An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia

An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457" }, "headline": "An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management:...", "datePublished": "2024-12-02T09:16:48", "dateModified": "2026-04-06T05:01:08", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kresno Agus Hendarto" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Dian Charity Hidayat" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Lukas Rumboko Wibowo" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Digby Race" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "I Wayan Widhana Susila" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sutrihadi Sutrihadi" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Krisdianto Sugiyanto" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Gerson Ndawa Njurumana" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hani Sitti Nuroniah" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Dewi Ratna Kurniasari" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "V. Rachmadi Parmono" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Atfi Indriany Putri" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Abdurakhman Abdurakhman" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Tri Astuti Wisudayati" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ramawati Ramawati" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Yudha Satria Aji Pratama" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background The COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant impacts on the forestry sector. Employment layoffs have led to an increase in return migration, resulting in additional labor supply and heightened family economic burdens. This research employs the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework to examine and predict sustainable forest management practices among families managing customary forests and village forests in Bali. Methods Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 71 managers of customary forests and village forests in Tenganan and Wanagiri. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the acquired data. Results The findings demonstrated that TPB can explain the sustainable forest management. The incorporation of an additional construct, Tri Hita Karana (THK), enhanced the model’s predictive power for both managerial intentions and behaviors in sustainable forest management. Specifically, THK influences management intentions through the mediation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions This study established that THK, a fundamental value system in Balinese society, serves as an antecedent predictor of behavioral intentions toward sustainable forest management. The relationship between THK and sustainable forest management intentions is mediated by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research makes significant theoretical and managerial contributions. First, it validates the established TPB framework within the context of COVID-19’s impact in Bali. Additionally, it provides scholars with insights for identifying other potential constructs that may influence forest land managers’ behavior. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3", "name": "An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward..." } } ] } Home Browse An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Patiro SPS, Hendarto KA, Hidayat DC et al. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] Previously titled: A Bali perspective: Intention for sustainable customary and village forest management in the post pandemic era Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-4724 1 , Kresno Agus Hendarto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-1500 2 , Dian Charity Hidayat 2 , [...] Lukas Rumboko Wibowo 2 , Digby Race 3 , I Wayan Widhana Susila 2 , Sutrihadi Sutrihadi 4 , Krisdianto Sugiyanto 4 , Gerson Ndawa Njurumana 2 , Hani Sitti Nuroniah 2 , Dewi Ratna Kurniasari 2 , V. Rachmadi Parmono 5 , Atfi Indriany Putri 6 , Abdurakhman Abdurakhman 6 , Tri Astuti Wisudayati 2 , Ramawati Ramawati 2 , Yudha Satria Aji Pratama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-8889 7 Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-4724 1 , Kresno Agus Hendarto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-1500 2 , [...] Dian Charity Hidayat 2 , Lukas Rumboko Wibowo 2 , Digby Race 3 , I Wayan Widhana Susila 2 , Sutrihadi Sutrihadi 4 , Krisdianto Sugiyanto 4 , Gerson Ndawa Njurumana 2 , Hani Sitti Nuroniah 2 , Dewi Ratna Kurniasari 2 , V. Rachmadi Parmono 5 , Atfi Indriany Putri 6 , Abdurakhman Abdurakhman 6 , Tri Astuti Wisudayati 2 , Ramawati Ramawati 2 , Yudha Satria Aji Pratama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-8889 7 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Indonesia Open University, Jakarta, Indonesia 2 National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 3 The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji 4 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta, Indonesia 5 Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia 6 Gadjah Mada University, Sleman, Indonesia 7 Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Kresno Agus Hendarto Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology Dian Charity Hidayat Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lukas Rumboko Wibowo Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation Digby Race Roles: Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing I Wayan Widhana Susila Roles: Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Sutrihadi Sutrihadi Roles: Software, Visualization Krisdianto Sugiyanto Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Gerson Ndawa Njurumana Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Hani Sitti Nuroniah Roles: Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Dewi Ratna Kurniasari Roles: Project Administration V. Rachmadi Parmono Roles: Validation Atfi Indriany Putri Roles: Software, Visualization Abdurakhman Abdurakhman Roles: Methodology, Validation Tri Astuti Wisudayati Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ramawati Ramawati Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation Yudha Satria Aji Pratama Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Ecology and Global Change gateway. Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant impacts on the forestry sector. Employment layoffs have led to an increase in return migration, resulting in additional labor supply and heightened family economic burdens. This research employs the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework to examine and predict sustainable forest management practices among families managing customary forests and village forests in Bali. Methods Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 71 managers of customary forests and village forests in Tenganan and Wanagiri. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the acquired data. Results The findings demonstrated that TPB can explain the sustainable forest management. The incorporation of an additional construct, Tri Hita Karana (THK), enhanced the model’s predictive power for both managerial intentions and behaviors in sustainable forest management. Specifically, THK influences management intentions through the mediation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions This study established that THK , a fundamental value system in Balinese society, serves as an antecedent predictor of behavioral intentions toward sustainable forest management. The relationship between THK and sustainable forest management intentions is mediated by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research makes significant theoretical and managerial contributions. First, it validates the established TPB framework within the context of COVID-19’s impact in Bali. Additionally, it provides scholars with insights for identifying other potential constructs that may influence forest land managers’ behavior. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Theory of planned behavior”, COVID-19, “return migrants”, “sustainable forest management”, “Tri Hita Karana” Corresponding Author(s) Kresno Agus Hendarto ( [email protected] ) Dian Charity Hidayat ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Kresno Agus Hendarto, Dian Charity Hidayat Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: ARSF3-ECR Project Plan, Project Code 002-Lukas Wibowo-Indonesia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Patiro SPS et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Patiro SPS, Hendarto KA, Hidayat DC et al. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.3 ) First published: 02 Dec 2024, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.1 ) Latest published: 06 Apr 2026, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.4 ) Revised Amendments from Version 2 First, for the title: we have changed it to: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. Second, for the introduction: to make our review broader we have added articles from Utomo et al (2022) and Njurumana et al (2025). We have added an explanation of migrants, consistent used of the terminology migrant-receiving family, consistent used of the word "aim" for research purposes, and we changed all percentages to be one decimal place.. Third, for the method: we have clarified the data collected, and added the definition of customary forest and village forest according to regulations in Indonesia Fourth, for the results and discussion: we have added relevant COVID-19 cases in Indonesia (Widhanarto et al 2024), the reason why in our discussion we focus on the theory of planned behaviour, and added a description of social forestry in the research location according to the study conducted by Wong et al (2020), De Royer et al (2018), Gilmour et al (2016). Fifth, for grammar style, we have sent it to proofreading at Yogyakarta State University using and using Grammarly. For this, we added the sentence "To improve the wording and readability of this study, the authors used Grammarly" in the ethical consideration section. First, for the title: we have changed it to: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. Second, for the introduction: to make our review broader we have added articles from Utomo et al (2022) and Njurumana et al (2025). We have added an explanation of migrants, consistent used of the terminology migrant-receiving family, consistent used of the word "aim" for research purposes, and we changed all percentages to be one decimal place.. Third, for the method: we have clarified the data collected, and added the definition of customary forest and village forest according to regulations in Indonesia Fourth, for the results and discussion: we have added relevant COVID-19 cases in Indonesia (Widhanarto et al 2024), the reason why in our discussion we focus on the theory of planned behaviour, and added a description of social forestry in the research location according to the study conducted by Wong et