First detection and diversity of Astroviruses in wild migratory birds of Sakhalin Island, North Pacific

First detection and diversity of Astroviruses in wild migratory birds of Sakhalin Island, North Pacific | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report First detection and diversity of Astroviruses in wild migratory birds of Sakhalin Island, North Pacific Dmitry Zhirov, Nikita Dubovitskiy, Anastasiya Derko, Arina Loginova, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3886879/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Avastrovirus (AAstV) is a genus of bird viruses infected are associated with avian diseases, including enteritis, growth retardation, nephritis and hepatitis leading to economic losses to farms and affecting food production worldwide. Despite numerous studies, data on diversity, phylogeny and epidemiology are presented mainly for poultry viruses. Studies on astroviruses of wild bird population highlight broad genetic diversity of viruses and limited understanding of their biological and ecological properties. In this study, we detected avastrovirus for the first time in wild migratory birds of the families Anatidae and Columbidae from Sakhalin Island, North Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis data showed the presence of Avastrovirus 2 and Avastrovirus 3 in wild doves and wild ducks, respectively. The data obtained shed light on the circulation of astroviruses on Sakhalin Island, which is crossed by East Asian–Australasian Flyway. Astroviridae Avastrovirus 2 Avastrovirus 3 wild birds Sakhalin Island Far East Figures Figure 1 Main Text Astroviridae is the family of non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that is divided into 2 genera: Avastrovirus (AAstV), which infect birds and Mamastrovirus (MAstV) – viruses of mammalian [1]. Following the data of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), MAstV includes 19 species and AAstV has 3 species: Avastrovirus 1 , Avastrovirus 2 and Avastrovirus 3 [2]. The Astrovirus 1 has been isolated from turkey (turkey astrovirus-1; TAstV-1) [3]. Astrovirus 2 includes two types of Avian nephritis virus (ANV-1 and ANV-2) and chicken astrovirus (CAstV) [4, 5]. Astrovirus 3 includes turkey type 2 and 3 isolates (TAstV-2 and TAstV-3) and duck astrovirus (DAstV) [6, 7]. In addition, unclassified astroviruses of wild birds were found in teals, pintails, shovelers and wigeons (order Anseriformes), sanderlings and greenshanks (order Charadriiformes), spoonbills (order Pelicaniformes), pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes), roller (order Coraciiformes) and black-crowed monarch (order Passeriformes) [8 – 10]. However, data on the ecology of astroviruses in wild bird populations are insufficient to assess their epidemiological role. This information will help to complement data on the origin, evolution and epidemiology of these viruses in domestic and wild birds. Here, for the first time, we assessed the circulation of astrovirus in various wild birds from Sakhalin Island and described their phylogenetic relationships with other avian astroviruses. In this study, we described for the first time the presence of avastroviruses in wild birds from two locations on Sakhalin Island: Aniva Bay and Piltun Bay (Supplemental information, Fig. S1). As a result, 220 samples belonging to 16 bird species from 3 families (Anatidae, Scolopacidae and Columbidae) were analyzed using methods described in Supplementary information (SI). Using PCR, we have detected and then sequenced the fragments of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, (RdRp) for 12 astroviruses in samples from Northern pintail ( Anas acuta ), Common teal ( Anas crecca ), Greater scaup ( Aythya marila ), and Oriental turtle dove ( Streptopelia orientalis ) (Supplemental information, Table S1). BLAST analysis of the sequence data confirmed that the detected viruses belong to the genus AAstV. Unfortunately, 3 out of 12 obtained sequences were of insufficient quality for further phylogenetic analysis, while the remaining 9 with good quality were taken for further phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession numbers of sequences: OR682659 - OR682667). Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence of RdRp fragment showed that 3 AAstVs belonged to the Avastrovirus 2 species, 5 belonged to the Avastrovirus 3 species and one did not have an exact species identification due to low bootstrap support (Fig. 1). The analysis revealed that Avastrovirus 2 viruses are phylogenetically similar to others, isolated from various dove species, and are a dove-specific group. On the contrary, we found that the duck astroviruses of Astrovirus 3 species are more diverse phylogenetically and form two different clades: one includes most of the viruses of Greater scaup, the other clade includes an isolate from the Common teal. Thus, our data confirmed that the presence of AAstV is relatively high among wild birds of the Anatidae family (including species from this study) [9, 11, 12]. Columbidae astroviruses were presented in rock pigeons and wood pigeons ( Columba livia and C. palumbus , respectively) [10, 11] but cases of astrovirus detection in the Oriental turtle dove have not been previously established. In addition, we found that one