Population Fluctuation and Determination of Infestation Rate of Cotton Bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] In Second Crop Cotton Fields in Söke Plain

Population Fluctuation and Determination of Infestation Rate of Cotton Bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] In Second Crop Cotton Fields in Söke Plain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Population Fluctuation and Determination of Infestation Rate of Cotton Bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] In Second Crop Cotton Fields in Söke Plain Sabiha Sinem GÜGERCİN, Alime BAYINDIR EROL This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7849092/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The cotton bollworm [ Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] is one of the most important pests of cotton and causes significant crop losses in cotton, especially generative organs, by doing damage. This study was carried out in three neighborhoods of Söke district in second-crop cotton fields where delta-type sexual attractant traps were set in order to determine the adult population fluctuation and infestation rate of the cotton bollworm in 2023 and 2024. For this purpose, three second-crop cotton fields were determined in the Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe neighborhoods, and the adult individuals in the traps were counted regularly. The infection rate was calculated as a percentage using the numerical data obtained. The number of adult individuals in the traps set to determine the population fluctuation of cotton bollworm reached the highest level in September 2023 in the Akçakonak neighborhood and in July in the Doğanbey and Güllübahçe neighborhoods. In 2024, the number of adult individuals reached the highest level in September in the Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe neighborhoods. The infection rate was recorded as 57, 61, and 45% in the Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe neighborhoods in 2023, respectively, and 12, 16, and 16% in 2024, respectively. In conclusion, in this study conducted to determine the population fluctuation and infestation rate of the cotton bollworm, it was concluded that monitoring the adult individuals with delta-type sexual attractant traps is important in determining the time of control and in deciding on the control. Helicoverpa armigera Population fluctuation Infestation Cotton Delta trap Söke Plain Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Introduction Cotton ( Gossypium spp.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions (Akyıldız 2017 ). Due to its widespread and essential uses, cotton holds significant economic importance by creating added value and employment opportunities. In addition to offering broad employment prospects in both agriculture and industry, cotton contributes to various sectors: its fiber is used in the textile industry, its seed in the oil and feed industries, its meal in livestock production, its linters in the paper industry, and its export supports foreign trade. Moreover, cottonseed oil is increasingly being used as a raw material in biodiesel production (Anonymous 2018 ). On average, approximately 31.8 million hectares of land worldwide are used for the production of 24 million tons of lint cotton. The leading cotton-producing countries are China, India, Brazil, the United States, Pakistan, Australia, and Turkey, respectively. In terms of cotton cultivation area, India ranks first, followed by the United States, China, Pakistan, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. Turkey ranks 14th in the world with a cotton cultivation area of 4.669 million hectares, 7th in lint cotton production with 700 thousand tons, and 6th in lint cotton yield per unit area with 1,556 kg/ha (ICAC 2024 ). In Turkey, cotton farming is primarily carried out in the Aegean Region, Southeastern Anatolia Region, as well as in the Çukurova and Antalya areas. In 2024, the Aegean Region produced 443,760 tons of seed cotton from 878,214 decares (da) as the primary crop and 283,765 da as the second crop, with an average yield of 908 kg/da (TÜİK 2025 ). According to the 2023–2024 production season estimates, Aydın province ranked first in the Aegean Region with a 49.2% share of total cotton production. In recent years, second-crop cotton cultivation after wheat harvest has been increasingly adopted in Turkey. This practice is most common in the Söke district of Aydın province. In 2024, 95,000 da of land in Söke was used for second-crop cotton cultivation, resulting in the production of 35,625 tons of seed cotton (TÜİK 2025 ). One of the primary factors causing quality and yield losses in cotton production which contributes strategically to the national economy is related to plant protection issues, including economic losses due to diseases, pests, and weeds. Worldwide and in Turkey, the cotton bollworm is among the most significant pests in cotton production. The cotton bollworm completes its life cycle in approximately 30–35 days. After mating, females lay their eggs individually on various parts of the host plant such as the stem, flowers, fruits, and green tissues. The larvae are responsible for the primary damage. While first- and second-instar larvae feed on the leaves of the host plant, later instars (third and beyond) also feed on the plant’s generative organs. Larvae pass through 5–6 instars during development and pupate in the soil (Yücel 2019 ). In cotton production, which contributes strategically to the national economy, one of the main factors causing losses in quality and yield is plant protection issues, particularly economic damage caused by diseases, pests, and weeds. Among the major pests affecting cotton production worldwide and in Turkey is the cotton bollworm. The cotton bollworm completes its life cycle in approximately 30–35 days. After mating, female moths lay their eggs individually on various parts of the host plant, such as the stem, flowers, fruit, and green tissues. The larvae cause the primary damage; while first- and second-instar larvae feed on the leaves, third-instar and later larvae also feed on the generative organs of the host plant. During their development, the larvae go through 5–6 instars before pupating in the soil (Yücel 2019 ). The most significant damage caused by the cotton bollworm results from larval feeding on generative organs primarily squares, but also flowers and bolls. The larvae feed at the base of the squares, hollowing them out completely before moving to another. The damaged squares eventually yellow and drop from the plant. This type of damage, occurring during the squaring stage, is particularly critical in terms of yield loss. Additionally, since H. armigera larvae feed on the flowers, pollination fails to occur, and boll development is prevented (Anonymous 2017 ). In this study, surveys were conducted during the 2023–2024 in second-crop cotton fields located in the Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe neighborhoods of the Söke Plain. The aim was to monitor adult population fluctuation and determine infestation rate of H. armigera using delta-type pheromone traps. Materials and Methods Determination of adult population fluctuation of Helicoverpa armigera To determine the adult population fluctuation of H. armigera , studies were conducted in 2023–2024 in three selected second-crop cotton fields located in the neighborhoods of Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe in the Söke district. Delta-type sex pheromone traps were placed in the cotton fields at a density of one trap per 5 decares to monitor fluctuation in the adult population. The traps were hung on iron rods, designed as hangers, at a height of 1.5 meters. Sticky boards were placed inside the traps, and pheromone capsules (5 mg Z-11 Hexadecenal + 0.08 mg Z-9 Hexadecenal) were applied onto the boards using forceps. This setup enabled the capture of adult cotton bollworm moths