Gender differences in the development of children’s conduct problems: A four-year longitudinal study

Gender differences in the development of children’s conduct problems: A four-year longitudinal study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gender differences in the development of children’s conduct problems: A four-year longitudinal study María Álvarez-Voces, Estrella Romero This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Gender differences in the trajectories of conduct problems (CP) have received very little attention in the literature. The present four-year longitudinal study explores gender differences in CP trajectories through early childhood, assessing gender-specific predictors and outcomes. Gender-separated CP trajectories were identified in a sample of 2,246 young children ( M age =4.25; 48.53% girls) using latent class growth analyses (LCGA). Five trajectories were found in girls (i.e., low , average , downward , upward , and stable high ) and four in boys (i.e., low , average , stable high , and upward ). Low socioeconomic status was related to the most problematic trajectories only in boys, whereas the interpersonal psychopathic trait (grandiose-deceitful) was more pronounced in girls with higher CP scores relative to other psychopathic traits. Meanwhile, boys’ trajectories were more diverse in terms of negative outcomes (e.g., bullying, victimization) than those of girls. This study contributes to the body of work on heterogeneity in CP by identifying different trajectories according to gender, and shows the relevance of gender in understanding the predictors, development, and outcomes of CP. Conduct Problems Trajectories Childhood Gender Latent Class Growth Analyses Figures Figure 1 Highlights Trajectories of CP have been widely studied but little attention has been paid to gender differences therein. Four similar trajectories were found across genders, while a downward trajectory was found only in girls. Low parental warmth was only related to the most problematic trajectories for girls. Psychopathic traits were related to the problematic trajectories across genders: GD stood out in girls and INS in boys. The most problematic trajectories were linked with poorer psychosocial outcomes across genders. Introduction Conduct Problems (CP) in children are patterns of behaviors that can include aggression, destruction, defiance, temper tantrums, violation of the rights of others, and of age-appropriate norms or rules (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They are the most prevalent disturbances in childhood and adolescent, resulting in numerous harmful consequences for the children/adolescents themselves, their families, and society in general. As such, CP are the most frequent motive for referring children to mental health services (Baker, 2013). A flourishing body of research has addressed the issue of heterogeneity in the manifestations, etiologies and prognoses of CP, and various developmental pathways have been identified, based on age of onset, developmental course, and associated risk factors (Fanti, 2018; Moffit, 1993). Longitudinal research has identified several groups of CP trajectories, these including low , high but declining , increasing , and persistent high (Olson et al., 2017). Most children follow a normative trajectory, and many of those with early-onset CP tend to exhibit a significant decline later in development (Barker & Maughan, 2009). However, approximately 5% of children exhibit a persistent CP trajectory that lasts throughout adolescence (Morales et al., 2023). This trajectory is related to higher future levels of CP and is one of the strongest predictors of substance abuse, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (Odgers et al., 2008). While there has been substantial research interest in CP trajectories overall, there is still only limited understanding of their gender-specific characteristics. Due to the higher prevalence of CP in boys, earlier research focused predominantly on CP trajectories in boys, and indeed often overlooked gender differences (Brennan & Shaw., 2013). The scant literature on CP trajectories in girls emerged from pioneering studies in the 2000s, and conclusions are still being drawn from these (Brennan & Shaw, 2013). This specific area of study led to a vigorous debate as to whether the pattern of early-onset persistent was applicable to girls, or whether it was an exclusively male pattern (Silverthorn & Frick, 1999). Currently, those few available studies here tend to favor the idea of the existence of such an early onset persistent pattern in girls, with a lower prevalence than in boys, but with equal importance in terms of its impact on society. In recent research that does account for some gender differences, there is a tendency to model joint CP trajectories (i.e., to model global trajectories without separating these by gender). There are two main issues why mixed-gender models might cloud the overall picture: 1) girls who score higher in CP than their gender-specific reference group may be underestimated due to boy’s higher CP levels, potentially misclassifying high-CP girls as “non-problematic”, and 2) more broadly, joint trajectory estimation might obscure gender-specific trajectories (Brennan & Shaw, 2013; Gutman et al., 2018). This is especially significant in the case of girls, since there is evidence that girls desist in the use of aggression earlier than boys (Hay, 2007). Very few studies have analyzed CP trajectories separately by gender, and most of these do not begin from early childhood, but typically start at around 6-7 years. This timeframe might present challenges in identifying childhood onset patterns. Furthermore, such studies tend not to measure CP exactly, but rather assess factors like physical aggression, and often rely on teacher-reported information, which may be more limited than that from parents (Brennan & Shaw, 2013; Gutman et al., 2018). In seeking to overcome such limitations, Gutman et al. (2018) found four distinct CP trajectories in both genders (i.e., low , early-onset desisting , early-onset persistent and school-onset ) in subjects from 3 to 11 years old, using parent-reported measures. Their findings support the claim that the classifications of CP trajectories in boys are applicable to girls, but that further refinements are needed to capture the true heterogeneity of the phenomenon. Numerous predictors related to childhood onset of CP have been identified, including low Socioeconomic Status (SES), low family positivity, and negative parenting practices (Shaw, 2013). Likewise, psychopathic traits in children such as Callous Unemotional (CU), Grandiose-Deceitful (GD), and Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation (INS) have been associated with a persistent and more severe pattern of CP (Klingzell et al., 2016). Some studies indicate that the early-onset persistent CP group shares certain temperamental (e.g., INS) and environmental (e.g., parental adversity) characteristics with the childhood-limited group (Odgers et al., 2008). Others indicate that the key differences here lie in the range and severity of these early risks (being more pronounced in the early-onset persisting group) (Barker & Maughan, 2009). Conversely, some research argues that specific features of the early-onset group (i.e., parental rejection and fearlessness) contribute to the persistence of CP (Shaw, 2013). Concerning gender-specific CP predictors, it has been suggested that the increased vulnerability of boys to early onset of CP may be driven by individual factors (e.g., language delay and impulsivity) rather than family variables (Messer et al., 2006). However, the literature here is still very limited, and thus it remains unclear whether some child and family risk factors are uniquely associated with CP in one gender and not in the other. Further work on how early family and child variables correlate with different gender-specific trajectories of CP will contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon. It will also allow for the development of interventions based on knowledge of the different causal mechanisms underlying CP in boys and girls (Brennan & Shaw, 2013). CP are associated with negative outcomes such as the subsequent externalizing problems (e.g., aggression, bullying, substance abuse), internalizing problems (e.g., emotional regulation difficulties, victimization), social and family impairment, academic and occupational problems, and medical consequences (Hukkelberg et al., 2019; Kljakovic & Hunt, 2016; Kretschmer et al., 2014; Lichtenstein et al., 2020). Early-onset persistent CP specifically present a significantly increased risk of adverse outcomes (Kretschmer et al., 2014). On the other hand, there is evidence that desisting trajectories present relatively normal outcomes in adolescence compared to the low trajectory, except in the case of higher self-reported aggression and poor academic outcomes (Bevilacqua et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2011). Concerning gender differences in CP outcomes, some research suggests that they are similar across genders (Odgers et al., 2008), whereas elsewhere studies have reported that associations between CP in childhood and adverse outcomes tend to be stronger in boys (Lichtenstein et al., 2020). This aligns with the observation that boys exhibit higher rates of bullying, overt aggression, and victimization (Casper et al., 2020). Yet, when it comes to relational aggression, the findings are less definitive: some studies report higher rates in girls (Donoghe & Raia-Hawrylak, 2016) and some in boys (Troop-Gordon & Kopp, 2011), whereas others indicate no significant differences across genders (Card et al., 2008). Nevertheless, it is important to consider the “gender paradox” and the “selective female affliction” in this context. These theories suggest that girls who develop a gender-atypical disorder as a conduct disorder (CD) exhibit significantly more lifetime comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, more severe symptoms than boys, and greater overall impairment (Eme, 1992; Konrad et al., 2022; Loeber & Keenan, 1994). Based on this, it appears that girls with high CP will have poorer outcomes than boys. Further research is necessary towards establishing more consistent findings in this regard. The current study The present study uses longitudinal data collected over a four-year period with the aim of advancing our understanding of the course of CP in girls and boys by means of identifying gender-specific trajectories throughout childhood. We also seek to examine whether the predictors of these trajectories (i.e., family predictors such as SES, positive parenting, parental inconsistency, warmth, and child predictors such as psychopathic traits) and outcomes (i.e., bullying, victimization, relational aggression, emotional regulation, and emotional lability) are invariant in boys and girls. Our expectation is that there will be similar patterns of trajectories across genders but with some differences. More specifically, we hypothesize that a declining trajectory will only be found in the girls in our subjects, in that the relevant sample of subjects here covers the age group 7-11 years, and girls tend to desist from CP earlier than boys (Silverthorn & Frick, 1999). We also expect to find an early-onset persistent trajectory in girls as well as in boys, in line with recent work (Gutman et al., 2018). We make no assumptions about gender differences in early predictors and later outcomes, given the paucity of previous evidence. Methods Participants This study uses data from 2,246 children, from preschool through school age childhood (48.5% girls), who participated in the longitudinal ELISA Project conducted in Galicia (NW-Spain). For this study, four project waves were considered T1 (2017; M age = 4.25, SD = 0.91, range = 3-6), T2 (2018; M age = 5.34, SD = 0.92, range = 4-7), T3 (2019; M age = 6.31, SD = 0.92, range = 4-8) and T4 (2022; M age = 9.36, SD = 0.93, range = 7-11). The level of attrition in the sample was 14.4% between T1-T2, 22.7% between T1-T3 and 39.6% between T1-T4. Comparisons between children who participated in all waves and those who missed a follow-up revealed no statistically significant differences in terms of age ( F (3, 2242) = 0.92, p = .43), gender (χ²(3) = 4.77, p = .189) or initial levels of CP ( F (3, 2226) = 1.13, p = .335). Statistically significant differences were found in terms of SES ( F (3, 2230) = 18.82, p < .001). Families who participated in all waves had higher SES, which is consistent with the findings of previous longitudinal research (Young et al., 2006). See Table S1 in the Supplementary Material for information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and Table S2 for more detailed data on the sample size maintained at each wave. Procedure Initially, 126 public, charter and private schools were contacted, and 72 of these agreed to take part in the study. Families of the students from these institutions were then invited to participate, and approximately 25-50% of families from each school accepted. Only one of the principal caregivers for each subject completed the questionnaire, mostly mothers (87.3%). Teachers supervised the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. Data collection was conducted under conditions of confidentiality and anonymity, and there was no reward for participation. Despite the wide variety of schools involved, the system for administering the questionnaires was standardized as far as possible. See http://www.personalitydevelopmentcollaborative.org/project-page-elisa/ for details. Measures The following measures were all parent-reported. Measures of CP (T1-T4) CP were measured using the Conduct Problem Scale based on DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and CD (Colins et al., 2014). This scale has 10 items (e.g., “Has violated important rules in school/at home”; “Has beaten, torn, shoved, kicked, or thrown something on others without a reason”), with a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 5 ( very often ). In this study, Cronbach α ranged from .86 to .88. Measures of predictors (T1) SES of parents was assessed using ad hoc items (α = .66) relating to parental level of education (1 = without basic studies to 6 = postgraduate), family