Seasonal Incidence and Parasitization of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): A Report from Jobner, Rajasthan

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1

Seasonal Incidence and Parasitization of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): A Report from Jobner, Rajasthan

2026 · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1

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Seasonal Incidence and Parasitization of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): A Report from Jobner, Rajasthan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal Incidence and Parasitization of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): A Report from Jobner, Rajasthan Revanth sri Thalluri, Ram Kishor Meena, Vandana Peruri, Aradhana Panda This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), is a major pest of Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ) that inflicts significant yield losses under Rajasthan’s semi-arid conditions. Its population dynamics and natural regulation by parasitoids are influenced by prevailing weather factors. The present report was undertaken at Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, during two consecutive Rabi seasons (2022–23 and 2023–24) to study the seasonal incidence of Lipaphis erysimi and its parasitisation by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in relation to meteorological parameters. Mustard variety Giriraj was raised under field conditions and weekly observations on aphid density and percent parasitization were recorded. Aphid infestation appeared in late December and early January, reaching peak densities in late January to early February and subsequently declined by March. Parasitization by D. rapae was first recorded in the third week of February during both years, with a peak of 29.62% in the second week of March 2023 and 34.54% in the same period of 2024. Correlation studies revealed a significant positive association of parasitization with maximum and minimum temperatures in 2022–23, while relative humidity showed a significant negative relationship in 2023–24. Rainfall exhibited a non-significant negative association across both years. This report emphasizes the seasonal role of D. rapae as an effective natural enemy of mustard aphid, underscoring its potential utility in integrated pest management programs for mustard cultivation in Rajasthan. Biological control Brassica juncea Diaeretiella rapae Lipaphis erysimi Mustard aphid Rajasthan Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), is one of the most destructive insect pests of Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss, causing severe yield losses under field conditions, with 6–7 percent reduction in oil content (Shylesha et al. 2006 ). Indian mustard is one of the important oil seed crop grown in Jobner, Rajasthan, where the aphid population is regulated by several natural predators like coccinellids and syrphid fly (Mishra and Kanwat, 2018 and Arvind et al., 2024 ) and apart from them, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) a broconid parasitoid is the most efficient among the natural enemies, which is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan parasitoid reported from 98 aphid species on more than 180 plant hosts belonging to 43 families in 87 countries worldwide (Singh and Singh 2015). It has been recorded parasitizing the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) and mustard aphid, L. erysimi (Soni et al. 2022 ), with maximum emergence success from L. erysimi population (Halder et al. 2014 ). The parasitoid has high reproductive potential and a single mated female may parasitize up to 94 aphids within three days (Sehgal et al. 2023 ), highlighting its utility in biological control programs. Soni and Kumar ( 2021 ) reported that D. rapae is capable of parasitizing all the nymphal instars of aphid. Floral resources, including weeds and non-weeds, like buckwheat, alyssum, shepherd’s purse and white rocket improve Diaeretiella rapae performance, with buckwheat most effective enhance parasitoid survival and fecundity in agroecosystems (Araj and Wratten 2015). Therefore, D. rapae stands out as a key natural enemy of mustard aphid, with its broad host range, high parasitization potential and successful emergence making it an important component in integrated aphid management strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2022–23 and 2023–24 at the Research Farm, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University (SKNAU), College of Agriculture (COA), Jobner, Rajasthan, to investigate the seasonal incidence of the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in relation to meteorological factors. The mustard variety ‘Giriraj’ was sown in the first fortnight of November in five plots following a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and weekly observations on aphid population and parasitisation were recorded from ten randomly selected and tagged plants in each plot. The number of live aphids and mummified aphids was counted and per cent parasitization was calculated with formula: Per cent parasitization = (Mummified aphids ÷ Total number of aphids) × 100. Meteorological data on temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were obtained from the Agrometeorological Observatory, SKNAU, Jobner and Correlation between aphid population, parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae , and meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) was computed using Pearson’s correlation method. Significance of correlation coefficients was tested at both 1% (P ≤ 0.01) and 5% (P ≤ 0.05) probability levels. