the study was the low awareness of acute coronary syndrome symptoms (47.1%) which contrasts with the result of a study done in india where nurses\u0026rsquo; knowledge regarding acute coronary syndrome was higher(57%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].This underscores the need for enhanced cardiovascular emergency education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes toward BEC were generally favorable (63.2%), with strong recognition of the importance of immediate first aid for RTA victims (86.4%) and prioritization of BEC in healthcare agendas (96.9%). However, pervasive fear of bloodborne infections (85.1%) and reluctance to manage chest pain and respiratory distress highlight psychological and educational barriers. These findings mirror studies from Rwanda and Kenya reporting favorable attitudes tempered by fear and training inadequacies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].The high prevalence of fear underscores the need for infection control training and confidence-building measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice results reveal significant gaps, particularly in airway management and formal patient handover protocols. The inability of over 70% of nurses to manage airway obstruction and respiratory depression contrasts with better performance in shock management and patient transfer planning. Similar deficits have been reported in Uganda, emphasizing the challenge of translating knowledge into clinical skills[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The poor understanding of handover timing (55% incorrect) indicates communication weaknesses that may jeopardize patient safety, a concern echoed in studies from Turkey and other settings[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. While 55.5% of nurses report \"good\" practice, the 44.5% who feel underprepared highlight a significant gap in emergency care confidence. Addressing the challenges faced by this substantial minority is essential for improving overall clinical quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining emerged as the most influential modifiable factor, strongly associated with improved knowledge (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.596,p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), attitude(OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.85,p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015), and practice(OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.68,P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).Diploma holders consistently showed lower KAP levels (having OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33,p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018 and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2,p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003 for knowledge and practice respectively), highlighting educational disparities affecting emergency care competence. Greater work experience enhanced practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.02,P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), reflecting skill acquisition through clinical exposure. These associations align with previous Ethiopian and international studies emphasizing the critical role of education and training in emergency care proficiency[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong correlation between knowledge and practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.12, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) confirms that knowledge underpins effective clinical performance, consistent with the Health Belief Model framework guiding this study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The weaker association between attitude and practice (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.254, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.385) suggests that positive disposition alone is insufficient without adequate knowledge and skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive, targeted training programs, standardized protocols, and supportive policies to enhance emergency care delivery at the primary healthcare level in Ethiopia and similar LMIC settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was limited to 15 health centres in Addis Ababa, restricting generalizability across Ethiopia. The cross-sectional design limits causal inference. The scarcity of comparable local studies constrains contextual analysis. Future longitudinal and multi-site research is needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eManagement and Policy:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelop and enforce standardized emergency care protocols across health centres.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandate regular BEC training for all nursing staff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvide scholarships and support for diploma nurses to pursue higher education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablish mentorship programs pairing experienced with less experienced nurses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePractice:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement regular hands-on training and simulation exercises to build clinical competence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoster teamwork and collaboration in emergency care settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eConduct routine audits to monitor and improve emergency care delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTailor training to address prevalent local emergency scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEducation and Training:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign targeted refresher courses based on socio-demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromote continuous professional development with incentives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrate simulation-based learning into nursing curricula.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncourage interdisciplinary training to enhance collaboration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivate a culture of lifelong learning and certification in emergency care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eConduct longitudinal and larger-scale studies to assess emergency care competencies over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigate barriers to training uptake and develop strategies to improve access and participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eNurses working in selected health centres of Addis Ababa demonstrate fair knowledge, attitude, and practice in basic emergency care, with notable gaps in pediatric assessment, airway management, and handover protocols. Training significantly enhances all aspects of KAP, while lower educational attainment adversely affects performance. Increased work experience improves practice. The interrelated nature of knowledge, attitude, and practice underscores the need for comprehensive, multifaceted interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary health care.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eABCDE: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eALS: Advance Life Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLS: Basic Life Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBEC: Basic emergency care\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eED: Emergency department\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGNI: Gross National Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHC: Health Centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAP: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMIC: Low and Middle Income Countries\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOH: Ministry of Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNHHC: Non hospital health centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNGO: None Governmental Organization\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTA: Road Traffic Accident\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSDG: Sustainable developmental goals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e: American dollar\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHA: World Health Assembly\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the respective administrative bodies of the selected health centres. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Confidentiality of the information was maintained throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable (as the data is anonymized).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that there are no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBH:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceived the study, designed the methodology, collected and analyzed the data, interpreted findings, and drafted the manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAZ:\u003c/strong\u003e Supervised the study, provided expert guidance on methodology, data interpretation, and critical revision of the manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBB:\u003c/strong\u003e Assisted in study design, supervision, and critical revision of the manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMS:\u003c/strong\u003e Contributed to study supervision, data interpretation, and manuscript review.