isolate obtained from the pintail forms a separate branch and does not cluster with other duck viruses of Avastavirus 2 . It is likely that this unclassified virus belongs to another lineage/clade, which will also have to be classified when new available astrovirus sequences appear. This study, based on the analysis of a small fragment of RdRp, complemented the data on the occurrence of astroviruses among wild migratory birds. We have for the first time showed the presence of avastroviruses in representatives of the Columbidae and Anatidae families ( Avastrovirus 2 and Avastrovirus 3 species respectively) in the Sakhalin Island. We also established for the first time the presence of astrovirus in the Oriental turtle dove. This may indicate an underestimated role of the Columbidae family as a natural reservoir of avastroviruses of specific lineage. Use of data from whole-genome sequencing of avian astroviruses and the expansion of the species involved in the study of virus abundance will help to better assess the diversity and prevalence of astroviruses in wild birds, as well as predict cases of interspecies transmission of the virus. Declarations Statement of author contributions Conceived and designed the study: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Ktitorov P., Kulikova O., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A. Collected data and biological samples: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A. Performed the experiments: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., Derko A., Loginova A. Analyzed the data: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., Derko A. Contributed to fruitful discussion and critical revision of the manuscript: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Ktitorov P., Kulikova O., He G, Wen W., Wang Z., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all authors who contributed to genome sequences information provided to GenBank. The study was partly supported by the Centers for Collective Use of scientific equipment "Proteomic analysis" supported by funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement No. 075-15-2021-691). and "Modern optical Systems" of Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine (Novosibirsk, Russia). The study was partially supported by the following sources: State funded budget 122012400086-2 (sampling) and RSF 23-44-00026 (sequencing analysing, virological experiments). Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Guix S, Bosch A, Pintó RM (2012) Astrovirus Taxonomy. Astrovirus Research. Springer New York, New York, NY, pp 97–118 Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV. https://ictv.global/taxonomy . Accessed 6 May 2023 Jonassen CM, Jonassen T, Sveen TM, Grinde B (2003) Complete genomic sequences of astroviruses from sheep and turkey: comparison with related viruses. Virus Res 91:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00269-1 Imada T, Yamaguchi S, Mase M et al (2000) Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) as a New Member of the Family Astroviridae and Construction of Infectious ANV cDNA. J Virol 74:8487–8493. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.18.8487-8493.2000/ASSET/5CBD2E53-A981-4B70-8F8D-23F5AC18C975/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/JV1800694008.JPEG Smyth V, Todd D, Trudgett J et al (2012) Capsid protein sequence diversity of chicken astrovirus. Taylor Fr 41:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.652938 Fu Y, Pan M, Wang X et al (2009) Complete sequence of a duck astrovirus associated with fatal hepatitis in ducklings. J Gen Virol 90:1104–1108. https://doi.org/10.1099/VIR.0.008599-0/CITE/REFWORKS Strain E, Kelley LA, Schultz-Cherry S et al (2008) Genomic Analysis of Closely Related Astroviruses. J Virol 82:5099–5103. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01993-07 Honkavuori KS, Briese T, Krauss S et al (2014) Novel Coronavirus and Astrovirus in Delaware Bay Shorebirds. PLoS ONE 9:e93395. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0093395 Chu DKW, Leung CYH, Perera HKK et al (2012) A Novel Group of Avian Astroviruses in Wild Aquatic Birds. J Virol 86:13772–13778. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02105-12/ASSET/584C9579-7C5C-47DE-937A-DA2920F2649C/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/ZJV9990969500003.JPEG Kofstad T, Jonassen CM (2011) Screening of Feral and Wood Pigeons for Viruses Harbouring a Conserved Mobile Viral Element: Characterization of Novel Astroviruses and Picornaviruses. PLoS ONE 6:e25964. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0025964 Zhigailov AV, Maltseva ER, Perfilyeva YV et al (2022) Prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses, astroviruses and paramyxoviruses in wild birds in southeastern Kazakhstan. Heliyon 8:e11324. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E11324 Bidin M, Lojkić I, Bidin Z et al (2011) Detection and characterization of avian nephritis virus in ducklings. Avian Pathol 40:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.551873 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files VirusGenesSupplementalinformation19012024.