Effects of Different Rain Tree Pod Pellet Proportions on a Fixed Amount of Leucaena in Supplements and Ammonium Hydroxide-Treated Rice Straw as a Basal Diet in Male Thai Swamp Buffaloes

Effects of Different Rain Tree Pod Pellet Proportions on a Fixed Amount of Leucaena in Supplements and Ammonium Hydroxide-Treated Rice Straw as a Basal Diet in Male Thai Swamp Buffaloes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Different Rain Tree Pod Pellet Proportions on a Fixed Amount of Leucaena in Supplements and Ammonium Hydroxide-Treated Rice Straw as a Basal Diet in Male Thai Swamp Buffaloes Sopita Suttikrai, Ratree Jintana, Kitiya Srisakwattana, Thongsuk Jetana This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study aimed to measure total tract digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, urinary purine derivative excretion, and levels of mimosine (MMS) and dihydroxy pyridine (DHP) in urine and plasma. Also assessed testosterone levels and blood metabolites in the plasma of Thai male swamp buffaloes fed different levels of rain tree pod pellets (RTPP), alongside a fixed amount of chopped fresh Leucaena leaves (CFLL) in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet. The results showed that total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes were highest when animals were supplemented with 3.2 kg RTPP, compared to 0.6, 1.2, and 2.2 kg RTPP. Total neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes decreased linearly with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet. Animals fed 0.6 kg RTPP had higher total intakes of NDF and ADF compared to those fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. The total tract digestibility of NDF and ADF in buffaloes fed 0.6–1.2 kg RTPP was significantly higher than in those fed 2.2–3.2 kg RTPP per day. Dietary fiber digestion was affected in buffaloes fed 2.2–3.2 kg RTPP per day. Buffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP had better nitrogen balance than those fed 0.6 kg RTPP. The efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were positively related to nitrogen consumption. However, nitrogen losses in urine and feces were greater in the 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP groups than in the 0.6 kg RTPP group. Approximately 90.2–91.3% (average 90.7 ± 0.069%) of MMS intake may be detoxified through various processes, which can be explained as follows: (1) chelation, (2) excretion, and (3) conjugation. Testosterone concentrations observed were lower (range: 0.163–0.220 ng/mL, mean = 0.190 ± 0.002 ng/mL) than those reported in other studies. Elevated circulating blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) levels were associated with increased RTPP levels in the diet, as well as increased nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. In conclusion the right proportion of Leucaena and RTPP provides maximum benefits, such as improved feed intake, digestion, nitrogen balance, microbial production in the rumen, sexual performance, and the absence of negative energy balance indicators. However, Leucaena consumption should be limited to avoid side effects, including the risk of goiter. Ammonium hydroxide Blood metabolites Leucaena Rain tree pod Rice straw Swamp buffaloes Testosterone Introduction Leucaena leucocephala is a fast-growing legume tree whose leaves are rich in protein and are commonly used as forage in tropical countries for cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and particularly goats. However, Leucaena contains toxins, notably mimosine (β-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) α-amino-propionic acid). The toxicity of mimosine for ruminants is primarily due to 3-hydroxy-4-(1H)-pyridine (3,4-DHP), a goitrogen produced by MMS (Jones et al. 1967; Christie et al. 1979 ). Mimosine is converted to 3,4-DHP by enzymes present in both Leucaena and rumen bacteria. The isomerization of 3,4-DHP to 2,3-DHP is expected to occur via isomerase in Synergistes jonesii (Jones and Hegarty 1986). To ensure the safe intake of Leucaena as a high-quality feed, it is recommended to: 1) limit the amount of Leucaena in the diet to less than 30% (Jones and Hegarty 1984 ), and 2) gradually introduce the feed to the animals to allow them to adapt. In addition, mature pods of the rain tree have been reported as a nutritional supplement for cattle during long transport periods (Pertchik and Pertchik 1951 ). They are high in protein and sugar, with sucrose being the main sugar source. Feeding animals rain tree pods increases rumen microbial growth; however, results are often poorer in the digestion of dietary fiber compared to other supplements (Jetana et al. 2010 , 2011 , 2012b , 2017 ). Therefore, supplementing animals with an appropriate balance of protein and energy sources can enhance microbial growth and improve digestion, thereby increasing the protein and energy available to the animal. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tropical multi-purpose trees, namely Leucaena and rain tree pod pellets, as sources of protein and energy, as well as agricultural by-products, particularly rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide, as a basal diet in Thai male swamp buffaloes. The experiment aimed to measure total tract digestibility, assess nitrogen balance, examine urinary purine derivatives, and evaluate urinary and plasma mimosine and dihydroxy pyridine (DHP) levels, plasma testosterone levels, and effects on some blood metabolites. Materials and Methods The effects of varying ratios of rain tree pods added to chopped fresh Leucaena leaves ( Leucaena leucocephala ) were studied to form supplements. Animals, Diets, and Experimental Design Four male Thai swamp buffaloes, with an average weight of 441 ± 6.1 kg (35–41 months old), were used in the experiment. The experimental design was a double 4 × 4 complete Latin square design (4 basal diets and 4 animals). The animals were fed three times per day with AHRS ad libitum as a basal diet, along with varying proportions of rain tree pod pellets in fixed amounts of chopped fresh Leucaena leaves supplements, which were fed twice a day (08:00 h and 16:00 h). The daily supplement amounts, offered on a fresh weight basis per animal, are presented in Table 1 . Each supplement was formulated to provide the same amount of CFLL (protein and fiber source) but with varying amounts of RTPP (energy source, including non-structural carbohydrates, total sugars, and protein source). Table 1 Chemical analysis and ingredients of diets Chemical analysis (g/DM kg) Ammoniated rice straw Leucaena RTPP DM 868 323* 709 OM 960 956 962 NDF 856 412 374 ADF 556 289 287 Nitrogen (N) 13.4 33.1 24.2 Crude protein (N × 6.25) 83.8 20.7 151 Total nonstructural carbohydrates - - 336 Phenolic compounds 13.7 219 18.2 Condensed tannins 0.40 72.5 6.03 Total sugar - 48.1 319 Reducing sugar - 34.5 147 Sucrose - 13.6 101 Mimosine - 8.85 - ME Energy (kcal) 6.27 10.1 10.3 * based on fresh weight 1 kg Leucaena = 355 g Leucaena after incubation at 65 ̊C for 48 h The chopped fresh Leucaena leaves were collected daily in a single batch sufficient for the entire experiment from the Veterinary Science Students Practice Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nakorn-Pathom Campus (50 km from Bangkok). Rice straw was purchased in a single batch sufficient for the entire experiment from the Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University. Rice straw treated with a 1.125% ammonium hydroxide solution was used as the basal diet. The procedure for preparing AHRS is briefly described as follows: 3 kg of rice straw was saturated with 1.5 L of a 2.25% ammonium hydroxide solution (27% NH4OH and 55% NaOH) in double plastic bags (28 × 40 inches) and incubated in the sun for 72 hours. After treatment, the rice straw was sun-dried until fully dry (8–16 hours). The sun-dried rice straw treated with 1.125% NH4OH was then stored in new plastic bags until needed. Each animal was fed twice daily (on an as-fed basis) with 3 kg of CFLL per feeding, containing varying amounts of RTPP (0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 1.6 kg per feeding) as supplements, and was given ad libitum access to treated rice straw. The experiment consisted of four 21-day periods, each comprising 14 days of dietary adaptation and 7 days of sample collection. On days 1 and 21 of each period, the animals were weighed before the morning feed (06:00 h). On day 12 of each period, the animals were transferred to individual metabolism crates to collect urine and feces from days 15 to 21. Intakes, Total Tract Digestibility, N Balance, and Purine Derivatives Excretion The quantity of feed intake, feces, and urine outputs was recorded daily for 7 days (days 15–21) for the in vivo digestibility study. Ten percent of the supplements and treated rice straw offered, as well as 10% of the treated rice straw refusals and fecal outputs, were collected and stored at -20°C. There were no refusals of RTPP or CFLL throughout the experiment. At the end of each sampling period, samples from each animal were bulked, oven-dried at 65°C for 72 hours to determine moisture content, then ground through a 1-mm screen for subsequent analyses of dry matter (105°C for 48 hours), organic matter (550°C for 8 hours), nitrogen content, NDF, ADF. Urine Collection Total daily urine output was collected in plastic bags containing 250–300 ml of 7% (v/v) HCl to maintain a final pH below 3. Urine was collected at 24-hour intervals for 7 days (days 15–21). The volume of the acidified urine was immediately measured, and two sub-samples were taken: (i) 20 ml was diluted 5 times and stored at -20°C for purine derivative determination, and (ii) 50 ml of the original acidified urine was stored at -20°C for total nitrogen determination. Blood Collection On day 21 of each experimental period, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours, respectively, after the morning feed. Samples were drawn using a 10 ml disposable syringe (Nipro®) with a needle (Model 18 G × 1½) and transferred into two blood collection tubes containing K2EDTA (18.0 mg; BD Vacutainer®). The tubes were gently inverted several times and immediately centrifuged at 2500 g for 25 minutes. Individual plasma samples were stored in tubes (3-3.5 ml/tube) at -20°C for testosterone analysis. Laboratory Analyses The dry matter (DM) content of the feed and fecal samples was determined by drying to a constant weight in an oven at 105°C for 48 hours. The ash content in the feed and fecal samples was determined by combustion in a muffle furnace at 550°C for 8 hours. Organic matter was calculated by subtracting the ash content from the DM content. The nitrogen content in the feed and fecal samples was determined using the micro Kjeldahl method (AOAC 2000 , method no. 995.04). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were analyzed according to the method described by Van Soest et al. ( 1991 ; structure A). Metabolizable energy was determined using gas production methods (Menke et al. 1979 ). Mimosine, 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine, and 2,3-dihydroxy pyridine in the urine were determined using methods described by Lowry et al. ( 1985 ), while those values in blood plasma were determined as described by Puchala et al. ( 1996 ). Total Phenolic Compounds, Condensed Tannins, and Total Sugar Determinations The contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins in Leucaena leaves and rice straw were assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu 2N (Sigma® Aldrich) and butanol-HCl reagent according to the procedures of Makkar ( 2000 ). Total non-structural carbohydrates in the feed were determined according to Nelson's reducing sugar procedure (Hodge and Hofreiter 1962 ). Purine Derivatives and Purine Bases Determination Allantoin and uric acid were determined using the method described by George et al. ( 2006 ), with oxypyrinol as the internal standard. Mimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP Determination The total mimosine content in fresh Leucaena leaves was determined using a rapid colorimetric method for mimosine determination (Matsumoto and Sherman 1951). Mimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP in the urine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Lowry et al. 1985 ). The mimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP in blood plasma were also determined by HPLC (Puchala et al., 1996 ). Testosterone Determination Plasma testosterone concentrations were measured using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure described by Kamonpatana et al. ( 1979 ). Blood Metabolite Determination Measures of plasma concentrations for glucose, urea nitrogen, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were conducted using commercially available kits. The specific kits used were as follows: • Glucose: Liquicolor, Human GmbH, D-65205 Wiesbaden, Germany • Urea Nitrogen: Liquid UV Urea, Human GmbH, D-65205 Wiesbaden, Germany • Non-Esterified Fatty Acids: Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan • β-Hydroxybutyrate: Randox Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore, Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co. Antrim, UK, BT29 4QY Statistical Analysis The averages of each parameter measured in this study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 2004). Treatment averages and differences between animals were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method. The experiment was analyzed using a 4 × 4 Latin square design, accounting for the effects of treatment (fixed), animals (random), and experimental periods (random). Comparisons between treatments were performed through the decomposition of the sum of squares into orthogonal contrasts. This approach facilitated comparisons between the control treatment and treatments involving supplementation, as well as the evaluation of linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of the ratios of RTPP to Leucaena in the supplements. All averages of the measured parameters were analyzed using ANOVA according to the procedures outlined by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 2004). Results The ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets are presented in Table 1 . The AHRS, used as a basal diet, had a dry matter content of 868 g/kg. On a DM basis, it contained 960 g of organic matter, 856 g of neutral detergent fiber, 556 g of acid detergent fiber, 13.4 g of nitrogen, 13.7 g of total phenolic compounds, 0.4 g of condensed tannins, and 6.27 Mcal of ME. The rain tree pod pellet, used as both of protein and energy (sugar) supplement ingredient, had a DM content of 709 g/kg. On a DM basis, RTPP contained 962 g of OM, 374 g of NDF, 287 g of ADF, 24.2 g of N, 336 g of total non-structural carbohydrates, 9.53 g of total phenolic compounds, 6.03 g of condensed tannins, 17.1 g of total starch, 319 g of total sugar (TS; sucrose 68.5%, glucose 5.5%, xylose 9.0%, galactose 4.2%, fructose 8.9%, and other sugars 4.0%), 148 g of reducing sugar, and 10.3 Mcal of ME. Chopped fresh Leucaena leaves used as a protein and fiber supplement ingredient, had a DM content of 323 g/kg. On a DM basis, CFLL contained 956 g of OM, 412 g of NDF, 289 g of ADF, 32.7 g of N, 283 g of total phenolic compounds, 27.5 g of condensed tannins, 32.7 g of total non-structural carbohydrates, 25.8 g of total starch, 6.86 g of total sugar, 7.87 g of reducing sugar, and 10.1 Mcal of ME. Table 2 shows the initial body weights of animals and the amounts of supplements, which consisted of a fixed amount of 6.0 kg of fresh chopped Leucaena leaves, with varying amounts of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis). Table 2 Live weight of swamp buffalo and feed supplements (on a fed basis) offered daily and chemical analysis Item RTPP (kg) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 Live Weight (kg) 441 451 453 424 Metabolic body weight (kg BW 0.75 ) 96.0 97.8 98.0 93.3 Leucaena (kg) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Chemical analysis (g offered/ day) DM 2,363 2,789 3,497 4,206 OM 2,262 2,671 3,353 4,035 NDF 958 1,117 1,382 1,647 ADF 653 771 967 1,162 Nitrogen (N) 78.7 93.2 117 142 Crude protein (N × 6.25) 492 581 731 888 Total nonstructural carbohydrates 143 286 524 762 Phenolic compounds 117 121 128 135 Condensed tannins 39.1 40.7 43.5 46.2 Total sugar 160 297 524 750 Reducing sugar 80.3 143 247 351 Sucrose 110 203 359 514 Mimosine 172 172 172 172 Metabolic Energy (kcal/g) 24.0 28.3 35.6 42.9 Chemical analysis (g/kg DM) DM (g/kg fed basis) 358 387 426 457 OM 957 958 959 959 NDF 405 401 395 392 ADF 276 276 277 276 Nitrogen Crude protein (N×6.25) 33.3 33.4 33.6 33.7 Total nonstructural carbohydrates 60 121 222 322 Phenolic compounds 49.5 43.4 36.6 32.0 Condensed tannins 16.5 14.6 12.4 11.0 Total sugar 67.9 107 150 178 Reducing sugar 34.0 51.2 70.6 83.5 Sucrose 46.5 73.3 103 122 Mimosine 72.8 61.7 49.2 40.9 Metabolic Energy (kcal/g) 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 Four male Thai swamp buffaloes had the following initial body weights: 441, 451, 453, and 424 kg, respectively, with an average weight of 441 ± 6.1 kg (35–41 months old). Supplement formulation 1 consisted of 0.6 kg3 of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped Leucaena leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 2.363, OM 2.262, NDF 0.958, ADF 0.653, N 0.0787, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.143, phenolic compounds 0.117, condensed tannins 0.0391, total sugar 0.160, reducing sugar 0.0803, sucrose 0.110, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 24 kcal/g. Supplement formulation 2 consisted of 1.