Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone

Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone Ravindar Kontham, Shubhranshu Sahoo, Priyanka Kataria, Sudhir Ingale This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The efficient synthesis of multisubstituted furans, particularly those incorporating further functionalizable groups remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. These difficulties largely arise from reliance on prefunctionalized substrates, multistep reaction sequences, harsh conditions, and costly catalytic systems. In this work, we report a rapid, efficient, and operationally simple cascade [3 + 2]-annulation strategy that addresses these limitations while delivering excellent step and atom economy. The method exploits readily available and inexpensive active methylene compounds (including β -ketoesters, β -diketones, and related derivatives) as C–C–O 1,3-bis-nucleophiles, in combination with 3-oxetanone as a C–C 1,2-bis-electrophile, under catalysis by sustainable and low-cost Fe-salts. This robust protocol enables the construction of a diverse array of furan architectures, encompassing disubstituted, trisubstituted, and fused systems bearing alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents, as well as functional groups derived from nitriles, sulfones, phosphonates, and amides. The synthetic utility of the approach is further demonstrated by its gram-scale applicability and by the total synthesis of biologically relevant methylenomycin furans (MMFs), methylfuroic acid, along with formal syntheses of evodone, tubipofuran, menthofuran, maturone, isomaturone, and rabdoketones. Moreover, the method proves highly effective for late-stage diversification, as illustrated by the functionalization of bioactive natural products, including β -ionone, tonalide, progesterone, and pregnenolone. Collectively, this strategy provides a practical, versatile, and sustainable platform for the streamlined synthesis and diversification of multisubstituted furans. Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Chemistry/Organic chemistry Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Furans constitute one of the most versatile and indispensable families of five-membered aromatic heterocycles, ubiquitously embedded in a vast array of biologically active natural products, 1-6 life-saving pharmaceuticals, 7-10 agrochemicals, 11-13 value-added chemicals, 14-15 and functional organic materials (Fig. 1A). 16-19 Beyond their prevalence in applied domains, furans serve as pivotal building blocks and intermediates in organic synthesis, enabling the efficient assembly of complex molecular architectures. 20-26 Consequently, the pursuit of devising efficient synthetic strategies for highly substituted furans from readily available starting materials under facile reaction conditions is highly demanding and has remained a central theme in synthetic organic chemistry for well over a century (Fig. 1). Among the earliest and most enduring methodologies, the Paal–Knorr synthesis, 27-28 based on Brønsted or Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative cyclization of 1,4-dicarbonyls, has long been regarded as a reliable route to furans. However, its dependence on preassembled, synthetically demanding substrates has spurred the development of more accessible alternatives. Recent advances employing intermolecular cyclizations with readily available precursors have successfully mitigated these limitations. The Feist–Bénary synthesis, 29-30 represents one of the first intermolecular annulation protocols, coupling β -dicarbonyl compounds with α -haloketones, where the former function as C-C-O-1,3-bisnucleophiles and the latter as C-C, 1,2-biselectrophiles. Although historically significant, this approach is constrained by the requirement for oxidized and halogenated substrates, stoichiometric base usage, and limited selectivity. 31 Nevertheless, this pioneering strategy laid the foundation for an expansive repertoire of methodologies that now enable the construction of polysubstituted furans, including transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free approaches leveraging 1,3-dicarbonyls in reactions with alkenes, alkynes, alkynyl halides, enamines, vinyl ethers, and carbonyl derivatives. 32 However, these protocols often necessitate intricately designed substrates and involve multiple steps, noble-metal catalysts, stoichiometric additives, and harsh reaction conditions (Fig. 1B). In the last twenty years, oxetanes have become valuable motifs in medicinal chemistry, acting as carbonyl isosteres and providing drug candidates with distinctive physicochemical properties. 33-37 The commercial accessibility of 3-oxetanone (~$55/mol) and the high ring strain of oxetanes (106 kJ mol⁻¹) impart exceptional reactivity under Lewis or Brønsted acid catalysis, making them versatile and valuable building blocks in synthetic chemistry. This transformative reactivity has been extensively explored by pioneering groups, including Carreira, 38-41 Müller, 42 Jacobsen, 43-45 Njardarson, 46 Rogers-Evans, Gagosz, 47 Bull, 48-50 and Sun. 51-54 However, primarily these strategies remain susceptible to ring opening by internal nucleophiles (i.e., intramolecular processes), particularly under acidic conditions, with a thermodynamically favored pathway that necessitates pre-functionalized oxetane-tethered intermediates. Carreira’s elegant one-pot, three-step intermolecular strategy represents a major advance, providing an efficient route to isoxazoles directly from nitroalkanes and 3-oxetanone. This method beautifully showcases the reactivity and synthetic promise of oxetanes (Fig. 1B). 39 In 2017, Vanderwal and co-workers 55 reported a seminal strategy for synthesizing 2,4-disubstituted furans from hydroxy oxetane-bearing enones, prepared from 3-oxetanone via Wittig olefination. In this transformation, the oxetane serves as a redox equivalent of a 1,4-dicarbonyl (Paal–Knorr substrate), with BF 3 ·Et 2 O as the promoter. They also demonstrated that aldol adducts of 3-oxetanones (obtained using stoichiometric Li-enolates and 3-oxetanone) could be converted to furans under strongly acidic conditions (10 equiv. CF 3 CO 2 H), albeit with a limited substrate scope (three examples). In addition, a single example of intermolecular annulation between active benzoylacetonitrile and 3-oxetanone was reported under forcing conditions ( β -alanine, AcOH as solvent, toluene, 110 °C, 24 h), affording the furan in only 21% yield. Subsequent refinements to Vanderwal’s two-step approach 55 were introduced by Ni, 56 who employed Brønsted acid ionic liquids (BAILs), and by our group, 57-58 which utilized Bi(OTf) 3 catalysis to enable the total synthesis of natural products such as shikonofurans, methylfuroic acid, rabdoketones A and B, paleofurans A and B, and tournefolin C. Despite these advances, reliance on preassembled starting materials or intermediates, whether via stoichiometric Li-enolates for aldol adducts or atom-inefficient Wittig olefinations for oxetane-enones remains a significant drawback (Fig. 1C). Inspired by the distinctive structural features and bis-electrophilic reactivity of 3-oxetanones and driven by the goal of developing environmentally sustainable and atom-economical intermolecular cascade annulation strategies, we sought to overcome the longstanding challenges associated with furan synthesis. The tautomerization of α -acyl-substituted active methylene compounds into their corresponding enol forms, which serve as potential carbon nucleophiles, can be efficiently promoted by Brønsted acids through protonation of the carbonyl group, 59 or by Lewis acids that enhance carbonyl bond polarization. 60 In parallel, 3-oxetanones can be activated under Brønsted and/or Lewis acid catalytic conditions via chelation involving the ring and/or carbonyl oxygen atoms. 38-54 However, despite these activation strategies, achieving a selective catalytic intermolecular annulation between active methylene compounds and 3-oxetanones remains highly challenging, primarily due to undesired competitive pathways and substrate incompatibilities that often emerge under dual activation conditions (Fig. 1). Herein, we postulated that an appropriately optimized catalytic system could enable the productive coupling of active methylene compounds with 3-oxetanones through dual activation (Fig. 1D). This strategy was envisioned to promote a cascade dehydrative [3+2]-annulation, efficiently affording multisubstituted furans bearing synthetically versatile functional handles, a hydroxymethyl group and a secondary substituent such as an ester, ketone, nitrile, sulfone, phosphonate or amide. Furthermore, subsequent C5 functionalization of these products provides straightforward access to fully substituted furans, thereby significantly enhancing the synthetic scope and versatility of the transformation. Collectively, this intermolecular annulation strategy offers a modular and atom-economical approach for constructing diverse furan frameworks from readily available substrates, eliminating the need for preassembled substrates or lengthy synthetic sequences (Fig. 1E). Results and Discussion Optimization studies : To assess the feasibility of the proposed strategy, ethyl benzoylacetate ( 1a ) and 3-oxetanone ( 2 ) were selected as model substrates and reacted in dichloromethane at room temperature under argon atmosphere (Table 1, entries 1–13). The catalyst-free reaction showed no conversion, with both substrates remaining intact (entry 1). Considering the strong Lewis acidity of metal triflates and their common use in related activations, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH, 10 mol%), a typical impurity in commercial metal triflate salts was next evaluated. However, no reaction occurred even after 24 hours (entry 2) (Table. 1). Encouragingly, when the reaction was conducted with Sc(OTf) 3 (10 mol%), it proceeded efficiently, affording furan 3a in 95% isolated yield in 1 hour reaction time (entry 3). A systematic survey of various metal triflates [Fe(III), Fe(II), Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), In(III), Yb(III), Bi(III), La(III), and Ni(II)] revealed distinct catalytic activity profiles (entries 4-13). Among them, 10 mol% of Fe(OTf) 3 emerged as the most effective, providing 3a in 98% yield within just 5 minutes, accompanied by a clean reaction profile (entry 4) (Table. 1). Further screening of other Lewis acids, including BF 3 ·Et 3 O, TiCl 4 , TMSOTf, TMSCl, ZnI 2 , and a range of Fe-salts [FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , FeBr 3 , Fe(OAc) 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe(ClO 4 ) 2 , FeCl 2 ·4H 2 O, FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O, FeSO 4 ·7H₂O, and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O] demonstrated varied activity (Table S1 and S3). 61 While TMSCl, ZnI 2 , Fe(OAc) 2 , FeSO 4 ·7H₂O, and Fe 2 O 3 were inactive under the reaction conditions, the remaining catalysts afforded satisfactory to excellent yields. In contrast, Brønsted acids such as HCl (2.0 M in Et₂O) and AcOH proved ineffective, whereas MsOH (32%), Amberlyst‑15, TFA (49%), p ‑TsOH, PPTS (59%), and HNTf 2 (67%) displayed moderate activity (Table S1-S5). 61 Table. 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions for the [3+2]-annulation of b -ketoester (1a) with 3-oxetanone (2) to afford the trisubstituted furan 3a . a a Reaction conditions unless otherwise specified: 1a (0.5 mmol), 2 (0.5 mmol) and catalyst (10 mol%), solvent (0.5 M). b Isolated yield of 3a . c N.R = no reaction. Tf = triflate (CF 3 SO 2 ). Considering its outstanding performance offering high yield, short reaction time, and excellent selectivity, Fe(OTf) 3 (10 mol%) was chosen as the optimal promoter. Subsequent optimization of reaction parameters, including catalyst loading, solvent variation (1,2‑DCE, PhF, CH₃CN, toluene, THF, 1,4‑dioxane, MeOH, and EtOH), reaction time, and temperature, resulted in only marginal improvements in efficiency (Table S2 and S4). 