RSM-Driven Synthesis of Nickel Fluoroborate and Its Flame-Retardant Power on Cotton

RSM-Driven Synthesis of Nickel Fluoroborate and Its Flame-Retardant Power on Cotton | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article RSM-Driven Synthesis of Nickel Fluoroborate and Its Flame-Retardant Power on Cotton Selçuk Arıkan, Levent Nuralın, Murat Bilen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800505/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Fluoroborates, a specialized class of boron compounds, possess diverse and significant applications, including their use as flame retardant additives, catalysts, and optical materials. This study focused on determining the optimal synthesis parameters for nickel fluoroborate and investigating its applicability to cotton fabrics. Nickel fluoroborate was synthesized using a wet chemical method with nickel oxide (NiO) and fluoroboric acid (HBF 4 ​) as reactants, where the key parameters investigated were the HBF 4 ​/NiO molar ratio, temperature, and reaction duration. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization, leading to the establishment of the following optimum synthesis conditions: a 4:1 molar ratio, a temperature of 90°C, and a duration of 100 minutes. Under these conditions, nickel fluoroborate was produced with a 98% yield and 89.5% purity, and the product was comprehensively characterized using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Fluoroborate (BF 4 −​ ) ion-selective electrode, X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In the subsequent phase, the product’s application to cotton fabrics was assessed by treating samples with varying concentrations of the nickel fluoroborate solution for different immersion periods, with changes in the mass gain ratio being monitored. Crucially, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test was performed, and the results conclusively demonstrated that the synthesized nickel fluoroborate exhibits excellent flame-retardant properties. Nickel fluoroborate Flame Retardant Experimental Design LOI Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7800505","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538944729,"identity":"3078b8ad-f0a0-42d1-9611-3c740609d6fb","order_by":0,"name":"Selçuk 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Cotton","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-papers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"chpa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical Papers](http://link.springer.com/journal/11696)","snPcode":"11696","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/CHPA/default.aspx","title":"Chemical Papers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Nickel fluoroborate, Flame Retardant, Experimental Design, LOI","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800505/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800505/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFluoroborates, a specialized class of boron compounds, possess diverse and significant applications, including their use as flame retardant additives, catalysts, and optical materials. This study focused on determining the optimal synthesis parameters for nickel fluoroborate and investigating its applicability to cotton fabrics. Nickel fluoroborate was synthesized using a wet chemical method with nickel oxide (NiO) and fluoroboric acid (HBF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e​) as reactants, where the key parameters investigated were the HBF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e​/NiO molar ratio, temperature, and reaction duration. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization, leading to the establishment of the following optimum synthesis conditions: a 4:1 molar ratio, a temperature of 90\u0026deg;C, and a duration of 100 minutes. Under these conditions, nickel fluoroborate was produced with a 98% yield and 89.5% purity, and the product was comprehensively characterized using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Fluoroborate (BF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;​\u003c/sup\u003e) ion-selective electrode, X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In the subsequent phase, the product\u0026rsquo;s application to cotton fabrics was assessed by treating samples with varying concentrations of the nickel fluoroborate solution for different immersion periods, with changes in the mass gain ratio being monitored. Crucially, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test was performed, and the results conclusively demonstrated that the synthesized nickel fluoroborate exhibits excellent flame-retardant properties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"RSM-Driven Synthesis of Nickel Fluoroborate and Its Flame-Retardant Power on Cotton","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-07 19:18:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800505/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-26T12:37:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T10:37:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T14:34:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T11:17:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"319577412020039501252169351912045148509","date":"2025-11-25T10:24:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"152238837873713308787486205587166943428","date":"2025-11-24T09:24:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"255165027189084677278063818727226413163","date":"2025-11-24T09:10:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"10769403105318600210424319932677950757","date":"2025-11-22T05:21:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T11:48:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T17:29:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T07:59:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Chemical Papers","date":"2025-10-07T14:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-papers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"chpa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical Papers](http://link.springer.com/journal/11696)","snPcode":"11696","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/CHPA/default.aspx","title":"Chemical Papers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f8c21153-d7dd-40a5-9f47-443a87be3eaf","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-02T03:39:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-07 19:18:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7800505","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7800505","identity":"rs-7800505","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}