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped Leucaena leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 2.789, OM 2.6721, NDF 1.117, ADF 0.771, N 0.0932, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.286, phenolic compounds 0.121, condensed tannins 0.0407, total sugar 0.297, reducing sugar 0.143, sucrose 0.203, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 28.3 kcal/g. Supplement formulation 3 consisted of 2.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped Leucaena leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 3.497, OM 3.353, NDF 1.382, ADF 0.967, N 0.117, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.527, phenolic compounds 0.128, condensed tannins 0.0435, total sugar 0.524, reducing sugar 0.247, sucrose 0.359, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 35.6 kcal/g. Supplement formulation 4 consisted of 3.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of chopped fresh Leucaena leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 4.206, OM 4.035, NDF 1.647, ADF 1.162, N 0.142, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.762, phenolic compounds 0.135, condensed tannins 0.0462, total sugars 0.750, reducing sugars 0.351, sucrose 0.514, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 42.9 kcal/g. Also, the detailed calculated values per kilogram DM of the chemical compositions of the four experimental supplements are presented in Table 2 . Intakes and Digestion As shown in Table 3 , data on nutrient intake, supplements (fixed amounts CFLL and varying amounts RTPP), ammoniated rice straw (AHRS), and digestion are presented. The intake of AHRS-DM (P < 0.0001), AHRS-OM (P < 0.0001), AHRS-NDF (P < 0.0001), and AHRS-ADF (P < 0.0001) was higher in animals fed a diet containing 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2–3.2 kg RTPP. Additionally, the pattern of AHRS intake for DM, OM, NDF, and ADF decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) and tended to decrease quadratically (P < 0.06) with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet. Table 3 Voluntary nutrients intakes and total intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent matter (ADF) in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet RTPP (kg) S.E.D Difference ( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C Live body weight (kg) 441 451 453 424 12.4 Metabolic body weight (kg BW 0.75 ) 95.9 97.8 98.0 93.3 2.06 Leucaena and RTPP intakes (g/kg BW 0.75 ) DM 25.0 d 28.7 c 36.1 b 45.5 a 0.79 < .0001 0.0001 ns ns OM 23.9 d 27.5 c 34.6 b 43.7 a 0.76 < .0001 0.0001 ns ns NDF 10.1 d 11.5 c 14.3 b 17.9 a 0.31 < .0001 0.0001 ns ns ADF 8.95 d 9.98 c 12.1 b 14.9 a 0.25 < .0001 0.0001 ns ns Ammoniated rice straw intakes (g/kg BW 0.75 ) DM 59.0 a 53.3 b 45.9 c 44.8 c 1.25 < .0001 0.0001 0.06 ns OM 56.6 a 51.3 b 44.1 c 43.0 c 1.20 < .0001 0.0001 0.06 ns PDF 50.5 a 45.6 b 39.3 c 38.4 c 1.07 < .0001 0.0001 0.06 ns ADF 32.8 a 29.6 b 25.5 c 24.9 c 0.70 < .0001 0.0001 0.06 ns Total (g/kg BW 0.75 ) DM 83.9 b 82.1 b 82.4 b 90.3 a 1.39 0.0033 ns 0.03 ns OM 80.5 b 78.7 b 79.1 b 86.7 a 1.34 0.0032 ns 0.03 ns NDF 60.6 a 57.1 b 53.7 c 56.2 bc 1.09 0.0043 0.0001 0.01 ns ADF 39.7 a 37.6 b 35.6 c 37.5 b 0.70 0.0071 0.0001 0.009 ns Percentage digestion of DM 57.7 57.9 58.4 58.9 1.44 ns 0.08 ns ns OM 64.4 63.6 63.5 63.3 1.35 ns ns ns ns NDF 60.4 a 58.7 a 53.4 b 53.5 b 1.90 0.0212 0.01 ns ns ADF 50.8 a 49.9 a 40.2 b 42.2 b 2.93 0.0239 0.001 ns ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different, Total intakes of DM (P < 0.0033) and OM (P < 0.0032) were significantly higher in animals fed diets with increased proportions of RTPP (3.2 kg/day), compared to those fed diets with 0.6 kg, 1.2 kg, and 2.2 kg RTPP. On the other hand, total intakes of NDF (P < 0.0043) and ADF (P < 0.0071) significantly decreased as the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased from 1.2 to 3.2 kg/day, compared to the control diet. Total intakes of DM (82.1–83.9 g/kg BW 0.75 d − 1 ) and OM (79.1–80.5 g/kg BW 0.75 d − 1 ) were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by increasing RTPP proportions (0.6–2.2 kg/day). However, total intakes of NDF (P < 0.0001) and ADF (P < 0.0001) decreased linearly as the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased. Furthermore, total intakes of DM (P < 0.03) and OM (P < 0.03) increased quadratically with increasing RTPP proportions, while total intakes of NDF (P < 0.01) and ADF (P 0.05) and OM (P > 0.05) did not differ significantly among the four dietary treatments, while the total tract digestibility of DM (P < 0.08) tended to increase linearly. However, total tract NDF digestibility values (P < 0.0212) and ADF (P < 0.0239) were significantly higher in animals fed diets containing increasing proportions of RTPP (0.6 to 1.2 kg/day), compared to those fed diets containing 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg of RTPP. Overall, NDF digestibility values (P < 0.01) and ADF (P < 0.001) decreased linearly with the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased. Nitrogen Balances and Urinary Purine Derivatives and the Ratios of PDs The nitrogen balance, digestibility of N, purine derivative excretion in the urine, and the ratios of purine derivatives are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 The nitrogen balance and N digestibility, purine derivatives excretion in urine in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet RTPP (kg) S.E.D Difference ( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C Nitrogen balance (mg/ kg BW 0.75 day -1 ) RTPP-N intake 108 213 394 594 14.77 < 0.0001 0.0001 ns ns Leucaena -N intake 677 662 669 694 18.16 ns ns ns ns Ammoniated rice straw-N 791 a 714 b 615 c 601 c 16.78 < 0.0001 0.0001 ns ns Total N intake 1,576 c 1,589 c 1,678 b 1,888 a 28.15 0.0001 0.001 0.004 ns N in urine 350 b 376 ab 410 a 408 a 14.02 0.0148 0.002 0.10 ns N in the feces 684 b 755 ab 765 ab 833 a 53.07 0.1445 0.01 ns ns N balance 543 b 458 b 504 b 648 a 41.93 0.0189 ns ns ns N-digestibility (g/kg day − 1 ) 564 a 530 a 543 a 565 a 25.65 ns ns ns ns Purine derivatives excreted in the urine (mmol/kg BW 0.75 /day) Allantoin 1.457 bc 1.411 c 1.634 b 1.869 a 0.193 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 ns ns Uric acid 0.709 a 0.625 ab 0.678 ab 0.654 ab 0.022 0.004 ns ns 0.038 PD 2.165 bc 2.035 c 2.311 ab 2.524 a 0.203 0.289 0.0002 ns ns PD/DOMI (mmol/kgDOMI d − 1 ) 35.0 b 35.7 ab 40.2 ab 40.4 a 4.304 0.004 ns ns ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different, The intake of AHRS-N (P < 0.0001) was significantly higher in animals fed a diet containing 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2–3.2 kg RTPP/day. However, the intake of AHRS-N decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of 1.2–3.2 kg RTPP/day). Total intake of N was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in animals fed a diet with 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2–3.2 kg RTPP/day. Total intake of N increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2–3.2 kg/day). Urine N in animals fed RTPP at 2.2–3.2 kg/day was significantly higher (P 0.05) in animals fed RTPP at 1.2–3.2 kg/day. Urine N increased linearly (P < 0.02) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2–3.2 kg/day). Fecal N in animals fed a diet 3.2 kg RTPP/day was significantly higher than in those fed a diet 0.6 kg RTPP/day, but fecal N did not differ (P > 0.05) among animals fed RTPP at 1.2–3.2 kg/day. Fecal N significant increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2–3.2 kg/day). Nitrogen balance in animals fed a diet 3.2 RTPP kg/day was significantly higher (P 0.05) among animals fed all proportions of RTPP (0.6–3.2 kg/day). Urinary allantoin was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in animals fed a diet with 3.2 kg RTPP, compared to those fed a diet containing 0.6–2.2 RTPP kg/day. Urinary allantoin (P < 0.0001) increased linearly in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP (2.2–3.2 kg/day). Urinary uric acid levels were significantly lower (P < 0.004) in animals fed a diet with 1.2 kg RTPP kg/day compared to those fed diets with 0.6 kg, 2.2 kg, or 3.2 kg RTPP/day. Urinary uric acid levels (P < 0.038) increased cubically in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP in supplemental diets (1.2–3.2 kg/day). Urinary purine derivatives were significantly higher (P 0.05) among animals fed a diet with RTPP; 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kgs/day. The urinary purine derivatives (P < 0.0002) increased linearly in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP from 0.6–1.2 kgs/day. The ratio of purine derivatives (mmol) to DOMI (kg/ BW 0.75 ) was significantly higher (P 0.05) among animals fed proportions of diets from 0.6–3.2 RTPP kg/day. Mimosine and Derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) in Urine Mimosine (MMS) intake, as well as mimosine and its derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) excretion in urine, are presented in Table 5 . Table 5 Intakes of mimosine (MMS), MMS and derivatives in urine and in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet RTPP (kg) S.E.D Difference ( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C Intakes mimosine (g/day) 168 168 168 168 Mimosine (g/kg BW 0.75 /day) 1.795 1.731 1.749 1.814 0.047 Mimosine (mmol/kg BW 0.75 /day) 8.928 8.736 8.825 9.155 0.236 ns ns ns ns In urine (µmol/kg BW 0.75 /day) Mimosine 23.4 ab 47.6 a 6.99 b 20.2 ab 15.7 ns 0.024 ns < .0001 3,4-DHP 164 c 189 bc 262 a 254 ab 27.3 0.028 < .0001 ns 0.018 2,3-DHP 472 520 556 555 112 ns ns ns ns Total DHP 636 709 818 808 123 ns 0.004 ns ns Mimosine + DHP 658 756 825 829 126 ns 0.006 ns ns %Recover MMS + DHP in Urine 7.69 8.65 9.37 9.00 1.247 ns 0.049 ns ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different, The quantity of mimosine in urine was lower in buffaloes fed 2.2 kg RTPP in the supplemental diet (6.99 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 ) compared to those fed 1.2 kg RTPP (47.6 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 ). The quantities of mimosine in urine (23.4, 47.6, and 20.2 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 ) from animals fed 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively, in supplemental diets were similar. There were no significant differences in the quantity of mimosine (23.4, 6.99, and 20.2 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 ) in urine among animals fed 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively. The quantities of mimosine in urine decreased linearly (P < 0.024) and cubically (P < 0.0001) in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2–3.2 kg/day). The quantity of 3,4-DHP in the urine of buffaloes fed 2.2 kg RTPP (262 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 ) was significantly higher (P < 0.028) than in those fed 0.6 kg RTPP and 1.2 kg RTPP (164 and 189 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 , respectively). However, the quantity of 3,4-DHP in urine was similar for buffaloes fed 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP (262 and 254 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 , respectively). There were no significant differences in the quantity of 3,4-DHP between animals fed 1.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP (189 and 254 µmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 , respectively). The quantities of 3,4-DHP in urine increased linearly (P < 0.004) and cubically (P < 0.018) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2–3.2 kg/day). The quantity of 2,3-DHP in urine did not show significant differences across the four dietary treatments. There were no significant differences in the total amount of DHP in urine across the four dietary treatments. The total amount of DHP in urine increased linearly (P < 0.004), and the sum of MMS and DHP in urine increased linearly (P < 0.006) as the proportions of RTPP in the supplemental diets increased (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively). The average ratio of MMS:3,4-DHP:2,3-DHP in urine across all treatments was 3.28:28.0:68.7. Although there were no significant differences in the recovery percentages of urinary MMS and DHP across all treatments, these percentages increased linearly (P < 0.049) as the proportion of RTPP in the supplemental diet increased. The recovery percentages were 7.69%, 8.65%, 9.35%, and 9.00%, respectively (average 8.67 ± 0.25%; range 2.0-14.1%) of the intake of MMS (9.83, 8.74, 8.83, and 9.16 mmol/kg BW 0.75 d -1 , respectively) in buffaloes fed a fixed amount of 6.0 CFLL with various proportions of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively) in their supplemental diets. Mimosine and Derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) in Plasma The concentrations of mimosine (MMS) and DHP in plasma are presented in Table 6 . There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the concentrations of mimosine, 3,4-DHP, 2,3-DHP, total DHP, and mimosine and DHP in plasma among animals fed AHRS and supplemented with different RTPP ratios in their diets at various collection times. Table 6 The mimosine and DHP concentrations in blood plasma after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet In plasma (µmol/L/kg BW 0.75 ) Average Time (0,3,6,9 h) RTPP (kg) S.E.D. Difference( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C MMS 0.084 0.032 0.051 0.032 0.034 ns ns ns ns DHP34 3.038 3.303 3.017 4.017 0.859 ns ns ns ns DHP23 0.226 0.598 0.120 0.175 0.454 ns ns ns ns TDHP 3.264 3.902 3.137 4.186 1.076 ns ns ns ns MMS + DHP 3.348 3.934 3.188 4.218 1.096 ns ns ns ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different The average ratio of MMS in plasma across all collection times was 2.51, 0.81, 1.60, and 0.76 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 1.42. The average ratio of 3,4-DHP in plasma across all collection times was 90.7, 84.0, 94.6, and 95.2 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 91.1. The average ratio of 2,3-DHP in plasma across all collection times was 6.75, 15.2, 3.76, and 4.15 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 7.47. Thus, the average ratios of MMS:3,4-DHP:2,3-DHP in plasma for all treatment diets were 1.42:91.1:7.47, respectively. Testosterone in Plasma Table 7 shows the plasma testosterone concentrations after morning feeding at different times. Buffaloes fed the RTPP diet (1.2–3.2 kg/day) tended to have higher testosterone concentrations (0.231, 0.212, and 0.337 ng/ml) at 0 hours compared to those fed the 0.6 kg RTPP diet (0.135 ng/ml), although this difference was not statistically significant (P < 0.085). However, plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in animals fed the RTPP diet (3.2 kg/day) compared to those fed the RTPP diet (0.6 kg/day). The plasma testosterone concentrations tended to be linearly increased (P 0.05) in the plasma testosterone concentrations at 3, 6, and 9 hours, nor in the mean concentrations, as the proportion of RTPP in the diets increased. Table 7 The testosterone concentrations in plasma (ng/L day -1 ) after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet Time RTPP (kg) S.E.D. Difference ( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C 0 0.135 b 0.231 ab 0.212 ab 0.337 a 0.062 0.085 0.079 ns ns 3 0.149 0.126 0.118 0.109 0.050 ns ns ns ns 6 0.228 0.260 0.091 0.273 0.090 ns ns ns ns 9 0.197 0.222 0.248 0.162 0.069 ns ns ns ns Average 0.177 0.210 0.163 0.220 0.041 ns ns ns ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q : Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different Blood Metabolites Table 8 shows the concentrations of metabolites in blood. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in animals supplemented with 2.2 kg RTPP (77.5mgN/ml) compared to those supplemented with 1.2 kg RTPP (61.1 mgN/ml). There were no differences in PUN concentrations among animals supplemented with 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP (70.4, 77.5 and 70.9 mgN/ml, respectively), nor among those supplemented with 0.6, 1.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP (70.4, 61.1 and 70.9 mgN/ml, respectively). Concentrations in plasma of glucose increased significantly (P < 0.003) and β-HBA increased significantly, both linearly (P < 0.001) and quadratically (P < 0.004), as RTPP in buffaloes increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg. Meanwhile, NEFA concentrations (P < 0.075) tended to be increase linearly when RTPP in the supplemented diets increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg, although these values did not differ among the various diets. Table 8 The metabolites concentrations in blood plasma after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of Leucaena in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet In plasma Average all time RTPP (kg) S.E.D. Difference ( P -value) 0.6 1.2 2.2 3.2 control vs treatments L Q C Urea-N (mg N/L) 70.4 ab 61.1 b 77.5 a 70.9 ab 5.62 ns ns ns ns Glucose (mg N/L) 82.2 95.3 105 108 12.0 0.001 0.003 ns ns NEFA ( µmol/L) 52.8 73.7 86.7 83.2 23.0 0.005 0.075 ns ns β-HBA ( µmol/L) 0.480 0.632 0.507 0.598 0.08 ns 0.001 0.004 ns ns : not significantly (P > 0.05) different S.E.D. : Standard error of difference L : Linear regression, Q : Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression abcd : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P < 0.05) different Discussion In this study, buffaloes were fed four types of diets: varying amounts of rain tree pod pellets and a fixed amount of fresh chopped Leucaena leaves as supplements. Rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide was used as the basal diet. Intakes and Digestion The intakes of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber from AHRS decreased significantly, both linearly and quadratically, as the proportion of RTPP in the supplemental diets increased. This decrease in AHRS intake was likely offset by the increased intake of RTPP. Increasing fiber in the RTPP diet may ferment slowly in the rumen, potentially limiting voluntary intake due to the physical filling of the rumen (Allen 1996 ). However, total DM and OM intake increased highest in the proportion of dietary RTPP was only 3.2 kg, however, total DM and OM intake increased linearly with the increasing proportion of dietary RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg of RTPP. respectively). It has been shown that DM intake increases with higher dietary sugar content consistent with findings by Oba ( 2011 ) and Penner ( 2015 ). Since RTPP contains more sugar than fiber, total NDF and ADF intake decreased linearly with the increasing proportion of dietary RTPP. Animals fed 0.6 kg of RTPP had higher combined NDF and ADF intake compared to those fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg of RTPP. Increasing the proportion of RTPP supplementation did not significantly affect the digestibility of DM (57.8–58.9%) and OM (64.4–63.3%) across the dietary treatments. However, digestibility of DM only tended to be linearly increased when proportion of RTPP increased from 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively. The total tract digestibility of NDF and ADF was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 0.6–1.2 kg RTPP as a supplement compared to those fed 2.2–3.2 kg RTPP. Buffaloes fed 2.2–3.2 kg RTPP were assessed to determine whether dietary fiber digestibility was affected. Consistent with previous studies, dietary fiber (NDF) digestibility in animals fed RTPP as a supplement was consistently lower than in those fed other supplements (Jetana et al. 2010 , 2011 , 2012a , b ). However, the 2.2–3.2 kg RTPP diet may include rumen-fermentable sugars that influence the microbial community and volatile fatty acid profile. Increased levels of propionic acid, lactic acid, and non-cellulolytic bacteria have been observed in the gut microbiota (McAllister et al. 1994 ; Huhtanen and Khalili 1991 ). The negative effect of sugar on NDF digestion may not be due to low rumen pH. A study by Piwonka and Firkins ( 1993 ) found that the addition of sugar to in vitro diets impaired NDF digestion, even when the medium pH remained above 6.2. In addition, Piwonka and Firkins ( 1996 ) showed that the end products of sugar fermentation are more protein inhibitors than fermentative acids, which may result in reduced NDF digestion in vitro. Heldt (1999) reported that animals fed a 0.3% BW/day sugar supplement exhibited increased NDF digestion compared to animals fed a high grass-rich diet as a control. In the present study, animals were fed sugar supplements of 0.04%, 0.07%, 0.12%, and 0.18% BW/day, respectively, from RTPP amounts of 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg. These levels were lower than the recommended sugar consumption of 0.3% BW/day. Another possible factor affecting NDF digestion is that when animals are fed a sugar supplement, total NDF digestion in the total tract is reduced because more NDF is removed from the stomach and the entire tract. This reduction is associated with a slower rate of dietary fiber digestion and a longer lag time (Khalili and Huhtanen 1991 ). The longer lag time may be explained by the fermentation of soluble carbohydrates (sugars) before the dietary fiber is broken down by the rumen microflora (Mertens 1977 ). Nitrogen balance, urinary purine excretion, and PD: DOMI ratio The nitrogen content of the supplements, including urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen from the animals, increased linearly with RTPP supplementation, while AHRS-N consumption decreased. Fecal nitrogen loss was greater than urinary nitrogen loss for the 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP diets compared to the 0.6 kg RTPP diet. This suggests that the increase in fecal nitrogen may primarily be due to dietary sugars, which could result from increased microbial protein excretion and rapid sugar escape from the rumen, leading to fermentation in the lower gastrointestinal tract (Taniguchi et al. 1995 ). However, the highest nitrogen balance was observed in the buffaloes fed a 3.2 kg RTPP supplement, compared to those receiving other proportions of RTPP. This indicates that a CFLL ratio of 6.0 kg to 3.2 kg RTPP provided the best nitrogen balance among the supplements tested. Additionally, nitrogen losses were significantly higher with the 3.2 kg RTPP diet compared to the 0.6, 1.2, and 2.2 kg RTPP diets, which is consistent with previous studies. While RTPP supplementation improved nitrogen balance and ruminal microbial protein synthesis, fecal and urinary nitrogen were generally higher than those observed with other high-protein leaf supplements used in the tropics for Brahman cattle, swamp buffalo, and goats (Jetana et al. 2010 , 2011 , 2012b , and 2017 ). The study by Oba ( 2011 ) concluded that supplementation with sugar may not enhance nitrogen utilization. Allantoin and purine derivatives in urinary diets were positively associated with the proportion of RTPP in the buffalo supplements. The PDs: DOMI ratio was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 3.2 kg RTPP compared to those fed 0.6 kg RTPP, with no significant differences between animals fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (PDs/kg DOMI) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP than in those fed 0.6 kg RTPP, which was consistent with the overall nitrogen balance. The buffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP had better nitrogen balance compared to those fed 0.6 kg RTPP. The efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were positively associated with the level of nitrogen consumption, particularly for peptides, amino acids, and ammonia-N, whether from the basal diet or supplements (Jetana et al. 2017 ; Jetana et al. 2009 ). Concentrations of Mimosine and DHP in Urine and Plasma The percentage recovery of urinary MMS and DHP showed a significant linear relationship with the increasing proportion of RTPP in the supplement. The urinary recoveries of mimosine and its derivatives (3,4-DHP, 2,3-DHP) were 7.69%, 8.65%, 9.35%, and 9.00% (mean 8.67 ± 0.25%; range 2.0-14.1%) of the MMS amount ingested by the animals. The MMS consumption was 9.83, 8.74, 8.83, and 9.16 mmol/kg body weight for the same 6 kg CFLL diets containing four levels of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg), respectively. Thus, approximately 90.2–91.3% (mean 90.7% ± 0.0619) of the MMS consumed could be detoxified via different processes. Almost all MMS is metabolized to 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP in the rumen. These antithyroid agents are absorbed into the bloodstream, with some are chelated minerals in the stomach before being excreted in the feces. The gut microflora metabolizes almost all MMS to 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP (Lindsay 1989 ). These potent antithyroid agents can chelate to minerals in the stomach before being excreted in the feces (Gaitan 2004 ). The remaining 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP are mostly conjugate with glucuronide or sulfate, are found in the blood, and are primarily excreted in the urine (Halliday 2018 ; Gaitan 2004 ; Hegarty et al. 1979 ; Christie et al. 1979 ), and may also be present in milk. The results showed that the total urinary DHP and MMS and DHP contents increased significantly in a linear pattern. However, the animals received a constant amount of 6 kg of Leucaena across all diets, while the RTPP supplementation increased to 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively. This study demonstrated that the increased dietary sugar levels affected the urinary excretion of MMS and DHP, even when the same amount of Leucaena was consumed. This finding contrasts with Jetana et al. ( 2012b ), who reported that animals fed a diet mixed with different amounts of Ruzi grass, incorporating different proportions of Leucaena leaves (as dry matter percentages of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 16:84), showed a significant linear relationship between urinary 3,4-DHP and MMS and DHP and the dietary CFLL levels. The Leucaena detoxification process can be explained as follows: Chelation : Minerals such as Fe, Cu, and Zn from the feed (Tsai and Ling 1971 ) or minerals derived from enzymes (Tsai and Ling 1973 ) may form complexes before being excreted in the feces. Excretion : The original forms of MMS and its derivatives, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP, are excreted in urine or may be secreted in milk (Ghosh et al. 2007 ; Jetana et al. 2012a , 2016 ). Conjugation : Most of the 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP, conjugated with glucuronides or sulfates, are found in the blood and are predominantly excreted in the urine. These conjugates appear to be resistant to bacterial degradation (Lindsay et al. 1974). However, the goitrogenic activity of these conjugates is similar to that of the free compounds at the same molar concentration (Hegarty et al. 1979 ; Halliday et al. 2018). Consequently, DHP conjugated with glucuronides or sulfates must be eliminated from the body through urine. Plasma Testosterone Concentrations After Morning Feeding at Different Times Plasma testosterone concentrations did not differ significantly at any time point of sample collection. However, plasma testosterone levels were 0.177, 0.201, 0.163, and 0.220 ng/mL (mean = 0.190 ± 0.02 ng/mL) in buffaloes fed RTPP at 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively. These values were higher than those observed (unpublished data) in buffaloes fed various types of treated rice straw (RS): untreated RS, AHRS, RS treated with organic acid solution (OGNS-RS), and RS treated with both AHRS and OGNS (OGNS-AHRS), with a basal diet supplemented with 6 kg of RTPP. Plasma testosterone levels for these RS treatments were 0.078, 0.068, 0.067, and 0.094 ng/mL, respectively (mean = 0.077 ± 0.009) ng/mL). The testosterone concentrations observed in this study were lower than those reported for Murrah buffaloes, which were approximately 0.250 ng/mL (Gulia et al. 2010 ) at a similar age range. Furthermore, plasma testosterone levels are positively correlated with nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient utilization efficiency (Gortsema et al. 1974 ), and age. RTPP consists of rapidly fermentable sugars and proteins in the rumen. The CFLL is also high in protein and fiber but contains mimosine, an antithyroid agent. The inclusion of RTPP and CFLL in a supplement, along with AHRS as a basal diet, is designed to increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen for both cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria. Numerous studies have consistently shown that microbial protein production is improved through the fermentation of sugars, true proteins, peptides, and ammonia-N in the rumen (Hall 2017 ; Broderick et al. 2008 ; Sannes et al. 2002). Hristov et al. ( 2005 ) also showed that rumen microbes prefer peptides and amino acids over ammonia-N when glucose is added to the diet. Additional research supports the role of saponins in RTPP as agents to eliminate protozoa in the rumen because saponins from various sources are toxic to protozoa and have been identified as potential agents in the rumen (Wallace et al. 1994 ; Newbold et al. 1997 ). Thus, saponins increase microbial protein synthesis (Newbold et al. 1997 ) and improve testosterone levels. This, in turn, helps to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization and sexual performance. Saponins, have shown the potential to reduce ammonia emissions of animals by inhibiting urease activity that converts urea in ammonia and carbon dioxide (Jayanegara et al. 2020 and Nugrahaeningtyas et al. 2022), methane inhibition and increased microbial protein synthesis (Patra and Saxena. 