61 Substrates scope studies : Having established the optimal reaction conditions, we next evaluated the generality of the protocol by reacting a broad range of β -ketoesters 1 with 3-oxetanone ( 2 ) (Fig. 2). We first examined the influence of ester substituents using acetoacetates bearing Me, Et, i -Bu, t -Bu, methoxyethyl, and allyl groups. All substrates underwent smooth transformation, affording the corresponding furans 3b – 3g in excellent yields (81–93%). O -Benzyl-derived acetoacetates delivered furans 3h – 3j in good yields (77–83%) (Fig. 2A). To prove the tolerance toward acyl substituents of β -ketoesters 1 , methyl and ethyl acetoacetates were replaced with diverse aliphatic chains. Both linear and branched substituents (Et, i -Bu, n -Pr, i -Am, n -Bu, n -Pen, n -Hept, n -Non) were well accommodated, delivering the corresponding furans 3k – 3r in good yields. Notably, sensitive functional groups such as alkynyl, chloromethyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyloxymethyl were also tolerated, affording furans 3s – 3v in good to excellent yields. Cyclopropyl- and cyclohexyl-derived substrates were likewise compatible, giving the corresponding furans 3w and 3x in 79% and 82% yield, respectively (Fig. 2B). Encouraged by these results, we next investigated the reactivity of aryl-derived β -ketoesters 1 . A wide variety of aromatic substituents, including p -tolyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, p -pentylphenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl derivatives, participated readily, affording furans 3y – 3z and 3aʹ - 3cʹ (88–98%). Importantly, both electron-donating ( m -MeO, 2,5-di-MeO, 3′,4′-methylenedioxy) and electron-withdrawing groups ( p -NO₂, p -CF₃), as well as halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, vic -dichloro), were well tolerated, providing the desired products 3dʹ – 3mʹ in high yields. These results indicate that electronic effects have little influence on the reaction outcome (Fig. 2C). The method was further extended to heteroaryl-derived β -ketoesters. Substrates derived from furan, thiophene, N -methylpyrrole, and benzofuran underwent cascade annulation smoothly, providing the corresponding products 3nʹ – 3qʹ in good yields (Fig. 2D). In contrast, pyridine- and trifluoromethyl-substituted substrates proved incompatible, and the starting materials were recovered unchanged (see ESI). 61 To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this method, we performed late-stage functionalization of natural products and their analogs. β -ketoester derivatives of dehydro- β -ionone (an apocarotenoid), tonalide (a synthetic musk), and pregnenolone (a steroid hormone) successfully participated in the annulation, affording the corresponding furans 3rʹ – 3tʹ in good yields (Fig. 2E). The scalability of the protocol was demonstrated in a 1.0 g-scale experiment, which afforded furan 3a in 94% isolated yield (Fig. 2C). Building upon the promising outcome with β -ketoesters 1 , we turned our attention to verify the reactivity of other active methylene compounds. To our surprise, the reaction of β -diketone 4a (1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione) with 3-oxetanone 2 under 10 mol% Fe(OTf) 3 catalysis in dichloromethane at room temperature afforded the 2,4-disubstituted furan 5a via 1,4- C→O acyl group transfer ( vide infra ) in 71% yield (single regio-isomer), albeit with a slightly prolonged reaction time of 3 h (entry 4, Table S5; Fig. 3). 61 This unexpectedly sluggish reactivity prompted further optimization. Systematic screening of Lewis and Brønsted acids (Table S5) identified FeCl 3 (10 mol%) as markedly superior, reducing the reaction time to 10 min and improving the yield to 83%. 61 Consequently, the optimal conditions were established as FeCl 3 (10 mol%) with a 1:1 stoichiometry of β -diketone 4 and 3-oxetanone ( 2 ) in dichloromethane at ambient temperature (Table S6, S7, and S8; Fig. 3). 61 With the optimized reaction parameters established, we next examined the substrate scope (Fig. 3). Symmetrical alkyl-substituted β -diketones smoothly furnished the corresponding O -acylated furans ( 5b – d ) in good yields. As anticipated, unsymmetrical alkyl-substituted β -diketones afforded regioisomeric mixtures ( 5ea / 5eb , 5fa / 5fb , 5ga / 5gb , and 5ha / 5hb ), which were readily separated and characterized (Fig. 3A). Notably, aryl–alkyl β -diketones (1-arylbutane-1,3-diones) delivered the corresponding O -acyl-transferred furans 5i – y in good yields with complete regioselectivity (Fig. 3B). This pronounced selectivity is likely attributable to the higher electrophilicity of the alkyl ketone moiety relative to the aryl ketone. Even, 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione delivered corresponding acyl-transferred disubstituted furan 5z in 82% yield (Fig. 3B). 61 Encouraged by these results, we next expanded the substrate scope to heteroarene-derived β -diketones. Substrates incorporating N -methylpyrrole, N -methylindole, bifuran, and bithiophene motifs furnished the corresponding furans 5a′ – 5d′ in good yields (Fig. 3C). In addition, β -diketone derivatives of dehydro- β -ionone, tonalide, and progesterone underwent smooth annulation to afford products 5e′ – 5g′ (Fig. 3D). Deviating from this general trend, β -diketones bearing sterically hindered carbonyl groups, as well as cyclic diketones, exclusively produced trisubstituted furans 5′a – 5′g in good yields, with no acyl-transferred products detected. Cyclopropyl-derived diketones also delivered only the trisubstituted furans 5′h and 5′i . Similarly, methoxy substituted aryl–aryl-tethered β -diketones provided trisubstituted furans 5′k – 5′n in good yields (Fig. 3E). 61 All regio-isomeric structures were confirmed by ¹H, ¹³C, and 2D NMR analyses (Fig. 3; See Supporting Information). 61 Next, we extended our investigation to other active methylene compounds, including β -ketonitriles 6 , β -ketophosphonates 8 , and β -ketosulfones 10 , which afforded the corresponding furan derivatives 7 , 9 and 11 , respectively, in moderate isolated yields. Whereas morpholine-substituted β -diketone 12 and N , N -dimethylbarbituric acid 14 underwent smooth conversion, they furnished a methyl-substituted furan 13 and a fused bicyclic furan 15 in good yields of 86% and 81%, respectively. (Fig. 4A). To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this methodology, several post-synthetic transformations were performed. One-pot saponification followed by Cu(I)-mediated decarboxylation of 3a afforded the 2,4-disubstituted furan 16 in 76% yield. Direct oxidation of 3a employing Dess-Martin periodinane delivered aldehyde 17 . Furthermore, C5-functionalization of 3a through coupling with iodobenzene delivered the fully substituted furan 18 . Interestingly, prolonged heating under the same conditions led to oxidation of the hydroxymethyl moiety, yielding the corresponding aldehyde-derived furan 19 in 73% yield (Fig. 4B). 61 To further demonstrate the broad applicability of this methodology, we extended the protocol to the synthesis of five natural methylenomycin furans ( MMF1 – MMF5 ; 20l – 20p ) (Fig. 5A). We then synthesized (±)-evodone ( 21 ) by synthesizing the cyclohexanone-fused furan 5ʹd from diketone 1ʹd , followed by reductive dehydroxylation under classical hydrogenation conditions. From furan 5ʹd , we accomplished the formal syntheses of (±)-menthofuran ( 22 ) 62 and (±)-tubipofuran, 63 while furan 5ʹc enabled the formal total syntheses of maturone ( 25 ) and isomaturone ( 26 ) (Fig. 5B). 62 Next, we demonstrated the synthetic utility of the 2,4-disubstituted furans ( 5 ) obtained via C→O acyl transfer (Fig. 3). Methylfuroic acid ( 27 ), a potent nematotoxic natural product (LD 90 = 200 µg/mL against M. incognita and P. redivivus ), 58 was synthesized through a one-pot, three-step sequence: [3+2] annulation of acetylacetone ( 4b ) with 3-oxetanone ( 2 ) to afford acetate-tethered furan 5b , saponification of the acetate, and subsequent 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCPK)–mediated oxidation. 64 This protocol delivered the target in 72% overall yield without chromatographic purification. Similarly, 4-hydroxymethylfuran 28 was obtained from acetylacetone in a one-pot, two-step process and served as a key intermediate for the synthesis of rabdoketones ( 29 ) reported in our earlier studies 58 (Fig. 5C). Based on literature precedents 38-58 and our experimental observations, we propose the following plausible mechanism for furan formation (Fig. 6). The β -keto–derived active-methylene substrates ( 1 and others) initially undergo Lewis acid–facilitated keto-enol tautomerization to generate the corresponding enol species A . In parallel, coordination of the Lewis acid to 3-oxetanone ( 2 ) activates its carbonyl group toward nucleophilic attack, enabling an aldol-type C–C bond-forming addition to afford the β -hydroxy oxetanyl intermediate B . Subsequent Lewis acid–assisted intramolecular O-nucleophilic ring opening of the oxetane via a 5- exo-tet ring closure furnishes the oxocarbenium intermediate C . A subsequent intramolecular 1,3- C→O proton transfer then delivers the cyclic enol ether D , which undergoes Lewis acid–promoted dehydrative aromatization to furnish the hydroxymethyl-substituted furans ( 3 and others, Pathway - I) (Fig. 6). In contrast, β -diketones bearing electron-deficient carbonyl groups also generate the oxocarbenium intermediate C′ but subsequently diverge through an alternative reaction pathway (Pathway - II). In these substrates, stabilization of the oxocarbenium species is achieved via a 1,4-C→O acyl transfer that induces C–C bond cleavage, furnishing a dihydrofuran intermediate D′ . Subsequent dehydrative aromatization of D′ then delivers the corresponding disubstituted furans 5 (Pathway - II; Fig. 6). In conclusion, we have devised a rapid, ambient-temperature [3+2]-annulation that transforms simple active methylene compounds and 3-oxetanone into multisubstituted furans with exceptional efficiency. Enabled by inexpensive Fe(III) salts that activate both partners, this step- and atom-economic transformation proceeds across a broad chemical space (100 examples, up to 98% isolated yield) and proves robust to a wide range of functional groups, while maintaining gram-scale practicality. Beyond methodological breadth, the strategy offers a concise entry to biologically relevant furan natural products, including five methylenomycins (MMF1-MMF5), methylfuroic acid, and supports formal syntheses of several furan-based terpenoids (evodone, menthofuran, tubipofuran, maturone, isomaturone, and rabdoketones). Its successful deployment in the late-stage functionalization of complex molecular frameworks highlights its potential as a general platform for building functionally enriched furan architectures with implications spanning pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials research. Methods General procedure for the synthesis of furans from β -ketoesters and 3-oxetanone: A 10 mL two-neck round bottom flask containing β -ketoester ( 1 , 0.5 mmol) was evacuated under vacuo and then backfilled with argon. Then, anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (0.5 M) and Fe(OTf) 3 (0.05 mmol) was added at room temperature. Then, 3-oxetanone ( 2 , 0.5 mmol) was added, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was quenched with saturated aqueous solution NaHCO 3 (2 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 × 2 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the resulting crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO 2 , 0-20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford the desired product 3 . General procedure for the synthesis of furans from β -diketones and 3-oxetanone: A 10 mL two-neck round bottom flask containing β -diketones ( 4 , 0.5 mmol) was evacuated under vacuo and then backfilled with argon. Then, anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (0.5 M) and FeCl 3 (0.05 mmol) were added at room temperature. Then, 3-oxetanone ( 2 , 0.5 mmol) was added to it, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was quenched with saturated aqueous solution NaHCO 3 (2 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 × 2 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO 2 , 0-20% EtOAc/hexanse) to afford the desired product 5 or 5ʹ . Declarations Data availability The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and Supplementary Information file, or from the corresponding author upon request. Acknowledgements S.S.S. acknowledges the award of a Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) from CSIR, India. P.K. and S.R.I. acknowledge the award of Senior Research Fellowships (SRF) from UGC, India. Author contributions R.K. conceived the project and provided overall direction for the research. S.S.S., P.K., and S.R.I. conducted synthetic experiments, analyzed the data, and drafted the supplementary information. All authors contributed to reviewing and providing comments on the Manuscript and the Supporting Information (SI). Competing interests The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): A provisional patent application (Application No. 202511001742, January 8, 2025) has been filed based on this chemistry. Additional information Supplementary Information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/ naturecommunications Corresponding Author * [email protected] ; [email protected] References Day JJ, McFadden RM, Virgil SC, Kolding H, Alleva JL, Stoltz BM (2011) The Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Liphagal. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(30):6814–6818 Guo Y, Quan T, Lu Y, Luo T (2017) Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-wortmannin. J Am Chem Soc 139(19):6815–6818 Jakubec P, Cockfield DM, Dixon DJ (2009) Total Synthesis of (–)-Nakadomarin A. J Am Chem Soc 131:16632–16633 Ji Y, Xin Z, He H, Gao S (2019) Total Synthesis of Viridin and Viridiol. J Am Chem Soc 141:16208–16212 Ji Y, Xin Z, Shi Y, He H, Gao S (2020) Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Nodulisporiviridin E. Org Chem Front 7:109–112 Craig RA, Stoltz II (2017) Polycyclic Furanobutenolide-Derived Cembranoid and Norcembranoid Natural Products: Biosynthetic Connections and Synthetic Efforts. Chem Rev 117:7878–7909 Banerjee R, Kumar HKS, Banerjee M (2012) Medicinal Significance of Furan Derivatives: A Review. Int J Rev Life Sci 2(1):7–16 Manna SK, Samal AK, Giri S, Mondal S, Mandal A (2023) A Detailed Review on C-Fused Furan/3,4-Fused Furan Analog and Its Potential Applications. ChemistrySelect 8, e202203150 Patel P, Shaky R, Vishakha; Asati V, Kurmi BD, Verma SK, Gupta GD, Rajak H (2024) Furan and Benzofuran Derivatives as Privileged Scaffolds as Anticancer Agents: SAR and Docking Studies (2010 to Till Date). J Mol Struct 1299:137098 Zade VM, Athawale PR, Kopperi H, Mohan SV, Reddy DS (2024) Synthesis of Benzofuran-6-carboxylic Acid, an Intermediate of Lifitegrast with Low-Carbon Footprints. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 12(40):15671–15681 Guan A, Liu C, Yang X, Dekeyser M (2014) Application of the Intermediate Derivatization Approach in Agrochemical Discovery. Chem Rev 114:7079–7107 Pundir A, Thakur MS, Prakash S, Kumari N, Sharma N, He Z, Nam S, Dhumal S, Sharma K, Saxena S, Kumar S, Deshmukh SV, Kumar M (2024) Furfural as a Low-Volume, High-Value Asset from Agricultural Residues: A Review on Production, Agricultural Applications and Environmental Sustainability. Heliyon 10, e35077 Dong Q-M, Dong S, Shen C, Cao Q-H, Song M-Y, He Q-R, Wang X-L, Yang X-J, Tang J-J, Gao J-M (2018) Furan-Site Bromination and Transformations of Fraxinellone as Insecticidal Agents Against Mythimna separata Walker. Sci Rep 8:8372 Cao S, Long T, Wei L, Wang Y, Han L, Zhu W, Wang H (2025) Sustainable routes for the synthesis of a nitrogen-containing furan derivative, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran. Green Chem 27:4423–4437 Li N, Zong M-H (2022) (Chemo)biocatalytic upgrading of biobased furanic platforms to chemicals, fuels, and materials: a comprehensive review. ACS Catal 12:10080–10114 Huang P, Du J, Biewer MC, Stefan MC (2015) Developments of Furan and Benzodifuran Semiconductors for Organic Photovoltaics. J Mater Chem A 3:6244 Tsuji H, Nakamura E (2017) Design and Functions of Semiconducting Fused Polycyclic Furans for Optoelectronic Applications. Acc Chem Res 50:396–406 Zheng B, Huo L (2021) Recent Advances of Furan and Its Derivatives Based Semiconductor Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. Small Methods 5:2100493 Che Y, Niazi MR, Chan Q, Ghamari P, Yu T, Ruchlin C, Yu H, Yan H, Ma D, Xiao SS, Izquierdo R, Perepichka DF (2023) Design of Furan-Based Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics. Angew Chem Int Ed 62:e202309003 Nilson MG, Funk RL (2011) Total Synthesis of (±)-Cortistatin J from Furan. J Am Chem Soc 133:12451–12453 Nicolaou KC, Kang Q, Ng SY, Chen D (2010) Y.-K. Total Synthesis of Englerin A. J Am Chem Soc 132:8219–8222 Martinez LP, Umemiya S, Wengryniuk SE, Baran PS (2016) 11-Step Total Synthesis of Pallambins C and D. J Am Chem Soc 138:7536–7539 Schindler CS, Carreira EM (2009) Rapid Formation of Complexity in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products Enabled by Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]Heptene Building Blocks. Chem Soc Rev 38:3222–3241 Hao H-D, Trauner D (2017) Furans as Versatile Synthons: Total Syntheses of Caribenol A and Caribenol B. J Am Chem Soc 139:4117–4122 Burke MD, Berger EM, Schreiber SL (2004) A Synthesis Strategy Yielding Skeletally Diverse Small Molecules Combinatorially. J Am Chem Soc 126:14095–14104 Palframan MJ, Pattenden G (2014) The Versatility of Furfuryl Alcohols and Furanoxonium Ions in Synthesis. Chem Commun 50:7223 Paal C Ueber die Derivate des Acetophenonacetessig-Esters und des Acetonyltacetessig-Esters. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 17, 2756 (1884) Knorr L Synthese von Furfuranderivaten Aus Dem Diacetbernsteinsäureester. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 17, 2863 (1884) Feist F (1902) Studien in Der Furan- und Pyrrol-Gruppe. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 35:1537–1544 Benary E (1911) Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives from Dichloroether and Beta-Aminocrotonic Ester. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 44:489–493 Peng Y, Luo J, Feng Q, Tang Q (2016) Understanding the scope of Feist–Bénary furan synthesis: chemoselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the reaction between α-halo ketones and dicarbonyl compounds. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 5169–5179 (2016) Yan W, Shou J, Qin W, Mo J, Huang H (2023) Selective Formation of 2,3,5-Trisubstituted Furans from 1,3-Dicarbonyls and Hydroxyketones. Adv. Synth. Catal. 365, 4014–4020 and references therein Burkhard JA, Wuitschik G, Rogers-Evans M, Müller K, Carreira EM (2010) Oxetanes as Versatile Elements in Drug Discovery and Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:9052–9067 Bull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF, Oxetanes (2016) Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 116:12150–12233 Malapit CA, Howell AR (2015) Recent Applications of Oxetanes in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. J Org Chem 80:8489–8495 Rojas JJ, Bull JA (2023) Oxetanes in Drug Discovery Campaigns. J Med Chem 66:12697–12709 Tan T-D, Zhou F, Quirion KP, Ng DZW, Wang Y-Q, Luo X, Chan ECY, Liu P, Koh MJ (2025) Catalytic Difluorocarbene Insertion Enables Access to Fluorinated Oxetane Isosteres. Nat Chem 17:719–726 Wuitschik G, Rogers-Evans M, Müller K, Fischer H, Wagner B, Schuler F, Polonchuk L, Carreira EM (2006) Oxetanes as Promising Modules in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:7736–7739 Burkhard JA, Tchitchanov BH, Carreira EM (2011) Cascade Formation of Isoxazoles: Facile Base-Mediated Rearrangement of Substituted Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:5379–5382 Ruider SA, Müller S, Carreira EM (2013) Ring Expansion of 3-Oxetanone-Derived Spirocycles: Facile Synthesis of Saturated Nitrogen Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:11908–11911 Brady PB, Carreira EM (2015) Addition of Trifluoroborates to Oxetanyl N,O-Acetals: Entry into Spiro and Fused Saturated Heterocycles. Org Lett 17:3350–3353 Wuitschik G, Carreira EM, Wagner B, Fischer H, Parrilla I, Schuler F, Rogers-Evans M, Müller K (2010) Oxetanes in Drug Discovery: Structural and Synthetic Insights. J Med Chem 53:3227–3246 Loy RN, Jacobsen EN (2009) Enantioselective Intramolecular Openings of Oxetanes Catalyzed by (Salen)Co(III) Complexes: Access to Enantioenriched Tetrahydrofurans. J Am Chem Soc 131:2786–2787 Strassfeld DA, Wickens ZK, Picazo E, Jacobsen EN (2020) Highly Enantioselective, Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalyzed Additions to Oxetanes. J Am Chem Soc 142:9175–9180 Strassfeld DA, Algera RF, Wickens ZK, Jacobsen EN (2021) A Case Study in Catalyst Generality: Simultaneous, Highly-Enantioselective Brønsted- and Lewis-Acid Mechanisms in Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalyzed Oxetane Openings. J Am Chem Soc 143:9585–9594 Guo B, Njardarson JT (2013) Z-Selective Ring Opening of Vinyloxetanes with Dialkyl Dithiophosphate Nucleophiles. Chem Commun 49:10802–10804 Gronnier C, Kramer S, Odabachian Y, Gagosz F (2012) J Am Chem Soc 134:828–831 Rojas JJ, Croft RA, Sterling AJ, Schmitt DC, Blagojevic L, Briggs EL, Antermite D, Haycock P, White AJP, Duarte F, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA (2022) Amino-Oxetanes as Amide Isosteres by an Alternative Defluorosulfonylative Coupling of Sulfonyl Fluorides. Nat Chem 14:160–169 Rojas JJ, Torrisi E, Dubois MAJ, Hossain R, White AJP, Zappia G, Mousseau JJ, Choi C, Bull JA (2022) Oxetan-3-ols as 1,2-Bis-Electrophiles in a Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,4-Dioxanes. Org Lett 24:2365–2370 Symes OL, Ishikura H, Begg CS, Rojas JJ, Speller HA, Cherk AM, Fang M, Leung D, Croft RA, Higham JI, Huang K, Barnard A, Haycock P, White AJP, Choi C, Bull JA (2024) Harnessing Oxetane and Azetidine Sulfonylfluorides for Opportunities in Drug Discovery. J Am Chem Soc 146:35377–35389 Wang Z, Chen Z, Sun J (2013) Catalytic Enantioselective Intermolecular Desymmetrization of 3-Substituted Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:6685–6688 Wang G, Huang H, Guo W, Qian C, Sun J (2020) Unusual Skeletal Reorganization of Oxetanes for the Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed 59:11245–11249 Huang H, Zhang T, Sun J (2021) Mild C–C Bond Formation via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Oxetane Ring Opening with Soft Carbon Nucleophiles. Angew Chem 133:2700–2705 Zhang R, Sun M, Yan Q, Lin X, Li X, Fang X, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Sun J (2022) Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolidines via Oxetane Desymmetrization. Org Lett 24:2359–2364 White AR, Kozlowski RA, Tsai S-C, Vanderwal CD (2017) A Direct Synthesis of Highly Substituted P-Rich Aromatic Heterocycles from Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 56:10525–10529 Ni C, Zhao Y, Yang J (2020) Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Ring Opening of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes in Water: Efficient Access to Furans and Benzofurans. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:12741–12745 Kataria P, Sahoo SS, Kontham R (2023) Bi(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Furans from Hydroxy-oxetanyl Ketones: Application to Unified Total Synthesis of Shikonofurans J, D, E, and C. J Org Chem 88:7328–7346 Sahoo SS, Kataria P, Kontham R (2024) Concise and Collective Total Syntheses of 2,4-Disubstituted Furan-Derived Natural Products from Hydroxyoxetanyl Ketones. Org Biomol Chem 22:1475–1483 Lienhard GE, Wang T-C (1969) On the Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Enolization of Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 91:1146–1153 Yao X, Li C-J (2004) Highly Efficient Addition of Activated Methylene Compounds to Alkenes Catalyzed by Gold and Silver. J Am Chem Soc 126(22):6884–6885 See Supporting Information for details Aso M, Ojida A, Yang G, Cha O-J, Osawa E, Kanematsu K (1993) Furannulation Strategy for Synthesis of the Naturally Occurring Fused 3-Methylfurans: Efficient Synthesis of Evodone and Menthofuran and Regioselective Synthesis of Maturone via a Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction. Some Comments for Its Mechanistic Aspects. J Org Chem 58(15):3960–3968 Ojida A, Tanoue F, Kanematsu K (1994) Total Syntheses of Marine Furanosesquiterpenoids, Tubipofurans. J Org Chem 59(22):5970–5976 Tan W-Y, Lu Y, Zhao J-F, Chen W, Zhang H (2021) Oxidation of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 23:6648–6653 Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): A provisional patent application (Application No. 202511001742, January 8, 2025) has been filed based on this chemistry. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation05012026.pdf Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone TOCGraphicsNatCommun05012026.pdf TOC Graphics_Nat Commun_05012026 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8518314","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":573837237,"identity":"0656af58-8dd0-48b3-a865-316de152599a","order_by":0,"name":"Ravindar Kontham","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCTBpwMDYwMB8gIGhACJ6gEgtbAkgBrFaGEBaeAzgWvACyQbeh595Cu7I9s8+8+3BDwOGfH7+A4yHC/BokWZgN5bmMXhmPONc7nbDHgMGy5kzEhgOz8CjRY6BjUFyhsHhxIYzvNukgQ4zMLjBwHCYB78W5p8gLfPP8DwDa7E/fwC/FmkGNjaJD0AtG87wsEFsYUjAr0WymY3NAqjFeOMZNjPJHgMJA4kbiQ14tUgcb2O+kfDnsOy8M8zPJH5U2Bjw9x8+/BmfFgZmNCMYwHE0CkbBKBgFo4AyAAAD70OK/4HIbgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5837-2777","institution":"CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ravindar","middleName":"","lastName":"Kontham","suffix":""},{"id":573837238,"identity":"5728eb32-c91e-4962-9c15-721de9d4ca67","order_by":1,"name":"Shubhranshu Sahoo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-9783","institution":"CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shubhranshu","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahoo","suffix":""},{"id":573837239,"identity":"a6f070ae-0508-4a51-91fb-c5529d650e73","order_by":2,"name":"Priyanka Kataria","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priyanka","middleName":"","lastName":"Kataria","suffix":""},{"id":573837240,"identity":"762e3354-67ed-4d1a-9ef9-22f7ceba2d4b","order_by":3,"name":"Sudhir Ingale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sudhir","middleName":"","lastName":"Ingale","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-05 07:40:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100199107,"identity":"5a192e79-694a-45b6-b07a-5213abd83645","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:54","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1139552,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptNatCommun05012026.