income (1 = serious problems making ends meet to 4 = well off) and a family’s financial situation in facing daily overheads (1 = never worried to 5 = worried every day). A mean of each of the Z -transformed variables was computed to represent an SES composite. This measure has been used in other studies and has been reported to have good psychometric adequacy (López-Romero et al., 2022). Positive parenting and inconsistency were measured through the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Preschool Revision (APQ-Pr) (De la Osa et al., 2014). In the current study we used two of its subscales: one to measure positive parenting (12 items; α = .75), and another for parental inconsistency (seven items; α = .69). Participants rated each item on a five-point scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 5 ( always ). Warmth was measured through six items (α = .82) based on the Child Rearing Scale (Paterson & Sanson, 1999), which has a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 5 ( always ). The Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI) (Colins et al., 2014) was used to measure children’s psychopathic traits: GD (eight items; α = .80), CU (10 items; α = .84) and INS (10 items; α = .81). This scale has 28 items with a 4-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 ( totally disagree ) to 4 ( totally agree ). Measures of outcomes (T4) Bullying and victimization were measured using Barker’s questionnaire (Barker et al., 2008). Four items referred to bullying (α = .69) and four items to victimization (α = .89), with a 5-point Likert-type response scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 5 ( almost always ). Relational aggression and overt aggression were measured by means of the Crick questionnaire subscales (Crick, 1996). Seven items were used to measure relational aggression (α = .80) and four to measure overt aggression (α = .82), the questionnaire having a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 5 ( almost always ). The Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields & Cicchetti, 1995) was used to measure emotional regulation (eight items; α = .70) and emotional lability/negativity (16 items; α = .84), using a 4-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 ( never ) to 4 ( almost always ). Data analysis To identify developmental trajectories of CP, LCGA were separately conducted by gender, and linear and quadratic models were compared. The selection of the most appropriate model was guided by the following criteria (Hickendorff et al., 2018): a) lower levels of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and Sample-Size Adjusted BIC (SSABIC); b) high entropy values, and c) statistically significant values of Lo-Mendell-Rubin (LMR), LMR adjusted (LMRt), and Bootstrapped Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT). The theoretical interpretability of each trajectory was also considered. In the case of discrepancies between the fit indices, priority was given to the theoretical interpretability (Weller et al., 2020), the statistically significant level of BLRT, and the lowest levels of BIC and SSABIC (Nylund et al., 2007). The problem of missing cases was addressed by using a full information maximum likelihood estimator. This method has been shown to produce unbiased parameters compared to listwise detection, particularly in the case of random data loss and when there are higher rates of missing data (Enders & Bandalos, 2001). Given that participants were of differing ages at the beginning of the study, the effect of age was studied using Mehta & West’s method to avoid estimation bias (Mehta & West, 2000). It was found that age had a negligible effect. ANOVA analyses were conducted to assess differences in predictors, CP levels, and outcomes of different trajectories in boys and girls. Multinomial Logistic Regressions (MLRs) were performed to estimate the association between different predictors and trajectories of CP. Analyses were carried out using MPlus 7 and IBM SPSS Statistics 25. To facilitate comparison and interpretation of the data, scores were standardized across the whole sample, except in the case of MLRs. Results Descriptive Analyses Table 1 provides global descriptive statistics and gender differences in the variables studied. Boys consistently scored higher than girls in CP across all waves. With regards to predictors, there were no significant statistical differences, except for CU traits and INS, in which boys scored higher. Regarding outcomes, boys scored higher in bullying, victimization, overt aggression, and emotional lability and girls scored higher in emotional regulation. No gender differences were found in relational aggression. [Table 1 approximately here] Trajectories of CP Linear and quadratic models of one to five trajectories were analyzed separately for gender. The linear models showed superior fit (lower BIC), as seen in Table 2. Fit indexes for the quadratic models are available in Table S3 of the Supplementary Material. The estimated parameters for the linear LCGA (i.e., intercept and slope) can be seen in Table 3. The CP trajectories of girls and boys can be seen in Figure 1. [Table 2 approximately here] [Table 3 approximately here] For girls, the best-fitting model was comprised of five trajectories. The five-trajectory model was chosen due to its significant value of BLRT, alongside lower BIC and SSABIC values in comparison to previous models (Nylund et al., 2007). Furthermore, the theoretical interpretability of the model was considered in the selection process (Weller et al., 2020). The low group was the largest (43.2%) and yielded slightly ascending but below the mean CP scores at all waves. The average group (37.4%) obtained stable and average scores. The upward group (9.1%) had moderate scores at T1 that increased significantly up to T4. The downward group (7.1%) had high CP scores at T1 but declined until they were at the mean by T4. Finally, the stable high group (3.2%) was characterized by high and stable scores throughout all waves. CP differences were statistically significant between trajectories at all waves ( p < .001). ANOVA analyses showed no significant differences in girls’ ages across trajectories at T1 ( F (4, 1085) = 1.63, p = .164), T2 ( F (4, 934) = 1.38, p = .238), T3 ( F (4, 1024) = 1.34, p = .255) and T4 ( F (4, 650) = 1.32, p = .198). In other words, girls from different trajectory groups had similar ages at all time points. For boys, the four-trajectories model was selected based on several factors: a) the model demonstrated significant BLRT values, along with lower BIC and SSABIC values compared to previous models, indicating better statistical fit (Nylund et al., 2007) and b) its theoretical interpretability surpassed that of the five-trajectory model (Weller et al., 2020). In the five-trajectory model, two trajectories closely resembled an “average” CP, leading to the choice of a more parsimonious model that offered clearer differentiation among trajectories. The low group was the largest (42.4%) and had scores below the mean. The average group (41.2%) had average scores. The stable high group (13.7%) was characterized by high and stable scores throughout all waves. Finally, the upward trend group (2.7%) presented very high CP scores from T1 that increased substantially until T4. CP differences were statistically significant between trajectories at all waves ( p < .001). ANOVA analyses indicated no significant differences in boys’ ages across trajectories at T1 ( F (3, 1152) = 1.87, p = .133), T2 ( F (3, 977) = 1.20, p = .308) and T4 ( F (3, 686) = 1.28, p = .281). Differences were observed at T3 ( F (3, 1069) = 2.72, p = .043) but the Bonferroni post hoc test indicated no pairwise significant differences. Thus, boys from different trajectory groups had similar ages at all time points. Differences in predictors, and levels of CP according to trajectory group for boys and girls, can be found in Tables S4 and S5 of the Supplementary Material. [Figure 1 approximately here] Predictors of CP Trajectories Table 4 shows a series of MLRs to estimate, respectively, the probability of girls and boys belonging to each “problematic” trajectory compared to the low group in relation to the predictors. First, a multicollinearity test using variance inflation factors (VIF) was performed to ensure that there were not two or more independent variables measuring the same phenomenon. All VIF values were less than 2.5, which is a strict criterion for considering multicollinearity (Johnston et al., 2018). The multinomial logistic regression model with seven predictors was found to be significant for both girls (χ²(28) = 409.07, p < .001) and boys (χ²(21) = 417.60, p < .001). The Nagelkerke R 2 indicated that the 34% for girls and the 35% for boys of the total variations in trajectory membership occurred due to the variations among the seven predictor variables. The results of the goodness-of-fit analysis reject the hypothesis of no-fit, indicating that the model accurately predicted trajectory membership for both girls (Pearson χ²(4288) = 3981.10, p = 1 and Deviance χ²(4288) = 2289.03, p = 1) and boys (Pearson χ²(3372) = 2909.57, p = 1 and Deviance χ²(3372) = 2069.42, p = 1). In terms of parental variables, low SES was associated with an increased chance of being on the average group compared to the low group only in girls. Low scores on positive parenting were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the problematic trajectories for both boys and girls except for the most problematic groups. Higher scores on inconsistent parenting were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the problematic trajectories for both boys and girls. Finally, lower scores on parental warmth were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the average group and to the most problematic trajectory only in girls. In relation to psychopathic traits, higher scores were associated with the most problematic trajectories for both genders. Nevertheless, in girls of the stable high group, GD ( OR = 13.39) stood out in comparison to CU ( OR = 3.92) and INS ( OR = 10.10). In boys of the upward group, INS ( OR = 16.19) stood out compared to CU ( OR = 4.45) and GD ( OR = 3.67). [Table 4 approximately here] Outcomes of CP Trajectories Regarding outcomes (see Table 5), girls in the stable high trajectory had significantly higher scores in emotional lability than those in the other trajectories. Similarly, girls in the stable high and upward trajectories showed higher levels of bullying, overt aggression, and relational aggression. Girls in the low and average groups had lower scores on victimization and emotional regulation than girls in the most problematic groups (i.e., upward, and stable high ). Regarding boys’ trajectories, those boys in the upward trend trajectory presented significantly higher scores in bullying, victimization, relational aggression, overt aggression, and emotional lability than in the other trajectories. This was followed by the stable high trajectory, the average group, and finally the low trajectory. The same was observed with emotional regulation, but in reverse. [Table 5 approximately here] Discussion The aim of the present study was to identify gender-specific trajectories of CP in young children and to examine whether the predictors and outcomes of developmental trajectories behaved similarly across genders. In previous studies (i.e., Gutman et al., 2018) similar patterns of trajectories were found across genders, but with certain nuances. In the present study, five trajectories were identified for girls (i.e., stable high , desisting , upward , average, and low ) and four for boys (i.e., stable high , upward , average, and low ). As hypothesized, the main difference was that girls exhibited a desisting trajectory, a pattern not found in boys. This difference might be attributed to societal and biological pressures on girls to desist from CP; alternately, perhaps girls initiate the desistance from CP at an earlier stage than boys (Keenan & Shaw, 1997), which would be in line with findings reported elsewhere on aggressive behavior (Hay, 2007). Non-problematic trajectories were the most prevalent in both boys and girls, and the most problematic trajectories (i.e., stable high in girls and upward in boys) were the least prevalent (3.2% in girls, 2.7% in boys), which again is consistent with previous studies (Gutman et al., 2018). A noteworthy finding is that, as hypothesized, the early-onset persistent CP trajectory is also identified in girls, in line with recent studies (Brennan & Shaw, 2013). It should also be noted that the most problematic pattern in girls seems to be stabilized, whereas in boys it follows an upward trend. Regarding the predictors of trajectories, low SES was not related to the most problematic trajectories of either boys or girls. This finding contrasts with the results of a previous meta-analysis that found an association between antisocial behavior and SES that was unaffected by gender (Piotrowska et al., 2015). However, it is important to consider that this meta-analysis primarily utilized data from North America, which has a different context than Spain. Additionally, the sample in the present study is community-based, so it would be inappropriate to generalize to a clinical level of antisocial behavior. Further studies are needed to explore the issue of whether SES can indeed be considered a gender-specific risk factor. With respect to other parental variables (i.e., parental inconsistency and positive parenting) findings were consistent with the literature. In general, negative parenting practices were associated with more problematic trajectories in boys and girls (Foster et al., 2022; Shaw, 2013), this echoing studies in which such risk factors were found to be similar across genders (Barker & Maughan, 2009). Positive parenting was not associated with the most problematic trajectories (i.e., stable high in girls and upward in boys) in either gender. However, it is possible that the small sample size of the most problematic trajectories may have contributed to the difficulty in obtaining significant differences. Parental warmth acted as a protective factor for the more problematic trajectory only for girls (i.e., stable high ). Girls tend to be more relationship-oriented