2009 and Romos-Morales et al. 2017). In addition, various saponins are toxic to ruminal protozoa and have identified as potential agents, resulting saponins enhanced microbial protein synthesis to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization and sexual performance (Wallace et al. 1994 ; Newbold et al. 1997 ). Effects on Blood Metabolites The PUN concentrations were 70.4, 61.1, 77.5, and 70.9 (mg N/L), respectively, in buffaloes fed various supplements at 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. These concentrations were similar to those found in several studies, such as: 1) buffaloes fed four types of rice straw: (i) untreated rice straw, (ii) AHRS, (iii) rice straw treated with an organic acid solution, and (iv) AHRS-treated rice straw with an organic acid solution (OGNS-AHRS). These buffaloes, along with a constant amount of 3.2 kg RTPP, had PUN concentrations of 67.2, 57.9, 62.8, and 73.3 mg urea-N/dL (range: 57.9–73.3), as studied by Jetana et al. (unpublished). 2) Buffaloes fed different proportions of Ruzi grass showed PUN concentrations of 67.6, 52.7, 72.7, 66.7, and 36.4 mg urea-N/dL (range: 36.4–72.7) when Ruzi grass leaves were added in ratios of Leucaena leaves at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 16:84 (percentage of dry matter), as reported by Jetana et al. ( 2012b ). 3) In another study, animals were fed four ad libitum diets containing four types of pineapple waste silage. The diets differed in the proportions based on dry matter: 0.8:0.2 (P80), 0.6:0.4 (P60), 0.4:0.6 (P40), and 0.2:0.8 (P20), with PUN concentrations of 67.8, 56.9, 31.2, and 57.6 mg urea-N/dL (range: 31.2–67.8), as studied by Jetana et al. ( 2009 ). Buffaloes receiving 1.2 kg RTPP had lower plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations, at 61.1 mg urea-N/dL, compared to 77.5 mg urea-N/dL in buffaloes receiving 2.2 kg RTPP. This may be due to higher urea-nitrogen utilization for the digestion of dietary fiber (58.7%) in the latter group, while buffaloes fed 1.2 kg RTPP had lower dietary fiber digestibility (53.4% and 53.5% for 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively). Metabolic energy (sucrose) intake from the supplemented diet increased with increasing RTPP amounts: 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, corresponding to 24.0 (110), 28.3 (203), 35.6 (359), and 42.9 (514) kcal/g (g/kg), respectively. Nitrogen intake from the supplemented diet also increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg of RTPP, corresponding to 78.7, 93.2, 117, and 142 kcal/g, respectively (Table 2 ). The supplements had a significant effect on plasma glucose concentrations, and plasma NEFA concentrations showed a linear trend with increasing RTPP intake in buffaloes. As dietary supplementation affected plasma β-HBA concentrations, these concentrations increased. Both linear and quadratic significant effects were observed with respect to the amount of RTPP fed to the buffaloes. The higher plasma β-HBA levels in RTPP-supplemented animals might be due to the higher fermentable carbohydrate content. The increase in fermentable carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose) from the pods of the rain tree results in an increase in butyrate production in the rumen. This butyrate is then primarily converted to β-HBA in the gastric epithelium (Bergman 1990). This study indicated that the balance between energy intake and energy requirement does not result in negative energy balance (NEB) in swamp buffalo ruminants (Mondal et al. 2004). The consumed feed is transported in the form of amino acids to protein, energy, and mineral sources such as muscle, fat, bone tissue, and calcium to support the energy requirements for the growth of swamp buffalo, which has a beneficial effect on their growth, health, and reproductive performance (Mondal et al. 2004; Mulligan et al. 2006 ). However, PUN concentrations were lower in animals fed 1.2 kg RTPP compared to animals fed 2.2 kg RTPP. No significant differences in circulating PUN levels were found when compared to other supplements. Higher circulating blood glucose, NEFA, and β-HBA levels were associated with increased RTPP levels in the supplemented diets, but this resulted in improved feed intake, nitrogen balance, and increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis. However, specific thresholds for NEFA and β-HBA in swamp buffalo have not been established (Fiore et al. 2023 ). Conclusions The experiments demonstrated that increasing the proportion of the RTPP diet resulted in better intakes, nitrogen balance, increased production of rumen microbes, improved sexual performance, and no negative indicators of energy balance. The disadvantages included low dietary fiber intake (from rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide), poor digestibility of dietary fiber, and increased nitrogen loss in feces and urine. Although Leucaena contains toxins, particularly mimosine and DHP, these can be eliminated from the body through mineral chelation, excretion in urine, and conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate. However, its consumption should be limited to avoid potential side effects, such as goiter. Declarations Funding This work was supported by the Thai government through the “Increasing Efficiency of Food and Agricultural Production by Nuclear Technology” project (Project Code EFF 06/58b), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose Author Contributions All authors conceived and designed the research. Material preparation and data collection were carried out by Ratree Jintana and Kitiya Srisakwattana. Experiments and data analysis were performed by Sopita Suttikrai and Thongsuk Jetana. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability Data will be made available on request. Ethical statement The experimental procedures of whole tract digestibility, urine collection and, blood collection was the cared for according to, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition, Committee for the Update of Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Research, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National Academies, The national Academies Press, Washington, D.C., WWW.nap.edu Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Professor Dr. Somchai Chanpongsang from the Department of Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, for providing metabolic cages and facilities for the present study. The authors also acknowledge the funds provided by the Thai government under the Increasing Efficiency of Food and Agricultural Production by Nuclear Technology Project (Project Code EFF 06/58). References Allen MS (1996) Physical constraints on voluntary intake of forage by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science. 74, 3063–3075. 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Digestion of organic matter and nitrogen. Animal Feed Science and Technology , 33, 247–261. Lindsay RH, (1989) Chap. 7 Hydroxy pyridines, Environmental Goitrogenesis CRC Press, Inc. pp 97–131. Lisuzzo A, Laghi L, Fiore F, Harvatine K, Mazzotta E, Faillace V, Spissu N, Zhu C, Moscati L and Fiore E. (2022) Evaluation of the metabolomic profile through 1H-NMR spectroscopy in ewes affected by postpartum hyperketonemia. Scientific Report. (2022) 12:16463. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20371-9 Lowry JB, Tangendjaja B, Cook MW (1985) Measurement of mimosine and its metabolites in biological material. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture . 36, 799–807. Makkar HPS (2000) Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated, Research Project on “Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques to Develop Simple Tannin Assays for Predicting an1d Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Feeding Ruminants on Tanniniferous Tree Foliage” Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Animal Production and Health Sub Programme. FAO /IAEA Working Document IAEA, Vienna, Austria. McAllister TA, Bae HD, Jones GA, Cheng KJ (1994) Microbial attachment and feed digestion in the rumen. Journal of Animal of Science , 72, 3004–3018. Menke HH, Raab L, Salewis A, Steigβ H, Fritz D, Schneidar W (1979) The estimation of the digestion and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) . 93, 217–222. Mertens DR (1977) Dietary fibre components: relationship to the rate and extent of ruminal. Federation Proceeding , 01 Feb., 36,187–192. Mondal M, Prakash BS. (2004) Changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and α-amino nitrogen and their relationship with body weight and plasma growth hormone in growing buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. (2004) 88:223–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2004.00476.x Mulligan FJ, O’Grady L, Rice DA, Doherty ML. (2006) A herd health approach to dairy cow nutrition and production diseases of the transition cow. Animal of Reproduction Science. (2006) 96:331–53. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.011 Newbold CJ, Hassan SM, Wang J. Ortega ME, Wallace RJ (1997) Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. The British Journal of Nutrition , 78, 237–249. Oba M (2011) Review: Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science . 91, 37–46. Penner GB (2015). Optimal use of sugar in diets for dairy cattle, The Proceedings of Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers organized by the Department of Animal Science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University, DATE ISSUED 2015-10-19. http://ansci.cals.cornell.edu/extension-outreach/adult-extension/dairy-management/order-proceedings-resources . Pertchik B, Pertchik H (1951) Flowering trees of the Caribbean. Rinehart, New York., pp.125. Piwonka EJ, Firkins JL (1993)., Effect of glucose on fiber digestion and particle-associated carboxymethlcellulase activity in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science , 76, 129–139. Piwonka EJ, Firkins JL (1996) Effect of fermentation on fiber digestion by ruminal microoganisms in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science , 79, 196–206. Puchala R, Jennifer JD, Sahlu T (1996) Determination of mimosine and 3,4-dihydropyridine in milk and plasma of goats. Journal of Chromatography B , 685, (2) 375–378. Sanson DW, Clanton DC, Rush IG (1990) Intake and digestion of low-quality meadow hay by steers and performance of cows on native range when fed protein supplements containing various levels of corn. Journal of Animal science , 68, 595–603. Taniguchi K, Huntington GB, Glenn BP (1995) Net nutrient Flux by visceral tissues of beef steers given abomasal and ruminal infusions of casein and starch. Journal of Animal Science , V.73, 236–249. The Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) (2004) Version 9.2 SAS Institute Inc., Cary. Tsai WC, Ling KH (1971) Toxic action of mimosine-1. Inhibition of mitosis and DNA synthesis of H. Ep-2 cell by mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine. Toxicon 9, 241–247., doi: 10.1016/0041-0101 (71) 90076–6. Tsai WC, Ling KH (1973) Study of the stability constant of some metal ion chelates of mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei Taiwan), 2, 70–86. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597. Wallace RJ, Arthaud L and Newbold CJ (1994) Influence of Yucca shidigera extract on ruminal ammonia concentrations and ruminal microorganisms. Applied Environmental Microbiology 60, 1762–1767. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9158777","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":613356238,"identity":"7418a087-1bde-4408-bd22-114292d352d0","order_by":0,"name":"Sopita Suttikrai","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIie2RoQ6DMBCGbyFhhqS2U7wChIRMsPAqbZZMkekJBDOgxmwfY2q6hIQZmEaiplHIZS3LJtvJiX6iuTb3Xf+mAAbDn8LlgsABGN4Htl6RzioTCpn3ll6Zr/H4r4pbnKp6TCEObl2DSQouylAzqBSvvRPOG6DXdr/DpAGfcWvpKRWceJzbQMLeCTGxYXERwbAyGJPKUwRjUhGFVoFeKFUuhmOh0ByoVpnf0pWYsjYJ1rTEW1ZboTpYcarHwxTFqGj9fpyizbk4PtTB5KcDfHtEYan7P4rBYDAYFLwAAeNFLz4Uf28AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5343-8753","institution":"Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sopita","middleName":"","lastName":"Suttikrai","suffix":""},{"id":613356239,"identity":"2ab2a6e7-e542-4274-bcdc-e14a769d2e79","order_by":1,"name":"Ratree Jintana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ratree","middleName":"","lastName":"Jintana","suffix":""},{"id":613356240,"identity":"e907fd83-b325-42c0-8e1c-72830e0487a2","order_by":2,"name":"Kitiya Srisakwattana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kitiya","middleName":"","lastName":"Srisakwattana","suffix":""},{"id":613356241,"identity":"3ea70c97-f1bd-4f0a-983c-b5d27b8a2f9f","order_by":3,"name":"Thongsuk Jetana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thongsuk","middleName":"","lastName":"Jetana","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-18 11:26:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105904842,"identity":"24df5b30-e96c-4fb0-9322-f4d8e9b4eeaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 10:10:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1871498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9158777/v1/9addbdcd-192d-41df-b05d-2e28cd7b0cb7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Different Rain Tree Pod Pellet Proportions on a Fixed Amount of Leucaena in Supplements and Ammonium Hydroxide-Treated Rice Straw as a Basal Diet in Male Thai Swamp Buffaloes","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLeucaena leucocephala\u003c/em\u003e is a fast-growing legume tree whose leaves are rich in protein and are commonly used as forage in tropical countries for cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and particularly goats. However, \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e contains toxins, notably mimosine (β-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) α-amino-propionic acid). The toxicity of mimosine for ruminants is primarily due to 3-hydroxy-4-(1H)-pyridine (3,4-DHP), a goitrogen produced by MMS (Jones et al. 1967; Christie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). Mimosine is converted to 3,4-DHP by enzymes present in both \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e and rumen bacteria. The isomerization of 3,4-DHP to 2,3-DHP is expected to occur via isomerase in \u003cem\u003eSynergistes jonesii\u003c/em\u003e (Jones and Hegarty 1986). To ensure the safe intake of Leucaena as a high-quality feed, it is recommended to: 1) limit the amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in the diet to less than 30% (Jones and Hegarty \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), and 2) gradually introduce the feed to the animals to allow them to adapt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, mature pods of the rain tree have been reported as a nutritional supplement for cattle during long transport periods (Pertchik and Pertchik \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e). They are high in protein and sugar, with sucrose being the main sugar source. Feeding animals rain tree pods increases rumen microbial growth; however, results are often poorer in the digestion of dietary fiber compared to other supplements (Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, supplementing animals with an appropriate balance of protein and energy sources can enhance microbial growth and improve digestion, thereby increasing the protein and energy available to the animal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tropical multi-purpose trees, namely \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e and rain tree pod pellets, as sources of protein and energy, as well as agricultural by-products, particularly rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide, as a basal diet in Thai male swamp buffaloes. The experiment aimed to measure total tract digestibility, assess nitrogen balance, examine urinary purine derivatives, and evaluate urinary and plasma mimosine and dihydroxy pyridine (DHP) levels, plasma testosterone levels, and effects on some blood metabolites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of varying ratios of rain tree pods added to chopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves (\u003cem\u003eLeucaena leucocephala\u003c/em\u003e) were studied to form supplements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAnimals, Diets, and Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour male Thai swamp buffaloes, with an average weight of 441\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1 kg (35\u0026ndash;41 months old), were used in the experiment. The experimental design was a double 4 \u0026times; 4 complete Latin square design (4 basal diets and 4 animals). The animals were fed three times per day with AHRS \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e as a basal diet, along with varying proportions of rain tree pod pellets in fixed amounts of chopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves supplements, which were fed twice a day (08:00 h and 16:00 h). The daily supplement amounts, offered on a fresh weight basis per animal, are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Each supplement was formulated to provide the same amount of CFLL (protein and fiber source) but with varying amounts of RTPP (energy source, including non-structural carbohydrates, total sugars, and protein source).