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/70572539eef624f7fd8b8557.docx"},{"id":100370570,"identity":"7c5fc9d6-1178-498a-8d7b-f421e7457273","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:06:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TOCGraphicsNatCommun05012026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/59f9fbd451061c7b17194ac5.pdf"},{"id":100369855,"identity":"c3a7ba3b-c4be-41ec-94a2-ac883bd64514","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:33","extension":"json","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS26000680.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/2ef923cbca58fef8fdf58cf8.json"},{"id":100369914,"identity":"618cde76-ac43-45d1-be9d-978d94efecd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31483392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation05012026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/3533635b02aa9d03dbd4ebfb.pdf"},{"id":100369708,"identity":"72a01ef0-4a12-4679-a2a3-cd483f725e27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:19","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS260006800enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/f01ac299d1a5f9d16a6c0491.xml"},{"id":100369922,"identity":"443ecefa-efd8-4bf9-b2a1-eaaa753a2a30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TOCGraphicsNatCommun05012026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/fdf754bec3a51c1f50f9a19e.pdf"},{"id":100199116,"identity":"dacf5f9e-1750-498b-aa95-18758c0db900","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":528084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/c11886c9f4c277605da8bb51.emf"},{"id":100199118,"identity":"3f74f9a0-3112-4881-9f30-85eed3d7ba88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/b245adfe983e090036c529e6.emf"},{"id":100199112,"identity":"cb4f2fe6-c52c-4bd1-b913-cb18efbbb3f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":711388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/9ac4ddf051f1a302a8a9af0e.emf"},{"id":100370638,"identity":"86523df4-2e60-4375-ad12-ddcbf0042ff1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:07:06","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":741520,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/4f67410f076e1bc566ed9130.emf"},{"id":100199129,"identity":"8e6e05b5-be3a-44bb-b500-846e4dd3a02a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":295476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/cf4860fec6f69df0e70eed01.emf"},{"id":100199117,"identity":"1b754d65-32d4-4c17-a558-2cfd307c9f83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":343076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/a658ed7642572ae20e8fafc6.emf"},{"id":100199115,"identity":"08e7d52a-2116-4952-8fff-22631d0118cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/c57d197368c4bd2393ab9d7b.emf"},{"id":100369871,"identity":"2c4fd78b-6489-499e-9121-1f7b97df9680","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:35","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/f4c761423175123452e945fd.png"},{"id":100199123,"identity":"c08ddff6-61cf-4eac-9f4b-f9e984abf514","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/bf468c8bff0f08e97bb16974.png"},{"id":100370190,"identity":"7066a27b-36a6-4f05-906c-c7af5a0e7115","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:00:25","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/efc839ffbe3615f1df72932b.png"},{"id":100369918,"identity":"5537c96c-c363-46e1-8c83-cdca07604d9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:38","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":125268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/71a024e3510fa60ca9cd4edd.png"},{"id":100369501,"identity":"87dd9035-079c-4275-b64f-1e8b33462581","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:05","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/2d667e744a825333953820f4.png"},{"id":100370187,"identity":"0700947e-db87-40de-93ea-2008b3389443","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:00:25","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/9e491f051e0f32a440b4bfa9.png"},{"id":100199126,"identity":"e7f2cc53-edd7-49bc-bf87-6f1872feb96e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/332e42f791213cf432df0c4c.png"},{"id":100369506,"identity":"fae19175-3373-4a4f-8531-d3f306db58b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:05","extension":"xml","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS260006800structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/efbe55bc20d9449ee95aeab0.xml"},{"id":100199132,"identity":"bb7a326f-6dc7-4a90-bb75-2fe6f9fc8090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:56","extension":"html","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/d18d9da9e6ca7d3589cc50a4.html"},{"id":100199102,"identity":"a7207435-cb53-42e2-9957-22c301288bb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":283376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevious approaches for the intra- and intermolecular annulation-based construction of furans and our present investigations.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/eb686b50ba5442f8b1de2778.png"},{"id":100199104,"identity":"be38567e-e0a2-4f2f-b89a-adbb10b831ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":253274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate scope studies for the synthesis of furans from \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-ketoesters and 3-oxetanone.\u003c/strong\u003e Reaction conditions: \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e (0.5 mmol), \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e (0.5 mmol), and Fe(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.025 g, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol%), anhydrous CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (0.5 M). Isolated yield after column chromatography. Reaction performed at 25 °C. (See Supporting Information).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/ed8b4b2350bd5e82c39937ce.png"},{"id":100199109,"identity":"147c9dbf-fafb-412d-901a-c416510d19fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:54","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":295467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate scope studies for the synthesis of furans from \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-diketones (4) and 3-oxetanone (2).\u003c/strong\u003e Reaction conditions: \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e (0.5 mmol), \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e (0.5 mmol), and FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.008 g, 10 mol%), anhydrous CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (0.5 M). Isolated yield after column chromatography. Reaction performed at 25 °C (See Supporting Information).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/09d9278827fb774066e2dc6f.png"},{"id":100369698,"identity":"521c916a-0d47-4de2-8065-9b7c9f6df91c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReactions with various active methylene compounds and post-synthetic derivatizations.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/6ad50372a38b08a72dd6607c.png"},{"id":100369441,"identity":"fec9d6f1-8fe7-415c-ad1b-5dbf9725c156","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication of the protocol in the total synthesis and formal synthesis of natural products.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/71dd21000da92bfc7cca5b13.png"},{"id":100370001,"identity":"2a1ff9a3-e407-4253-b3df-53b84466e369","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:45","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlausible reaction mechanism.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/c8f951bdf510d23b75e2482a.png"},{"id":101761505,"identity":"9c34212c-7847-4480-882d-fa0946015f1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 11:18:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2120506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/fbbb6104-3e08-4ea6-a1dc-605cc74bf12e.pdf"},{"id":100199122,"identity":"fb203cab-9208-4e8f-badc-2db27e970209","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 04:11:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31483392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation05012026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/2a5f12c48d7f7f3b152ca92d.pdf"},{"id":100369800,"identity":"2f9c10e2-d9be-4b29-959b-da9e0bcf85b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":94412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"TOC Graphics_Nat Commun_05012026","description":"","filename":"TOCGraphicsNatCommun05012026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8518314/v1/a1593409297e405f4d46de0b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e there is potential Competing Interest.\nThe authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): A provisional patent application (Application No. 202511001742, January 8, 2025) has been filed based on this chemistry.","formattedTitle":"Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFurans constitute one of the most versatile and indispensable families of five-membered aromatic heterocycles, ubiquitously embedded in a vast array of biologically active natural products,\u003csup\u003e1-6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003elife-saving pharmaceuticals,\u003csup\u003e7-10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eagrochemicals,\u003csup\u003e11-13\u003c/sup\u003e value-added chemicals,\u003csup\u003e14-15\u003c/sup\u003e and functional organic materials (Fig. 1A).\u003csup\u003e16-19\u003c/sup\u003e Beyond their prevalence in applied domains, furans serve as pivotal building blocks and intermediates in organic synthesis, enabling the efficient assembly of complex molecular architectures.\u003csup\u003e20-26\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eConsequently, the pursuit of devising efficient synthetic strategies for highly substituted furans from readily available starting materials under facile reaction conditions is highly demanding and has remained a central theme in synthetic organic chemistry for well over a century (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Among the earliest and most enduring methodologies, the Paal\u0026ndash;Knorr synthesis,\u003csup\u003e27-28\u003c/sup\u003e based on Br\u0026oslash;nsted or Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative cyclization of 1,4-dicarbonyls, has long been regarded as a reliable route to furans. However, its dependence on preassembled, synthetically demanding substrates has spurred the development of more accessible alternatives. Recent advances employing intermolecular cyclizations with readily available precursors have successfully mitigated these limitations. The Feist\u0026ndash;B\u0026eacute;nary synthesis,\u003csup\u003e29-30\u003c/sup\u003e represents one of the first intermolecular annulation protocols, coupling \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-dicarbonyl compounds with \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-haloketones, where the former function as C-C-O-1,3-bisnucleophiles and the latter as C-C, 1,2-biselectrophiles. Although historically significant, this approach is constrained by the requirement for oxidized and halogenated substrates, stoichiometric base usage, and limited selectivity.\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e Nevertheless, this pioneering strategy laid the foundation for an expansive repertoire of methodologies that now enable the construction of polysubstituted furans, including transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free approaches leveraging 1,3-dicarbonyls in reactions with alkenes, alkynes, alkynyl halides, enamines, vinyl ethers, and carbonyl derivatives.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e However, these protocols often necessitate intricately designed substrates and involve multiple steps, noble-metal catalysts, stoichiometric additives, and harsh reaction conditions (Fig. 1B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the last twenty years, oxetanes have become valuable motifs in medicinal chemistry, acting as carbonyl isosteres and providing drug candidates with distinctive physicochemical properties.