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3886879","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269019537,"identity":"2fc67cfc-63a1-42cf-a2d7-f06b99048985","order_by":0,"name":"Dmitry 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Text","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAstroviridae\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the family of non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that is divided into 2 genera: \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus\u003c/em\u003e (AAstV), which infect birds and \u003cem\u003eMamastrovirus\u003c/em\u003e (MAstV) \u0026ndash; viruses of mammalian [1]. Following the data of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), MAstV includes 19 species and AAstV has 3 species: \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[2]. The \u003cem\u003eAstrovirus 1\u003c/em\u003e has been isolated from turkey (turkey astrovirus-1; TAstV-1) [3]. \u003cem\u003eAstrovirus 2\u003c/em\u003e includes two types of Avian nephritis virus (ANV-1 and ANV-2) and chicken astrovirus (CAstV) [4, 5]. \u003cem\u003eAstrovirus 3\u003c/em\u003e includes turkey type 2 and 3 isolates (TAstV-2 and TAstV-3) and duck astrovirus (DAstV) [6, 7]. In addition, unclassified astroviruses of wild birds were found in teals, pintails, shovelers and wigeons (order Anseriformes), sanderlings and greenshanks (order Charadriiformes), spoonbills (order Pelicaniformes), pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes), roller (order Coraciiformes) and black-crowed monarch (order Passeriformes) [8\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash; 10]. However, data on the ecology of astroviruses in wild bird populations are insufficient to assess their epidemiological role. This information will help to complement data on the origin, evolution and epidemiology of these viruses in domestic and wild birds. Here, for the first time, we assessed the circulation of astrovirus in various wild birds from Sakhalin Island and described their phylogenetic relationships with other avian astroviruses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we described for the first time the presence of avastroviruses in wild birds from two locations on Sakhalin Island: Aniva Bay and Piltun Bay (Supplemental information, Fig. S1). As a result, 220 samples belonging to 16 bird species from 3 families (Anatidae, Scolopacidae and Columbidae) were analyzed using methods described in Supplementary information (SI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing PCR, we have detected and then sequenced the fragments of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, (RdRp) for 12 astroviruses in samples from Northern pintail (\u003cem\u003eAnas acuta\u003c/em\u003e), Common teal (\u003cem\u003eAnas crecca\u003c/em\u003e), Greater scaup (\u003cem\u003eAythya marila\u003c/em\u003e), and Oriental turtle dove (\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia orientalis\u003c/em\u003e) (Supplemental information, Table S1). BLAST analysis of the sequence data confirmed that the detected viruses belong to the genus AAstV. Unfortunately, 3 out of 12 obtained sequences were of insufficient quality for further phylogenetic analysis, while the remaining 9 with good quality were taken for further phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession numbers of sequences: OR682659 - OR682667).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence of RdRp fragment showed that 3 AAstVs belonged to the \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 2\u003c/em\u003e species, 5 belonged to the \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 3\u003c/em\u003e species and one did not have an exact species identification due to low bootstrap support (Fig. 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed that\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Avastrovirus 2\u003c/em\u003e viruses are phylogenetically similar to others, isolated from various dove species, and are a dove-specific group. On the contrary, we found that the duck astroviruses of \u003cem\u003eAstrovirus 3\u003c/em\u003e species are more diverse phylogenetically and form two different clades: one includes most of the viruses of Greater scaup, the other clade includes an isolate from the Common teal.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, our data confirmed that the presence of AAstV is relatively high among wild birds of the Anatidae family (including species from this study) [9, 11, 12].\u0026nbsp;Columbidae astroviruses were presented in rock pigeons and wood pigeons (\u003cem\u003eColumba livia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. palumbus\u003c/em\u003e, respectively) [10, 11] but cases of astrovirus detection in the Oriental turtle dove have not been previously established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, we found that one isolate obtained from the pintail forms a separate branch and does not cluster with other duck viruses of \u003cem\u003eAvastavirus 2\u003c/em\u003e. It is likely that this unclassified virus belongs to another lineage/clade, which will also have to be classified when new available astrovirus sequences appear. This study, based on the analysis of a small fragment of RdRp, complemented the data on the occurrence of astroviruses among wild migratory birds. We have for the first time showed the presence of avastroviruses in representatives of the Columbidae and Anatidae families (\u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 3\u003c/em\u003e species respectively) in the Sakhalin Island.