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical analysis and ingredients of diets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical analysis (g/DM kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmmoniated rice straw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRTPP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein (N \u0026times; 6.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal nonstructural carbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondensed tannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSucrose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMimosine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME Energy (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e* based on fresh weight 1 kg \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;355 g \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e after incubation at 65 ̊C for 48 h\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe chopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves were collected daily in a single batch sufficient for the entire experiment from the Veterinary Science Students Practice Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nakorn-Pathom Campus (50 km from Bangkok). Rice straw was purchased in a single batch sufficient for the entire experiment from the Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice straw treated with a 1.125% ammonium hydroxide solution was used as the basal diet. The procedure for preparing AHRS is briefly described as follows: 3 kg of rice straw was saturated with 1.5 L of a 2.25% ammonium hydroxide solution (27% NH4OH and 55% NaOH) in double plastic bags (28 \u0026times; 40 inches) and incubated in the sun for 72 hours. After treatment, the rice straw was sun-dried until fully dry (8\u0026ndash;16 hours). The sun-dried rice straw treated with 1.125% NH4OH was then stored in new plastic bags until needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach animal was fed twice daily (on an as-fed basis) with 3 kg of CFLL per feeding, containing varying amounts of RTPP (0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 1.6 kg per feeding) as supplements, and was given ad libitum access to treated rice straw. The experiment consisted of four 21-day periods, each comprising 14 days of dietary adaptation and 7 days of sample collection. On days 1 and 21 of each period, the animals were weighed before the morning feed (06:00 h). On day 12 of each period, the animals were transferred to individual metabolism crates to collect urine and feces from days 15 to 21.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntakes, Total Tract Digestibility, N Balance, and Purine Derivatives Excretion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quantity of feed intake, feces, and urine outputs was recorded daily for 7 days (days 15\u0026ndash;21) for the in vivo digestibility study. Ten percent of the supplements and treated rice straw offered, as well as 10% of the treated rice straw refusals and fecal outputs, were collected and stored at -20\u0026deg;C. There were no refusals of RTPP or CFLL throughout the experiment. At the end of each sampling period, samples from each animal were bulked, oven-dried at 65\u0026deg;C for 72 hours to determine moisture content, then ground through a 1-mm screen for subsequent analyses of dry matter (105\u0026deg;C for 48 hours), organic matter (550\u0026deg;C for 8 hours), nitrogen content, NDF, ADF.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUrine Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal daily urine output was collected in plastic bags containing 250\u0026ndash;300 ml of 7% (v/v) HCl to maintain a final pH below 3. Urine was collected at 24-hour intervals for 7 days (days 15\u0026ndash;21). The volume of the acidified urine was immediately measured, and two sub-samples were taken: (i) 20 ml was diluted 5 times and stored at -20\u0026deg;C for purine derivative determination, and (ii) 50 ml of the original acidified urine was stored at -20\u0026deg;C for total nitrogen determination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBlood Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn day 21 of each experimental period, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours, respectively, after the morning feed. Samples were drawn using a 10 ml disposable syringe (Nipro\u0026reg;) with a needle (Model 18 G \u0026times; 1\u0026frac12;) and transferred into two blood collection tubes containing K2EDTA (18.0 mg; BD Vacutainer\u0026reg;). The tubes were gently inverted several times and immediately centrifuged at 2500 g for 25 minutes. Individual plasma samples were stored in tubes (3-3.5 ml/tube) at -20\u0026deg;C for testosterone analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLaboratory Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dry matter (DM) content of the feed and fecal samples was determined by drying to a constant weight in an oven at 105\u0026deg;C for 48 hours. The ash content in the feed and fecal samples was determined by combustion in a muffle furnace at 550\u0026deg;C for 8 hours. Organic matter was calculated by subtracting the ash content from the DM content. The nitrogen content in the feed and fecal samples was determined using the micro Kjeldahl method (AOAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, method no. 995.04). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were analyzed according to the method described by Van Soest et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; structure A). Metabolizable energy was determined using gas production methods (Menke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). Mimosine, 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine, and 2,3-dihydroxy pyridine in the urine were determined using methods described by Lowry et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e), while those values in blood plasma were determined as described by Puchala et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal Phenolic Compounds, Condensed Tannins, and Total Sugar Determinations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins in \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves and rice straw were assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu 2N (Sigma\u0026reg; Aldrich) and butanol-HCl reagent according to the procedures of Makkar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Total non-structural carbohydrates in the feed were determined according to Nelson\u0026apos;s reducing sugar procedure (Hodge and Hofreiter \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePurine Derivatives and Purine Bases Determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAllantoin and uric acid were determined using the method described by George et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), with oxypyrinol as the internal standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP Determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total mimosine content in fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves was determined using a rapid colorimetric method for mimosine determination (Matsumoto and Sherman 1951). Mimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP in the urine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Lowry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). The mimosine, 3,4-DHP, and 2,3-DHP in blood plasma were also determined by HPLC (Puchala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTestosterone Determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma testosterone concentrations were measured using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure described by Kamonpatana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eBlood Metabolite Determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasures of plasma concentrations for glucose, urea nitrogen, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and \u0026beta;-hydroxybutyrate were conducted using commercially available kits. The specific kits used were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Glucose: Liquicolor, Human GmbH, D-65205 Wiesbaden, Germany\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Urea Nitrogen: Liquid UV Urea, Human GmbH, D-65205 Wiesbaden, Germany\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Non-Esterified Fatty Acids: Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026beta;-Hydroxybutyrate: Randox Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore, Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co. Antrim, UK, BT29 4QY\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe averages of each parameter measured in this study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 2004). Treatment averages and differences between animals were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was analyzed using a 4 \u0026times; 4 Latin square design, accounting for the effects of treatment (fixed), animals (random), and experimental periods (random). Comparisons between treatments were performed through the decomposition of the sum of squares into orthogonal contrasts. This approach facilitated comparisons between the control treatment and treatments involving supplementation, as well as the evaluation of linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of the ratios of RTPP to \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in the supplements. All averages of the measured parameters were analyzed using ANOVA according to the procedures outlined by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The AHRS, used as a basal diet, had a dry matter content of 868 g/kg. On a DM basis, it contained 960 g of organic matter, 856 g of neutral detergent fiber, 556 g of acid detergent fiber, 13.4 g of nitrogen, 13.7 g of total phenolic compounds, 0.4 g of condensed tannins, and 6.27 Mcal of ME.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rain tree pod pellet, used as both of protein and energy (sugar) supplement ingredient, had a DM content of 709 g/kg. On a DM basis, RTPP contained 962 g of OM, 374 g of NDF, 287 g of ADF, 24.2 g of N, 336 g of total non-structural carbohydrates, 9.53 g of total phenolic compounds, 6.03 g of condensed tannins, 17.1 g of total starch, 319 g of total sugar (TS; sucrose 68.5%, glucose 5.5%, xylose 9.0%, galactose 4.2%, fructose 8.9%, and other sugars 4.0%), 148 g of reducing sugar, and 10.3 Mcal of ME.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves used as a protein and fiber supplement ingredient, had a DM content of 323 g/kg. On a DM basis, CFLL contained 956 g of OM, 412 g of NDF, 289 g of ADF, 32.7 g of N, 283 g of total phenolic compounds, 27.5 g of condensed tannins, 32.7 g of total non-structural carbohydrates, 25.8 g of total starch, 6.86 g of total sugar, 7.87 g of reducing sugar, and 10.1 Mcal of ME.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the initial body weights of animals and the amounts of supplements, which consisted of a fixed amount of 6.0 kg of fresh chopped \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves, with varying amounts of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive weight of swamp buffalo and feed supplements (on a fed basis) offered daily and chemical analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic body weight (kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical analysis (g offered/ day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein (N \u0026times; 6.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal nonstructural carbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCondensed tannins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal sugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSucrose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Energy (kcal/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical analysis (g/kg DM)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM (g/kg fed basis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Crude protein (N\u0026times;6.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal nonstructural carbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCondensed tannins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal sugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSucrose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Energy (kcal/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour male Thai swamp buffaloes had the following initial body weights: 441, 451, 453, and 424 kg, respectively, with an average weight of 441\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1 kg (35\u0026ndash;41 months old).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplement formulation 1 consisted of 0.6 kg3 of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 2.363, OM 2.262, NDF 0.958, ADF 0.653, N 0.0787, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.143, phenolic compounds 0.117, condensed tannins 0.0391, total sugar 0.160, reducing sugar 0.0803, sucrose 0.110, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 24 kcal/g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplement formulation 2 consisted of 1.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 2.789, OM 2.6721, NDF 1.117, ADF 0.771, N 0.0932, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.286, phenolic compounds 0.121, condensed tannins 0.0407, total sugar 0.297, reducing sugar 0.143, sucrose 0.203, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 28.3 kcal/g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplement formulation 3 consisted of 2.