Characteristics of the turbulence echo observed with the equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) and simultaneous hourly radiosondes

Characteristics of the turbulence echo observed with the equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) and simultaneous hourly radiosondes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characteristics of the turbulence echo observed with the equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) and simultaneous hourly radiosondes tiin sinatra, Noersomadi Noersomadi, Asif Awaludin, Halimurrahman Halimurrahman, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5707381/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We investigate characteristics of the turbulence echo at 3-9 km altitudes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) at 100.32oE, 0.20oS, Kototabang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Radiosondes were simultaneously launched every hour for 25 times from 6 UTC on 15 December 2005, which provides a unique opportunity to analyze the hourly variations of the atmospheric parameters. We refer to the relation on the radar reflectivity [[EQUATION]], where M, N2, ε and F are the refractive index gradient, Brunt-Väisälä frequency squared, the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate and the filling factor of turbulence in the radar range volume, respectively. The echo power is converted to the range normalized signal-to-noise ratio (So) with the oblique beam at 10o off the zenith. At 3-6 km altitudes, So was largely affected by passage of convective clouds during 9-23 UTC. At 6-9 km, the intense So appeared as several systematic layers with downward phase progression due to atmospheric gravity waves. M2/N2 considerably affects the time-height variations of So at all altitudes, and their two-dimensional cross-correlation value is 0.60 and 0.63 at the 3-5.5 km and 6-9 km altitude layers, respectively. We delineate the Richardson number (Ri) from the temperature and wind velocity with radiosondes with the 10 m interval. Then, we calculate the percentage occurrence of Ri within a 200 m height layer for Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (0<Ri<0.25) and convective instability (Ri<0), which are defined as Ri-KHI and Ri-CI, respectively. Ri-KHI increased at 6.6-7.4 km during 13-20 UTC, which coincides with the enhancement of the spectral width with the oblique beams ([[EQUATION]]. A peculiar event of the enhanced So associated with the large [[EQUATION]] is found at 6-8 km during 13-20 UTC. We investigate the relation between η with M2/N2 and [[EQUATION]], where [[EQUATION]]is calculated from [[EQUATION]] and N. We define F as the sum between Ri-KHI and Ri-CI. The time-height structure of the calculated η is remarkably consistent with the observed So. The maximum of η appears in between the individual peaks of M2/N2 and εo, and therefore, the height structure of η is explained only by combining the effects of both M2/N2 and εo. turbulence scattering equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) hourly radiosonde campaign refractive index gradient Brunt Väisälä frequency squared Richardson Number turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate atmospheric gravity wave West Sumatra Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Full Text Additional Declarations Tables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files EPStablesubmit.pdf graphicalabstract.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5707381","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436090009,"identity":"287c010e-ef79-4315-a200-f988023982d4","order_by":0,"name":"tiin 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radiosondes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"turbulence scattering, equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR), hourly radiosonde campaign, refractive index gradient, Brunt Väisälä frequency squared, Richardson Number, turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate, atmospheric gravity wave, West Sumatra","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5707381/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5707381/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"We investigate characteristics of the turbulence echo at 3-9 km altitudes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) at 100.32oE, 0.20oS, Kototabang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Radiosondes were simultaneously launched every hour for 25 times from 6 UTC on 15 December 2005, which provides a unique opportunity to analyze the hourly variations of the atmospheric parameters. We refer to the relation on the radar reflectivity [[EQUATION]], where M, N2, ε and F are the refractive index gradient, Brunt-Väisälä frequency squared, the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate and the filling factor of turbulence in the radar range volume, respectively. The echo power is converted to the range normalized signal-to-noise ratio (So) with the oblique beam at 10o off the zenith. At 3-6 km altitudes, So was largely affected by passage of convective clouds during 9-23 UTC. At 6-9 km, the intense So appeared as several systematic layers with downward phase progression due to atmospheric gravity waves. M2/N2 considerably affects the time-height variations of So at all altitudes, and their two-dimensional cross-correlation value is 0.60 and 0.63 at the 3-5.5 km and 6-9 km altitude layers, respectively. We delineate the Richardson number (Ri) from the temperature and wind velocity with radiosondes with the 10 m interval. Then, we calculate the percentage occurrence of Ri within a 200 m height layer for Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (0\u0026lt;Ri\u0026lt;0.25) and convective instability (Ri\u0026lt;0), which are defined as Ri-KHI and Ri-CI, respectively. Ri-KHI increased at 6.6-7.4 km during 13-20 UTC, which coincides with the enhancement of the spectral width with the oblique beams ([[EQUATION]]. A peculiar event of the enhanced So associated with the large [[EQUATION]] is found at 6-8 km during 13-20 UTC. We investigate the relation between η with M2/N2 and [[EQUATION]], where [[EQUATION]]is calculated from [[EQUATION]] and N. We define F as the sum between Ri-KHI and Ri-CI. The time-height structure of the calculated η is remarkably consistent with the observed So. The maximum of η appears in between the individual peaks of M2/N2 and εo, and therefore, the height structure of η is explained only by combining the effects of both M2/N2 and εo.","manuscriptTitle":"Characteristics of the turbulence echo observed with the equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) and simultaneous hourly radiosondes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-21 02:15:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5707381/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"593c4082-8101-434b-a1b2-8f910b93f278","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-25T23:44:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-21 02:15:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5707381","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5707381","identity":"rs-5707381","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}