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Fig. 1 –4) was observed parasitizing the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi , on Indian mustard at SKNAU, College of Agriculture, Jobner. This observation is significant, as earlier studies from Jobner (Mandarwal 2014 ; Mishra and Kanwat 2018 ; Dotasara 2019 ; Arvind 2021 ; Chand 2022 ) and Jaipur (Yadav et al. 2023 ) documented only predatory natural enemies associated with mustard aphid in Indian mustard. Although D. rapae had previously been reported from Jobner by Khinchi and Kumawat ( 2012 ) on Rhopalosiphum maidis infesting blond psyllium ( Plantago ovata ), the present study records its occurrence parasitizing L. erysimi within the mustard ecosystem. In the present study (Tables 1 and 2 ), parasitism was first recorded in the third week of February (7th SMW) during Rabi 2022–23 and 2023–24, with initial parasitism levels of 5.04% and 3.80%, respectively. Activity peaked in the second week of March (10th SMW), reaching 29.62% in 2022–23 and 34.54% in 2023–24, under moderately high temperatures (28–31°C maximum; 8–11°C minimum) and relatively low relative humidity (36–53%). These observations align with earlier reports that D. rapae activity generally begins in late January to early February and peaks thereafter (Kulkarni and Patel 2001 , Lal et al. 2018 ). They are also consistent with Dhiman (2007), who noted that adult populations increased from February to May on mustard, declined in October and were absent during November to late January, with pupal diapause facilitating overwintering and productive mummies yielding adults by late January to early February. Souza et al. ( 2017 ) further demonstrated that the biological features of D. rapae are influenced by both temperature and host, with higher temperatures improving host quality and enhancing parasitoid development and performance. Similarly, Rupawat 2007 and Soni et al. ( 2022 ) observed that percent parasitism by D. rapae gradually increased with rising temperatures in March, coinciding with crop maturity. Correlation analysis (Table 3 ) indicated a negative, non-significant relationship between aphid population and parasitism by D. rapae (r = − 0.244 in 2022–23; r = − 0.282 in 2023–24), This negative, non-significant correlation between aphid abundance and parasitism likely reflects lagged density-dependent responses, as D. rapae activity commenced after the aphid population peak, a pattern observed in other aphid–parasitoid systems (Rochat, 1997 ; Nematollahi et al., 2014 ) and consistent with climate driven phenological mismatches reported by Tougeron (2020). Parasitism was positive and significantly correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures in 2022–23 (r = 0.693 and 0.800) (Table 3 ), consistent with Lal et al. ( 2018 ) and Soni et al. ( 2021 ). In 2023–24 (Table 3 ), the correlation with temperature remained positive but was non-significant (r = 0.438 and 0.474), in line with reports by Achintya et al. (2012), Kashyap et al. ( 2018 ) and Nisha et al. ( 2018 ). Relative humidity exerted a negative influence on parasitism, being significantly correlated in 2023–24 (r = − 0.552) (Table 3 ), supporting earlier findings that high humidity suppresses parasitoid activity (Akhtar et al. 2010 ; Lal et al. 2018 ; Kashyap et al. 2018 ; Soni et al. 2021 ). Rainfall exhibited a negative, non-significant effect in both years (Table 3 ), in contrast to the positive, non-significant associations reported by Nisha et al. ( 2018 ), Pradhan et al . (2020) and Soni et al. ( 2021 ), which may be attributed to the low and sporadic rainfall characteristic of the Jobner region. Table 1 Correlation of mustard aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi ) with weather parameters and per cent parasitization by Diaeretiella rapae . during Rabi , 2022–23 SMW Max Temp (°C) Min Temp (°C) Average RH (%) Total Rainfall (mm) Aphids (10 cm terminal shoot) Per cent Parasitization by D. rapae . 47 27.6 4.9 46 0 0.00 0.00 48 27.9 4.8 49 0 0.00 0.00 49 25.5 3.7 55 0 0.00 0.00 50 26.5 4.6 54 0 0.00 0.00 51 25.5 4.6 58 0 0.00 0.00 52 23.3 2.2 56 0 0.00 0.00 1 20.7 -1.0 60 0 10.34 0.00 2 24.5 4.9 55 0 49.84 0.00 3 20.1 -0.5 55 0 99.08 0.00 4 21.3 3.6 61 0 120.64 0.00 5 22.0 5.2 69 0 172.28 0.00 6 26.9 6.9 56 17 122.64 0.00 7 28.4 5.8 51 0 86.52 5.04 8 31.9 9.8 49 0 29.30 11.08 9 32.1 12.0 49 0 12.64 26.08 10 30.7 11.3 53 3 2.38 29.62 🔹 Note : SMW = Standard Meteorological Week. Table 2 Correlation of mustard aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi ) with weather parameters and per cent parasitization by Diaeretiella rapae . during Rabi, 2023–24 SMW Max Temp (°C) Min Temp (°C) Average RH (%) Total Rainfall (mm) Aphids (10 cm terminal shoot) Per cent Parasitization by D. rapae . 47 28.1 8.1 45 0.0 0.00 0.00 48 24.5 10.7 64 1.0 0.00 0.00 49 25.3 8.3 61 0.0 0.00 0.00 50 26.6 5.5 56 0.0 0.00 0.00 51 25.0 5.5 51 0.0 0.00 0.00 52 25.0 4.9 60 0.0 20.16 0.00 1 17.0 3.5 69 0.0 89.74 0.00 2 21.9 3.3 57 0.0 91.54 0.00 3 23.2 3.5 55 0.0 94.32 0.00 4 24.0 4.3 52 0.0 110.16 0.00 5 26.0 11.1 57 2.0 120.38 0.00 6 22.9 6.6 53 2.4 140.42 0.00 7 26.6 7.2 50 0.0 72.96 3.80 8 28.0 10.4 52 0.0 45.38 10.66 9 26.4 11.6 56 0.0 20.76 25.28 10 28.3 8.9 36 0.0 7.58 34.54 🔹 Note: SMW = Standard Meteorological Week. Table 3 Correlation of per cent parasitization of Lipaphis erysimi by Diaeretiella rapae . with weather parameters during Rabi, 2022–23 and 2023–24 Parameter Rabi 2022–23 Rabi 2023–24 D.rapae with aphid -0.244 -2.82 Maximum Temp 0.693** -0.438 Minimum Temp 0.800** -0.474 Relative Humidity -0.350 -0.552* Rainfall -0.001 -0.209 * Significant at 5% probability ** Significant at 1% probability level CONCLUSION This study reports the occurrence of Diaeretiella rapae parasitizing mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi , in the mustard ecosystem of SKNAU, COA, Jobner, Rajasthan, with activity commencing in February and peaking in March. Seasonal dynamics were influenced primarily by temperature and relative humidity, underscoring the role of climatic factors in parasitoid activity. The findings highlight the ecological significance of D. rapae as a potential biological control agent against mustard aphid under semi-arid Rabi mustard conditions. Declarations Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Ethical Approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Funding: No specific funding was received for this study. Author Contribution Thalluri Revanth Sri: Conceptualization, investigation, data collection, data analysis and manuscript preparation. Ram Kishor Meena: Supervision, review and validation of the research methodology. Peruri Vandana: Data recording and assistance in field observations.Aradhana Panda: manuscript editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Achintya P, Debjani D (2012) Influence of weather parameters on population dynamics of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in mustard. 