\u003csup\u003e33-37\u003c/sup\u003e The commercial accessibility of 3-oxetanone (~$55/mol) and the high ring strain of oxetanes (106 kJ mol⁻\u0026sup1;) impart exceptional reactivity under Lewis or Br\u0026oslash;nsted acid catalysis, making them versatile and valuable building blocks in synthetic chemistry. This transformative reactivity has been extensively explored by pioneering groups, including Carreira,\u003csup\u003e38-41\u003c/sup\u003e M\u0026uuml;ller,\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e Jacobsen,\u003csup\u003e43-45\u003c/sup\u003e Njardarson,\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e Rogers-Evans, Gagosz,\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e Bull,\u003csup\u003e48-50\u003c/sup\u003e and Sun.\u003csup\u003e51-54\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eHowever, primarily these strategies remain susceptible to ring opening by internal nucleophiles (i.e., intramolecular processes), particularly under acidic conditions, with a thermodynamically favored pathway that necessitates pre-functionalized oxetane-tethered intermediates. Carreira\u0026rsquo;s elegant one-pot, three-step intermolecular strategy represents a major advance, providing an efficient route to isoxazoles directly from nitroalkanes and 3-oxetanone. This method beautifully showcases the reactivity and synthetic promise of oxetanes (Fig. 1B).\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2017, Vanderwal and co-workers\u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e reported a seminal strategy for synthesizing 2,4-disubstituted furans from hydroxy oxetane-bearing enones, prepared from 3-oxetanone \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e Wittig olefination. In this transformation, the oxetane serves as a redox equivalent of a 1,4-dicarbonyl (Paal\u0026ndash;Knorr substrate), with BF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;Et\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO as the promoter. They also demonstrated that aldol adducts of 3-oxetanones (obtained using stoichiometric Li-enolates and 3-oxetanone) could be converted to furans under strongly acidic conditions (10 equiv. CF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH), albeit with a limited substrate scope (three examples). In addition, a single example of intermolecular annulation between active benzoylacetonitrile and 3-oxetanone was reported under forcing conditions (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-alanine, AcOH as solvent, toluene, 110 \u0026deg;C, 24 h), affording the furan in only 21% yield. Subsequent refinements to Vanderwal\u0026rsquo;s two-step approach\u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e were introduced by Ni,\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e who employed Br\u0026oslash;nsted acid ionic liquids (BAILs), and by our group,\u003csup\u003e57-58\u003c/sup\u003e which utilized Bi(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e catalysis to enable the total synthesis of natural products such as shikonofurans, methylfuroic acid, rabdoketones A and B, paleofurans A and B, and tournefolin C. Despite these advances, reliance on preassembled starting materials or intermediates, whether \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e stoichiometric Li-enolates for aldol adducts or atom-inefficient Wittig olefinations for oxetane-enones remains a significant drawback (Fig. 1C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInspired by the distinctive structural features and bis-electrophilic reactivity of 3-oxetanones and driven by the goal of developing environmentally sustainable and atom-economical intermolecular cascade annulation strategies, we sought to overcome the longstanding challenges associated with furan synthesis. The tautomerization of \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-acyl-substituted active methylene compounds into their corresponding enol forms, which serve as potential carbon nucleophiles, can be efficiently promoted by Br\u0026oslash;nsted acids through protonation of the carbonyl group,\u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e or by Lewis acids that enhance carbonyl bond polarization.\u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003e In parallel, 3-oxetanones can be activated under Br\u0026oslash;nsted and/or Lewis acid catalytic conditions \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e chelation involving the ring and/or carbonyl oxygen atoms.\u003csup\u003e38-54\u003c/sup\u003e However, despite these activation strategies, achieving a selective catalytic intermolecular annulation between active methylene compounds and 3-oxetanones remains highly challenging, primarily due to undesired competitive pathways and substrate incompatibilities that often emerge under dual activation conditions (Fig. 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHerein, we postulated that an appropriately optimized catalytic system could enable the productive coupling of active methylene compounds with 3-oxetanones through dual activation (Fig. 1D). This strategy was envisioned to promote a cascade dehydrative [3+2]-annulation, efficiently affording multisubstituted furans bearing synthetically versatile functional handles, a hydroxymethyl group and a secondary substituent such as an ester, ketone, nitrile, sulfone, phosphonate or amide. Furthermore, subsequent C5 functionalization of these products provides straightforward access to fully substituted furans, thereby significantly enhancing the synthetic scope and versatility of the transformation. Collectively, this intermolecular annulation strategy offers a modular and atom-economical approach for constructing diverse furan frameworks from readily available substrates, eliminating the need for preassembled substrates or lengthy synthetic sequences (Fig. 1E).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptimization studies\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTo assess the feasibility of the proposed strategy, ethyl benzoylacetate (\u003cstrong\u003e1a\u003c/strong\u003e) and 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) were selected as model substrates and reacted in dichloromethane at room temperature under argon atmosphere (Table 1, entries 1\u0026ndash;13). The catalyst-free reaction showed no conversion, with both substrates remaining intact (entry 1). Considering the strong Lewis acidity of metal triflates and their common use in related activations, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH, 10 mol%), a typical impurity in commercial metal triflate salts was next evaluated. However, no reaction occurred even after 24 hours (entry 2) (Table. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouragingly, when the reaction was conducted with Sc(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (10 mol%), it proceeded efficiently, affording furan \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e in 95% isolated yield in 1 hour reaction time (entry 3). A systematic survey of various metal triflates [Fe(III), Fe(II), Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), In(III), Yb(III), Bi(III), La(III), and Ni(II)] revealed distinct catalytic activity profiles (entries 4-13). Among them, 10 mol% of Fe(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e emerged as the most effective, providing \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e in 98% yield within just 5 minutes, accompanied by a clean reaction profile (entry 4) (Table. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther screening of other Lewis acids, including BF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;Et\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO, TiCl\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, TMSOTf, TMSCl, ZnI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and a range of Fe-salts [FeCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, FeBr\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe(OAc)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe(ClO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, FeCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;7H₂O, and Fe(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;9H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO] demonstrated varied activity (Table S1 and S3).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e While TMSCl, ZnI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe(OAc)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;7H₂O, and Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e were inactive under the reaction conditions, the remaining catalysts afforded satisfactory to excellent yields. In contrast, Br\u0026oslash;nsted acids such as HCl (2.0 M in Et₂O) and AcOH proved ineffective, whereas MsOH (32%), Amberlyst‑15, TFA (49%), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e‑TsOH, PPTS (59%), and HNTf\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (67%) displayed moderate activity (Table S1-S5).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable. 1.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eOptimization of the reaction conditions for the [3+2]-annulation of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-ketoester (1a) with 3-oxetanone (2) to afford the trisubstituted furan 3a\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003eReaction conditions unless otherwise specified: \u003cstrong\u003e1a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(0.5 mmol), \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e (0.5 mmol) and catalyst (10 mol%), solvent (0.5 M). \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003eIsolated yield of \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003eN.R = no reaction. Tf = triflate (CF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering its outstanding performance offering high yield, short reaction time, and excellent selectivity, Fe(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (10 mol%) was chosen as the optimal promoter. Subsequent optimization of reaction parameters, including catalyst loading, solvent variation (1,2‑DCE, PhF, CH₃CN, toluene, THF, 1,4‑dioxane, MeOH, and EtOH), reaction time, and temperature, resulted in only marginal improvements in efficiency (Table S2 and S4).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrates scope studies\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHaving established the optimal reaction conditions, we next evaluated the generality of the protocol by reacting a broad range of \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e with 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) (Fig. 2). We first examined the influence of ester substituents using acetoacetates bearing Me, Et, \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e-Bu, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-Bu, methoxyethyl, and allyl groups. All substrates underwent smooth transformation, affording the corresponding furans \u003cstrong\u003e3b\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3g\u003c/strong\u003e in excellent yields (81\u0026ndash;93%). \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e-Benzyl-derived acetoacetates delivered furans \u003cstrong\u003e3h\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3j\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields (77\u0026ndash;83%) (Fig. 2A). To prove the tolerance toward acyl substituents of \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e, methyl and ethyl acetoacetates were replaced with diverse aliphatic chains. Both linear and branched substituents (Et, \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e-Bu, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Pr, \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e-Am, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Bu, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Pen, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Hept, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Non) were well accommodated, delivering the corresponding furans \u003cstrong\u003e3k\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3r\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields. Notably, sensitive functional groups such as alkynyl, chloromethyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyloxymethyl were also tolerated, affording furans \u003cstrong\u003e3s\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3v\u003c/strong\u003e in good to excellent yields. Cyclopropyl- and cyclohexyl-derived substrates were likewise compatible, giving the corresponding furans \u003cstrong\u003e3w\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e3x\u003c/strong\u003e in 79% and 82% yield, respectively (Fig. 2B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouraged by these results, we next investigated the reactivity of aryl-derived \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e. A wide variety of aromatic substituents, including \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-tolyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-pentylphenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl derivatives, participated readily, affording furans \u003cstrong\u003e3y\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3z\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e3aʹ\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003e3cʹ\u003c/strong\u003e (88\u0026ndash;98%). Importantly, both electron-donating (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-MeO, 2,5-di-MeO, 3\u0026prime;,4\u0026prime;-methylenedioxy) and electron-withdrawing groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-NO₂, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-CF₃), as well as halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, \u003cem\u003evic\u003c/em\u003e-dichloro), were well tolerated, providing the desired products \u003cstrong\u003e3dʹ\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3mʹ\u003c/strong\u003e in high yields. These results indicate that electronic effects have little influence on the reaction outcome (Fig. 2C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe method was further extended to heteroaryl-derived \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters. Substrates derived from furan, thiophene, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-methylpyrrole, and benzofuran underwent cascade annulation smoothly, providing the corresponding products \u003cstrong\u003e3nʹ\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3qʹ\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields (Fig. 2D). In contrast, pyridine- and trifluoromethyl-substituted substrates proved incompatible, and the starting materials were recovered unchanged (see ESI).