al (2020), De Royer et al (2018), Gilmour et al (2016). Fifth, for grammar style, we have sent it to proofreading at Yogyakarta State University using and using Grammarly. For this, we added the sentence "To improve the wording and readability of this study, the authors used Grammarly" in the ethical consideration section. See the authors' detailed response to the review by I Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda See the authors' detailed response to the review by James Roshetko READ REVIEWER RESPONSES  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction At the end of 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) for the first time recognized a COVID-19 case in China and deemed it as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. “Over the past two weeks, the number of cases outside China has increased 13-fold, and the number of affected countries has increased 3-fold,” said WHO Secretary-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ( Dzulfaroh 2021 ). To limit the spread of COVID-19, all governments globally took drastic measures by locking down entire countries or most affected cities and towns and banning outsiders from entering their countries ( Fotiadis et al. 2021 ). As a result, patterns of social, economic, and human behavior alter quickly and dramatically ( Cooke et al. 2021 ). This behavior change has resulted in reduced greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise pollution, and waste which makes beaches in different countries cleaner ( Ming et al. 2020 ; Bao and Zhang 2020 ; Dantas et al. 2020 ; Maji et al. 2021 ; El-Sayed et al. 2021 ; Rahman et al. 2021 ). However, it has also resulted in weakly enforced regulations and environmental law handling ( Corlett et al. 2020 ). Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63% to 136% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). In Gundaki Province, Nepal, COVID-19 has suspended all types of forestry and ecotourism-based businesses, research, and monitoring activities. It has also led to a drastic increase in illegal logging and poaching both inside and outside protected areas, a significant reduction in the income of the middle and lower classes, and an increase in rural and urban poverty ( Laudari et al. 2021 ). Besides that, extensive protective measures such as mask and glove use have increased organic and inorganic waste in the environment ( Zambrano-Monserrate et al. 2020 ). In Indonesia, President Joko Widodo and Minister of Health Terawan announced the Covid 19 case at a press conference at the Presidential Palace on March 2, 2020. Two patients with Covid 19 were confirmed. Patient 1 is a 31-year-old woman while Patient 2 was a 64-year-old woman. They are a mother and daughter who live in one house in Depok, West Java. Even though at the beginning of the pandemic the Government received much criticism from the public, on May 25, 2022, at the 7th Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction 2022 in Bali, Indonesia was highly appreciated by the President of the UN General Assembly, Abdulla Shahid, in his remarks at the event ( BNPB 2022 ). Tourism is the backbone of Bali’s economy. When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, its impact was significant. In the Bali Economic and Investment Forum on April 8, 2021, the Head of the Bali Tourism Office stated, “Three thousand employees were laid off and consequently increased the unemployment in Bali. While usually, it has the lowest rate nationally, it is now in 18th position” ( CNN 2021 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3.8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). Like in other countries the laid-off employees generally returned to their hometowns and were involved in work. Previous researchers (i.e., Pramana et al. 2022 ; Khalid et al. 2021 ; Zenker and Kock 2020 ; Higgins-Desbiolles 2020 ; Guridno and Guridno 2020 ; Baum and Hai 2020 ; Qiu et al. 2020 ; Nicola et al. 2020 ; Foo et al. 2021 ; Qiu et al. 2021 ; Škare et al. 2021 ; Abbas et al. 2021 ; Zhang et al. 2021 ; Fotiadis et al. 2021 ; Bae and Chang 2021 ) have studied the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on tourism. Using web-based bibliometric analysis (biblioshiny) on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the forestry sector, Jayasundara et al. (2024) identified that “deforestation” appears most frequently. Subsequently, “conservation”, “management”, “urban”, “recreation”, “wildlife”, “market”, “product”, “climate change”, “ecosystem services” come next. Interestingly, there has been an increase in forest recreation (especially urban forests) in such developed countries as America ( Grima et al. 2020 ; Ferguson et al. 2022 ), Japan ( Yamazaki et al. 2021 ), Germany ( da Schio et al. 2021 ). Urban forests have been favored because of they are close to their homes. In addition to urban forests, undeveloped forests (wilderness areas) are other favorite destinations since the exercise of social distancing regulations. Therefore, they visit isolated tourist locations with only few visitors. On the other hand, the number of retiree visitors (who are older), international visitors, and those from distant locations has decreased. Likewise, the intensity of activities forest conservation and management has decreased because in general the government has allocated the budget mostly to deal with COVID-19. In other words, the budget for conservation and forest management activities has been cut significantly. Consequently, such illegal activities as deforestation, land encroachment, and poaching have increased ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). With the transit point in Bangladesh, Rahman et al. (2021) revealed that, hunting and trade of wild animals has increased in India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China. The people whose lives depend on forests face serious challenges. The restrictions imposed has resulted in income decline. For instance, in Indonesia, limited accessibility has resulted in the decline in honey harvest and income ( Njurumana et al. 2021 ). The decline in demand for agroforestry products has consequently resulted in reduced income ( Pieter et al. 