and more focused on gaining social approval (e.g., Gabriel and Gardner, 1999; Maccoby, 1990), so they may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of harsh parenting and low levels of parental warmth (Hipwell et al., 2008). Nevertheless, future research is needed to delve deeper into this issue. As for psychopathic traits, these were associated with more problematic trajectories in both genders. However, a notable nuance also emerges: in the most problematic group of boys (i.e., upward trend) the INS component stands out, while in the most problematic group of girls (i.e., stable high ) the GD component stands out above the other two. This is particularly relevant in that high GD scores in girls increase by 13.39 times the risk of belonging to the stable high group compared to the low group. This could be an indicator that the interpersonal component associated with manipulation and grandiosity is a typical manifestation of psychopathic traits in girls (Garcia et al., 2023); hence, this component might be a pivotal indicator here, one which can help to identify those girls at a high risk of developing CP. Further research in this area is crucial, particularly considering that the interpersonal and impulsive-irresponsible components have been researched less as isolated constructs than other psychopathic indicators, such as CU (Salekin, 2017). When examining the differences between the desisting and stable high trajectories in girls, it should be noted that these differences are found in psychopathic traits and not in the parental variables. In other words, psychopathic traits are related to the persistent trajectory rather than the desisting one. This underscores support for the great importance of psychopathic traits in childhood for predicting future CP in girls as well as boys, especially since the role of psychopathic traits is less well known in girls (Verona & Vitale, 2019). It is therefore essential to identify these traits early in girls’ lives to prevent future CP, considering that children’s behavior is not perfectly stable, and that CP are particularly mutable (Veenstra et al., 2009). In the case of boys, we were not able to compare early-onset and persistent trajectories with the desisting one, since the latter was not found in our data. With respect to outcomes, the trajectories of boys vary more than those of girls. That is, there are more differences among boy’ trajectories in terms of bullying, victimization, relational aggression, overt aggression, emotional regulation, and emotional lability. Thus, boys with the worst CP trajectories show worse outcomes than those with the second-worst trajectories, and the latter perform worse than those with more average and low trajectories. Girls, by contrast, have scores that are less variable between the most problematic groups (i.e., stable high and upward ). In boys, overt aggression is the type of aggression most associated with problematic trajectories, while in girls, relational aggression is more characteristic. However, there are no statistical differences across genders in relational aggression in the total sample. This is fully in line with existing evidence that relational aggression is more typical in female manifestations of disruptive behavior (Ackerman et al., 2019; Verona & Vitale, 2019). It is noteworthy here that low emotional regulation and high emotional lability are related to the most problematic clusters in both genders, consistent with findings in the literature that indicate the high comorbidity between CP and internalizing symptoms (Lichtenstein et al., 2020). However, boys from the most problematic trajectory present lower scores on emotional regulation and higher scores on emotional lability than girls from the most problematic trajectory. This appears to run contrary to a previous study which found that girls aged 9-18 with CD had higher rates of comorbidities with internalizing problems than boys with CD (Konrad et al., 2022) and in this sense it also appears that our results are not in line with the gender paradox (Eme, 1992; Loeber & Keenan, 1994). Nevertheless, the present study differs from these previous ones in that it does not use clinical samples and focuses on an earlier period of development. Therefore, future research might usefully consider a broader age range to ascertain whether the present findings hold true, even in community samples. It would be useful to conduct research with a longer follow-up of the sample to observe the development of comorbidities in both genders over an extended period (Konrad et al., 2022). The present study presents specific strengths for exploring gender-specific trajectories of CP in young children. First, we began from early childhood, a period of development that has rarely been used as a starting point in the study of gender-specific trajectories of CP. In addition, longitudinal data were used to investigate predictors and outcomes of trajectories which have thus far received little attention in relation to gender. Second, analyses of separate trajectories were conducted for boys and girls, which allowed us to identify more precisely the different patterns of CP development and to prevent girls on problematic trajectories from being “hidden” within the low trajectory of boys since they have lower clinical levels of CP. However, certain limitations to this study should also be borne in mind in further research. First, only parent-reported measures were used, and these may overestimate the magnitude and importance of the relationships because of shared method variance. Although parental measures are considered optimal for reporting children’s behavior (Frick et al., 2010), the use of multiple informant measures would improve future work. Second, in that this is a longitudinal study the loss of participants is inevitable, and in this case the level of attrition between T1-T4 was 39.6%. Furthermore, there was a difference in SES between the participants who remained and those who withdrew from the study. Finally, the profile of the sample, with children participating in the study at various ages, constitutes a limitation in terms of the possibility of direct comparisons with other studies that identify age-specific changes (e.g., school onset) (Gutman et al., 2018). However, as noted above, the assumption that age range had no influence on the results was tested and shown to be well-founded for our data. Conclusions Gender differences were found in child CP trajectories. The desisting trajectory appears exclusively in girls. SES was not related to the most problematic trajectories across genders. Low warmth only seems to predict the most problematic trajectory in girls, while the remaining parental predictors behave equally across genders. Psychopathic traits predict membership of the most problematic trajectories in both genders. However, GD is more prominent in girls and INS in boys. Trajectory membership proved to be a more effective discriminator for CP outcomes in boys than in girls. On a theoretical level, these findings suggest that looking deeper into gender differences is essential towards achieving a more thorough and realistic understanding of CP and towards constructing more comprehensive explanatory models (i.e., including how CP develops in girls, not just in boys). On a practical level, this study may contribute to improvements in the prevention and identification of CP in girls particularly, as well as to the adaptation and refinement of intervention programs. This is particularly important because girls are more likely to experience mental health issues during early and middle adolescence, including an increase in CP (Yoon et al., 2023). Declarations Funding. This study was supported by PID2019-107897RB-I00 Project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, TED2021-130824B-C22 Project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, by UE “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR and by a grant provided by the University Teacher Training Program/Spanish Ministry of Universities (Reference: FPU21/00552). Competing interests. The authors declare no competing interest. Ethics approval. Approval was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Informed consent. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents. Data availability. Data analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author upon-request. Authors’ contribution. All authors contributed to the research and preparation of this manuscript. 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Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 30 (4), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00849.x Tables Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Gender Differences in the Variables Studied Measures Scale range Global Boys Girls t ( df ) Cohen’s d n Mean ( SD ) Median n Mean ( SD ) Median n Mean ( SD ) Median CP CP T1 a 1-5 2,230 1.76 (0.52) 1.70 1,145 1.83 (0.54) 1.80 1,085 1.68 (0.48) 1.60 7.21 (2216.90)*** 0.30 CP T2 a 1,894 1.75 (0.51) 1.70 968 1.82 (0.54) 1.80 926 1.67 (0.47) 1.60 6.90 (1875.94)*** 0.31 CP T3 a 1,716 1.60 (0.50) 1.50 869 1.69 (0.54) 1.60 847 1.50 (0.42) 1.40 7.97 (1640.32)*** 0.38 CP T4 a 1,328 1.44 (0.44) 1.30 682 1.49 (0.48) 1.40 646 1.38 (0.39) 1.30 4.43 (1301.08)*** 0.24 Predictors (T1) Family variables Socioeconomic status 2,234 0 (0.71) 0.11 1,147 0 (0.72) 0.10 1,087 0 (0.70) 0.11 0.52 (2232) Positive 1-5 2,228 4.44 (0.35) 4.50 1,144 4.44 (0.36) 4.50 1,084 4.45 (0.35) 4.50 -0.67 (2226) Inconsistency 1-5 2,228 2 (0.51) 2 1,144 2 (0.51) 2 1,084 1.99 (0.51) 2 0.58 (2226) Warmth 0-5 2,228 4.70 (0.38) 4.83 1,144 4.71 (0.40) 4.83 1,084 4.70 (0.39) 4.83 0.33 (2226) Child variables Grandiose-Deceitful 1-4 2,235 1.41 (0.45) 1.25 1,148 1.42 (0.46) 1.25 1,087 1.39 (0.43) 1.25 1.46 (2233) Callous-Unemotional a 1-4 2,236 1.42 (0.45) 1.30 1,149 1.47 (0.47) 1.30 1,087 1.38 (0.42) 1.30 4.68 (2226.74)*** 0.20 Impulsive-Need for stimulation a 1-4 2,236 2.34 (0.56) 2.30 1,149 2.38 (0.56) 2.40 1,087 2.29 (0.55) 2.30 3.87 (2234)*** 0.16 Table 1 (Continued) Measures Scale range Global Boys Girls t ( df ) Cohen’s d n Mean ( SD ) Median n Mean ( SD ) Median n Mean ( SD ) Median Outcomes (T4) Bullying a 1-5 1,330 1.25 (0.36) 1 683 1.30 (0.39) 1.25 647 1.20 (0.32) 1 4.85 (1306.3)*** 0.26 Victimization a 1-5 1,328 1.53 (0.67) 1.25 681 1.61 (0.72) 1.25 647 1.44 (0.61) 1.25 4.78 (1306.63)*** 0.26 Relational aggression 1-5 1,328 1.32 (0.40) 1.14 682 1.31 (0.40) 1.14 646 1.33 (0.39) 1.14 -0.91 (1326) Overt aggression a 1-4 1,329 1.15 (0.34) 1 682 1.19 (0.39) 1 647 1.10 (0.27) 1 5.33 (1215.54)*** 0.29 Emotional regulation a 1-4 1,350 3.50 (0.40) 3.63 694 3.46 (0.42) 3.50 656 3.55 (0.36) 3.63 -4.20 (1336.88)*** -0.23 Emotional lability a 1-4 1,350 1.65 (0.37) 1.63 694 1.69 (0.40) 1.63 656 1.60 (0.32) 1.56 4.77 (1307.37)*** 0.26 Note. a Welch t -test is reported because Levene’s test is significant ( p <.05), suggesting a violation of the assumption of equal variances; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001. Table 2 Fit Indexes of Linear Trajectories for Girls and Boys k AIC BIC SSABIC Entropy LMR LMRt BLRT p -value Girls 1 9210.72 9240.68 9221.63 2 8033.45 8078.39 8049.81 .84 <.001 <.001 <.001 3 7534.18 7594.11 7555.99 .83 <.001 <.001 <.001 4 7380.03 7454.93 7407.29 .78 <.01 .012 <.001 5 7315.14 7405.04 7347.86 .78 .134 .143 <.001 Boys 1 10868.42 10898.74 10879.68 2 9637.08 9682.55 9653.96 .82 <.001 <.001 <.001 3 9164.61 9225.24 9187.12 .81 .374 .384 <.001 4 8944.83 9020.63 8972.98 .78 <.001 <.001 <.001 5 8893.08 8984.03 8926.85 .70 .048 .054 <.001 Note. Bold indicates final profile solution; k = number of profiles; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; SSABIC = Sample size adjusted BIC; LMR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test; LMRt = LMR adjusted; BLRT = Bootstrapped Likelihood Ratio Test. Table 3 Parameter Estimates for the Linear Model of LCGA Conduct problems Growth parameters Girls Boys Low Average Upward Downward Stable high Low Average Upward Stable High Intercept M ( SE ) -0.88 (0.04)*** -0.05 (0.06) 0.54 (0.17)** 1.34 (0.124)*** 2.23 (0.15)*** -0.66 (0.05)*** 0.38 (0.08)*** 2.51 (0.21)*** 1.43 (0.12)*** 95% CI [LL, UP] [-0.95, -0.80] [-0.15, 0.05] [0.26, 0.82] [1.13, 1.54] [1.98, 2.47] [-0.74, -0.58] [0.25, 0.50] [2.17, 2.86] [1.23, 1.63] Slope M ( SE ) 0.05 (0.01)*** -0.02 (0.02) 0.21 (0.07)** -0.43 (0.07)*** -0.02 (0.08) 0.03 (0.01) -0.04 (0.02) 0.37 (0.12)** 0.01 (0.05) 95% CI [LL, UP] [0.03, 0.07] [-0.05, 0.02] [0.10, 0.31] [-0.55, -0.32] [-0.15, 0.11] [0, 0.05] [-0.07, 0] [0.18, 0.56] [-0.07, 0.10] Note. 95% CI = 95% Confidence interval; LL = Lower limit; UL = Upper limit; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001 . Table 4 MLRs of Trajectories for Girls and Boys Girls Boys Predictor (T1) Average vs. Low Downward vs. Low Upward vs. Low Stable high vs. Low Average vs. Low Stable high vs. Low Upward vs. Low Family variables Socioeconomic status 1.26 [1.02, 1.55]* 1.18 [0.80, 1.73] 1.18 [0.84, 1.65] 1.61 [0.91, 2.86] 1 [0.82, 1.23] 0.91 [0.69, 1.21] 0.72 [0.42, 1.24] Positive 0.51 [0.29, 0.89]* 0.35 [0.13, 0.93]* 0.24 [0.10, 0.56]** 0.81 [0.18, 3.60] 0.54 [0.32, 0.90]* 0.27 [0.13, 0.55]*** 0.65 [0.15, 2.84] Inconsistency 1.72 [1.26, 2.37]** 3.11 [1.80, 5.37]*** 1.34 [0.82, 2.22] 2.16 [1.03, 4.50]* 1.75 [1.29, 2.37]*** 2.21 [1.42, 3.42]*** 5.80 [2.50, 13.47]*** Warmth 0.47 [0.28, 0.79]** 0.58 [0.25, 1.35] 0.69 [0.32, 1.47] 0.19 [0.06, 0.62]** 0.71 [0.44, 1.14] 1.01 [0.52, 1.94] 0.71 [0.22, 2.35] Children’s variables Grandiose-Deceitful 2.84 [1.76, 4.59]*** 7.59 [3.82, 15.08]*** 4.18 [2.19, 7.97]*** 13.39 [5.59, 32.06]*** 1.40 [0.93, 2.11] 3.04 [1.82, 5.07]*** 3.67 [1.55, 8.69]** Callous-Unemotional 1.18 [0.75, 1.84] 1.95 [0.99, 3.84] 1.98 [1.06, 3.67]* 3.92 [1.60, 9.61]** 2.30 [1.54, 3.45]*** 2.71 [1.62, 4.54]*** 4.45 [1.94, 10.20]*** Impulsive-Need for stimulation 2.30 [1.68, 3.15]*** 4.35 [2.41, 7.86]*** 3.65 [2.20, 6.04]*** 10.10 [4.02, 25.41]*** 2.79 [2.04, 3.83]*** 6.18 [3.83, 9.97]*** 16.19 [5.93, 44.25]*** Note. Odds ratios are reported. Numbers in brackets represent 95% confidence intervals. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001. Table 5 Differences in Outcomes According to Trajectory Group for Girls and Boys Girls Boys Outcome (T4) Low Average Upward Downward Stable high F ( df ) η p ² Low Average Stable high Upward F ( df ) η p ² Bullying -0.57 (0.36) a -0.06 (0.78) b 0.94 (1.11) c -0.13 (0.81) b 1.42 (1.67) c 81.85(4, 642)*** .32 -0.34 (0.65) a 0.19 (0.91) b 1.08 (1.19) c 2.86 (1.88) d 110.75(3, 679)*** .33 Victimization -0.31 (0.84) a -0.15 (0.81) a 0.31 (1.06) b 0.06 (1.02) ab 0.67 (0.99) b 11.55(4, 642)*** .07 -0.16 (0.9) a 0.16 (1.07) b 0.76 (1.13) c 1.6 (1.15) d 30.67(3, 677)*** .12 Relational aggression -0.41 (0.60) a 0.16 (0.94) b 1.02 (1.2) c 0 (0.95) b 1.25 (1.51) c 49.25(4, 641)*** .21 -0.35 (0.68) a 0.03 (0.89) b 0.58 (1.30) c 2 (2.10) d 50.86(3, 678)*** .18 Overt aggression -0.40(0.20) a -0.15 (0.72) b 0.57 (1.29) c -0.16 (0.62) ab 1.09 (1.91) c 39.63(4, 642)*** .18 -0.24 (0.58) a 0.07 (0.95) b 1.15 (1.57) c 3.12 (2.07) d 97.83(3, 678)*** .30 Emotional regulation 0.28 (0.91) a 0.14 (0.82) a -0.37 (0.98) bc 0.02 (0.8) ac -0.81 (1.17) b 12.2(4, 651)*** .08 0.16 (0.89) a -0.15 (1.03) b -0.64 (1.23) c -1.59 (1.24) d 27.69(3, 690)*** .10 Emotional lability -0.55 (0.74) a 0 (0.75) b 0.56 (0.74) c 0.09 (0.71) b 1.47 (0.69) d 60.87(4, 651)*** .26 -0.47 (0.78) a 0.27 (0.85) b 1.22 (1) c 2.69 (1.24) d 150.51(3, 690)*** .39 Note. The different letters in superscript indicate statistically significant differences ( p < .05, Bonferroni post hoc test). Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Onlineresource1.Detailsofsociodemographiccharacteristicsofthesampleandofthelevelofattrition.docx Onlineresource2.Results.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3412620","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":239442105,"identity":"6fc4b28e-abf3-4b5e-a432-6cadee6efd75","order_by":0,"name":"María Álvarez-Voces","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIie2QMUvDQBTHXwhkupD1lWLyCYQLB0Uw4Fe5LOeie4eAmeJS2jXi4Ffo1PnKQabTrHEsQiaHuJQIUoyTLXja0eF+03vwfu/9eQAWyz9FApzt9648RsH93uPHHDpQCP119vT2cSP7DNPFvVKdUyRREOjtqM8gjPKflYm+pOtZhWn5JDh1ChHflderMamAUWlQpABJPGSgCeWgFaeNvxo7OaRLQ7BJ3cL6Y4cs0kEnv5SLWrej9xxuHkzBGgHKLzCkmgyrp8MVuPLQz4GDKVjTgjqZYxhrjwGfirhsBDsnFcZLk1IL9+11m5BQuy9dR4ePLdTmuc+SyPSxQ/h3icYhi8VisfzNJ7W6WCoUzfCXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Santiago de Compostela","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"","lastName":"Álvarez-Voces","suffix":""},{"id":239442106,"identity":"9a18cba7-54e8-4af1-babc-84f01629f721","order_by":1,"name":"Estrella Romero","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Santiago de Compostela","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Estrella","middleName":"","lastName":"Romero","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-05 08:44:17","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49771676,"identity":"f31eb103-6d3a-43e9-a5f1-447e93450538","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 18:17:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrajectories of CP in Girls and Boys\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Y-axis indicates mean \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e-scores of conduct problems; X-axis indicates the measurement time. Error bars represent standard errors. *Indicates that the slope is significant at \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3412620/v2/97b28b82170376b31f3d6fa6.png"},{"id":49772094,"identity":"d5a3e05d-94c0-48f3-bfac-6b23cea0cf02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 18:25:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":502054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3412620/v2/f3e38087-8c0e-4cf7-b93b-9cd781c53559.pdf"},{"id":49771677,"identity":"82a7f4ee-e5aa-49e4-9275-c942d30b2aa6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 18:17:21","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineresource1.Detailsofsociodemographiccharacteristicsofthesampleandofthelevelofattrition.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3412620/v2/a84375c4938d35accf8d72b1.docx"},{"id":49771678,"identity":"d2656f91-73c1-46b0-a221-9e55938cf2b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 18:17:22","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":54903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineresource2.Results.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3412620/v2/78d0b2aa07e9cd7468aae40c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender differences in the development of children’s conduct problems: A four-year longitudinal study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTrajectories of CP have been widely studied but little attention has been paid to gender differences therein.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFour similar\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003etrajectories were\u0026nbsp;found across genders, while a \u003cem\u003edownward\u003c/em\u003e trajectory was found only in girls.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLow parental warmth was only related to the most problematic trajectories for girls.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePsychopathic traits were related to the problematic trajectories across genders: GD stood out in girls and INS in boys.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe most problematic trajectories were linked with poorer psychosocial outcomes across genders.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eConduct Problems (CP) in children are patterns of behaviors that can include aggression, destruction, defiance, temper tantrums, violation of the rights of others, and of age-appropriate norms or rules (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They are the most prevalent disturbances in childhood and adolescent, resulting in numerous harmful consequences for the children/adolescents themselves, their families, and society in general. As such, CP are the most frequent motive for referring children to mental health services (Baker, 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA flourishing body of research has addressed the issue of heterogeneity in the manifestations, etiologies and prognoses of CP, and various developmental pathways have been identified, based on age of onset, developmental course, and associated risk factors (Fanti, 2018; Moffit, 1993). Longitudinal research has identified several groups of CP trajectories, these including \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ehigh but declining\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eincreasing\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003epersistent high\u003c/em\u003e (Olson et al., 2017). Most children follow a normative trajectory, and many of those with early-onset CP tend to exhibit a significant decline later in development (Barker \u0026amp; Maughan, 2009). However, approximately 5% of children exhibit a persistent CP trajectory that lasts throughout adolescence (Morales et al., 2023). This trajectory is related to higher future levels of CP and is one of the strongest predictors of substance abuse, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (Odgers et al., 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile there has been substantial research interest in CP trajectories overall, there is still only limited understanding of their gender-specific characteristics. Due to the higher prevalence of CP in boys, earlier research focused predominantly on CP trajectories in boys, and indeed often overlooked gender differences (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw., 2013). The scant literature on CP trajectories in girls emerged from pioneering studies in the 2000s, and conclusions are still being drawn from these (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw, 2013). This specific area of study led to a vigorous debate as to whether the pattern of early-onset persistent was applicable to girls, or whether it was an exclusively male pattern (Silverthorn \u0026amp; Frick, 1999). Currently, those few available studies here tend to favor the idea of the existence of such an early onset persistent pattern in girls, with a lower prevalence than in boys, but with equal importance in terms of its impact on society. In recent research that does account for some gender differences, there is a tendency to model joint CP trajectories (i.e., to model global trajectories without separating these by gender). There are two main issues why mixed-gender models might cloud the overall picture: 1) girls who score higher in CP than their gender-specific reference group may be underestimated due to boy\u0026rsquo;s higher CP levels, potentially misclassifying high-CP girls as \u0026ldquo;non-problematic\u0026rdquo;, and 2) more broadly, joint trajectory estimation might obscure gender-specific trajectories (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw, 2013; Gutman et al., 2018). This is especially significant in the case of girls, since there is evidence that girls desist in the use of aggression earlier than boys (Hay, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery few studies have analyzed CP trajectories separately by gender, and most of these do not begin from early childhood, but typically start at around 6-7 years. This timeframe might present challenges in identifying childhood onset patterns. Furthermore, such studies tend not to measure CP exactly, but rather assess factors like physical aggression, and often rely on teacher-reported information, which may be more limited than that from parents (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw, 2013; Gutman et al., 2018). In seeking to overcome such limitations, Gutman et al. (2018) found four distinct CP trajectories in both genders (i.e., \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eearly-onset desisting\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eearly-onset persistent\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eschool-onset\u003c/em\u003e) in subjects from 3 to 11 years old, using parent-reported measures. Their findings support the claim that the classifications of CP trajectories in boys are applicable to girls, but that further refinements are needed to capture the true heterogeneity of the phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous predictors related to childhood onset of CP have been identified, including low Socioeconomic Status (SES), low family positivity, and negative parenting practices (Shaw, 2013). Likewise, psychopathic traits in children such as Callous Unemotional (CU), Grandiose-Deceitful (GD), and Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation (INS) have been associated with a persistent and more severe pattern of CP (Klingzell et al., 2016). Some studies indicate that the early-onset persistent CP group shares certain temperamental (e.g., INS) and environmental (e.g., parental adversity) characteristics with the childhood-limited group (Odgers et al., 2008). Others indicate that the key differences here lie in the range and severity of these early risks (being more pronounced in the early-onset persisting group) (Barker \u0026amp; Maughan, 2009). Conversely, some research argues that specific features of the early-onset group (i.e., parental rejection and fearlessness) contribute to the persistence of CP (Shaw, 2013). Concerning gender-specific CP predictors, it has been suggested that the increased vulnerability of boys to early onset of CP may be driven by individual factors (e.g., language delay and impulsivity) rather than family variables (Messer et al., 2006). However, the literature here is still very limited, and thus it remains unclear whether some child and family risk factors are uniquely associated with CP in one gender and not in the other. Further work on how early family and child variables correlate with different gender-specific trajectories of CP will contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon. It will also allow for the development of interventions based on knowledge of the different causal mechanisms underlying CP in boys and girls (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCP are associated with negative outcomes such as the subsequent externalizing problems (e.g., aggression, bullying, substance abuse), internalizing problems (e.g., emotional regulation difficulties, victimization), social and family impairment, academic and occupational problems, and medical consequences (Hukkelberg et al., 2019; Kljakovic \u0026amp; Hunt, 2016; Kretschmer et al., 2014; Lichtenstein et al., 2020). Early-onset persistent CP specifically present a significantly increased risk of adverse outcomes (Kretschmer et al., 2014). On the other hand, there is evidence that desisting trajectories present relatively normal outcomes in adolescence compared to the low trajectory, except in the case of higher self-reported aggression and poor academic outcomes (Bevilacqua et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2011). Concerning gender differences in CP outcomes, some research suggests that they are similar across genders (Odgers et al., 2008), whereas elsewhere studies have reported that associations between CP in childhood and adverse outcomes tend to be stronger in boys (Lichtenstein et al., 2020). This aligns with the observation that boys exhibit higher rates of bullying, overt aggression, and victimization (Casper et al., 2020). Yet, when it comes to relational aggression, the findings are less definitive: some studies report higher rates in girls (Donoghe \u0026amp; Raia-Hawrylak, 2016) and some in boys (Troop-Gordon \u0026amp; Kopp, 2011), whereas others indicate no significant differences across genders (Card et al., 2008). Nevertheless, it is important to consider the \u0026ldquo;gender paradox\u0026rdquo; and the \u0026ldquo;selective female affliction\u0026rdquo; in this context. These theories suggest that girls who develop a gender-atypical disorder as a conduct disorder (CD) exhibit significantly more lifetime comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, more severe symptoms than boys, and greater overall impairment (Eme, 1992; Konrad et al., 2022; Loeber \u0026amp; Keenan, 1994). Based on this, it appears that girls with high CP will have poorer outcomes than boys. Further research is necessary towards establishing more consistent findings in this regard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe current study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study uses longitudinal data