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo demonstrate the synthetic utility of this method, we performed late-stage functionalization of natural products and their analogs. \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoester derivatives of dehydro-\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ionone (an apocarotenoid), tonalide (a synthetic musk), and pregnenolone (a steroid hormone) successfully participated in the annulation, affording the corresponding furans \u003cstrong\u003e3rʹ\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e3tʹ\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields (Fig. 2E). The scalability of the protocol was demonstrated in a 1.0 g-scale experiment, which afforded furan \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e in 94% isolated yield (Fig. 2C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuilding upon the promising outcome with \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e, we turned our attention to verify the reactivity of other active methylene compounds. To our surprise, the reaction of \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketone \u003cstrong\u003e4a\u003c/strong\u003e (1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione) with 3-oxetanone \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e under 10 mol% Fe(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e catalysis in dichloromethane at room temperature afforded the 2,4-disubstituted furan \u003cstrong\u003e5a\u003c/strong\u003e via 1,4- C\u0026rarr;O acyl group transfer (\u003cem\u003evide infra\u003c/em\u003e) in 71% yield (single regio-isomer), albeit with a slightly prolonged reaction time of 3 h (entry 4, Table S5; Fig. 3).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e This unexpectedly sluggish reactivity prompted further optimization. Systematic screening of Lewis and Br\u0026oslash;nsted acids (Table S5) identified FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(10 mol%) as markedly superior, reducing the reaction time to 10 min and improving the yield to 83%.\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e Consequently, the optimal conditions were established as FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (10 mol%) with a 1:1 stoichiometry of \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketone \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e and 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) in dichloromethane at ambient temperature (Table S6, S7, and S8; Fig. 3).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the optimized reaction parameters established, we next examined the substrate scope (Fig. 3). Symmetrical alkyl-substituted \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones smoothly furnished the corresponding \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e-acylated furans (\u003cstrong\u003e5b\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e) in good yields. As anticipated, unsymmetrical alkyl-substituted \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones afforded regioisomeric mixtures (\u003cstrong\u003e5ea\u003c/strong\u003e/\u003cstrong\u003e5eb\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e5fa\u003c/strong\u003e/\u003cstrong\u003e5fb\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e5ga\u003c/strong\u003e/\u003cstrong\u003e5gb\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003e5ha\u003c/strong\u003e/\u003cstrong\u003e5hb\u003c/strong\u003e), which were readily separated and characterized (Fig. 3A). Notably, aryl\u0026ndash;alkyl \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones (1-arylbutane-1,3-diones) delivered the corresponding \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e-acyl-transferred furans \u003cstrong\u003e5i\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003ey\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields with complete regioselectivity (Fig. 3B). This pronounced selectivity is likely attributable to the higher electrophilicity of the alkyl ketone moiety relative to the aryl ketone. Even, 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione delivered corresponding acyl-transferred disubstituted furan \u003cstrong\u003e5z\u003c/strong\u003e in 82% yield (Fig. 3B).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouraged by these results, we next expanded the substrate scope to heteroarene-derived \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones. Substrates incorporating \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-methylpyrrole, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-methylindole, bifuran, and bithiophene motifs furnished the corresponding furans \u003cstrong\u003e5a\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e5d\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields (Fig. 3C). In addition, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketone derivatives of dehydro-\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ionone, tonalide, and progesterone underwent smooth annulation to afford products \u003cstrong\u003e5e\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e5g\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e (Fig. 3D). Deviating from this general trend, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones bearing sterically hindered carbonyl groups, as well as cyclic diketones, exclusively produced trisubstituted furans \u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;a\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;g\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields, with no acyl-transferred products detected. Cyclopropyl-derived diketones also delivered only the trisubstituted furans \u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;h\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;i\u003c/strong\u003e. Similarly, methoxy substituted aryl\u0026ndash;aryl-tethered \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones provided trisubstituted furans \u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;k\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e5\u0026prime;n\u003c/strong\u003e in good yields (Fig. 3E).\u003csup\u003e61\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eAll regio-isomeric structures were confirmed by \u0026sup1;H, \u0026sup1;\u0026sup3;C, and 2D NMR analyses (Fig. 3; See Supporting Information).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext, we extended our investigation to other active methylene compounds, including \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketonitriles \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketophosphonates \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-ketosulfones \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e, which afforded the corresponding furan derivatives \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;11\u003c/strong\u003e, respectively, in moderate isolated yields. Whereas morpholine-substituted \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketone \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-dimethylbarbituric acid \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e underwent smooth conversion, they furnished a methyl-substituted furan \u003cstrong\u003e13\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand a fused bicyclic furan \u003cstrong\u003e15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein good yields of 86% and 81%, respectively. (Fig. 4A). To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this methodology, several post-synthetic transformations were performed. One-pot saponification followed by Cu(I)-mediated decarboxylation of \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e afforded the 2,4-disubstituted furan \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e in 76% yield. Direct oxidation of \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e employing Dess-Martin periodinane delivered aldehyde \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e. Furthermore, C5-functionalization of \u003cstrong\u003e3a\u003c/strong\u003e through coupling with iodobenzene delivered the fully substituted furan \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e. Interestingly, prolonged heating under the same conditions led to oxidation of the hydroxymethyl moiety, yielding the corresponding aldehyde-derived furan \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e in 73% yield (Fig. 4B).\u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further demonstrate the broad applicability of this methodology, we extended the protocol to the synthesis of five natural methylenomycin furans (\u003cstrong\u003eMMF1\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003eMMF5\u003c/strong\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003e20l\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cstrong\u003e20p\u003c/strong\u003e) (Fig. 5A). We then synthesized (\u0026plusmn;)-evodone (\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e) by synthesizing the cyclohexanone-fused furan \u003cstrong\u003e5ʹd\u003c/strong\u003e from diketone \u003cstrong\u003e1ʹd\u003c/strong\u003e, followed by reductive dehydroxylation under classical hydrogenation conditions. From furan \u003cstrong\u003e5ʹd\u003c/strong\u003e, we accomplished the formal syntheses of (\u0026plusmn;)-menthofuran (\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e and (\u0026plusmn;)-tubipofuran,\u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003e while furan \u003cstrong\u003e5ʹc\u003c/strong\u003e enabled the formal total syntheses of maturone (\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e) and isomaturone (\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e) (Fig. 5B).\u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext, we demonstrated the synthetic utility of the 2,4-disubstituted furans (\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e) obtained via C\u0026rarr;O acyl transfer (Fig. 3). Methylfuroic acid (\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e), a potent nematotoxic natural product (LD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e = 200 \u0026micro;g/mL against \u003cem\u003eM. incognita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. redivivus\u003c/em\u003e),\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e was synthesized through a one-pot, three-step sequence: [3+2] annulation of acetylacetone (\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e) with 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) to afford acetate-tethered furan \u003cstrong\u003e5b\u003c/strong\u003e, saponification of the acetate, and subsequent 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCPK)\u0026ndash;mediated oxidation.