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food ( Utomo et al. 2022 ). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara ( Njurumana et al. 2025 ). The decline of ecotourism due to the decreased number of distant and international visitors has decreased the income of the communities around ecotourism locations ( Kalema-zikusoka 2021 ; Rahaman et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, research on forest cover showed that during the pandemic tropical forest cover on small inhabited islands has declined. For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (valid for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) most of these studies did not focus on migrants affected by layoffs and acceptance of the hometown of the returning migrants; and (3) families of migrant workers who have been laid off were affected by both internal factor (biological, psychological, and social) and external factor (assistance from the central and local governments). This study aims to fill that gap. First , this study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests land and village forests). Second , this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. Third , this study examines internal factors using Theory of planned behavior (TPB) to understand behavior of migrant receiving families. Gao et al. (2017) stated that although TPB has been widely used in predicting individual pro-environmental behavior, there are 2 limitations. The limitation is that TPB is a theory of self-interest and all variables in TPB are rational predictors ( Bertoldo and Castro 2016 ). In other words, TPB assumes that human behavior is simple, so that people make decisions using rational thinking; in fact human behavior is very complex ( Ajzen 1991 ; Petty and Cacioppo 1986 ). Thus, to enhance the ability of TPB in explaining and predicting intentions and pro-environmental behavior, it is necessary to consider additional variables for inclusion in the model ( Conner and Armitage 1998 ). This study has expanded the TPB framework by including THK (as a value) construct to measure the impact on the behavior of customary forest and village forest managers. TPB is the most frequently cited theory to explain human behavior ( Sussman and Gifford 2019 ). Numerous empirical studies have examined and validated this theory, which has been found to be an effective explanation for a range of pro-environmental behaviors ( Sarkis 2017 ; Du and Pan 2021 ). This theory is a development of the theory of reasoned action and was first proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1985. This theory states that human behavior is guided by 3 kinds of considerations, namely behavioral belief, normative belief, and control belief, which in turn produce specific outcomes such as attitudes toward behavior, subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) ( Yadav and Pathak 2017 ). Values influence behavior when they are relevant to the context and important to the individual ( Schwartz 1992 ). Individuals hold a relatively stable set of values that are internalized from early life stages and change little thereafter ( Schwartz 1994 ). In other words, values are used to characterize cultural groups, societies, and individuals, to explain the motivational basis of attitudes and behavior ( Schwartz 2012 ). Schwartz’s approach is crucial for social-psychological studies for various reasons. First, it directly deals with theory, and its fundamental components are incorporated into early social scientific research ( Desender et al. 2011 ; Ahmad et al. 2020 ). Second, the framework utilizes value dimensions measurements that are consistent across cultures ( Burgess and Steenkamp 2006 ; Schwartz 2006 ; Ahmad et al. 2020 ). Stern et al. (1993) proposed three value orientations that were pertinent to consumers’ environmental concerns as an early application of Schwartz’s value theory: self-interest, altruism toward other humans, and altruism toward other species and the biosphere. Later, Stern and Dietz (1994) asserted that a person’s perspective about themselves (egoistic value orientation), other people (altruistic value orientation), or plants and animals (biospheric value orientation) will determine how important they view environmental issues. The term THK derives from the words “Tri” which means three, “Hita” which means happiness. and “Karana” which means cause. Therefore, lexically the term means three causes of happiness creation ( Yhani and Supastri 2020 ). Some examples of the implementing of our gratitude to God include (1) with sradha (belief or trust) and bhakti (activity of getting closer to God) giving yadny a (divine service) and praying to God. Doing Punia (offerings) without any strings attached, doing tirtta yatra (holy journey) to places that can lead to their sacred values; (2) Caring for others, especially to a relative (fellow) hit by a disaster. As role model that illuminates others, at least we must be a torch for ourselves first by diligently talking about virtue while taking real action; (3) The natural surroundings or our environment is our closest mirror of caring for nature. The environment looks beautiful, clean, and neatly arranged, which means that we can realize one of the THK. In the Bhagawadgita it is said that “ Satatam kirtayatom mam. Yatantas ca drsha vrtatah. Namasyantas ca mam bhatya. Ni tyayuktah upsate ” (IX.14) (Always exclusively praise Me and do the duty of service uninterruptedly. You who worship me unceasingly and with eternal devotion are close to Me) ( Budiastika 2022 ). Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali. This study proposes two questions. They are (1) what internal factors significantly influence the behavior of customary/village forest managers; and (2) how these factors shape the behavior of the managers of customary forests and/or village forests. This article illustrates the process as follows. The second section describes context, sample, measurement, and analysis of data. We present results and discussion in the third section. Finally, the fourth section presents conclusions, limitations, and suggestions. Methods Context The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because (1) Tenganan Village has customary forests and Wanagiri Village has village forests; (2) each customary forest and village forest manager has joined a forest farmer group that was formed before the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) there were no extreme land cover changes during the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Study area, Village forest and Customary Forest land cover. Note: Bali Island (A) (Source: BPS, 2023 ); Village forest land cover in Wanagiri 2018 (B1), 2020 (B2), and 2022 (B3); Customary forest land cover in Tenganan 2018 (C1), 2020 (C2), and 2022 (C3). Tenganan Village is located in Manggis District, Karangasem Regency. The population is 1,044 people. The people of Tenganan Village are an early Hindu community (Bali Aga) with the Indra sect. They do not recognize caste systems like those found among Balinese people in general. Based on Decree number 1546/MenLHK-PSKL/PKTH/Kum.1/2/2019, the Minister of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) designated the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest. The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership. The area of the Tenganan customary forest extends approximately 591 hectares consisting of 226 hectares of protected forests and 365 hectares of productive forests. The Tenganan customary forest is managed by all indigenous peoples, numbering around 668 people or 225 families. All residents are Hindus ( BPS 2020 ). They are guided by customary rules ( awig-awig ) in managing customary forests. Wanagiri Village is situated in Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency. It has village forest that managed by a Village-Owned Enterprise named “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. With a total of 250 hectares, this village forest is divided into 2 zones of 80 hectare of protection zone and 170 hectare of utilization zone. The village forest was designated with the Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017/03-L/HK/2005. The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into three forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. In addition, the government also ensured the digitalization of health care. When a positive case of COVID-19 is suspected, medicine is immediately sent free of charge. Not all countries allow free transport of medically prescribed medicine. From an economic standpoint, the Government implemented a partial lockdown or locally known as Large-Scale social restriction (PSBB). This is quite rational because people can still carry out economic activities. The enforced PSBB in these areas is considered far more realistic than implementing a complete lockdown national wide ( Roziqin et al. 2021 ). In addition, the government also provides a social safety net. There are several social policies which include Family Hope Program, Staple Food Cards, Pre-Employment Cards, electricity subsidies, additional market and logistics operations, relief of credit payments for informal workers, and BLT Dana Desa (direct cash assistance to the village) (for more details, see Figure 2 ). Figure 2. Framework return migrants and forest relations in the pandemic. Note: Figure 2 modified from Bista et al. (2022) . Operationally, the research question of this study can be illustrated in Figure 3 . Figure 3. Planned Behavior Theory, Tri Hita Karana, Proposed model and hypotheses. Note: Planned Behavior Theory (A). Source: Yuriev et al. (2020) ; Tri Hita Karana (B). Source: Adityanandana and Gerber (2019) . As seen in Figure 3(A) , attitudes, SN, and PBC are the predictors of intention. Consequently, this study examines three hypotheses derived from the conceptual model: H 1 : Attitudes have a positive effect on the intention to manage forest sustainably H 2 : Subjective norm has a positive effect on the intention to manage forest sustainably H 3 : Perceived behavioral control has a positive effect on the intention to manage village and/or customary forest sustainably Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of 3 related realms, namely the human world ( pawongan ), the natural world ( palemahan ), and the spiritual