collected over a four-year period with the aim of advancing our understanding of the course of CP in girls and boys by means of identifying gender-specific trajectories throughout childhood. We also seek to examine whether the predictors of these trajectories (i.e., family predictors such as SES, positive parenting, parental inconsistency, warmth, and child predictors such as psychopathic traits) and outcomes (i.e., bullying, victimization, relational aggression, emotional regulation, and emotional lability) are invariant in boys and girls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur expectation is that there will be similar patterns of trajectories across genders but with some differences. More specifically, we hypothesize that a declining trajectory will only be found in the girls in our subjects, in that the relevant sample of subjects here covers the age group 7-11 years, and girls tend to desist from CP earlier than boys (Silverthorn \u0026amp; Frick, 1999). We also expect to find an early-onset persistent trajectory in girls as well as in boys, in line with recent work (Gutman et al., 2018). We make no assumptions about gender differences in early predictors and later outcomes, given the paucity of previous evidence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study uses data from 2,246 children, from preschool through school age childhood (48.5% girls), who participated in the longitudinal ELISA Project conducted in Galicia (NW-Spain). For this study, four project waves were considered T1 (2017; \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 4.25, \u003cem\u003eSD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.91, range = 3-6), T2 (2018; \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 5.34, \u003cem\u003eSD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.92, range = 4-7), T3 (2019;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;M\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 6.31, \u003cem\u003eSD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.92, range = 4-8) and T4 (2022; \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 9.36, \u003cem\u003eSD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.93, range = 7-11). The level of attrition in the sample was 14.4% between T1-T2, 22.7% between T1-T3 and 39.6% between T1-T4. Comparisons between children who participated in all waves and those who missed a follow-up revealed no statistically significant differences in terms of age (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 2242) = 0.92, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .43), gender (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 4.77, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .189) or initial levels of CP (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 2226) = 1.13, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .335). Statistically significant differences were found in terms of SES (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 2230) = 18.82, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001). Families who participated in all waves had higher SES, which is consistent with the findings of previous longitudinal research (Young et al., 2006). See Table S1 in the Supplementary Material for information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and Table S2 for more detailed data on the sample size maintained at each wave.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially, 126 public, charter and private schools were contacted, and 72 of these agreed to take part in the study. Families of the students from these institutions were then invited to participate, and approximately 25-50% of families from each school accepted. Only one of the principal caregivers for each subject completed the questionnaire, mostly mothers (87.3%). Teachers supervised the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. Data collection was conducted under conditions of confidentiality and anonymity, and there was no reward for participation. Despite the wide variety of schools involved, the system for administering the questionnaires was standardized as far as possible. See http://www.personalitydevelopmentcollaborative.org/project-page-elisa/ for details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The following measures were all parent-reported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasures of CP (T1-T4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCP were measured using the Conduct Problem Scale based on DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and CD (Colins et al., 2014). This scale has 10 items (e.g., \u0026ldquo;Has violated important rules in school/at home\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;Has beaten, torn, shoved, kicked, or thrown something on others without a reason\u0026rdquo;), with a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003every often\u003c/em\u003e). In this study, Cronbach \u0026alpha; ranged from .86 to .88.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasures of predictors (T1)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSES of parents was assessed using \u003cem\u003ead hoc\u003c/em\u003e items (\u0026alpha; = .66) relating to parental level of education (1 = without basic studies to 6 = postgraduate), family income (1 = serious problems making ends meet to 4 = well off) and a family\u0026rsquo;s financial situation in facing daily overheads (1 = never worried to 5 = worried every day). A mean of each of the \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e-transformed variables was computed to represent an SES composite. This measure has been used in other studies and has been reported to have good psychometric adequacy (L\u0026oacute;pez-Romero et al., 2022). Positive parenting and inconsistency were measured through the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Preschool Revision (APQ-Pr) (De la Osa et al., 2014). In the current study we used two of its subscales: one to measure positive parenting (12 items; \u0026alpha; = .75), and another for parental inconsistency (seven items; \u0026alpha; = .69). Participants rated each item on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e). Warmth was measured through six items (\u0026alpha; = .82) based on the Child Rearing Scale (Paterson \u0026amp; Sanson, 1999), which has a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI) (Colins et al., 2014) was used to measure children\u0026rsquo;s psychopathic traits: GD (eight items; \u0026alpha; = .80), CU (10 items; \u0026alpha; = .84) and INS (10 items; \u0026alpha; = .81). This scale has 28 items with a 4-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003etotally disagree\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003etotally agree\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasures of outcomes (T4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBullying and victimization were measured using Barker\u0026rsquo;s questionnaire (Barker et al., 2008).\u0026nbsp;Four items referred to bullying (\u0026alpha; = .69) and four items to victimization (\u0026alpha; = .89), with a 5-point Likert-type response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003ealmost always\u003c/em\u003e). Relational aggression and overt aggression were measured by means of the Crick questionnaire subscales (Crick, 1996). Seven items were used to measure relational aggression (\u0026alpha; = .80) and four to measure overt aggression (\u0026alpha; = .82), the questionnaire having a 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003ealmost always\u003c/em\u003e). The Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields \u0026amp; Cicchetti, 1995) was used to measure emotional regulation (eight items; \u0026alpha; = .70) and emotional lability/negativity (16 items; \u0026alpha; = .84), using a 4-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003ealmost always\u003c/em\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;To identify developmental trajectories of CP, LCGA were separately conducted by gender, and linear and quadratic models were compared. The selection of the most appropriate model was guided by the following criteria (Hickendorff et al., 2018): a) lower levels of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and Sample-Size Adjusted BIC (SSABIC); b) high entropy values, and c) statistically significant values of Lo-Mendell-Rubin (LMR), LMR adjusted (LMRt), and Bootstrapped Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT). The theoretical interpretability of each trajectory was also considered. In the case of discrepancies between the fit indices, priority was given to the theoretical interpretability (Weller et al., 2020), the statistically significant level of BLRT, and the lowest levels of BIC and SSABIC (Nylund et al., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem of missing cases was addressed by using a full information maximum likelihood estimator. This method has been shown to produce unbiased parameters compared to listwise detection, particularly in the case of random data loss and when there are higher rates of missing data (Enders \u0026amp; Bandalos, 2001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that participants were of differing ages at the beginning of the study, the effect of age was studied using Mehta \u0026amp; West\u0026rsquo;s method to avoid estimation bias (Mehta \u0026amp; West, 2000). It was found that age had a negligible effect.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA analyses were conducted to assess differences in predictors, CP levels, and outcomes of different trajectories in boys and girls. Multinomial Logistic Regressions (MLRs) were performed to estimate the association between different predictors and trajectories of CP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyses were carried out using MPlus 7 and IBM SPSS Statistics 25. To facilitate comparison and interpretation of the data, scores were standardized across the whole sample, except in the case of MLRs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 provides global descriptive statistics and gender differences in the variables studied. Boys consistently scored higher than girls in CP across all waves. With regards to predictors, there were no significant statistical differences, except for CU traits and INS, in which boys scored higher. Regarding outcomes, boys scored higher in bullying, victimization, overt aggression, and emotional lability and girls scored higher in emotional regulation. No gender differences were found in relational aggression.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 1 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrajectories of CP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLinear and quadratic models of one to five trajectories were analyzed separately for gender. The linear models showed superior fit (lower BIC), as seen in Table 2. Fit indexes for the quadratic models are available in Table S3 of the Supplementary Material. The estimated parameters for the linear LCGA (i.e., intercept and slope) can be seen in Table 3. The CP trajectories of girls and boys can be seen in Figure 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 2 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 3 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor girls, the best-fitting model was comprised of five trajectories. The five-trajectory model was chosen due to its significant value of BLRT, alongside lower BIC and SSABIC values in comparison to previous models (Nylund et al., 2007). Furthermore, the theoretical interpretability of the model was considered in the selection process (Weller et al., 2020). The \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e group was the largest (43.2%) and yielded slightly ascending but below the mean CP scores at all waves. The \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e group (37.4%) obtained stable and average scores. The\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;upward\u003c/em\u003e group (9.1%) had moderate scores at T1 that increased significantly up to T4. The \u003cem\u003edownward\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egroup (7.1%) had high CP scores at T1 but declined until they were at the mean by T4. Finally, the \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e group (3.2%) was characterized by high and stable scores throughout all waves. CP differences were statistically significant between trajectories at all waves (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001). ANOVA analyses showed no significant differences in girls\u0026rsquo; ages across trajectories at T1 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 1085) = 1.63, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .164), T2 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 934) = 1.