\u0026nbsp;We also established for the first time the presence of astrovirus in the\u0026nbsp;Oriental turtle dove. This may indicate an underestimated role of the Columbidae family as a natural reservoir of avastroviruses of specific lineage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of data from whole-genome sequencing of avian astroviruses and the expansion of the species involved in the study of virus abundance will help to better assess the diversity and prevalence of astroviruses in wild birds, as well as predict cases of interspecies transmission of the virus.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of author contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceived and designed the study: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., \u0026nbsp;Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Ktitorov P., Kulikova O., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A. Collected data and biological samples: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., \u0026nbsp;Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A. Performed the experiments: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., \u0026nbsp;Derko A., Loginova A. Analyzed the data: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., \u0026nbsp;Derko A. Contributed to fruitful discussion and critical revision of the manuscript: Zhirov D., Dubovitskiy N., Sharshov K., \u0026nbsp;Derko A., Loginova A., Sobolev I., Ktitorov P., Kulikova O., He G, Wen W., Wang Z., Alekseev A., Shestopalov A.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to all authors who contributed to genome sequences information provided to GenBank. The study was partly supported by the Centers for Collective Use of scientific equipment \u0026quot;Proteomic analysis\u0026quot; supported by funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement No. 075-15-2021-691). and \u0026quot;Modern optical Systems\u0026quot; of Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine (Novosibirsk, Russia). The study was partially supported by the following sources: State funded budget 122012400086-2 (sampling) and RSF 23-44-00026 (sequencing analysing, virological experiments).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuix S, Bosch A, Pint\u0026oacute; RM (2012) Astrovirus Taxonomy. Astrovirus Research. Springer New York, New York, NY, pp 97\u0026ndash;118\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCurrent ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ictv.global/taxonomy\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ictv.global/taxonomy\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 6 May 2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJonassen CM, Jonassen T, Sveen TM, Grinde B (2003) Complete genomic sequences of astroviruses from sheep and turkey: comparison with related viruses. 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Avian Pathol 40:173\u0026ndash;177. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.551873\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/03079457.2011.551873\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Astroviridae, Avastrovirus 2, Avastrovirus 3, wild birds, Sakhalin Island, Far East","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3886879/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3886879/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus\u003c/em\u003e (AAstV) is a genus of bird viruses infected are associated with avian diseases, including enteritis, growth retardation, nephritis and hepatitis leading to economic losses to farms and affecting food production worldwide. Despite numerous studies, data on diversity, phylogeny and epidemiology are presented mainly for poultry viruses. Studies on astroviruses of wild bird population highlight broad genetic diversity of viruses and limited understanding of their biological and ecological properties. In this study, we detected avastrovirus for the first time in wild migratory birds of the families Anatidae and Columbidae from Sakhalin Island, North Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis data showed the presence of \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAvastrovirus 3\u003c/em\u003e in wild doves and wild ducks, respectively. The data obtained shed light on the circulation of astroviruses on Sakhalin Island, which is crossed by East Asian\u0026ndash;Australasian Flyway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"First detection and diversity of Astroviruses in wild migratory birds of Sakhalin Island, North Pacific","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-29 17:38:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3886879/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe8b3ffc-0c06-4831-b53c-7a8a48c584bf","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-01T13:07:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-29 17:38:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3886879","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3886879","identity":"rs-3886879","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}