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of fresh chopped \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 3.497, OM 3.353, NDF 1.382, ADF 0.967, N 0.117, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.527, phenolic compounds 0.128, condensed tannins 0.0435, total sugar 0.524, reducing sugar 0.247, sucrose 0.359, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 35.6 kcal/g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplement formulation 4 consisted of 3.2 kg of RTPP and 6.0 kg of chopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves. The calculated total supplement contents (kilograms/day) were as follows: DM 4.206, OM 4.035, NDF 1.647, ADF 1.162, N 0.142, total non-structural carbohydrates 0.762, phenolic compounds 0.135, condensed tannins 0.0462, total sugars 0.750, reducing sugars 0.351, sucrose 0.514, mimosine 0.172, and metabolic energy 42.9 kcal/g. Also, the detailed calculated values per kilogram DM of the chemical compositions of the four experimental supplements are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntakes and Digestion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, data on nutrient intake, supplements (fixed amounts CFLL and varying amounts RTPP), ammoniated rice straw (AHRS), and digestion are presented. The intake of AHRS-DM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), AHRS-OM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), AHRS-NDF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and AHRS-ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) was higher in animals fed a diet containing 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP. Additionally, the pattern of AHRS intake for DM, OM, NDF, and ADF decreased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and tended to decrease quadratically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.06) with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoluntary nutrients intakes and total intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent matter (ADF) in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"16\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive body weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic body weight (kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"15\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e and RTPP intakes (g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.95\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"15\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmmoniated rice straw intakes (g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"15\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage digestion of\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"16\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"16\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"16\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"16\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"16\"\u003edifferent,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal intakes of DM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0033) and OM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0032) were significantly higher in animals fed diets with increased proportions of RTPP (3.2 kg/day), compared to those fed diets with 0.6 kg, 1.2 kg, and 2.2 kg RTPP. On the other hand, total intakes of NDF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0043) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0071) significantly decreased as the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased from 1.2 to 3.2 kg/day, compared to the control diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal intakes of DM (82.1\u0026ndash;83.9 g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003ed\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and OM (79.1\u0026ndash;80.5 g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003ed\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were not significantly affected (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) by increasing RTPP proportions (0.6\u0026ndash;2.2 kg/day). However, total intakes of NDF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) decreased linearly as the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased. Furthermore, total intakes of DM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.03) and OM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.03) increased quadratically with increasing RTPP proportions, while total intakes of NDF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.009) decreased quadratically with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total tract digestibility of DM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and OM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) did not differ significantly among the four dietary treatments, while the total tract digestibility of DM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.08) tended to increase linearly. However, total tract NDF digestibility values (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0212) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0239) were significantly higher in animals fed diets containing increasing proportions of RTPP (0.6 to 1.2 kg/day), compared to those fed diets containing 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg of RTPP. Overall, NDF digestibility values (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) decreased linearly with the proportion of RTPP in the diet increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNitrogen Balances and Urinary Purine Derivatives and the Ratios of PDs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nitrogen balance, digestibility of N, purine derivative excretion in the urine, and the ratios of purine derivatives are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nitrogen balance and N digestibility, purine derivatives excretion in urine in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen balance (mg/ kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003eday\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP-N intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e-N intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmmoniated rice straw-N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e791\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e714\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e615\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e601\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal N intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,576\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,589\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,678\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,888\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN in urine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e408\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN in the feces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e833\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN balance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN-digestibility (g/kg day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e564\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e565\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurine derivatives excreted in the urine (mmol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e /day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllantoin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.457\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.411\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.634\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.869\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUric acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.165\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.035\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.311\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.524\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePD/DOMI (mmol/kgDOMI d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intake of AHRS-N (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) was significantly higher in animals fed a diet containing 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP/day. However, the intake of AHRS-N decreased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP/day). Total intake of N was significantly lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) in animals fed a diet with 0.6 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP/day. Total intake of N increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine N in animals fed RTPP at 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day was significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0148) than in those fed RTPP at 0.6 kg/day, while urine N did not differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in animals fed RTPP at 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day. Urine N increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.02) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day). Fecal N in animals fed a diet 3.2 kg RTPP/day was significantly higher than in those fed a diet 0.6 kg RTPP/day, but fecal N did not differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among animals fed RTPP at 1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day. Fecal N significant increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day). Nitrogen balance in animals fed a diet 3.2 RTPP kg/day was significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0189) than in those fed RTPP at 0.6\u0026ndash;2.2 kg/day. However, N digestibility did not differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among animals fed all proportions of RTPP (0.6\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary allantoin was significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) in animals fed a diet with 3.2 kg RTPP, compared to those fed a diet containing 0.6\u0026ndash;2.2 RTPP kg/day. Urinary allantoin (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) increased linearly in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP (2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day). Urinary uric acid levels were significantly lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.004) in animals fed a diet with 1.2 kg RTPP kg/day compared to those fed diets with 0.6 kg, 2.2 kg, or 3.2 kg RTPP/day. Urinary uric acid levels (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.038) increased cubically in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP in supplemental diets (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day). Urinary purine derivatives were significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in animals fed a diet with 3.2 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed a diet with 1.2 kg RTPP/day; however, purine derivative levels in urine did not differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among animals fed a diet with RTPP; 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kgs/day. The urinary purine derivatives (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0002) increased linearly in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP from 0.6\u0026ndash;1.2 kgs/day. The ratio of purine derivatives (mmol) to DOMI (kg/ BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e) was significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.004) in animals fed a diet with 3.2 kg RTPP/day, compared to those fed a diet with 0.6 kg RTPP/day; however, the ratio of purine derivatives to DOMI did not differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among animals fed proportions of diets from 0.6\u0026ndash;3.2 RTPP kg/day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMimosine and Derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) in Urine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine (MMS) intake, as well as mimosine and its derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) excretion in urine, are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntakes of mimosine (MMS), MMS and derivatives in urine and in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntakes mimosine (g/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine (g/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine (mmol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn urine (\u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,4-DHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,3-DHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal DHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimosine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%Recover MMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DHP in Urine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantity of mimosine in urine was lower in buffaloes fed 2.2 kg RTPP in the supplemental diet (6.99 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003ed\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) compared to those fed 1.2 kg RTPP (47.6 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). The quantities of mimosine in urine (23.4, 47.6, and 20.2 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) from animals fed 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively, in supplemental diets were similar. There were no significant differences in the quantity of mimosine (23.4, 6.99, and 20.2 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) in urine among animals fed 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively. The quantities of mimosine in urine decreased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.024) and cubically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) in animals fed diets with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantity of 3,4-DHP in the urine of buffaloes fed 2.2 kg RTPP (262 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.028) than in those fed 0.6 kg RTPP and 1.2 kg RTPP (164 and 189 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively). However, the quantity of 3,4-DHP in urine was similar for buffaloes fed 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP (262 and 254 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively). There were no significant differences in the quantity of 3,4-DHP between animals fed 1.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP (189 and 254 \u0026micro;mol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively). The quantities of 3,4-DHP in urine increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.004) and cubically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.018) with increasing proportions of RTPP (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day). The quantity of 2,3-DHP in urine did not show significant differences across the four dietary treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were no significant differences in the total amount of DHP in urine across the four dietary treatments. The total amount of DHP in urine increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.004), and the sum of MMS and DHP in urine increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006) as the proportions of RTPP in the supplemental diets increased (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively). The average ratio of MMS:3,4-DHP:2,3-DHP in urine across all treatments was 3.28:28.0:68.7. Although there were no significant differences in the recovery percentages of urinary MMS and DHP across all treatments, these percentages increased linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.049) as the proportion of RTPP in the supplemental diet increased. The recovery percentages were 7.69%, 8.65%, 9.35%, and 9.00%, respectively (average 8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25%; range 2.0-14.1%) of the intake of MMS (9.83, 8.74, 8.83, and 9.16 mmol/kg BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively) in buffaloes fed a fixed amount of 6.0 CFLL with various proportions of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively) in their supplemental diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMimosine and Derivatives (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) in Plasma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of mimosine (MMS) and DHP in plasma are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. There were no significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the concentrations of mimosine, 3,4-DHP, 2,3-DHP, total DHP, and mimosine and DHP in plasma among animals fed AHRS and supplemented with different RTPP ratios in their diets at various collection times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mimosine and DHP concentrations in blood plasma after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn plasma (\u0026micro;mol/L/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Time (0,3,6,9 h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHP34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHP23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTDHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DHP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q: Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average ratio of MMS in plasma across all collection times was 2.51, 0.81, 1.60, and 0.76 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 1.42. The average ratio of 3,4-DHP in plasma across all collection times was 90.7, 84.0, 94.6, and 95.2 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 91.1. The average ratio of 2,3-DHP in plasma across all collection times was 6.75, 15.2, 3.76, and 4.15 for buffaloes fed 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP in supplemental diets, respectively, with an overall average of 7.47. Thus, the average ratios of MMS:3,4-DHP:2,3-DHP in plasma for all treatment diets were 1.42:91.1:7.47, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTestosterone in Plasma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the plasma testosterone concentrations after morning feeding at different times. Buffaloes fed the RTPP diet (1.