Acceleration and Velocity Dissociate Temporal Phases of Postural Control in Rhesus Macaques

Abstract Maintaining balance requires the nervous system to transform sensory signals about unexpected postural perturbations into precisely timed motor commands. Although human studies have established that postural responses unfold in distinct temporal phases, how specific kinematic variables structure these phases during rotational perturbations remains unresolved, because angular acceleration and velocity are typically confounded. Here, we developed a rhesus macaque model of postural control that independently manipulates angular acceleration and peak velocity during transient pitch and roll tilts in monkeys of either sex. By simultaneously measuring head kinematics—directly relevant to vestibular signaling—and center-of-pressure dynamics, we quantified how sensory inputs and motor outputs evolve across successive phases of the postural response. We show that short-latency postural responses (<100 ms) are primarily governed by angular acceleration, whereas medium-latency responses (100–200 ms) scale with angular velocity. This dissociation was robust across perturbation axes and accompanied by axis-dependent control strategies: roll tilts elicited constrained head motion consistent with active stabilization in space, whereas pitch tilts produced more compliant, platform-following behavior. Together, these findings identify distinct kinematic variables governing successive phases of balance control and establish a primate framework for linking neural circuit activity to the temporal organization of postural responses. Significance Statement Maintaining balance requires transforming sensory signals about unexpected body motion into precisely timed motor commands. Progress in understanding this process has been limited because angular acceleration and velocity are inherently coupled during rotational perturbations. Here, using a rhesus macaque model, we dissociate these kinematic variables and show that they govern distinct temporal phases of postural control: angular acceleration determines short-latency (<100 ms) responses, whereas angular velocity shapes medium-latency (100–200 ms) adjustments. We further demonstrate axis-dependent postural strategies that parallel those observed in humans. Together, these findings resolve a longstanding confound in balance research and establish a primate framework that will enable future studies to link neural circuit activity to the biomechanics of postural control. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.