in the traps. Counting continued until the start of the cotton harvest period. The adult moths caught in the traps were counted and recorded weekly, and then removed from the sticky boards using forceps. The sticky boards were regularly replaced with new ones during the counting weeks. Pheromone capsules were also replaced every eight weeks according to the supplier's recommendation. Determination of the infestation rate of Helicoverpa armigera in experimental fields To determine the infestation rate of H. armigera , weekly counts were conducted during the 2023–2024 period in three selected second-crop cotton fields located in the neighborhoods of Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe, where adult population monitoring was previously carried out. The counts began when the cotton plants reached the 2–3 leaf stage and continued until the boll-opening period. The trials were conducted on three randomly selected cotton rows, each 3 meters long, from different parts of the field in accordance with the Cotton Integrated Pest Management Technical Instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In these rows, the numbers of eggs and larvae were recorded by inspecting a total of 100 squaers, 100 flowers, and 100 bolls during the squaer, flower, and boll stages, respectively. Cotton plants containing eggs, larvae, and/or larval damage of the cotton bollworm were recorded as infested. The numerical data obtained were used to calculate the infestation rate as a percentage using Eq. 1 provided below $$\:\text{I}\text{n}\text{f}\text{e}\text{s}\text{t}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\:\left(\text{\%}\right)\:=\frac{Numbers\:of\:samples\:infested\:with\:H.armigera\:}{\text{T}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{s}\text{a}\text{m}\text{p}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s}}\text{x}100\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(1\right)$$ Results and Discussion Determination of adult population fluctuation of Helicoverpa armigera Traps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Akçakonak neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 07, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1°C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 4 individuals per trap. Following this date, the number of adults caught in the traps increased, reaching 17 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. Subsequently, the number of adults decreased to 6 individuals per trap on July 20, 2023, with a temperature of 33.4°C and humidity of 28.4%. The population then increased again to 19 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, at a temperature of 27.7°C and humidity of 62%. Afterward, the adult population declined steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap by August 24, 2023, when the temperature was 28°C and humidity was 80.1%. From this date, the adult numbers rose again until September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7°C and humidity was 38%, peaking at 20 individuals per trap. Finally, the adult population decreased to 6 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6°C and humidity was 86.1% (Fig. 1 ). Traps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Akçakonak neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9°C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 6 individuals per trap on August 6, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1°C and humidity was 45.3%. Following this peak, the population declined to 1 individual per trap on August 13, 2024, at 33.3°C and 42.6% humidity. The number of adults then rose again, reaching a maximum of 7 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2°C and humidity was 77.7%. Subsequently, the population decreased to 1 individual per trap on September 17, 2024, with a temperature of 23.5°C and humidity of 68.1%. The adult count increased again to 3 individuals per trap on September 24, 2024, at 24.3°C and 51.8% humidity. After this, the adult population declined to 1 individual per trap on October 1, October 8, and October 22, 2024, with corresponding temperatures and humidity levels of 21.8°C/54.7%, 24°C/72.1%, and 21.2°C/36.7%, respectively (Fig. 2 ). Traps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1°C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 22 individuals per trap. Following this, the number of adults increased, reaching a peak of 24 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. After this date, the population declined to 5 individuals per trap on July 20, 2023, with a temperature of 33.4°C and humidity of 28.4%. The number of adults then rose again to 21 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, at 27.7°C and 62% humidity. The population subsequently decreased steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap by August 24, 2023, when the temperature was 28°C and humidity was 80.1%. The adult count increased to 9 individuals per trap on August 31, 2023, at 25.8°C and 80.2% humidity. After this date, the population declined again to 1 individual per trap on September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7°C and humidity was 38%. Following this, the number of adults increased to 14 individuals per trap on September 20, 2023, at 25.6°C and 49% humidity. Finally, the population decreased to 9 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6°C and humidity was 86.1% (Fig. 3 ). Traps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 15, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9°C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 3 individuals per trap on July 31, 2024, when the temperature was 32.7°C and humidity was 41.9%. Following this peak, the population declined to 1 individual per trap on August 13, 2024, at 33.3°C and 42.6% humidity. The number of adults then rose again, reaching a maximum of 7 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2°C and humidity was 77.7%. After this date, the adult population decreased steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap on October 15, 2024, when the temperature was 24.5°C and humidity was 45.9% (Fig. 4 ). Traps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Güllübahçe neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 7, 2023, and continued until October 12, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1°C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 16 individuals per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching a peak of 27 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this, the adult population declined to 7 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, with a temperature of 27.7°C and humidity of 62%. The population then increased again, reaching 10 individuals per trap on August 3, 2023, at 26.1°C and 73.8% humidity. After this date, the adult count steadily decreased to 1 individual per trap by August 31, 2023, when the temperature was 25.8°C and humidity was 80.2%. The population rose once more to 8 individuals per trap on September 7, 2023, at 27.4°C and 36.2% humidity. Subsequently, the population declined to 2 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6°C and humidity was 86.1%. Finally, the adult count increased to 23 individuals per trap on October 12, 2023, at 23.4°C and 40.1% humidity (Fig. 5 ). Traps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Güllübahçe neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9°C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 3 individuals per trap by July 23, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1°C and humidity was 51.5%. The adult count then remained stable at this level until August 6, 2024. Subsequently, the population declined to 1 individual per trap by August 13, 2024, when the temperature was 33.3°C and humidity was 42.6%. The population then increased again, reaching a peak of 6 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2°C and humidity was 77.7%. After this date, no adults were captured in the traps, except for one individual per trap recorded on October 22, 2024, when the temperature was 21.2°C and humidity was 36.7% (Fig. 6 ). Determination of Helicoverpa armigera infestation rates in experimental fields The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Akçakonak neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 23% by July 20, 2023, with the temperature at 33.4°C and humidity at 28.