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg/day) tended to have higher testosterone concentrations (0.231, 0.212, and 0.337 ng/ml) at 0 hours compared to those fed the 0.6 kg RTPP diet (0.135 ng/ml), although this difference was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.085). However, plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in animals fed the RTPP diet (3.2 kg/day) compared to those fed the RTPP diet (0.6 kg/day). The plasma testosterone concentrations tended to be linearly increased (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.079) at 0 hours after morning feeding with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet. However, there were no significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the plasma testosterone concentrations at 3, 6, and 9 hours, nor in the mean concentrations, as the proportion of RTPP in the diets increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe testosterone concentrations in plasma (ng/L day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.337\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q : Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBlood Metabolites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the concentrations of metabolites in blood. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in animals supplemented with 2.2 kg RTPP (77.5mgN/ml) compared to those supplemented with 1.2 kg RTPP (61.1 mgN/ml). There were no differences in PUN concentrations among animals supplemented with 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP (70.4, 77.5 and 70.9 mgN/ml, respectively), nor among those supplemented with 0.6, 1.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP (70.4, 61.1 and 70.9 mgN/ml, respectively). Concentrations in plasma of glucose increased significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.003) and β-HBA increased significantly, both linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and quadratically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.004), as RTPP in buffaloes increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg. Meanwhile, NEFA concentrations (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.075) tended to be increase linearly when RTPP in the supplemented diets increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg, although these values did not differ among the various diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe metabolites concentrations in blood plasma after morning feed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h in swamp buffaloes fed different rain tree pod pellet (RTPP) proportions on a fixed amount of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn plasma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage all time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.D.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrea-N (mg N/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose (mg N/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEFA \u003csup\u003e(\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-HBA \u003csup\u003e(\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026micro;mol/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ens\u003c/em\u003e : not significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eS.E.D. : Standard error of difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eL : Linear regression, Q : Quadratical regression and C : Cubic regression\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e : Values within the same row with the different superscripts are significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) different\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, buffaloes were fed four types of diets: varying amounts of rain tree pod pellets and a fixed amount of fresh chopped \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves as supplements. Rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide was used as the basal diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntakes and Digestion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intakes of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber from AHRS decreased significantly, both linearly and quadratically, as the proportion of RTPP in the supplemental diets increased. This decrease in AHRS intake was likely offset by the increased intake of RTPP. Increasing fiber in the RTPP diet may ferment slowly in the rumen, potentially limiting voluntary intake due to the physical filling of the rumen (Allen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, total DM and OM intake increased highest in the proportion of dietary RTPP was only 3.2 kg, however, total DM and OM intake increased linearly with the increasing proportion of dietary RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg of RTPP. respectively). It has been shown that DM intake increases with higher dietary sugar content consistent with findings by Oba (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and Penner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Since RTPP contains more sugar than fiber, total NDF and ADF intake decreased linearly with the increasing proportion of dietary RTPP. Animals fed 0.6 kg of RTPP had higher combined NDF and ADF intake compared to those fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg of RTPP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing the proportion of RTPP supplementation did not significantly affect the digestibility of DM (57.8\u0026ndash;58.9%) and OM (64.4\u0026ndash;63.3%) across the dietary treatments. However, digestibility of DM only tended to be linearly increased when proportion of RTPP increased from 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total tract digestibility of NDF and ADF was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 0.6\u0026ndash;1.2 kg RTPP as a supplement compared to those fed 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP. Buffaloes fed 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP were assessed to determine whether dietary fiber digestibility was affected. Consistent with previous studies, dietary fiber (NDF) digestibility in animals fed RTPP as a supplement was consistently lower than in those fed other supplements (Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). However, the 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP diet may include rumen-fermentable sugars that influence the microbial community and volatile fatty acid profile. Increased levels of propionic acid, lactic acid, and non-cellulolytic bacteria have been observed in the gut microbiota (McAllister et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Huhtanen and Khalili \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). The negative effect of sugar on NDF digestion may not be due to low rumen pH. A study by Piwonka and Firkins (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) found that the addition of sugar to in vitro diets impaired NDF digestion, even when the medium pH remained above 6.2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, Piwonka and Firkins (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the end products of sugar fermentation are more protein inhibitors than fermentative acids, which may result in reduced NDF digestion in vitro. Heldt (1999) reported that animals fed a 0.3% BW/day sugar supplement exhibited increased NDF digestion compared to animals fed a high grass-rich diet as a control. In the present study, animals were fed sugar supplements of 0.04%, 0.07%, 0.12%, and 0.18% BW/day, respectively, from RTPP amounts of 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg. These levels were lower than the recommended sugar consumption of 0.3% BW/day. Another possible factor affecting NDF digestion is that when animals are fed a sugar supplement, total NDF digestion in the total tract is reduced because more NDF is removed from the stomach and the entire tract. This reduction is associated with a slower rate of dietary fiber digestion and a longer lag time (Khalili and Huhtanen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). The longer lag time may be explained by the fermentation of soluble carbohydrates (sugars) before the dietary fiber is broken down by the rumen microflora (Mertens \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNitrogen balance, urinary purine excretion, and PD: DOMI ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nitrogen content of the supplements, including urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen from the animals, increased linearly with RTPP supplementation, while AHRS-N consumption decreased. Fecal nitrogen loss was greater than urinary nitrogen loss for the 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP diets compared to the 0.6 kg RTPP diet. This suggests that the increase in fecal nitrogen may primarily be due to dietary sugars, which could result from increased microbial protein excretion and rapid sugar escape from the rumen, leading to fermentation in the lower gastrointestinal tract (Taniguchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the highest nitrogen balance was observed in the buffaloes fed a 3.2 kg RTPP supplement, compared to those receiving other proportions of RTPP. This indicates that a CFLL ratio of 6.0 kg to 3.2 kg RTPP provided the best nitrogen balance among the supplements tested. Additionally, nitrogen losses were significantly higher with the 3.2 kg RTPP diet compared to the 0.6, 1.2, and 2.2 kg RTPP diets, which is consistent with previous studies. While RTPP supplementation improved nitrogen balance and ruminal microbial protein synthesis, fecal and urinary nitrogen were generally higher than those observed with other high-protein leaf supplements used in the tropics for Brahman cattle, swamp buffalo, and goats (Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The study by Oba (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) concluded that supplementation with sugar may not enhance nitrogen utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllantoin and purine derivatives in urinary diets were positively associated with the proportion of RTPP in the buffalo supplements. The PDs: DOMI ratio was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 3.2 kg RTPP compared to those fed 0.6 kg RTPP, with no significant differences between animals fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (PDs/kg DOMI) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP than in those fed 0.6 kg RTPP, which was consistent with the overall nitrogen balance. The buffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP had better nitrogen balance compared to those fed 0.6 kg RTPP. The efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were positively associated with the level of nitrogen consumption, particularly for peptides, amino acids, and ammonia-N, whether from the basal diet or supplements (Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConcentrations of Mimosine and DHP in Urine and Plasma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentage recovery of urinary MMS and DHP showed a significant linear relationship with the increasing proportion of RTPP in the supplement. The urinary recoveries of mimosine and its derivatives (3,4-DHP, 2,3-DHP) were 7.69%, 8.65%, 9.35%, and 9.00% (mean 8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25%; range 2.0-14.1%) of the MMS amount ingested by the animals. The MMS consumption was 9.83, 8.74, 8.83, and 9.16 mmol/kg body weight for the same 6 kg CFLL diets containing four levels of RTPP (0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg), respectively. Thus, approximately 90.2\u0026ndash;91.3% (mean 90.7% \u0026plusmn; 0.0619) of the MMS consumed could be detoxified via different processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost all MMS is metabolized to 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP in the rumen. These antithyroid agents are absorbed into the bloodstream, with some are chelated minerals in the stomach before being excreted in the feces. The gut microflora metabolizes almost all MMS to 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP (Lindsay \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). These potent antithyroid agents can chelate to minerals in the stomach before being excreted in the feces (Gaitan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The remaining 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP are mostly conjugate with glucuronide or sulfate, are found in the blood, and are primarily excreted in the urine (Halliday \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gaitan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Hegarty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Christie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e), and may also be present in milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the total urinary DHP and MMS and DHP contents increased significantly in a linear pattern. However, the animals received a constant amount of 6 kg of Leucaena across all diets, while the RTPP supplementation increased to 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively. This study demonstrated that the increased dietary sugar levels affected the urinary excretion of MMS and DHP, even when the same amount of Leucaena was consumed. This finding contrasts with Jetana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that animals fed a diet mixed with different amounts of Ruzi grass, incorporating different proportions of Leucaena leaves (as dry matter percentages of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 16:84), showed a significant linear relationship between urinary 3,4-DHP and MMS and DHP and the dietary CFLL levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e detoxification process can be explained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChelation\u003c/b\u003e: Minerals such as Fe, Cu, and Zn from the feed (Tsai and Ling \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) or minerals derived from enzymes (Tsai and Ling \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e) may form complexes before being excreted in the feces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExcretion\u003c/b\u003e: The original forms of MMS and its derivatives, 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP, are excreted in urine or may be secreted in milk (Ghosh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Jetana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConjugation\u003c/b\u003e: Most of the 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP, conjugated with glucuronides or sulfates, are found in the blood and are predominantly excreted in the urine. These conjugates appear to be resistant to bacterial degradation (Lindsay et al. 1974). However, the goitrogenic activity of these conjugates is similar to that