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Ph D (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner Dhiman SC (2006) Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) a potential biocontrol agent of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). In: Proceedings of Symposium on Biological Control in India , pp. 101–109 Dotasara SK (2019) Biointensive management of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on Indian mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Ph D (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner Halder J, Rai A, Kodandaram M (2014) Parasitization preference of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) among different aphids in vegetable ecosystem. Indian J Agric Sci 84(11):1431–1433 Kashyap N, Painkra GP, Painkra KL, Bhagat PK (2018) Insect-pests succession, natural enemies and their correlation with weather parameters in mustard crop. J Plant Dev Sci 10(10):563–568 Khinchi SK, Kumawat KC (2012) Effect of abiotic factors on incidence of insect pests and their major natural enemies in blond psyllium, Plantago ovata . 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Technical Bulletin No. 19, ICAR for NEH Region, Umiam, p. 50 Soni S, Kumar S (2021) Efficacy of the parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infesting rapeseed–mustard. J Asia Pac Entomol 24(3):912–917 Soni S, Kumar S, Singh R, Badiyala A, Chandel RS (2022) Aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): opportunities for its use in integrated management of aphids infesting rapeseed–mustard in north-western Indian Himalayas. Crop Prot 151:105819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105819 Soni S, Kumar S, Sood AK, Rana RS (2021) Modeling of aphid complex and its associated natural enemies in rapeseed–mustard in relation to climatic factors. J Agrometeorology 23(2):207–212 Souza MF, Veloso LFA, Sampaio MV, Davis JA (2017) Influence of host quality and temperature on the biology of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Environ Entomol 46(4):995–1004 Yadav RV, Vipin K, Rani S (2023) Population dynamics of aphid and their natural enemies in mustard based on meteorological parameters using principal component analysis. J Agrometeorology 25(3):458–461 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 30 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Jobner, Rajasthan\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eMustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kaltenbach), is one of the most destructive insect pests of Indian mustard \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Czern and Coss, causing severe yield losses under field conditions, with 6\u0026ndash;7 percent reduction in oil content (Shylesha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Indian mustard is one of the important oil seed crop grown in Jobner, Rajasthan, where the aphid population is regulated by several natural predators like coccinellids and syrphid fly (Mishra and Kanwat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e and Arvind et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and apart from them, \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) a broconid parasitoid is the most efficient among the natural enemies, which is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan parasitoid reported from 98 aphid species on more than 180 plant hosts belonging to 43 families in 87 countries worldwide (Singh and Singh 2015). It has been recorded parasitizing the green peach aphid, \u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e (Sulzer), cabbage aphid, \u003cem\u003eBrevicoryne brassicae\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus) and mustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eL. erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Soni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), with maximum emergence success from \u003cem\u003eL. erysimi\u003c/em\u003e population (Halder et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The parasitoid has high reproductive potential and a single mated female may parasitize up to 94 aphids within three days (Sehgal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), highlighting its utility in biological control programs. Soni and Kumar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) reported that \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e is capable of parasitizing all the nymphal instars of aphid. Floral resources, including weeds and non-weeds, like buckwheat, alyssum, shepherd\u0026rsquo;s purse and white rocket improve \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e performance, with buckwheat most effective enhance parasitoid survival and fecundity in agroecosystems (Araj and Wratten 2015). Therefore, \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e stands out as a key natural enemy of mustard aphid, with its broad host range, high parasitization potential and successful emergence making it an important component in integrated aphid management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted during the \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e seasons of 2022\u0026ndash;23 and 2023\u0026ndash;24 at the Research Farm, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University (SKNAU), College of Agriculture (COA), Jobner, Rajasthan, to investigate the seasonal incidence of the mustard aphid \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kaltenbach) and its parasitoid \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) in relation to meteorological factors. The mustard variety \u0026lsquo;Giriraj\u0026rsquo; was sown in the first fortnight of November in five plots following a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and weekly observations on aphid population and parasitisation were recorded from ten randomly selected and tagged plants in each plot. The number of live aphids and mummified aphids was counted and per cent parasitization was calculated with formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer cent parasitization = (Mummified aphids\u0026thinsp;\u0026divide;\u0026thinsp;Total number of aphids) \u0026times; 100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeteorological data on temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were obtained from the Agrometeorological Observatory, SKNAU, Jobner and Correlation between aphid population, parasitism by \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e, and meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) was computed using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation method. Significance of correlation coefficients was tested at both \u003cb\u003e1% (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e5% (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e probability levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe parasitoid \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;4) was observed parasitizing the mustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e, on Indian mustard at SKNAU, College of Agriculture, Jobner. This observation is significant, as earlier studies from Jobner (Mandarwal \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mishra and Kanwat \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dotasara \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Arvind \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Chand \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Jaipur (Yadav et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) documented only predatory natural enemies associated with mustard aphid in Indian mustard. Although \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e had previously been reported from Jobner by Khinchi and Kumawat (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) on \u003cem\u003eRhopalosiphum maidis\u003c/em\u003e infesting blond psyllium (\u003cem\u003ePlantago ovata\u003c/em\u003e), the present study records its occurrence parasitizing \u003cem\u003eL. erysimi\u003c/em\u003e within the mustard ecosystem.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), parasitism was first recorded in the third week of February (7th SMW) during \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2022\u0026ndash;23 and 2023\u0026ndash;24, with initial parasitism levels of 5.04% and 3.80%, respectively. Activity peaked in the second week of March (10th SMW), reaching 29.62% in 2022\u0026ndash;23 and 34.54% in 2023\u0026ndash;24, under moderately high temperatures (28\u0026ndash;31\u0026deg;C maximum; 8\u0026ndash;11\u0026deg;C minimum) and relatively low relative humidity (36\u0026ndash;53%). These observations align with earlier reports that \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e activity generally begins in late January to early February and peaks thereafter (Kulkarni and Patel \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, Lal et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). They are also consistent with Dhiman (2007), who noted that adult populations increased from February to May on mustard, declined in October and were absent during November to late January, with pupal diapause facilitating overwintering and productive mummies yielding adults by late January to early February. Souza et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) further demonstrated that the biological features of \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e are influenced by both temperature and host, with higher temperatures improving host quality and enhancing parasitoid development and performance. Similarly, Rupawat \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e and Soni et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) observed that percent parasitism by \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e gradually increased with rising temperatures in March, coinciding with crop maturity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) indicated a negative, non-significant relationship between aphid population and parasitism by \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.244 in 2022\u0026ndash;23; r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.282 in 2023\u0026ndash;24), This negative, non-significant correlation between aphid abundance and parasitism likely reflects lagged density-dependent responses, as \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e activity commenced after the aphid population peak, a pattern observed in other aphid\u0026ndash;parasitoid systems (Rochat, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Nematollahi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and consistent with climate driven phenological mismatches reported by Tougeron (2020). Parasitism was positive and significantly correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures in 2022\u0026ndash;23 (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.693 and 0.800) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), consistent with Lal et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Soni et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In 2023\u0026ndash;24 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), the correlation with temperature remained positive but was non-significant (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.438 and 0.474), in line with reports by Achintya \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2012), Kashyap et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Nisha et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Relative humidity exerted a negative influence on parasitism, being significantly correlated in 2023\u0026ndash;24 (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.552) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), supporting earlier findings that high humidity suppresses parasitoid activity (Akhtar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Lal et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kashyap et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Soni et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Rainfall exhibited a negative, non-significant effect in both years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), in contrast to the positive, non-significant associations reported by Nisha et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Pradhan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2020) and Soni et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which may be attributed to the low and sporadic rainfall characteristic of the Jobner region.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation of mustard aphid (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) with weather parameters and per cent parasitization by\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eduring\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRabi\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e2022\u0026ndash;23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage RH (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal Rainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphids (10 cm terminal shoot)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePer cent Parasitization by\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e172.