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 1% by August 17, 2023, when the temperature was 29.1°C and humidity was 73.8%. Thereafter, the infestation rate rose again, reaching its highest level of 57% on August 31, 2023, with the temperature at 25.8°C and humidity at 80.2%. After this peak, the infestation rate declined to 29% by September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7°C and humidity was 38%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023 (Fig. 7 ). The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Akçakonak neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 31, 2024, when the temperature was 32.7°C and humidity was 41.9%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 4% by August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8°C and humidity at 62.4%. The infestation rate rose again to 8% on September 3, 2024, when the temperature was 27.6°C and humidity was 70.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 2% by September 10, 2024, with the temperature at 25.2°C and humidity at 77.7%. Afterward, the infestation rate increased once more, reaching its highest level of 12% on September 17, 2024, when the temperature was 23.5°C and humidity was 68.1%. The infestation rate then declined to 4% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5°C and humidity at 45.9%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on October 22, 2024 (Fig. 8 ). The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in Doğanbey neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. In field counts, the initial infestation rate was recorded as 1% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. After this date, the infestation rate increased until July 27, 2023, reaching 38%, during which the temperature was 27.7°C and humidity was 62%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased until August 10, 2023, falling to 5%, with the temperature at 27.2°C and humidity at 61.3%. Afterward, the infestation rate increased again, reaching its highest level of 61% on August 31, 2023, when the temperature was 25.8°C and humidity was 80.2%. The infestation rate then declined until September 7, 2023, dropping to 22%, with the temperature at 27.4°C and humidity at 36.2%. The infestation rate increased slightly to 24% on September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7°C and humidity was 38%. No damage from the cotton bollworm was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023 (Fig. 9 ). The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 15, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9°C and humidity was 42.9%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on July 23 and July 31, 2024. After these dates, the infestation rate increased, reaching 10% on August 6, 2024, with the temperature at 32.1°C and humidity at 45.3%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 1% by August 13, 2024, when the temperature was 33.3°C and humidity was 42.6%. Following this, the infestation rate rose again to 4% on August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8°C and humidity at 62.4%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 10 and September 17, 2024. After these dates, the infestation rate increased, reaching its highest level of 16% on September 24, 2024, when the temperature was 24.3°C and humidity was 51.8%. The infestation rate then declined to 1% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5°C and humidity at 45.9% (Fig. 10 ). The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Güllübahçe neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until October 12, 2023. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 3% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8°C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 23% by July 20, 2023, with the temperature at 33.4°C and humidity at 28.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 5% by August 10, 2023, when the temperature was 27.2°C and humidity was 61.3%. Afterward, the infestation rate rose again, reaching its highest level of 45% on August 31, 2023, with the temperature at 25.8°C and humidity at 80.2%. The infestation rate then declined to 8% by September 14, 2023, with the temperature at 26.7°C and humidity at 38%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023. After these dates, the infestation rate increased to 34% on October 12, 2023, when the temperature was 23.4°C and humidity was 40.1% (Fig. 11 ). The monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Güllübahçe neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on August 6, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1°C and humidity was 45.3%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on August 13, 2024. Subsequently, the infestation rate increased to 4% by August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8°C and humidity at 62.4%. No cotton bollworm damage was detected during counts on August 27, 2024. Afterward, the infestation rate rose, reaching its highest level of 16% by September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2°C and humidity was 77.7%. Following this peak, the infestation rate declined to 13% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5°C and humidity at 45.9% (Fig. 12 ). This study, however, represents the first investigation conducted in second-crop cotton fields. According to the literature review, adult population monitoring of H. armigera in first-crop cotton fields has been conducted using different types of sex pheromone traps (Savaşır 2022 , Memiş and Özpınar 2020 , Mart et al. 2000 ; Akçam 2019 , Akyıldız 2017 ). In 2023, the number of adult cotton bollworm individuals captured in traps reached its highest level on September 14, 2023, for the cotton field selected in the Akçakonak neighborhood, and on July 14, 2023, for the cotton fields selected in the Doğanbey and Güllübahçe neighborhoods. In 2024, the number of adult cotton bollworm individuals captured in traps peaked on September 10, 2024, for the cotton fields selected in all three neighborhoods Akçakonak, Doğanbey, and Güllübahçe. Moreover, when comparing the number of adult individuals captured in traps between the two years, it was recorded that more adults were captured in 2023 than in 2024. In the cotton fields located in the study neighborhoods, the highest infestation rates recorded in 2023 were 57% in Akçakonak on August 31, 61% in Doğanbey on August 31, and 45% in Güllübahçe on August 31. In 2024, the highest infestation rates were recorded as 12% in Akçakonak on September 17, 16% in Doğanbey on September 24, and 16% in Güllübahçe on September 10. When comparing the study years, it was observed that infestation rates caused by the pest on cotton squares, flowers, and bolls were higher in 2023 than in 2024. In the second-crop cotton fields where the study was conducted, no other crops besides cotton were cultivated in the surrounding areas. In this context, it was concluded that the presence or absence of weeds around the study fields had an influence on the completion of the life cycle of the cotton bollworm, a polyphagous pest. Accordingly, the differences observed in the number of adult individuals of the cotton bollworm in the second-crop cotton fields during the 2023–2024 seasons are thought to be related to host plant species diversity. In conclusion, monitoring using cotton bollworm delta-type sex pheromone traps was found to be important for making informed