\u003csup\u003e64\u003c/sup\u003e This protocol delivered the target in 72% overall yield without chromatographic purification. Similarly, 4-hydroxymethylfuran \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e was obtained from acetylacetone in a one-pot, two-step process and served as a key intermediate for the synthesis of rabdoketones (\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e) reported in our earlier studies\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig. 5C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on literature precedents\u003csup\u003e38-58\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eand our experimental observations, we propose the following plausible mechanism for furan formation (Fig. 6). The \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-keto\u0026ndash;derived active-methylene substrates (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e and others) initially undergo Lewis acid\u0026ndash;facilitated keto-enol tautomerization to generate the corresponding enol species \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e. In parallel, coordination of the Lewis acid to 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) activates its carbonyl group toward nucleophilic attack, enabling an aldol-type C\u0026ndash;C bond-forming addition to afford the \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-hydroxy oxetanyl intermediate \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e. Subsequent Lewis acid\u0026ndash;assisted intramolecular O-nucleophilic ring opening of the oxetane via a 5-\u003cem\u003eexo-tet\u003c/em\u003e ring closure furnishes the oxocarbenium intermediate \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e. A subsequent intramolecular 1,3- C\u0026rarr;O proton transfer then delivers the cyclic enol ether \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e, which undergoes Lewis acid\u0026ndash;promoted dehydrative aromatization to furnish the hydroxymethyl-substituted furans (\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e and others, Pathway - I) (Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-diketones bearing electron-deficient carbonyl groups also generate the oxocarbenium intermediate \u003cstrong\u003eC\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e but subsequently diverge through an alternative reaction pathway (Pathway - II). In these substrates, stabilization of the oxocarbenium species is achieved via a 1,4-C\u0026rarr;O acyl transfer that induces C\u0026ndash;C bond cleavage, furnishing a dihydrofuran intermediate \u003cstrong\u003eD\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e. Subsequent dehydrative aromatization of \u003cstrong\u003eD\u0026prime;\u003c/strong\u003e then delivers the corresponding disubstituted furans \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e (Pathway - II; Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, we have devised a rapid, ambient-temperature [3+2]-annulation that transforms simple active methylene compounds and 3-oxetanone into multisubstituted furans with exceptional efficiency. Enabled by inexpensive Fe(III) salts that activate both partners, this step- and atom-economic transformation proceeds across a broad chemical space (100 examples, up to 98% isolated yield) and proves robust to a wide range of functional groups, while maintaining gram-scale practicality. Beyond methodological breadth, the strategy offers a concise entry to biologically relevant furan natural products, including five methylenomycins (MMF1-MMF5), methylfuroic acid, and supports formal syntheses of several furan-based terpenoids (evodone, menthofuran, tubipofuran, maturone, isomaturone, and rabdoketones). Its successful deployment in the late-stage functionalization of complex molecular frameworks highlights its potential as a general platform for building functionally enriched furan architectures with implications spanning pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral procedure for the synthesis of furans from \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters and 3-oxetanone:\u003c/strong\u003e A 10 mL two-neck round bottom flask containing \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ketoester (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e, 0.5 mmol) was evacuated under vacuo and then backfilled with argon. Then, anhydrous CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(0.5 M) and Fe(OTf)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.05 mmol) was added at room temperature. Then, 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e, 0.5 mmol) was added, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was quenched with saturated aqueous solution NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(3 × 2 mL), dried over Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and filtered. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the resulting crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0-20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford the desired product \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral procedure for the synthesis of furans from \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-diketones and 3-oxetanone:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA 10 mL two-neck round bottom flask containing \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-diketones (\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e, 0.5 mmol) was evacuated under vacuo and then backfilled with argon. Then, anhydrous CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(0.5 M) and FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.05 mmol) were added at room temperature. Then, 3-oxetanone (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e, 0.5 mmol) was added to it, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was quenched with saturated aqueous solution NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(3 × 2 mL), dried over Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and filtered, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0-20% EtOAc/hexanse) to afford the desired product \u003cstrong\u003e5 or 5ʹ\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and Supplementary Information file, or from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.S.S. acknowledges the award of a Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) from CSIR, India. P.K. and S.R.I. acknowledge the award of Senior Research Fellowships (SRF) from UGC, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR.K. conceived the project and provided overall direction for the research. S.S.S., P.K., and S.R.I. conducted synthetic experiments, analyzed the data, and drafted the supplementary information. All authors contributed to reviewing and providing comments on the Manuscript and the Supporting Information (SI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): A provisional patent application (Application No. 202511001742, January 8, 2025) has been filed based on this chemistry. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Information\u003c/strong\u003e accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/ naturecommunications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorresponding Author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*[email protected]; [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDay JJ, McFadden RM, Virgil SC, Kolding H, Alleva JL, Stoltz BM (2011) The Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Liphagal. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(30):6814\u0026ndash;6818\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuo Y, Quan T, Lu Y, Luo T (2017) Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-wortmannin. J Am Chem Soc 139(19):6815\u0026ndash;6818\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJakubec P, Cockfield DM, Dixon DJ (2009) Total Synthesis of (\u0026ndash;)-Nakadomarin A. J Am Chem Soc 131:16632\u0026ndash;16633\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJi Y, Xin Z, He H, Gao S (2019) Total Synthesis of Viridin and Viridiol. J Am Chem Soc 141:16208\u0026ndash;16212\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJi Y, Xin Z, Shi Y, He H, Gao S (2020) Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Nodulisporiviridin E. Org Chem Front 7:109\u0026ndash;112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCraig RA, Stoltz II (2017) Polycyclic Furanobutenolide-Derived Cembranoid and Norcembranoid Natural Products: Biosynthetic Connections and Synthetic Efforts. Chem Rev 117:7878\u0026ndash;7909\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBanerjee R, Kumar HKS, Banerjee M (2012) Medicinal Significance of Furan Derivatives: A Review. Int J Rev Life Sci 2(1):7\u0026ndash;16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManna SK, Samal AK, Giri S, Mondal S, Mandal A (2023) A Detailed Review on C-Fused Furan/3,4-Fused Furan Analog and Its Potential Applications. \u003cem\u003eChemistrySelect\u003c/em\u003e 8, e202203150\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel P, Shaky R, Vishakha; Asati V, Kurmi BD, Verma SK, Gupta GD, Rajak H (2024) Furan and Benzofuran Derivatives as Privileged Scaffolds as Anticancer Agents: SAR and Docking Studies (2010 to Till Date). J Mol Struct 1299:137098\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZade VM, Athawale PR, Kopperi H, Mohan SV, Reddy DS (2024) Synthesis of Benzofuran-6-carboxylic Acid, an Intermediate of Lifitegrast with Low-Carbon Footprints. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 12(40):15671\u0026ndash;15681\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuan A, Liu C, Yang X, Dekeyser M (2014) Application of the Intermediate Derivatization Approach in Agrochemical Discovery. Chem Rev 114:7079\u0026ndash;7107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePundir A, Thakur MS, Prakash S, Kumari N, Sharma N, He Z, Nam S, Dhumal S, Sharma K, Saxena S, Kumar S, Deshmukh SV, Kumar M (2024) Furfural as a Low-Volume, High-Value Asset from Agricultural Residues: A Review on Production, Agricultural Applications and Environmental Sustainability. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e 10, e35077\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDong Q-M, Dong S, Shen C, Cao Q-H, Song M-Y, He Q-R, Wang X-L, Yang X-J, Tang J-J, Gao J-M (2018) Furan-Site Bromination and Transformations of Fraxinellone as Insecticidal Agents Against \u003cem\u003eMythimna separata\u003c/em\u003e Walker. Sci Rep 8:8372\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCao S, Long T, Wei L, Wang Y, Han L, Zhu W, Wang H (2025) Sustainable routes for the synthesis of a nitrogen-containing furan derivative, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran. Green Chem 27:4423\u0026ndash;4437\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi N, Zong M-H (2022) (Chemo)biocatalytic upgrading of biobased furanic platforms to chemicals, fuels, and materials: a comprehensive review. ACS Catal 12:10080\u0026ndash;10114\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang P, Du J, Biewer MC, Stefan MC (2015) Developments of Furan and Benzodifuran Semiconductors for Organic Photovoltaics. J Mater Chem A 3:6244\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsuji H, Nakamura E (2017) Design and Functions of Semiconducting Fused Polycyclic Furans for Optoelectronic Applications. Acc Chem Res 50:396\u0026ndash;406\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZheng B, Huo L (2021) Recent Advances of Furan and Its Derivatives Based Semiconductor Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. Small Methods 5:2100493\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChe Y, Niazi MR, Chan Q, Ghamari P, Yu T, Ruchlin C, Yu H, Yan H, Ma D, Xiao SS, Izquierdo R, Perepichka DF (2023) Design of Furan-Based Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics. Angew Chem Int Ed 62:e202309003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNilson MG, Funk RL (2011) Total Synthesis of (\u0026plusmn;)-Cortistatin J from Furan. J Am Chem Soc 133:12451\u0026ndash;12453\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNicolaou KC, Kang Q, Ng SY, Chen D (2010) Y.-K. Total Synthesis of Englerin A. J Am Chem Soc 132:8219\u0026ndash;8222\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartinez LP, Umemiya S, Wengryniuk SE, Baran PS (2016) 11-Step Total Synthesis of Pallambins C and D. J Am Chem Soc 138:7536\u0026ndash;7539\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchindler CS, Carreira EM (2009) Rapid Formation of Complexity in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products Enabled by Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]Heptene Building Blocks. Chem Soc Rev 38:3222\u0026ndash;3241\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHao H-D, Trauner D (2017) Furans as Versatile Synthons: Total Syntheses of Caribenol A and Caribenol B. J Am Chem Soc 139:4117\u0026ndash;4122\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurke MD, Berger EM, Schreiber SL (2004) A Synthesis Strategy Yielding Skeletally Diverse Small Molecules Combinatorially. J Am Chem Soc 126:14095\u0026ndash;14104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalframan MJ, Pattenden G (2014) The Versatility of Furfuryl Alcohols and Furanoxonium Ions in Synthesis. Chem Commun 50:7223\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaal C Ueber die Derivate des Acetophenonacetessig-Esters und des Acetonyltacetessig-Esters. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 17, 2756 (1884)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKnorr L Synthese von Furfuranderivaten Aus Dem Diacetbernsteins\u0026auml;ureester. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 17, 2863 (1884)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeist F (1902) Studien in Der Furan- und Pyrrol-Gruppe. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 35:1537\u0026ndash;1544\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenary E (1911) Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives from Dichloroether and Beta-Aminocrotonic Ester. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 44:489\u0026ndash;493\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeng Y, Luo J, Feng Q, Tang Q (2016) Understanding the scope of Feist\u0026ndash;B\u0026eacute;nary furan synthesis: chemoselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the reaction between α-halo ketones and dicarbonyl compounds. \u003cem\u003eEur. J. Org. Chem.\u003c/em\u003e 5169\u0026ndash;5179 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYan W, Shou J, Qin W, Mo J, Huang H (2023) Selective Formation of 2,3,5-Trisubstituted Furans from 1,3-Dicarbonyls and Hydroxyketones. \u003cem\u003eAdv. Synth. Catal.\u003c/em\u003e 365, 4014\u0026ndash;4020 and references therein\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurkhard JA, Wuitschik G, Rogers-Evans M, M\u0026uuml;ller K, Carreira EM (2010) Oxetanes as Versatile Elements in Drug Discovery and Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:9052\u0026ndash;9067\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF, Oxetanes (2016) Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 116:12150\u0026ndash;12233\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMalapit CA, Howell AR (2015) Recent Applications of Oxetanes in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. J Org Chem 80:8489\u0026ndash;8495\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRojas JJ, Bull JA (2023) Oxetanes in Drug Discovery Campaigns. J Med Chem 66:12697\u0026ndash;12709\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTan T-D, Zhou F, Quirion KP, Ng DZW, Wang Y-Q, Luo X, Chan ECY, Liu P, Koh MJ (2025) Catalytic Difluorocarbene Insertion Enables Access to Fluorinated Oxetane Isosteres. Nat Chem 17:719\u0026ndash;726\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWuitschik G, Rogers-Evans M, M\u0026uuml;ller K, Fischer H, Wagner B, Schuler F, Polonchuk L, Carreira EM (2006) Oxetanes as Promising Modules in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:7736\u0026ndash;7739\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurkhard JA, Tchitchanov BH, Carreira EM (2011) Cascade Formation of Isoxazoles: Facile Base-Mediated Rearrangement of Substituted Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:5379\u0026ndash;5382\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRuider SA, M\u0026uuml;ller S, Carreira EM (2013) Ring Expansion of 3-Oxetanone-Derived Spirocycles: Facile Synthesis of Saturated Nitrogen Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:11908\u0026ndash;11911\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrady PB, Carreira EM (2015) Addition of Trifluoroborates to Oxetanyl N,O-Acetals: Entry into Spiro and Fused Saturated Heterocycles. Org Lett 17:3350\u0026ndash;3353\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWuitschik G, Carreira EM, Wagner B, Fischer H, Parrilla I, Schuler F, Rogers-Evans M, M\u0026uuml;ller K (2010) Oxetanes in Drug Discovery: Structural and Synthetic Insights. J Med Chem 53:3227\u0026ndash;3246\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLoy RN, Jacobsen EN (2009) Enantioselective Intramolecular Openings of Oxetanes Catalyzed by (Salen)Co(III) Complexes: Access to Enantioenriched Tetrahydrofurans. J Am Chem Soc 131:2786\u0026ndash;2787\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrassfeld DA, Wickens ZK, Picazo E, Jacobsen EN (2020) Highly Enantioselective, Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalyzed Additions to Oxetanes. J Am Chem Soc 142:9175\u0026ndash;9180\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrassfeld DA, Algera RF, Wickens ZK, Jacobsen EN (2021) A Case Study in Catalyst Generality: Simultaneous, Highly-Enantioselective Br\u0026oslash;nsted- and Lewis-Acid Mechanisms in Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalyzed Oxetane Openings. J Am Chem Soc 143:9585\u0026ndash;9594\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuo B, Njardarson JT (2013) Z-Selective Ring Opening of Vinyloxetanes with Dialkyl Dithiophosphate Nucleophiles. Chem Commun 49:10802\u0026ndash;10804\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGronnier C, Kramer S, Odabachian Y, Gagosz F (2012) J Am Chem Soc 134:828\u0026ndash;831\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRojas JJ, Croft RA, Sterling AJ, Schmitt DC, Blagojevic L, Briggs EL, Antermite D, Haycock P, White AJP, Duarte F, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA (2022) Amino-Oxetanes as Amide Isosteres by an Alternative Defluorosulfonylative Coupling of Sulfonyl Fluorides. Nat Chem 14:160\u0026ndash;169\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRojas JJ, Torrisi E, Dubois MAJ, Hossain R, White AJP, Zappia G, Mousseau JJ, Choi C, Bull JA (2022) Oxetan-3-ols as 1,2-Bis-Electrophiles in a Br\u0026oslash;nsted-Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,4-Dioxanes. Org Lett 24:2365\u0026ndash;2370\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSymes OL, Ishikura H, Begg CS, Rojas JJ, Speller HA, Cherk AM, Fang M, Leung D, Croft RA, Higham JI, Huang K, Barnard A, Haycock P, White AJP, Choi C, Bull JA (2024) Harnessing Oxetane and Azetidine Sulfonylfluorides for Opportunities in Drug Discovery. J Am Chem Soc 146:35377\u0026ndash;35389\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Z, Chen Z, Sun J (2013) Catalytic Enantioselective Intermolecular Desymmetrization of 3-Substituted Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:6685\u0026ndash;6688\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang G, Huang H, Guo W, Qian C, Sun J (2020) Unusual Skeletal Reorganization of Oxetanes for the Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed 59:11245\u0026ndash;11249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang H, Zhang T, Sun J (2021) Mild C\u0026ndash;C Bond Formation via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Oxetane Ring Opening with Soft Carbon Nucleophiles. Angew Chem 133:2700\u0026ndash;2705\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang R, Sun M, Yan Q, Lin X, Li X, Fang X, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Sun J (2022) Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolidines via Oxetane Desymmetrization. Org Lett 24:2359\u0026ndash;2364\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhite AR, Kozlowski RA, Tsai S-C, Vanderwal CD (2017) A Direct Synthesis of Highly Substituted P-Rich Aromatic Heterocycles from Oxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 56:10525\u0026ndash;10529\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNi C, Zhao Y, Yang J (2020) Br\u0026oslash;nsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Ring Opening of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes in Water: Efficient Access to Furans and Benzofurans. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:12741\u0026ndash;12745\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKataria P, Sahoo SS, Kontham R (2023) Bi(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Furans from Hydroxy-oxetanyl Ketones: Application to Unified Total Synthesis of Shikonofurans J, D, E, and C. J Org Chem 88:7328\u0026ndash;7346\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSahoo SS, Kataria P, Kontham R (2024) Concise and Collective Total Syntheses of 2,4-Disubstituted Furan-Derived Natural Products from Hydroxyoxetanyl Ketones. Org Biomol Chem 22:1475\u0026ndash;1483\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLienhard GE, Wang T-C (1969) On the Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Enolization of Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 91:1146\u0026ndash;1153\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYao X, Li C-J (2004) Highly Efficient Addition of Activated Methylene Compounds to Alkenes Catalyzed by Gold and Silver. J Am Chem Soc 126(22):6884\u0026ndash;6885\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSee Supporting Information for details\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAso M, Ojida A, Yang G, Cha O-J, Osawa E, Kanematsu K (1993) Furannulation Strategy for Synthesis of the Naturally Occurring Fused 3-Methylfurans: Efficient Synthesis of Evodone and Menthofuran and Regioselective Synthesis of Maturone via a Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction. Some Comments for Its Mechanistic Aspects. J Org Chem 58(15):3960\u0026ndash;3968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOjida A, Tanoue F, Kanematsu K (1994) Total Syntheses of Marine Furanosesquiterpenoids, Tubipofurans. J Org Chem 59(22):5970\u0026ndash;5976\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTan W-Y, Lu Y, Zhao J-F, Chen W, Zhang H (2021) Oxidation of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 23:6648\u0026ndash;6653\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe efficient synthesis of multisubstituted furans, particularly those incorporating further functionalizable groups remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. These difficulties largely arise from reliance on prefunctionalized substrates, multistep reaction sequences, harsh conditions, and costly catalytic systems. In this work, we report a rapid, efficient, and operationally simple cascade [3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2]-annulation strategy that addresses these limitations while delivering excellent step and atom economy. The method exploits readily available and inexpensive active methylene compounds (including \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ketoesters, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-diketones, and related derivatives) as C\u0026ndash;C\u0026ndash;O 1,3-bis-nucleophiles, in combination with 3-oxetanone as a C\u0026ndash;C 1,2-bis-electrophile, under catalysis by sustainable and low-cost Fe-salts. This robust protocol enables the construction of a diverse array of furan architectures, encompassing disubstituted, trisubstituted, and fused systems bearing alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents, as well as functional groups derived from nitriles, sulfones, phosphonates, and amides. The synthetic utility of the approach is further demonstrated by its gram-scale applicability and by the total synthesis of biologically relevant methylenomycin furans (MMFs), methylfuroic acid, along with formal syntheses of evodone, tubipofuran, menthofuran, maturone, isomaturone, and rabdoketones. Moreover, the method proves highly effective for late-stage diversification, as illustrated by the functionalization of bioactive natural products, including \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ionone, tonalide, progesterone, and pregnenolone. Collectively, this strategy provides a practical, versatile, and sustainable platform for the streamlined synthesis and diversification of multisubstituted furans.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Leveraging Lewis Acid Catalysis for Cascade Construction of Multisubstituted Furans from Active Methylenes and 3-Oxetanone","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-14 04:11:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518314/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"communications-chemistry","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"commschem","sideBox":"Learn more about [Communications Chemistry](http://www.nature.com/commschem/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Communications Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Communications Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b299cf0e-6cd4-4148-9e4a-113786803c60","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 14th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":61055651,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":61055652,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Organic chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-13T17:20:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-14 04:11:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8518314","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8518314","identity":"rs-8518314","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}