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e🔹 \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e: SMW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Meteorological Week.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of mustard aphid (\u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e) with weather parameters and per cent parasitization by \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e. during Rabi, 2023\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage RH (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal Rainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphids (10 cm terminal shoot)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePer cent Parasitization by \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e140.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e🔹 Note: SMW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Meteorological Week.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of per cent parasitization of \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e by \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e. with weather parameters during Rabi, 2022\u0026ndash;23 and 2023\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRabi 2022\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRabi 2023\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eD.rapae\u003c/em\u003e with aphid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaximum Temp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.693**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.438\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinimum Temp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.800**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.474\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelative Humidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.350\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.552*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRainfall\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.209\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e* Significant at 5% probability ** Significant at 1% probability level\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reports the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e parasitizing mustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e, in the mustard ecosystem of SKNAU, COA, Jobner, Rajasthan, with activity commencing in February and peaking in March. Seasonal dynamics were influenced primarily by temperature and relative humidity, underscoring the role of climatic factors in parasitoid activity. The findings highlight the ecological significance of \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e as a potential biological control agent against mustard aphid under semi-arid Rabi mustard conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo specific funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThalluri Revanth Sri: Conceptualization, investigation, data collection, data analysis and manuscript preparation. Ram Kishor Meena: Supervision, review and validation of the research methodology. Peruri Vandana: Data recording and assistance in field observations.Aradhana Panda: manuscript editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAchintya P, Debjani D (2012) Influence of weather parameters on population dynamics of \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kaltenbach) and its parasitoid \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) in mustard. J Entomol Res 36(4):305\u0026ndash;308\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkhtar MS, Dey D, Usmani MK, Choudhury RA (2010) Seasonal abundance of \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (Mintosh) (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) parasitizing \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e variety Pusa Bold. Munis Entomol Zool 5(2):692\u0026ndash;696\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAraj S, Wratten S (2014) Comparing existing weeds and commonly used insectary plants as floral resources for a parasitoid. Biol Control 81:93\u0026ndash;100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArvind JBL, Chand A, Kumar S, Yadav MS, Redhu M (2024) Population dynamics of mustard aphid and its natural enemies. Indian J Entomol 87(1):181\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArvind (2021) Seasonal abundance and eco-friendly management of major insect pests of mustard, \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (Linn.) Czern and Coss. M Sc (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChand A (2022) Population dynamics and varietal preference of major insect pests of mustard, \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Czern and Coss. Ph D (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhiman SC (2006) \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026rsquo;Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) a potential biocontrol agent of mustard aphid \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kalt.). In: \u003cem\u003eProceedings of Symposium on Biological Control in India\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 101\u0026ndash;109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDotasara SK (2019) Biointensive management of \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kalt.) on Indian mustard, \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Czern and Coss in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Ph D (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHalder J, Rai A, Kodandaram M (2014) Parasitization preference of \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) among different aphids in vegetable ecosystem. Indian J Agric Sci 84(11):1431\u0026ndash;1433\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKashyap N, Painkra GP, Painkra KL, Bhagat PK (2018) Insect-pests succession, natural enemies and their correlation with weather parameters in mustard crop. J Plant Dev Sci 10(10):563\u0026ndash;568\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhinchi SK, Kumawat KC (2012) Effect of abiotic factors on incidence of insect pests and their major natural enemies in blond psyllium, \u003cem\u003ePlantago