decisions on control measures and determining the optimal timing for intervention. Meanwhile, in order for chemical control to be effective, it is of great importance that the application of pesticides takes into account the presence of natural enemies in the environment. However, in cases where natural enemies are not sufficient to suppress the cotton bollworm population, pesticide application should be timed to coincide with the peak periods of increases in adult/egg numbers and larval density. In this way, the amount of pesticide used can be reduced, minimizing negative impacts on human and environmental health, while also lowering pesticide costs which constitute a significant part of agricultural inputs and thereby increasing the profitability of cotton production. Declarations Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding This research was supported by funds of Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Pamukkale University (BAP), with the project number 2023FEBE033. Author Contribution ABE conceived and designed research. SSG conducted the field studies. ABE and SSG wrote manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Pamukkale University (BAP), with the project number 2023FEBE033. Data availability All data supporting the conclusions of this article are included in this article. References Akçam, Ş (2019). Determination of population fluctuation and control timing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a pest in cotton fields of Nurdağı (Gaziantep) district. Dissertation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Institute of Science, Department of Plant Protection. Akyıldız, M. (2017) Determination of population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields of Diyarbakır province. Dissertation, Dicle University, Institute of Science, Department of Plant Protection. Anonymous (2017) Cotton Integrated Pest Management Technical Instructions. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TAGEM/Belgeler/yayin/Pamuk%20Entegre-29.08.2017.pdf . Accessed May 20, 2025 Anonymous (2018) 2018 Cotton Report https:// ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d41e59913b87639ac9e02e8/d0e2b9c79234684ad29baf256a0e7dce.pdf . Accessed May 20, 2025. ICAC (2024) International Cotton Advisory Committee, Cotton This Month https:// icac.org/Content/PublicationsPdf%20Files/7a8ca3ba_5904_4d45_a94b_faea9a5ceb46/CTM_2024_09_03.pdf.pdf . Accessed June 30, 2024. TÜİK (2025) Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr . Accessed May 27, 2025. Yücel, S (2019) The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): determination of some biological characteristics under laboratory conditions and its molecular characterization. Dissertation, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology. Savaşır, O (2022) Control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by mass trapping and determination of damage rate in cotton varieties in Kırıkhan district of Hatay province. Dissertation, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant Protection. Mart, C, Aslan, MM, Eroğlu, N, Doğanlar, O (2000) Studies on the possibilities of using sex pheromone traps in monitoring the population of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera HBN (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields. KSU Journal of Science and Engineering, 3 (1–2), 145–153. Memiş, S, Özpınar, A (2020) Determination of some biological characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields of Manisa province. Tekirdağ Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 17(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.688450 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e adult individuals caught in traps and average temperature-humidity values in the cotton field of Akçakonak neighborhood in 2023(↓ pesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/49bd77225a34bc20bc3f6a14.png"},{"id":96072226,"identity":"c26126f3-faa4-4016-acaa-1248e683c2c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 10:07:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e adult individuals caught in traps and average temperature-humidity values in the cotton field of Akçakonak neighborhood in 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓\u003c/strong\u003e 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in the cotton field of Güllübahçe neighborhood in 2023 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓ \u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/bb868d98b6c695c7eaa9916a.png"},{"id":96247216,"identity":"c6232a50-5ea4-4509-9b65-2eb65f4adbf8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:27:15","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e adult individuals caught in traps and average temperature-humidity values in the cotton field of Güllübahçe neighborhood in 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓ \u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/fdb0b688b0ade7e2874aa9bd.png"},{"id":96248548,"identity":"b0560aeb-ef66-4bc8-b002-99afb8d9d8c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:36","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e and average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Akçakonak neighborhood in 2023 (↓ pesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/f956451eb7fc735e8fd5ed77.png"},{"id":96248234,"identity":"35d15b31-a891-487e-a0c1-715d128693de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:11","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003eand average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Akçakonak neighborhood in 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓\u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/ac8ca4634443b30296e0f8c0.png"},{"id":96072245,"identity":"3fec1bcb-1e7a-4878-9eaa-ef1d277f5604","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 10:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e and average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Doğanbey neighborhood in 2023 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓\u003c/strong\u003e pesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/dcbb1465e2ff4363ba345256.png"},{"id":96072246,"identity":"f70714f1-cc3a-4704-8f73-586a0c7a60bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 10:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003eand average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Akçakonak neighborhood in 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓\u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/0e8e4c2455fa2729133d3573.png"},{"id":96247676,"identity":"423d1bc1-1b60-410f-a51c-c5faddf95b45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:27:40","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003eand average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Güllübahçe neighborhood in 2023 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓ \u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/4fead70f1d648ecf6faea45d.png"},{"id":96072241,"identity":"452a8634-d73e-4e65-9b69-650b11dba482","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 10:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate (%) of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003eand average temperature-humidity values in a cotton field in Güllübahçe neighborhood in 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003e↓ \u003c/strong\u003epesticide application dates)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/a218fc0ee6ac6507b1fefca9.png"},{"id":97138475,"identity":"a5e78987-55ef-4ff5-a22e-ca1fc8591fa0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 09:58:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1174069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7849092/v1/631ac234-f334-4409-bdf5-d3904460ddab.