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll authors\u003c/strong\u003e read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, the Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, and the administrators of the selected health centres for their institutional support. Special thanks are extended to all nurses who participated in the study for their time and cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process:\u003c/strong\u003e During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Gemini (an AI tool) for the purpose of language editing and formatting assistance only. This was done to improve the clarity and readability of the text. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content of the published article. The tool was not used to generate data, interpretations, or clinical conclusions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReynolds TA, Sawe H, Rubiano AM, Shin SD, Wallis L, Mock CN. Strengthening health systems to provide emergency care. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuter RE. Emergency medicine in the United States: a systemic review. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3(1):5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2):e009655.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnston CL, Chew M, Schluter PJ, Dick ML. Medical emergencies in general practice in South-East Queensland: prevalence and practice preparedness. Med J Aust. 2001;175(2):99\u0026ndash;103.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMamo Y, Seid E, Adams S, Gardiner A, Parry E. A primary healthcare approach to the management of chronic disease in Ethiopia: an example for other countries. J Clin Med. 2007;7:228\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeal AG, Peden PM, Hammersley V. Time changes in new cases of ischaemic heart disease in general practice. Fam Pract. 2000;17(5):394\u0026ndash;400.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMisganaw A, Mariam DH, Araya T. The double mortality burden among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006\u0026ndash;2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMelaku Z, Alemayehu M, Oli K, Tizazu G. Pattern of admissions to the medical intensive care unit of Addis Ababa University Teaching Hospital. Ethiop Med J. 2006;44:33\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganization WH. Global status report on road safety 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReerink IH, Sauerborn R. Quality of primary health care in developing countries: recent experiences and future directions. Int J Qual Heal Care. 1996;8(2):131\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganization WH. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganization WH. Initiative aiming to provide training in basic emergency care for nurses and midwives. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbebe A, Kebede Z, Demissie DB. Practice of pre-hospital emergency care and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. Open Access Emerg Med. 2023;15:277\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNshutiyukuri C, Byiringiro B, Gishoma D. Emergency care challenges in Rwanda. Afr J Emerg Med. 2020;10(3):127\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNigatu M, Dereje F, Tuli W. Assessment of knowledge, practice, and associated factors toward airway and breathing management among nurses working in emergency departments of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Open Access Emerg Med. 2022;14:235\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTastan S, Unver V, Hatipoglu S. An analysis of the factors affecting the transition period to professional roles for newly graduated nurses in Turkey. Int Nurs Rev. 2013;60(3):405\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAloyce R, Leshabari S, Brysiewicz P. Assessment of knowledge and skills of triage amongst nurses working in emergency centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Afr J Emerg Med. 2014;4:14\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchoeber NHC, Binkhorst M, de Boode WP, Fluit C, Hogeveen M. Healthcare professionals\u0026rsquo; knowledge of the systematic ABCDE approach: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2022;22:202.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaradkar G, Dasila P, Deshpande A, Kambli S. Nurses\u0026rsquo; knowledge regarding acute coronary syndrome. Int J Heal Sci Res. 2022;12(8).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRutto J, Chepchirchir A, Odero T. Nurses\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude and practice on the initial management of acute poisoning among adult casualties at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Open J Nurs. 2012;2:245\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamukwaya H, Aliga C, Nakate G, Mutyabule J. Knowledge and practice of emergency nursing interventions at a tertiary public cardiac health center in Uganda. Int J Crit Care. 2022;16(2):56\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGenc SG, Sahin SA, Bas T. Evaluation of emergency service nurses\u0026rsquo; patient handover and affecting factors: a descriptive study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2022;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Rawee R, Faris M, AlSalih A, Mohammed E, Tawfeeq B. Knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing staff toward working at emergency units. Ann Coll Med Mosul. 2022;44:22\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKavalieratos D, Mitchell R, Zubkoff L. Palliative care for patients with advanced illness. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarter S, Garfield S, Newbould J. A review of the use of the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Transtheoretical Model to study and predict health-related behaviour change. Health Psychol Rev. 2006;1(1):1\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Basic emergency care, knowledge, attitude, practice, nurses, health centres","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic emergency care (BEC) utilizes the \" Airway,Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) \" approach to manage acutely ill patients and significantly affects hospital mortality, accounting for 15\u0026ndash;16% of deaths globally. Strengthening BEC at the primary healthcare level can reduce mortality and alleviate hospital burdens. In Ethiopia, nurses provide most emergency care, yet data on their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) remains limited. This study assessed nurses\u0026rsquo; KAP in BEC to identify gaps and recommend improvements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjectives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of emergency department nurses on basic emergency care in selected health centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from November 11, 2023, to January 11, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted involving staff nurses working in emergency departments who volunteered and were present during data collection. The sample size was 422, selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression identified associations among variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 382 respondents (91% response rate), 52% demonstrated good knowledge, 63% had a positive attitude, and 55% showed good practice in BEC. Training in BEC was the strongest predictor of knowledge (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), attitude (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015), and practice (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Diploma holders had significantly lower knowledge, less positive attitudes, and poorer practice, while greater work experience positively influenced practice. Knowledge and practice were strongly associated (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.12, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), whereas attitude had a weaker, non-significant association with practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses in selected Addis Ababa health centres exhibit fair knowledge, attitude, and practice in BEC, with significant room for improvement. Training substantially enhances KAP, while lower educational status negatively impacts performance. Work experience improves practice. Interventions should prioritize training, standardized protocols, and educational advancement.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses in Basic Emergency Care in Selected Health Centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-27 11:27:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8748367/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104810201183165802078315357066737364662","date":"2026-03-03T12:58:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"97088646666451174635214200100161739009","date":"2026-02-26T17:16:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"161456763939095856821625550662702825286","date":"2026-02-24T18:29:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-24T10:05:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T07:54:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T10:49:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T10:44:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Emergency Medicine","date":"2026-01-31T09:03:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7bc85b27-4778-4a41-bfdd-06bdded873b4","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 27th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-27T11:27:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-27 11:27:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8748367","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8748367","identity":"rs-8748367","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}