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .238), T3 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 1024) = 1.34, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .255) and T4 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 650) = 1.32, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .198). In other words, girls from different trajectory groups had similar ages at all time points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor boys, the four-trajectories model was selected based on several factors: a) the model demonstrated significant BLRT values, along with lower BIC and SSABIC values compared to previous models, indicating better statistical fit (Nylund et al., 2007) and b) its theoretical interpretability surpassed that of the five-trajectory model (Weller et al., 2020). In the five-trajectory model, two trajectories closely resembled an \u0026ldquo;average\u0026rdquo; CP, leading to the choice of a more parsimonious model that offered clearer differentiation among trajectories. The \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e group was the largest (42.4%) and had scores below the mean. The \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e group (41.2%) had average scores. The \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e group (13.7%) was characterized by high and stable scores throughout all waves. Finally, the \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e trend group (2.7%) presented very high CP scores from T1 that increased substantially until T4. CP differences were statistically significant between trajectories at all waves (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001). ANOVA analyses indicated no significant differences in boys\u0026rsquo; ages across trajectories at T1 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 1152) = 1.87, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .133), T2 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 977) = 1.20, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .308) and T4 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 686) = 1.28, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .281). Differences were observed at T3 (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 1069) = 2.72, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .043) but the Bonferroni \u003cem\u003epost hoc\u003c/em\u003e test indicated no pairwise significant differences. Thus, boys from different trajectory groups had similar ages at all time points. Differences in predictors, and levels of CP according to trajectory group for boys and girls, can be found in Tables S4 and S5 of the Supplementary Material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Figure 1 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors of CP Trajectories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows a series of MLRs to estimate, respectively, the probability of girls and boys belonging to each \u0026ldquo;problematic\u0026rdquo; trajectory compared to the \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e group in relation to the predictors. First, a multicollinearity test using variance inflation factors (VIF) was performed to ensure that there were not two or more independent variables measuring the same phenomenon.\u0026nbsp;All VIF values were less than 2.5, which is a strict criterion for considering multicollinearity (Johnston et al., 2018). The multinomial logistic regression model with seven predictors was found to be significant for both girls (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(28) = 409.07, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001) and boys (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(21) = 417.60, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001). The Nagelkerke R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e indicated that the 34% for girls and the 35% for boys of the total variations in trajectory membership occurred due to the variations among the seven predictor variables. The results of the goodness-of-fit analysis reject the hypothesis of no-fit, indicating that the model accurately predicted trajectory membership for both girls (Pearson \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(4288) = 3981.10, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1 and Deviance \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(4288) = 2289.03, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1) and boys (Pearson \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3372) = 2909.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1 and Deviance \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3372) = 2069.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1). In terms of parental variables, low SES was associated with an increased chance of being on the \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e group compared to the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;low\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egroup only in girls. Low scores on positive parenting were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the problematic trajectories for both boys and girls except for the most problematic groups. Higher scores on inconsistent parenting were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the problematic trajectories for both boys and girls. Finally, lower scores on parental warmth were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e group and to the most problematic trajectory only in girls. In relation to psychopathic traits, higher scores were associated with the most problematic trajectories for both genders. Nevertheless, in girls of the \u003cem\u003estable high\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egroup, GD (\u003cem\u003eOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 13.39) stood out in comparison to CU (\u003cem\u003eOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 3.92) and INS (\u003cem\u003eOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 10.10). In boys of the \u003cem\u003eupward\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egroup, INS (\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e=\u0026nbsp;16.19) stood out compared to CU (\u003cem\u003eOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 4.45) and GD (\u003cem\u003eOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 3.67).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 4 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcomes of CP Trajectories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding outcomes (see Table 5), girls in the \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e trajectory had significantly higher scores in emotional lability than those in the other trajectories. Similarly, girls in the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;stable high\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e trajectories showed higher levels of bullying, overt aggression, and relational aggression. Girls in the \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e groups had lower scores on victimization and emotional regulation than girls in the most problematic groups (i.e., \u003cem\u003eupward,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e). Regarding boys\u0026rsquo; trajectories, those boys in the \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e trend trajectory presented significantly higher scores in bullying, victimization, relational aggression, overt aggression, and emotional lability than in the other trajectories. This was followed by the \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e trajectory, the \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e group, and finally the \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e trajectory. The same was observed with emotional regulation, but in reverse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Table 5 approximately here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of the present study was to identify gender-specific trajectories of CP in young children and to examine whether the predictors and outcomes of developmental trajectories behaved similarly across genders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn previous studies (i.e., Gutman et al., 2018) similar patterns of trajectories were found across genders, but with certain nuances. In the present study, five trajectories were identified for girls (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;desisting\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;upward\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;average,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;low\u003c/em\u003e) and four for boys (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eaverage,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e). As hypothesized, the main difference was that girls exhibited a desisting trajectory, a pattern not found in boys. This difference might be attributed to societal and biological pressures on girls to desist from CP; alternately, perhaps girls initiate the desistance from CP at an earlier stage than boys (Keenan \u0026amp; Shaw, 1997), which would be in line with findings reported elsewhere on aggressive behavior (Hay, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-problematic trajectories were the most prevalent in both boys and girls, and the most problematic trajectories (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e in girls and \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e in boys) were the least prevalent (3.2% in girls, 2.7% in boys), which again is consistent with previous studies (Gutman et al., 2018). A noteworthy finding is that, as hypothesized, the early-onset persistent CP trajectory is also identified in girls, in line with recent studies (Brennan \u0026amp; Shaw, 2013). It should also be noted that the most problematic pattern in girls seems to be stabilized, whereas in boys it follows an upward trend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the predictors of trajectories, low SES was not related to the most problematic trajectories of either boys or girls. This finding contrasts with the results of a previous meta-analysis that found an association between antisocial behavior and SES that was unaffected by gender (Piotrowska et al., 2015). However, it is important to consider that this meta-analysis primarily utilized data from North America, which has a different context than Spain. Additionally, the sample in the present study is community-based, so it would be inappropriate to generalize to a clinical level of antisocial behavior. Further studies are needed to explore the issue of whether SES can indeed be considered a gender-specific risk factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to other parental variables (i.e., parental inconsistency and positive parenting) findings were consistent with the literature. In general, negative parenting practices were associated with more problematic trajectories in boys and girls (Foster et al., 2022; Shaw, 2013), this echoing studies in which such risk factors were found to be similar across genders (Barker \u0026amp; Maughan, 2009). Positive parenting was not associated with the most problematic trajectories (i.e.,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;stable high\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein girls and \u003cem\u003eupward\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein boys) in either gender. However, it is possible that the small sample size of the most problematic trajectories may have contributed to the difficulty in obtaining significant differences. Parental warmth acted as a protective factor for the more problematic trajectory only for girls (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e). Girls tend to be more relationship-oriented and more focused on gaining social approval (e.g., Gabriel and Gardner, 1999; Maccoby, 1990), so they may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of harsh parenting and low levels of parental warmth (Hipwell et al., 2008). Nevertheless, future research is needed to delve deeper into this issue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs for psychopathic traits, these were associated with more problematic trajectories in both genders. However, a notable nuance also emerges: in the most problematic group of boys (i.e., \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e trend) the INS component stands out, while in the most problematic group of girls (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e) the GD component stands out above the other two.\u0026nbsp;This is particularly relevant in that high GD scores in girls increase by 13.39 times the risk of belonging to the \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e group compared to the \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e group. This could be an indicator that the interpersonal component associated with manipulation and grandiosity is a typical manifestation of psychopathic traits in girls (Garcia et al., 2023); hence, this component might be a pivotal indicator here, one which can help to identify those girls at a high risk of developing CP. Further research in this area is crucial, particularly considering that the interpersonal and impulsive-irresponsible components have been researched less as isolated constructs than other psychopathic indicators, such as CU (Salekin, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen examining the differences between the \u003cem\u003edesisting\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e trajectories in girls, it should be noted that these differences are found in psychopathic traits and not in the parental variables. In other words, psychopathic traits are related to the persistent trajectory rather than the desisting one. This underscores support for the great importance of psychopathic traits in childhood for predicting future CP in girls as well as boys, especially since the role of psychopathic traits is less well known in girls (Verona \u0026amp; Vitale, 2019). It is therefore essential to identify these traits early in girls\u0026rsquo; lives to prevent future CP, considering that children\u0026rsquo;s behavior is not perfectly stable, and that CP are particularly mutable (Veenstra et al., 2009). In the case of boys, we were not able to compare early-onset and persistent trajectories with the desisting one, since the latter was not found in our data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to outcomes, the trajectories of boys vary more than those of girls. That is, there are more differences among boy\u0026rsquo; trajectories in terms of bullying, victimization, relational aggression, overt aggression, emotional regulation, and emotional lability. Thus, boys with the worst CP trajectories show worse outcomes than those with the second-worst trajectories, and the latter perform worse than those with more average and low trajectories. Girls, by contrast, have scores that are less variable between the most problematic groups (i.e., \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e). In boys, overt aggression is the type of aggression most associated with problematic trajectories, while in girls, relational aggression is more characteristic. However, there are no statistical differences across genders in relational aggression in the total sample. This is fully in line with existing evidence that relational aggression is more typical in female manifestations of disruptive behavior (Ackerman et al., 2019; Verona \u0026amp; Vitale, 2019). It is noteworthy here that low emotional regulation and high emotional lability are related to the most problematic clusters in both genders, consistent with