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Population Fluctuation and Determination of Infestation Rate of Cotton Bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] In Second Crop Cotton Fields in Söke Plain","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCotton (\u003cem\u003eGossypium\u003c/em\u003e spp.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions (Akyıldız \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Due to its widespread and essential uses, cotton holds significant economic importance by creating added value and employment opportunities. In addition to offering broad employment prospects in both agriculture and industry, cotton contributes to various sectors: its fiber is used in the textile industry, its seed in the oil and feed industries, its meal in livestock production, its linters in the paper industry, and its export supports foreign trade. Moreover, cottonseed oil is increasingly being used as a raw material in biodiesel production (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn average, approximately 31.8\u0026nbsp;million hectares of land worldwide are used for the production of 24\u0026nbsp;million tons of lint cotton. The leading cotton-producing countries are China, India, Brazil, the United States, Pakistan, Australia, and Turkey, respectively. In terms of cotton cultivation area, India ranks first, followed by the United States, China, Pakistan, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. Turkey ranks 14th in the world with a cotton cultivation area of 4.669\u0026nbsp;million hectares, 7th in lint cotton production with 700 thousand tons, and 6th in lint cotton yield per unit area with 1,556 kg/ha (ICAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Turkey, cotton farming is primarily carried out in the Aegean Region, Southeastern Anatolia Region, as well as in the \u0026Ccedil;ukurova and Antalya areas. In 2024, the Aegean Region produced 443,760 tons of seed cotton from 878,214 decares (da) as the primary crop and 283,765 da as the second crop, with an average yield of 908 kg/da (T\u0026Uuml;İK \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). According to the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 production season estimates, Aydın province ranked first in the Aegean Region with a 49.2% share of total cotton production. In recent years, second-crop cotton cultivation after wheat harvest has been increasingly adopted in Turkey. This practice is most common in the S\u0026ouml;ke district of Aydın province. In 2024, 95,000 da of land in S\u0026ouml;ke was used for second-crop cotton cultivation, resulting in the production of 35,625 tons of seed cotton (T\u0026Uuml;İK \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the primary factors causing quality and yield losses in cotton production which contributes strategically to the national economy is related to plant protection issues, including economic losses due to diseases, pests, and weeds. Worldwide and in Turkey, the cotton bollworm is among the most significant pests in cotton production. The cotton bollworm completes its life cycle in approximately 30\u0026ndash;35 days. After mating, females lay their eggs individually on various parts of the host plant such as the stem, flowers, fruits, and green tissues. The larvae are responsible for the primary damage. While first- and second-instar larvae feed on the leaves of the host plant, later instars (third and beyond) also feed on the plant\u0026rsquo;s generative organs. Larvae pass through 5\u0026ndash;6 instars during development and pupate in the soil (Y\u0026uuml;cel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cotton production, which contributes strategically to the national economy, one of the main factors causing losses in quality and yield is plant protection issues, particularly economic damage caused by diseases, pests, and weeds. Among the major pests affecting cotton production worldwide and in Turkey is the cotton bollworm. The cotton bollworm completes its life cycle in approximately 30\u0026ndash;35 days. After mating, female moths lay their eggs individually on various parts of the host plant, such as the stem, flowers, fruit, and green tissues. The larvae cause the primary damage; while first- and second-instar larvae feed on the leaves, third-instar and later larvae also feed on the generative organs of the host plant. During their development, the larvae go through 5\u0026ndash;6 instars before pupating in the soil (Y\u0026uuml;cel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most significant damage caused by the cotton bollworm results from larval feeding on generative organs primarily squares, but also flowers and bolls. The larvae feed at the base of the squares, hollowing them out completely before moving to another. The damaged squares eventually yellow and drop from the plant. This type of damage, occurring during the squaring stage, is particularly critical in terms of yield loss. Additionally, since \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e larvae feed on the flowers, pollination fails to occur, and boll development is prevented (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, surveys were conducted during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 in second-crop cotton fields located in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods of the S\u0026ouml;ke Plain. The aim was to monitor adult population fluctuation and determine infestation rate of \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e using delta-type pheromone traps.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetermination of adult population fluctuation of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the adult population fluctuation of \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e, studies were conducted in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 in three selected second-crop cotton fields located in the neighborhoods of Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e in the S\u0026ouml;ke district. Delta-type sex pheromone traps were placed in the cotton fields at a density of one trap per 5 decares to monitor fluctuation in the adult population. The traps were hung on iron rods, designed as hangers, at a height of 1.5 meters. Sticky boards were placed inside the traps, and pheromone capsules (5 mg Z-11 Hexadecenal\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.08 mg Z-9 Hexadecenal) were applied onto the boards using forceps. This setup enabled the capture of adult cotton bollworm moths in the traps. Counting continued until the start of the cotton harvest period. The adult moths caught in the traps were counted and recorded weekly, and then removed from the sticky boards using forceps. The sticky boards were regularly replaced with new ones during the counting weeks. Pheromone capsules were also replaced every eight weeks according to the supplier's recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetermination of the infestation rate of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ein experimental fields\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the infestation rate of \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e, weekly counts were conducted during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 period in three selected second-crop cotton fields located in the neighborhoods of Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e, where adult population monitoring was previously carried out. The counts began when the cotton plants reached the 2\u0026ndash;3 leaf stage and continued until the boll-opening period. The trials were conducted on three randomly selected cotton rows, each 3 meters long, from different parts of the field in accordance with the Cotton Integrated Pest Management Technical Instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In these rows, the numbers of eggs and larvae were recorded by inspecting a total of 100 squaers, 100 flowers, and 100 bolls during the squaer, flower, and boll stages, respectively. Cotton plants containing eggs, larvae, and/or