ovata\u003c/em\u003e. J Insect Sci (Ludhiana) 25(2):184\u0026ndash;188\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKulkarni AV, Patel IS (2001) Seasonal abundance of mustard aphid (\u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e) and associated biogents in Indian mustard (\u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e) crop. Indian J Agric Sci 71(10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLal B, Nayak MK, Srivastava AK, Tomar DS (2018) Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of mustard and their natural enemies. Int J Chem Stud 6(3):3658\u0026ndash;3661\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMandarwal N (2014) Management of aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kalt.) on mustard [\u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (Linn.) Czern and Coss] in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. M Sc (Ag) thesis, SKNAU, Jobner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMishra SK, Kanwat PM (2018) Seasonal incidence of mustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kalt) and its major predator on mustard and their correlation with abiotic factors. 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Ph D thesis, MPUAT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSehgal PK, Singh R, Dhiman SC (2023) Studies on some aspects of \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026rsquo;Intosh), a parasitoid of mustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kalt). J Adv Zool 44(\u0026ndash;5):701\u0026ndash;704\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShylesha AN, Thakur Azad NS, Pathak KA, Rao KR, Saikia K, Surose S, Kandandaram NH, Kalaishekar A (2006) Integrated management of insect pest of crops in north eastern hill region. Technical Bulletin No. 19, ICAR for NEH Region, Umiam, p. 50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoni S, Kumar S (2021) Efficacy of the parasitoid, \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) against \u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infesting rapeseed\u0026ndash;mustard. 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J Agrometeorology 23(2):207\u0026ndash;212\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSouza MF, Veloso LFA, Sampaio MV, Davis JA (2017) Influence of host quality and temperature on the biology of \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Environ Entomol 46(4):995\u0026ndash;1004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYadav RV, Vipin K, Rani S (2023) Population dynamics of aphid and their natural enemies in mustard based on meteorological parameters using principal component analysis. J Agrometeorology 25(3):458\u0026ndash;461\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Biological control, Brassica juncea, Diaeretiella rapae, Lipaphis erysimi, Mustard aphid, Rajasthan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMustard aphid, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e (Kaltenbach), is a major pest of Indian mustard (\u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e) that inflicts significant yield losses under Rajasthan\u0026rsquo;s semi-arid conditions. Its population dynamics and natural regulation by parasitoids are influenced by prevailing weather factors. The present report was undertaken at Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, during two consecutive \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e seasons (2022\u0026ndash;23 and 2023\u0026ndash;24) to study the seasonal incidence of \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e and its parasitisation by \u003cem\u003eDiaeretiella rapae\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh) in relation to meteorological parameters. Mustard variety Giriraj was raised under field conditions and weekly observations on aphid density and percent parasitization were recorded. Aphid infestation appeared in late December and early January, reaching peak densities in late January to early February and subsequently declined by March. Parasitization by \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e was first recorded in the third week of February during both years, with a peak of 29.62% in the second week of March 2023 and 34.54% in the same period of 2024. Correlation studies revealed a significant positive association of parasitization with maximum and minimum temperatures in 2022\u0026ndash;23, while relative humidity showed a significant negative relationship in 2023\u0026ndash;24. Rainfall exhibited a non-significant negative association across both years. This report emphasizes the seasonal role of \u003cem\u003eD. rapae\u003c/em\u003e as an effective natural enemy of mustard aphid, underscoring its potential utility in integrated pest management programs for mustard cultivation in Rajasthan.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal Incidence and Parasitization of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea): A Report from Jobner, Rajasthan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-04 10:13:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7969278/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-18T11:54:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T15:17:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"887082195998624095827291049435607231","date":"2026-04-11T16:27:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T11:05:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237741243462261723765110090546077967287","date":"2026-02-27T10:48:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253734139400895791989077756031894924287","date":"2026-02-27T10:06:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T08:46:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T04:20:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T04:19:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2025-10-28T13:22:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"41c63fec-515e-482f-9a9b-6cb37c7447db","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 4th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-18T12:09:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-04 10:13:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7969278","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7969278","identity":"rs-7969278","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}

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