findings in the literature that indicate the high comorbidity between CP and internalizing symptoms (Lichtenstein et al., 2020). However, boys from the most problematic trajectory present lower scores on emotional regulation and higher scores on emotional lability than girls from the most problematic trajectory. This appears to run contrary to a previous study which found that girls aged 9-18 with CD had higher rates of comorbidities with internalizing problems than boys with CD (Konrad et al., 2022) and in this sense it also appears that our results are not in line with the gender paradox (Eme, 1992; Loeber \u0026amp; Keenan, 1994). Nevertheless, the present study differs from these previous ones in that it does not use clinical samples and focuses on an earlier period of development. Therefore, future research might usefully consider a broader age range to ascertain whether the present findings hold true, even in community samples. It would be useful to conduct research with a longer follow-up of the sample to observe the development of comorbidities in both genders over an extended period (Konrad et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study presents specific strengths for exploring gender-specific trajectories of CP in young children. First, we began from early childhood, a period of development that has rarely been used as a starting point in the study of gender-specific trajectories of CP. In addition, longitudinal data were used to investigate predictors and outcomes of trajectories which have thus far received little attention in relation to gender. Second, analyses of separate trajectories were conducted for boys and girls, which allowed us to identify more precisely the different patterns of CP development and to prevent girls on problematic trajectories from being \u0026ldquo;hidden\u0026rdquo; within the low trajectory of boys since they have lower clinical levels of CP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, certain limitations to this study should also be borne in mind in further research. First, only parent-reported measures were used, and these may overestimate the magnitude and importance of the relationships because of shared method variance. Although parental measures are considered optimal for reporting children\u0026rsquo;s behavior (Frick et al., 2010), the use of multiple informant measures would improve future work. Second, in that this is a longitudinal study the loss of participants is inevitable, and in this case the level of attrition between T1-T4 was 39.6%. Furthermore, there was a difference in SES between the participants who remained and those who withdrew from the study. Finally, the profile of the sample, with children participating in the study at various ages, constitutes a limitation in terms of the possibility of direct comparisons with other studies that identify age-specific changes (e.g., school onset) (Gutman et al., 2018). However, as noted above, the assumption that age range had no influence on the results was tested and shown to be well-founded for our data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eGender differences were found in child CP trajectories. The desisting trajectory appears exclusively in girls. SES was not related to the most problematic trajectories across genders. Low warmth only seems to predict the most problematic trajectory in girls, while the remaining parental predictors behave equally across genders. Psychopathic traits predict membership of the most problematic trajectories in both genders. However, GD is more prominent in girls and INS in boys. Trajectory membership proved to be a more effective discriminator for CP outcomes in boys than in girls. On a theoretical level, these findings suggest that looking deeper into gender differences is essential towards achieving a more thorough and realistic understanding of CP and towards constructing more comprehensive explanatory models (i.e., including how CP develops in girls, not just in boys). On a practical level, this study may contribute to improvements in the prevention and identification of CP in girls particularly, as well as to the adaptation and refinement of intervention programs. This is particularly important because girls are more likely to experience mental health issues during early and middle adolescence, including an increase in CP (Yoon et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding.\u003c/strong\u003e This study was supported by PID2019-107897RB-I00 Project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, TED2021-130824B-C22 Project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, by UE \u0026ldquo;NextGenerationEU\u0026rdquo;/PRTR and by a grant provided by the University Teacher Training Program/Spanish Ministry of Universities (Reference: FPU21/00552).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eApproval was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela and the\u0026nbsp;Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from the parents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability.\u003c/strong\u003e Data analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author upon-request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the research and preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAckermann, K., Kirchner, M., Bernhard, A., Martinelli, A., Anomitri, C., Baker, R., Baumann, S., Dochnal, R., Fernandez-Rivas, A., Gonzalez-Madruga, K., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Hervas, A., Jansen, L., Kapornai, K., Kersten, L., Kohls, G., Limprecht, R., Lazaratou, H., McLaughlin, A., Oldenhof, H., \u0026hellip; Freitag, C. 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Teacher\u0026ndash;child relationship quality and children\u0026apos;s peer victimization and aggressive behavior in late childhood. \u003cem\u003eSocial Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(3), 536\u0026ndash;561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00604.x\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVeenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Verhulst, F. C., \u0026amp; Ormel, J. (2009). Childhood-limited versus persistent antisocial behavior: Why do some recover and others do not? The TRAILS study. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Early Adolescence\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;29\u003c/em\u003e(5), 718\u0026ndash;742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608325501\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerona, E., \u0026amp; Vitale, J. (2019) Psychopathy in women. Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eHandbook of psychopathy\u003c/em\u003e (2nd ed) (pp. 509\u0026ndash;528). Guilford Press.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeller, B. E., Bowen, N. K., \u0026amp; Faubert, S. J. (2020) Latent class analysis: a guide to best practice. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Black Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e, 287-311.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420930932\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420930932\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXie, H., Drabick, D. A., \u0026amp; Chen, D. (2011). Developmental trajectories of aggression from late childhood through adolescence: similarities and differences across gender. \u003cem\u003eAggressive Behavior\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e(5), 387\u0026ndash;404. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20404\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYoon, Y., Eisenstadt, M., Lereya, S. T., \u0026amp; Deighton, J. (2023). Gender difference in the change of adolescents\u0026apos; mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Child \u0026amp; Adolescent Psychiatry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1569\u0026ndash;1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01961-4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYoung, A. F., Powers, J. R., \u0026amp; Bell, S. L. (2006). Attrition in longitudinal studies: who do you lose\u003cem\u003e? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(4), 353\u0026ndash;361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00849.x\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDescriptive Statistics and Gender Differences\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;in the Variables Studied\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:141.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMeasures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:41.3pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScale range\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:135.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGlobal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:134.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBoys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:135.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGirls\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:92.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:33.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:35.4pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;text-indent:-35.4pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:141.7pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.3pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:33.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.35pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2,236\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.34 (0.56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:33.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1,149\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.38 (0.56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1,087\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.29 (0.55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:43.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:92.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.87 (2234)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch1 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:21px;font-family:\"Calibri Light\",sans-serif;color:#A5A5A5;font-weight:normal;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003e(Continued)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:140.95pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMeasures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:40.3pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScale range\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:138.55pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGlobal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:131.2pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBoys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:138.6pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGirls\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:91.3pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:52.95pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.7pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.45pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.3pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.65pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.45pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:140.95pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOutcomes (T4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.3pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.7pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.45pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.3pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e656\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.55 (0.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:91.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-4.20 (1336.88)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:140.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eEmotional lability\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.3pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1,350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.65 (0.37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e694\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.69 (0.40)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:39.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e656\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.60 (0.32)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:91.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.77 (1307.37)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNote.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eWelch \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test is reported because Levene\u0026rsquo;s test is significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.05), suggesting a violation of the assumption of equal variances; *\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05; **\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .01; ***\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFit Indexes of Linear Trajectories for Girls and Boys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:.9in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:32.2pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ek\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:96.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAIC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:96.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBIC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:96.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSSABIC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:92.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eEntropy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.2pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLMR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.05in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLMRt\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBLRT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:221.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.05in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:3.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:3.