larval damage of the cotton bollworm were recorded as infested. The numerical data obtained were used to calculate the infestation rate as a percentage using Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 provided below\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{I}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\:\\left(\\text{\\%}\\right)\\:=\\frac{Numbers\\:of\\:samples\\:infested\\:with\\:H.armigera\\:}{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{s}\\text{a}\\text{m}\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{s}}\\text{x}100\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetermination of adult population fluctuation of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 07, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 4 individuals per trap. Following this date, the number of adults caught in the traps increased, reaching 17 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. Subsequently, the number of adults decreased to 6 individuals per trap on July 20, 2023, with a temperature of 33.4\u0026deg;C and humidity of 28.4%. The population then increased again to 19 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, at a temperature of 27.7\u0026deg;C and humidity of 62%. Afterward, the adult population declined steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap by August 24, 2023, when the temperature was 28\u0026deg;C and humidity was 80.1%. From this date, the adult numbers rose again until September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 38%, peaking at 20 individuals per trap. Finally, the adult population decreased to 6 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6\u0026deg;C and humidity was 86.1% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 6 individuals per trap on August 6, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 45.3%. Following this peak, the population declined to 1 individual per trap on August 13, 2024, at 33.3\u0026deg;C and 42.6% humidity. The number of adults then rose again, reaching a maximum of 7 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 77.7%. Subsequently, the\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epopulation decreased to 1 individual per trap on September 17, 2024, with a temperature of 23.5\u0026deg;C and humidity of 68.1%. The adult count increased again to 3 individuals per trap on September 24, 2024, at 24.3\u0026deg;C and 51.8% humidity. After this, the adult population declined to 1 individual per trap on October 1, October 8, and October 22, 2024, with corresponding temperatures and humidity levels of 21.8\u0026deg;C/54.7%, 24\u0026deg;C/72.1%, and 21.2\u0026deg;C/36.7%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 22 individuals per trap. Following this, the number of adults increased, reaching a peak of 24 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. After this date, the population declined to 5 individuals per trap on July 20, 2023, with a temperature of 33.4\u0026deg;C and humidity of 28.4%. The number of adults then rose again to 21 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, at 27.7\u0026deg;C and 62% humidity. The population subsequently decreased steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap by August 24, 2023, when the temperature was 28\u0026deg;C and humidity was 80.1%. The adult count increased to 9 individuals per trap on August 31, 2023, at 25.8\u0026deg;C and 80.2% humidity. After this date, the population declined again to 1 individual per trap on September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 38%. Following this, the number of adults increased to 14 individuals per trap on September 20, 2023, at 25.6\u0026deg;C and 49% humidity. Finally, the population decreased to 9 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6\u0026deg;C and humidity was 86.1% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 15, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 3 individuals per trap on July 31, 2024, when the temperature was 32.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 41.9%. Following this peak, the population declined to 1 individual per trap on August 13, 2024, at 33.3\u0026deg;C and 42.6% humidity. The number of adults then rose again, reaching a maximum of 7 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 77.7%. After this date, the adult population decreased steadily, reaching 1 individual per trap on October 15, 2024, when the temperature was 24.5\u0026deg;C and humidity was 45.9% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on July 1, 2023, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 7, 2023, and continued until October 12, 2023. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 7, 2023, when the temperature was 28.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 55.3%, with a catch rate of 16 individuals per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching a peak of 27 individuals per trap on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this, the adult population declined to 7 individuals per trap on July 27, 2023, with a temperature of 27.7\u0026deg;C and humidity of 62%. The population then increased again, reaching 10 individuals per trap on August 3, 2023, at 26.1\u0026deg;C and 73.8% humidity. After this date, the adult count steadily decreased to 1 individual per trap by August 31, 2023, when the temperature was 25.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 80.2%. The population rose once more to 8 individuals per trap on September 7, 2023, at 27.4\u0026deg;C and 36.2% humidity. Subsequently, the population declined to 2 individuals per trap on September 29, 2023, when the temperature was 22.6\u0026deg;C and humidity was 86.1%. Finally, the adult count increased to 23 individuals per trap on October 12, 2023, at 23.4\u0026deg;C and 40.1% humidity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraps were set up on June 26, 2024, to monitor the adult population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm in the G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhood. Adult counting began on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. The first adult individuals were captured in the traps on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.9%, with a catch rate of 1 individual per trap. After this date, the number of adults increased, reaching 3 individuals per trap by July 23, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 51.5%. The adult count then remained stable at this level until August 6, 2024. Subsequently, the population declined to 1 individual per trap by August 13, 2024, when the temperature was 33.3\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.6%. The population then increased again, reaching a peak of 6 individuals per trap on September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 77.7%. After this date, no adults were captured in the traps, except for one individual per trap recorded on October 22, 2024, when the temperature was 21.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 36.7% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetermination of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003einfestation rates in experimental fields\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 23% by July 20, 2023, with the temperature at 33.4\u0026deg;C and humidity at 28.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 1% by August 17, 2023, when the temperature was 29.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 73.8%. Thereafter, the infestation rate rose again, reaching its highest level of 57% on August 31,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023, with the temperature at 25.8\u0026deg;C and humidity at 80.2%. After this peak, the infestation rate declined to 29% by September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 38%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 31, 2024, when the temperature was 32.