of the free compounds at the same molar concentration (Hegarty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Halliday et al. 2018). Consequently, DHP conjugated with glucuronides or sulfates must be eliminated from the body through urine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlasma Testosterone Concentrations After Morning Feeding at Different Times\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma testosterone concentrations did not differ significantly at any time point of sample collection. However, plasma testosterone levels were 0.177, 0.201, 0.163, and 0.220 ng/mL (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 ng/mL) in buffaloes fed RTPP at 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, respectively. These values were higher than those observed (unpublished data) in buffaloes fed various types of treated rice straw (RS): untreated RS, AHRS, RS treated with organic acid solution (OGNS-RS), and RS treated with both AHRS and OGNS (OGNS-AHRS), with a basal diet supplemented with 6 kg of RTPP. Plasma testosterone levels for these RS treatments were 0.078, 0.068, 0.067, and 0.094 ng/mL, respectively (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.077\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009) ng/mL). The testosterone concentrations observed in this study were lower than those reported for Murrah buffaloes, which were approximately 0.250 ng/mL (Gulia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) at a similar age range. Furthermore, plasma testosterone levels are positively correlated with nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient utilization efficiency (Gortsema et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e), and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTPP consists of rapidly fermentable sugars and proteins in the rumen. The CFLL is also high in protein and fiber but contains mimosine, an antithyroid agent. The inclusion of RTPP and CFLL in a supplement, along with AHRS as a basal diet, is designed to increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen for both cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria. Numerous studies have consistently shown that microbial protein production is improved through the fermentation of sugars, true proteins, peptides, and ammonia-N in the rumen (Hall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Broderick et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Sannes et al. 2002). Hristov et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) also showed that rumen microbes prefer peptides and amino acids over ammonia-N when glucose is added to the diet. Additional research supports the role of saponins in RTPP as agents to eliminate protozoa in the rumen because saponins from various sources are toxic to protozoa and have been identified as potential agents in the rumen (Wallace et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Newbold et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, saponins increase microbial protein synthesis (Newbold et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) and improve testosterone levels. This, in turn, helps to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization and sexual performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponins, have shown the potential to reduce ammonia emissions of animals by inhibiting urease activity that converts urea in ammonia and carbon dioxide (Jayanegara et al. 2020 and Nugrahaeningtyas et al. 2022), methane inhibition and increased microbial protein synthesis (Patra and Saxena. 2009 and Romos-Morales et al. 2017). In addition, various saponins are toxic to ruminal protozoa and have identified as potential agents, resulting saponins enhanced microbial protein synthesis to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization and sexual performance (Wallace et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Newbold et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects on Blood Metabolites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PUN concentrations were 70.4, 61.1, 77.5, and 70.9 (mg N/L), respectively, in buffaloes fed various supplements at 0.6, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. These concentrations were similar to those found in several studies, such as: 1) buffaloes fed four types of rice straw: (i) untreated rice straw, (ii) AHRS, (iii) rice straw treated with an organic acid solution, and (iv) AHRS-treated rice straw with an organic acid solution (OGNS-AHRS). These buffaloes, along with a constant amount of 3.2 kg RTPP, had PUN concentrations of 67.2, 57.9, 62.8, and 73.3 mg urea-N/dL (range: 57.9\u0026ndash;73.3), as studied by Jetana et al. (unpublished). 2) Buffaloes fed different proportions of Ruzi grass showed PUN concentrations of 67.6, 52.7, 72.7, 66.7, and 36.4 mg urea-N/dL (range: 36.4\u0026ndash;72.7) when Ruzi grass leaves were added in ratios of Leucaena leaves at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 16:84 (percentage of dry matter), as reported by Jetana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e). 3) In another study, animals were fed four ad libitum diets containing four types of pineapple waste silage. The diets differed in the proportions based on dry matter: 0.8:0.2 (P80), 0.6:0.4 (P60), 0.4:0.6 (P40), and 0.2:0.8 (P20), with PUN concentrations of 67.8, 56.9, 31.2, and 57.6 mg urea-N/dL (range: 31.2\u0026ndash;67.8), as studied by Jetana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuffaloes receiving 1.2 kg RTPP had lower plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations, at 61.1 mg urea-N/dL, compared to 77.5 mg urea-N/dL in buffaloes receiving 2.2 kg RTPP. This may be due to higher urea-nitrogen utilization for the digestion of dietary fiber (58.7%) in the latter group, while buffaloes fed 1.2 kg RTPP had lower dietary fiber digestibility (53.4% and 53.5% for 2.2 kg and 3.2 kg RTPP, respectively). Metabolic energy (sucrose) intake from the supplemented diet increased with increasing RTPP amounts: 0.6, 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg, corresponding to 24.0 (110), 28.3 (203), 35.6 (359), and 42.9 (514) kcal/g (g/kg), respectively. Nitrogen intake from the supplemented diet also increased from 0.6 to 3.2 kg of RTPP, corresponding to 78.7, 93.2, 117, and 142 kcal/g, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The supplements had a significant effect on plasma glucose concentrations, and plasma NEFA concentrations showed a linear trend with increasing RTPP intake in buffaloes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs dietary supplementation affected plasma β-HBA concentrations, these concentrations increased. Both linear and quadratic significant effects were observed with respect to the amount of RTPP fed to the buffaloes. The higher plasma β-HBA levels in RTPP-supplemented animals might be due to the higher fermentable carbohydrate content. The increase in fermentable carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose) from the pods of the rain tree results in an increase in butyrate production in the rumen. This butyrate is then primarily converted to β-HBA in the gastric epithelium (Bergman 1990).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study indicated that the balance between energy intake and energy requirement does not result in negative energy balance (NEB) in swamp buffalo ruminants (Mondal et al. 2004). The consumed feed is transported in the form of amino acids to protein, energy, and mineral sources such as muscle, fat, bone tissue, and calcium to support the energy requirements for the growth of swamp buffalo, which has a beneficial effect on their growth, health, and reproductive performance (Mondal et al. 2004; Mulligan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). However, PUN concentrations were lower in animals fed 1.2 kg RTPP compared to animals fed 2.2 kg RTPP. No significant differences in circulating PUN levels were found when compared to other supplements. Higher circulating blood glucose, NEFA, and β-HBA levels were associated with increased RTPP levels in the supplemented diets, but this resulted in improved feed intake, nitrogen balance, and increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis. However, specific thresholds for NEFA and β-HBA in swamp buffalo have not been established (Fiore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiments demonstrated that increasing the proportion of the RTPP diet resulted in better intakes, nitrogen balance, increased production of rumen microbes, improved sexual performance, and no negative indicators of energy balance. The disadvantages included low dietary fiber intake (from rice straw treated with ammonium hydroxide), poor digestibility of dietary fiber, and increased nitrogen loss in feces and urine. Although \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e contains toxins, particularly mimosine and DHP, these can be eliminated from the body through mineral chelation, excretion in urine, and conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate. However, its consumption should be limited to avoid potential side effects, such as goiter.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Thai government through the “Increasing Efficiency of Food and Agricultural Production by Nuclear Technology” project (Project Code EFF 06/58b), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors conceived and designed the research. Material preparation and data collection were carried out by Ratree Jintana and Kitiya Srisakwattana. Experiments and data analysis were performed by Sopita Suttikrai and Thongsuk Jetana. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental procedures of whole tract digestibility, urine collection and, blood collection was the cared for according to, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition, Committee for the Update of Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Research, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National Academies, The national Academies Press, Washington, D.C., WWW.nap.edu\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank Professor Dr. Somchai Chanpongsang from the Department of Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, for providing metabolic cages and facilities for the present study. The authors also acknowledge the funds provided by the Thai government under the Increasing Efficiency of Food and Agricultural Production by Nuclear Technology Project (Project Code EFF 06/58).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen MS (1996) Physical constraints on voluntary intake of forage by ruminants. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Animal Science.\u003c/em\u003e 74, 3063\u0026ndash;3075.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, Association Official Agriculture Chemists. 17th ed. AOAC, Washington, D. C.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBroderick GA, Luchini ND, Reynolds SM, Varga GA, Ishler VA (2008) Effect on production of replacing dietary starch with sucrose in lactating dairy cows. 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Ep-2 cell by mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine. \u003cem\u003eToxicon\u003c/em\u003e 9, 241\u0026ndash;247., doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/0041-0101\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/0041-0101\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e(71) 90076\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsai WC, Ling KH (1973) Study of the stability constant of some metal ion chelates of mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Chinese Chemical Society\u003c/em\u003e (Taipei Taiwan), 2, 70\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Dairy Science\u003c/em\u003e 74, 3583\u0026ndash;3597.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWallace RJ, Arthaud L and Newbold CJ (1994) Influence of \u003cem\u003eYucca shidigera\u003c/em\u003e extract on ruminal ammonia concentrations and ruminal microorganisms. \u003cem\u003eApplied Environmental Microbiology\u003c/em\u003e 60, 1762\u0026ndash;1767.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ammonium hydroxide, Blood metabolites, Leucaena, Rain tree pod, Rice straw, Swamp buffaloes, Testosterone","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to measure total tract digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, urinary purine derivative excretion, and levels of mimosine (MMS) and dihydroxy pyridine (DHP) in urine and plasma. Also assessed testosterone levels and blood metabolites in the plasma of Thai male swamp buffaloes fed different levels of rain tree pod pellets (RTPP), alongside a fixed amount of chopped fresh \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e leaves (CFLL) in supplements and ammonium hydroxide-treated rice straw (AHRS) as a basal diet. The results showed that total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes were highest when animals were supplemented with 3.2 kg RTPP, compared to 0.6, 1.2, and 2.2 kg RTPP. Total neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes decreased linearly with increasing RTPP proportions in the diet. Animals fed 0.6 kg RTPP had higher total intakes of NDF and ADF compared to those fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP. The total tract digestibility of NDF and ADF in buffaloes fed 0.6\u0026ndash;1.2 kg RTPP was significantly higher than in those fed 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP per day. Dietary fiber digestion was affected in buffaloes fed 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 kg RTPP per day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuffaloes fed 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP had better nitrogen balance than those fed 0.6 kg RTPP. The efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were positively related to nitrogen consumption. However, nitrogen losses in urine and feces were greater in the 1.2, 2.2, and 3.2 kg RTPP groups than in the 0.6 kg RTPP group. Approximately 90.2\u0026ndash;91.3% (average 90.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.069%) of MMS intake may be detoxified through various processes, which can be explained as follows: (1) chelation, (2) excretion, and (3) conjugation. Testosterone concentrations observed were lower (range: 0.163\u0026ndash;0.220 ng/mL, mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002 ng/mL) than those reported in other studies. Elevated circulating blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) levels were associated with increased RTPP levels in the diet, as well as increased nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion the right proportion of \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e and RTPP provides maximum benefits, such as improved feed intake, digestion, nitrogen balance, microbial production in the rumen, sexual performance, and the absence of negative energy balance indicators. However, \u003cem\u003eLeucaena\u003c/em\u003e consumption should be limited to avoid side effects, including the risk of goiter.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Different Rain Tree Pod Pellet Proportions on a Fixed Amount of Leucaena in Supplements and Ammonium Hydroxide-Treated Rice Straw as a Basal Diet in Male Thai Swamp Buffaloes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-31 18:25:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9158777/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d98296ce-25bb-47e1-9548-2437de8ba19e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 31st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-31T18:25:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-31 18:25:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9158777","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9158777","identity":"rs-9158777","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}