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:96.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8893.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:96.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8984.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:96.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8926.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:92.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e.048\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.05in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e.054\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNote.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Bold indicates final profile solution; \u003cem\u003ek\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= number of profiles; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; SSABIC = Sample size adjusted BIC; LMR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test; LMRt = LMR adjusted; BLRT = Bootstrapped Likelihood Ratio Test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eParameter Estimates for the Linear Model of LCGA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width:66.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eConduct\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eproblems\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:75.75pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGrowth parameters\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:308.8pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGirls\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.75pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 11.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:244.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBoys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:73.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDownward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable high\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 11.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable High\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:75.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIntercept\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style=\"width:.85in;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.05 (0.01)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.02 (0.02)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.21 (0.07)**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:73.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.43 (0.07)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.02 (0.08)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 11.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.37 (0.12)**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.9pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01 (0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:75.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95% CI [LL, UP]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[0.03, 0.07]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[-0.05, 0.02]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[0.10, 0.31]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:73.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[-0.55, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-0.32]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[-0.15, 0.11]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 11.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[0, 0.05]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[-0.07, 0]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.85in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[0.18, 0.56]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:11.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[-0.07, 0.10]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNote.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;95% CI = 95% Confidence interval; LL = Lower limit; UL = Upper limit;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05; **\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .01;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e***\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMLRs of Trajectories for Girls and Boys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:326.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGirls\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 244.5pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBoys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePredictor (T1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDownward vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable high vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable high vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward vs. Low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFamily variables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.5pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocioeconomic status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.26 [1.02, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1.55]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.18 [0.80, 1.73]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.18 [0.84, 1.65]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.61 [0.91, 2.86]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 [0.82, 1.23]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.91 [0.69, 1.21]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.72 [0.42, 1.24]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePositive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.51 [0.29, 0.89]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.35 [0.13, 0.93]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.24 [0.10, 0.56]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.81 [0.18, 3.60]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.54 [0.32, 0.90]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.27 [0.13, 0.55]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65 [0.15, 2.84]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eInconsistency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.72 [1.26, 2.37]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.11 [1.80, 5.37]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.34 [0.82, 2.22]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.16 [1.03, 4.50]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.75 [1.29, 2.37]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.21 [1.42, 3.42]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.80 [2.50, 13.47]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWarmth\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.47 [0.28, 0.79]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.58 [0.25, 1.35]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.69 [0.32, 1.47]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.19 [0.06, 0.62]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.71 [0.44, 1.14]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.01 [0.52, 1.94]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.71 [0.22, 2.35]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:196.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eChildren\u0026rsquo;s variables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGrandiose-Deceitful\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.84 [1.76, 4.59]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.59 [3.82, 15.08]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.18 [2.19, 7.97]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.39 [5.59, 32.06]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.40 [0.93, 2.11]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.04 [1.82, 5.07]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.67 [1.55, 8.69]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCallous-Unemotional\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.18 [0.75, 1.84]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.95 [0.99, 3.84]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.98 [1.06, 3.67]*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.92 [1.60, 9.61]**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.30 [1.54, 3.45]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.71 [1.62, 4.54]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.45 [1.94, 10.20]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:123.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eImpulsive-Need for stimulation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.30 [1.68, 3.15]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.35 [2.41, 7.86]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.65 [2.20, 6.04]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.10 [4.02, 25.41]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:5.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:72.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.79 [2.04, 3.83]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:81.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.18 [3.83, 9.97]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:90.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.19 [5.93, 44.25]***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNote.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Odds ratios are reported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNumbers in brackets represent 95% confidence intervals. *\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05; **\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .01; ***\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDifferences in Outcomes According to Trajectory Group for Girls and Boys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width:332.45pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGirls\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:282.2pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBoys\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOutcome (T4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.8pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.85pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDownward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable high\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:66.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.45pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:3.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStable high\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpward\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:71.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.4pt;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top: 0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBullying\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.57 (0.36)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.06 (0.78)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.8pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.94 (1.11)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.13 (0.81)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.42 (1.67)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:66.9pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81.85(4, 642)***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 1.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.34 (0.65)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.19 (0.91)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.9pt;border:none;padding:0in 1.4pt 0in 1.4pt;height:1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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superscript indicate statistically significant differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05, Bonferroni\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;post hoc\u003c/em\u003e test).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Conduct Problems, Trajectories, Childhood, Gender, Latent Class Growth Analyses","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGender differences in the trajectories of conduct problems (CP) have received very little attention in the literature. The present four-year longitudinal study explores gender differences in CP trajectories through early childhood, assessing gender-specific predictors and outcomes. Gender-separated CP trajectories were identified in a sample of 2,246 young children (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u003c/sub\u003e=4.25; 48.53% girls) using latent class growth analyses (LCGA). Five trajectories were found in girls (i.e., \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003edownward\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e) and four in boys (i.e., \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003estable high\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eupward\u003c/em\u003e). Low socioeconomic status was related to the most problematic trajectories only in boys, whereas the interpersonal psychopathic trait (grandiose-deceitful) was more pronounced in girls with higher CP scores relative to other psychopathic traits. Meanwhile, boys’ trajectories were more diverse in terms of negative outcomes (e.g., bullying, victimization) than those of girls. This study contributes to the body of work on heterogeneity in CP by identifying different trajectories according to gender, and shows the relevance of gender in understanding the predictors, development, and outcomes of CP.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gender differences in the development of children’s conduct problems: A four-year longitudinal study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-01-17 18:17:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-11 16:33:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3412620/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ebf4c516-c76e-462e-b737-209b56bafe10","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-15T10:14:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-17 18:17:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-3412620","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3412620","identity":"rs-3412620","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}