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 41.9%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 4% by August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8\u0026deg;C and humidity at 62.4%. The infestation rate rose again to 8% on September 3, 2024, when the temperature was 27.6\u0026deg;C and humidity was 70.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 2% by September 10, 2024, with the temperature at 25.2\u0026deg;C and humidity at 77.7%. Afterward, the infestation rate increased once more, reaching its highest level of 12% on September 17, 2024, when the temperature was 23.5\u0026deg;C and humidity was 68.1%. The infestation rate then declined to 4% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5\u0026deg;C and humidity at 45.9%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on October 22, 2024 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in Doğanbey neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until September 29, 2023. In field counts, the initial infestation rate was recorded as 1% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. After this date, the infestation rate increased until July 27, 2023, reaching 38%, during which the temperature was 27.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 62%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased until August 10, 2023, falling to 5%, with the temperature at 27.2\u0026deg;C and humidity at 61.3%. Afterward, the infestation rate increased again, reaching its highest level of 61% on August 31, 2023, when the temperature was 25.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 80.2%. The infestation rate then declined until September 7, 2023, dropping to 22%, with the temperature at 27.4\u0026deg;C and humidity at 36.2%. The infestation rate increased slightly to 24% on September 14, 2023, when the temperature was 26.7\u0026deg;C and humidity was 38%. No damage from the cotton bollworm was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the Doğanbey neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 15, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on July 9, 2024, when the temperature was 34.9\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.9%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on July 23 and July 31, 2024. After these dates, the infestation rate increased, reaching 10% on August 6, 2024, with the temperature at 32.1\u0026deg;C and humidity at 45.3%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 1% by August 13, 2024, when the temperature was 33.3\u0026deg;C and humidity was 42.6%. Following this, the infestation rate rose again to 4% on August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8\u0026deg;C and humidity at 62.4%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 10 and September 17, 2024. After these dates, the infestation rate increased, reaching its highest level of 16% on September 24, 2024, when the temperature was 24.3\u0026deg;C and humidity was 51.8%. The infestation rate then declined to 1% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5\u0026deg;C and humidity at 45.9% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhood was initiated on July 7, 2023, and continued until October 12, 2023. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 3% on July 14, 2023, when the temperature was 33.8\u0026deg;C and humidity was 33.5%. Following this date, the infestation rate increased to 23% by July 20, 2023, with the temperature at 33.4\u0026deg;C and humidity at 28.4%. Subsequently, the infestation rate decreased to 5% by August 10, 2023, when the temperature was 27.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 61.3%. Afterward, the infestation rate rose again, reaching its highest level of 45% on August 31, 2023, with the temperature at 25.8\u0026deg;C and humidity at 80.2%. The infestation rate then declined to 8% by September 14, 2023, with the temperature at 26.7\u0026deg;C and humidity at 38%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on September 20 and 29, 2023. After these dates, the infestation rate increased to 34% on October 12, 2023, when the temperature was 23.4\u0026deg;C and humidity was 40.1% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring of infestation rates of the cotton bollworm in the G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhood was initiated on July 3, 2024, and continued until October 22, 2024. Field counts recorded the initial infestation rate as 1% on August 6, 2024, when the temperature was 32.1\u0026deg;C and humidity was 45.3%. No cotton bollworm damage was observed during counts on August 13, 2024. Subsequently, the infestation rate increased to 4% by August 20, 2024, with the temperature at 28.8\u0026deg;C and humidity at 62.4%. No cotton bollworm damage was detected during counts on August 27, 2024. Afterward, the infestation rate rose, reaching its highest level of 16% by September 10, 2024, when the temperature was 25.2\u0026deg;C and humidity was 77.7%. Following this peak, the infestation rate declined to 13% by October 15, 2024, with the temperature at 24.5\u0026deg;C and humidity at 45.9% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study, however, represents the first investigation conducted in second-crop cotton fields. According to the literature review, adult population monitoring of \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e in first-crop cotton fields has been conducted using different types of sex pheromone traps (Savaşır \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Memiş and \u0026Ouml;zpınar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Mart et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Ak\u0026ccedil;am \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Akyıldız \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In 2023, the number of adult cotton bollworm individuals captured in traps reached its highest level on September 14, 2023, for the cotton field selected in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood, and on July 14, 2023, for the cotton fields selected in the Doğanbey and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods. In 2024, the number of adult cotton bollworm individuals captured in traps peaked on September 10, 2024, for the cotton fields selected in all three neighborhoods Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e. Moreover, when comparing the number of adult individuals captured in traps between the two years, it was recorded that more adults were captured in 2023 than in 2024. In the cotton fields located in the study neighborhoods, the highest infestation rates recorded in 2023 were 57% in Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak on August 31, 61% in Doğanbey on August 31, and 45% in G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e on August 31. In 2024, the highest infestation rates were recorded as 12% in Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak on September 17, 16% in Doğanbey on September 24, and 16% in G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e on September 10. When comparing the study years, it was observed that infestation rates caused by the pest on cotton squares, flowers, and bolls were higher in 2023 than in 2024. In the second-crop cotton fields where the study was conducted, no other crops besides cotton were cultivated in the surrounding areas. In this context, it was concluded that the presence or absence of weeds around the study fields had an influence on the completion of the life cycle of the cotton bollworm, a polyphagous pest. Accordingly, the differences observed in the number of adult individuals of the cotton bollworm in the second-crop cotton fields during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 seasons are thought to be related to host plant species diversity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, monitoring using cotton bollworm delta-type sex pheromone traps was found to be important for making informed decisions on control measures and determining the optimal timing for intervention. Meanwhile, in order for chemical control to be effective, it is of great importance that the application of pesticides takes into account the presence of natural enemies in the environment. However, in cases where natural enemies are not sufficient to suppress the cotton bollworm population, pesticide application should be timed to coincide with the peak periods of increases in adult/egg numbers and larval density. In this way, the amount of pesticide used can be reduced, minimizing negative impacts on human and environmental health, while also lowering pesticide costs which constitute a significant part of agricultural inputs and thereby increasing the profitability of cotton production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDeclarations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by funds of\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Pamukkale University (BAP), with the project number 2023FEBE033.