Dual-sensing genetically encoded fluorescent indicators resolve the spatiotemporal coordination of cytosolic abscisic acid and second messenger dynamics in Arabidopsis

ABSTRACT Deciphering signal transduction processes is crucial for understanding how plants sense and respond to environmental changes. Various chemical compounds function as central messengers within deeply intertwined signaling networks. How such compounds act in concert remains to be elucidated. We have developed dual-sensing genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (2-In-1-GEFIs) for multiparametric in vivo analyses of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), Ca 2+ , protons (H + ), chloride (anions), the glutathione redox potential ( E GSH ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Simultaneous analyses of two signaling compounds in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) roots revealed that ABA treatment and uptake did not trigger rapid cytosolic Ca 2+ or H + fluxes. Glutamate, ATP, Arabidopsis PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE (AtPEP1) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) treatments induced rapid spatiotemporally overlapping cytosolic Ca 2+ , H + and anion fluxes, but except for GSSG only weakly affected the cytosolic redox state. Overall, 2-In-1-GEFIs enable complementary high-resolution in vivo analyses of signaling compound dynamics and facilitate an advanced understanding of the spatiotemporal coordination of signal transduction processes in Arabidopsis.