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eABE conceived and designed research. SSG conducted the field studies. ABE and SSG wrote manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Pamukkale University (BAP), with the project number 2023FEBE033.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data supporting the conclusions of this article are included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAk\u0026ccedil;am, Ş (2019). Determination of population fluctuation and control timing of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a pest in cotton fields of Nurdağı (Gaziantep) district. Dissertation, Kahramanmaraş S\u0026uuml;t\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml; İmam University, Institute of Science, Department of Plant Protection.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkyıldız, M. (2017) Determination of population fluctuation of the cotton bollworm \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields of Diyarbakır province. Dissertation, Dicle University, Institute of Science, Department of Plant Protection.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnonymous (2017) Cotton Integrated Pest Management Technical Instructions. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TAGEM/Belgeler/yayin/Pamuk%20Entegre-29.08.2017.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TAGEM/Belgeler/yayin/Pamuk%20Entegre-29.08.2017.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed May 20, 2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnonymous (2018) 2018 Cotton Report https://\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eticaret.gov.tr/data/5d41e59913b87639ac9e02e8/d0e2b9c79234684ad29baf256a0e7dce.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d41e59913b87639ac9e02e8/d0e2b9c79234684ad29baf256a0e7dce.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed May 20, 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eICAC (2024) International Cotton Advisory Committee, Cotton This Month https://\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eicac.org/Content/PublicationsPdf%20Files/7a8ca3ba_5904_4d45_a94b_faea9a5ceb46/CTM_2024_09_03.pdf.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://icac.org/Content/PublicationsPdf%20Files/7a8ca3ba_5904_4d45_a94b_faea9a5ceb46/CTM_2024_09_03.pdf.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed June 30, 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT\u0026Uuml;İK (2025) Turkish Statistical Institute. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed May 27, 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY\u0026uuml;cel, S (2019) The cotton bollworm, \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): determination of some biological characteristics under laboratory conditions and its molecular characterization. Dissertation, \u0026Ccedil;anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSavaşır, O (2022) Control of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by mass trapping and determination of damage rate in cotton varieties in Kırıkhan district of Hatay province. Dissertation, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant Protection.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMart, C, Aslan, MM, Eroğlu, N, Doğanlar, O (2000) Studies on the possibilities of using sex pheromone traps in monitoring the population of the cotton bollworm, \u003cem\u003eHeliothis armigera\u003c/em\u003e HBN (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields. KSU Journal of Science and Engineering, 3 (1\u0026ndash;2), 145\u0026ndash;153.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMemiş, S, \u0026Ouml;zpınar, A (2020) Determination of some biological characteristics of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e H\u0026uuml;bner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields of Manisa province. Tekirdağ Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 17(3), 369\u0026ndash;380. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.688450\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.33462/jotaf.688450\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Helicoverpa armigera, Population fluctuation, Infestation, Cotton, Delta trap, Söke Plain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7849092/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7849092/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe cotton bollworm [\u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] is one of the most important pests of cotton and causes significant crop losses in cotton, especially generative organs, by doing damage. This study was carried out in three neighborhoods of S\u0026ouml;ke district in second-crop cotton fields where delta-type sexual attractant traps were set in order to determine the adult population fluctuation and infestation rate of the cotton bollworm in 2023 and 2024. For this purpose, three second-crop cotton fields were determined in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods, and the adult individuals in the traps were counted regularly. The infection rate was calculated as a percentage using the numerical data obtained. The number of adult individuals in the traps set to determine the population fluctuation of cotton bollworm reached the highest level in September 2023 in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak neighborhood and in July in the Doğanbey and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods. In 2024, the number of adult individuals reached the highest level in September in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods. The infection rate was recorded as 57, 61, and 45% in the Ak\u0026ccedil;akonak, Doğanbey, and G\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;bah\u0026ccedil;e neighborhoods in 2023, respectively, and 12, 16, and 16% in 2024, respectively. In conclusion, in this study conducted to determine the population fluctuation and infestation rate of the cotton bollworm, it was concluded that monitoring the adult individuals with delta-type sexual attractant traps is important in determining the time of control and in deciding on the control.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Population Fluctuation and Determination of Infestation Rate of Cotton Bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] In Second Crop Cotton Fields in Söke Plain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-17 10:07:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7849092/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"888e5518-2f66-4105-b0e0-d611f565dcb0","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-28T11:39:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-17 10:07:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7849092","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7849092","identity":"rs-7849092","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}