world ( parahyangan ). The self (microcosm) is not separate from the universe (macro cosmos) and both are composed of the same elements ( Adityanandana and Gerber 2019 ). The framing of THK as “culture”, “tradition”, and “local wisdom” can be criticized by using insights from various scientific domains ( Roth and Sedana 2015 ). In this study, we frame THK as a value. Value is a belief that is closely related to influence. When values are activated, they are infused with feelings ( Schwartz 2012 ). He also gives an example of people who consider independence an important value. People become aroused when their independence is threatened. They may feel despair when they are powerless to protect it and feel happy when they can enjoy it. Thus, the hypothesis proposed is: H 4 : THK has a positive effect on attitudes towards sustainable forest management H 5 : THK has a positive effect on subjunctive norms H 6 : THK has a positive effect on perceived behavioral control Finally, Figure 3(C) shows the model proposed by this study, where value (THK) is an antecedent of TPB. Sample Purposive sampling was used in this study. According to Cooper and Schindler (2013) , purposive sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling that meets specific criteria. Following of the study objectives, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) adults; (3) have a good literacy level; (4) responsible for the laid-off immigrants due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and (5) willing to be involved in the study. The sample size for a multivariate analysis should be 10 times more than the total number of variables to be examined, according to Roscoe in Sekaran and Bougie (2016) . Depending on the complexity of the model, a sample size of 5 or 10 or 15 cases per parameter ( Kline 2016 ). Meanwhile, the number of representative samples used in multivariate analysis was between 100 and 200, or five times as many as the questionnaire’s question items ( Hair et al. 2018 ). Based on what has been stated and also because not all managers of customary forests and/or village forests accept migrants, we targeted a sample size of 200 respondents. Measurement In this study, structured questionnaires were used. The questionnaire consisted of two major parts, namely: (1) inquires about THK , attitudes, SN, PBC, and intention to continue to manage forest sustainably; and (2) inquires about the respondent’s profile. The question items were modified from earlier studies by Ariyanto et al. (2017) ; Homer (1995) ; Ofoegbu and Speranza (2017) ; Buyinza et al. (2020) ; Borges and Lansink (2016) . Because the question items are translated from English to Indonesian, the accuracy of the translation matter ( Jogiyato 2013 ). Therefore, we asked linguists at Yogyakarta State University to translate the question items from English into Indonesian. The translated Indonesian version was translated back into English by the author’s colleagues who had studied abroad to identify any significant differences. Data analysis The data in this study were analyzed using SEM. There are two SEM methods: covariance-based (CB-SEM) and variant-based (PLS-SEM). When deciding which one to be utilized, it’s critical to be aware of the differences between the two ( Hair Jr. et al. 2017 ). CB-SEM aims to “minimize the differences between sample covariance matrix estimates, while PLS-SEM maximize the explained variance of endogenous constructs” ( Hair et al. 2011 ). Therefore, CB-SEM is mainly used for the confirmation of established theories (explanations); in contrast, PLS-SEM is a prediction-oriented approach, primarily undertaken for exploratory research ( Sarstedt et al. 2014 ). Almost all studies using PLS-SEM state that PLS-SEM has advantages over CB-SEM. It can complete formative and reflective measurements. Another advantage is that the samples are not necessarily large. Besides that, it assumes that the samples are not necessarily normally distributed ( Hair et al. 2014 ; Henseler et al. 2009 ). Because one of the aims of this study is to predict whether THK is an antecedent of attitude, SN, and PBC, this study uses PLS-SEM. Although PLS_SEM has some advantages, it also has disadvantages. PLS-SEM does not have a Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) index. The geometric mean of the communal mean and average R2 can be used as general criteria for GoF ( Tenenhaus et al. 2005 ). The criteria for small, medium, and large effects of GoF are 0.1, 0.25, and 0.36 ( Wetzels et al. 2009 ). Results Profile of respondent The respondents were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. To filter respondents to fit the criteria, we used filter/screening questions. The questions asked whether, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the respondents accepted the laid-off family members. Screener questions were intended to avoid respondents from answering irrelevant questions. Of the 200 questionnaires distributed, 71 respondents completed them (met the criteria sample and pass the screener question). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. Table 1. Respondent’s demographic profile (n = 71). Gender Monthly expenses Male 78.90 ≤ Rp 1.000.000 12.70 Female 21.10 Rp. 1.000.001 – Rp. 2.500.000 64.80 > Rp. 2.500.000 22.50 Age Occupation 50 31.00 Education Family members Elementary School 35.20 4 21.1 Academy 19.70 Measurement model A self-administered version of the questionnaire was intended. When employing self-administered questionnaires, researchers encounter challenges since respondents’ answers are more impacted by the clarity of the written words than by the interviewer’s abilities ( Zikmund and Babin 2016 ). Thus, the initial step was to carry out a pilot test after the questionnaire had been compiled. The objectives of the pilot test are to identify: (1) whether there are ambiguous words; (2) whether the instructions given can be understood; (3) whether it is difficult for the respondent to answer; and (4) how long the respondent took the time to fill out the questionnaires. A tiny sample size of three respondents participated in this pilot test. The questionnaires were promptly duplicated and distributed to the respondents after revisions were made in response to the pilot test’s findings. The criteria for convergent validity, according to Fornell and Larcker (1981) , are that: (1) the factor loading is significant and higher than 0.7; and (2) the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value is higher than 0.5; whereas for discriminant validity, the AVE value exceeds the squared correlation value between the construct pairs ( Table 3 ). The composite reliability value is used to evaluate reliability. The cutoff criterion for Composite Reliability is 0.7 ( Abdillah and Jogiyanto 2015 ; Nunnaly in Onofrei et al. 2022 ). Table 2 shows that all variables passed the convergent validity test with an AVE value greater than 0.5. Additionally, it has passed the test for discriminant validity, which establishes that each indicator in a latent variable differs from indicators in other latent variables (as shown by a higher loading score in its construct). All variables pass the construct reliability test, as evidenced by the reliability testing results (each variable’s composite reliability is more than 0.7). Table 2. Convergent validity and reliability testing. Constructs Item loading AVE Composite reliability Tri Hita Karana ( Ariyanto et al. 2017 ) 0.690 0.917 • Sincerity and prayer will expedite my process of utilizing forest land 0.766 • Believing in the law of karma phala will lead me to the forest land utilization 0.854 • Village (customary) leaders care for forest land utilization 0.851 • Collective effort and responsibilities of village (customary) residents and leaders ensure the wise utilization of the forest 0.783 • Forest land utilization provides learning opportunities and enables anticipation of upcoming changes 0.894 Attitude toward SFM ( Homer 1995 ) 0.851 0.945 Sustainable management of customary/village forests to reduce the economic burden after the pandemic is: • Very Unwise – Very Wise 0.941 • Negative- Positive 0.857 • Very Poor – Very Good 0.966 Subjective Norm ( Ofoegbu and Speranza 2017 ) 0.679 0.863 • Village and/or customary officials will support the sustainable management of customary forests/village forests 0.761 • Other people with whom I interact regularly will perceive the desirability of involvement in the sustainable management of customary village forests 0.835 • I appreciate other people's significant opinions regarding my involvement in the sustainable management of customary/village forests 0.872 Perceived Behavioral Control ( Buyinza et al. 2020 ) 0.693 0.871 • I believe I am knowledgeable enough about sustainable customary/village forest management 0.759 • I have all the necessary labor and knowledge resources to manage village and/or customary forests sustainably 0.874 • When I want to plan sustainable customary/village forest management, I have sufficient technical skills 0.860 Intention toward SFM ( Borges and Lansink 2016 ) 0.862 0.926 • I intent to get alternative income from sustainable customary/village forests management in the next year? 0.898 • How serious are you in the customary/village forests management in the next year? 0.921 Table 3. Discriminant validity testing. Attitude toward SFM Intention toward SFM PBC Subjective norm Tri Hita Karana Attitude toward SFM (0.922) Intention toward SFM 0.401 (0.928) PBC 0.233 0.428 (0.832) Subjective Norm 0.470 0.471 0.365 (0.824) Tri Hita Karana 0.292 0.352 0.372 0.312 (0.831) Structural model, hypothesis testing and goodness of fit Following the measurement model, SEM was used to investigate each hypothesis contained within the suggested model. This two-step analytic strategy is consistent with Anderson and Gerbing (1988) . The results can be seen in Table 4 . Table 4. Structural model and hypotheses testing. Hypotheses Path Coefficient t-value Supported? H 1 Attitude → intention 0.112 2.063 Yes H 2 Subjective norm → intention 0.130 2.539 Yes H 3 Perceived behavioral control → intention 0.111 3.292 Yes H 4 Tri Hita Karana → atiitude 0.121 3.471 Yes H 5 Tri Hita Karana → subjective norm 0.148 3.029 Yes H 6 Tri Hita Karana → perceived behavioral control 0.092 5.841 Yes Table 4 shows that all hypotheses are supported by data with a t value greater than the t table; while the relationship between variables shows unilateral results (all path values have positive coefficients). After testing the hypothesis, we calculate the GoF value. If a model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model conveys. Therefore, the prediction is not significant, and the conclusion may be debatable ( Henseler et al. 2016 ). The GoF value in this study is 0.685, which is higher than the large GoF value. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the model tested is parsimonious and reasonable. Discussion Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition ( Wong et al. 2020 ). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion ( Royer et al. 2018 ). However, Decree number 1546/MenLHK-PSKL/PKTHA/Kum.1/2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017/03-L/HK/2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017/03-L/HK/2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405/HK/2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors ( Gilmour 2016 ): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides ( Laksemi et al. 2019 ). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. When the COVID-19 pandemic first occurred in Italy, demand for wood contracted. The international market (export-import) of wood products experienced a sharp decline ( Barcaccia et al. 2020 ). Likewise in China, the price of natural resource commodities is volatile and short termed due to the disrupted supply and demand chains resulting from the increase in active cases and the spike in deaths of COVID-19 patients ( Guo et al. 2022 ). For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% ( Widhanarto et al. 2024 ). By comparing the impact of COVID-19 to that of previous economic crises ( Wunder et al. 2021 ), found that national income and commodity prices are affected by 3 factors, namely: contractionary-inflationary supply-side shocks, deflationary demand-side impacts, and expansionary-inflationary government policy responses (both monetary and fiscal). In the US, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant shift in the demand function, while the supply function shifted inward due to labor shortages. The lumber price in the US increased from $319.70 per thousand board feet (mbf) in April 2020 due to the appearing sign of pandemic resolution. It reached the peak of $1500.50/mbf exactly one year later ( van Kooten and Schmitz 2022 ). Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz and Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen and Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. The results of this study differ from the findings of research conducted by Yazdanpanah et al. (2014) who examined water conservation-related behavior intentions across the Middle East and North Africa; Knussen et al. (2004) who examined intention to recycle household waste in Glasgow, Scotland; Ofoegbu and Speranza (2017) who examine at South Africa’s intention to adopt practical management and sustainable forest usage; where the three reported that at least one of the 3 predictors of behavioral intention in TPB (Attitude, SN and PBC) did not have a significant effect. Accordingly, the results of this study confirmed that the 3 predictors had a positive and significant effect. The findings of this study are consistent with the study conducted by Ajzen (2011) who states that ideally, the 3 predictors have a positive and significant statistical effect; Borges and Lansink (2016) who predicted cattle ranchers’ intentions in Brazil to adopt better natural pastures. This study used the TPB model to understand, explain, and predict the behavior of families who receive the arrival of migrants in their areas. It identifies the reason for their willingness to cultivate forests sustainably. This study model includes the THK construct into the TPB model to understand, explain, and predict the behavior of land cultivators due to the impact of COVID-19. When COVID-19 hit, many company workers were laid off so they returned to their hometowns, which consequently more or less put pressure on the families who received their return. The TPB model developed in this study shows that social psychological factors (attitudes, SN, and PBC) can explain and predict the intentions and behavior of forest managers. The THK variable included in the TPB model can explain and predict attitudes, SN, and PBC positively and significantly. Adopted values are defined as ideals and guiding principles in human life ( Rokeach 1973 ; Schwartz 1992 ). Likewise with THK are the values adhered to by the Balinese Hindu community and become the basis for displaying behavior. Attitudes have a strong impact on people’s perceptions toward the attitude object and thus have an impact on behavior ( Fazio 1986 ). Attitudes can be positive or negative and contain moral beliefs, namely individual beliefs that something is moral or immoral ( Eagly and Chaiken 1993 ; Krosnick and Petty 1995 ; Skitka et al. 2005 ). Attitudes have a strong influence on the way humans perceive and understand the world ( Fazio 2000 ; Maio et al. 2019 ). Because values are guiding principles and they are considered to guide our behavior ( Sagiv and Roccas 2017 ) through a series of variables including attitudes ( Homer and Kahle 1988 ), then, the values espoused will influence human feelings towards certain objects or people, which in turn will influence action ( Thorne et al. 2020 ). In this study, the values of THK adhered to by migrant-receiving families can shape their attitudes toward sustainable forest management. They adhere to the values of THK principles that produce positive manifestations reflected in the continuous management forests sustainably even though they have migrants arriving. Furthermore, espoused values may vary between individuals depending on their personality, needs, and circumstances ( Sheth et al. 1991 ). Adhered values are felt by individuals and can be shaped and influenced by others as many research results show that individuals are influenced by friends, relatives, co-workers, business partners, or other parties around them ( Paul et al. 2016 ). The results of this study indicate that the perception of migrant-arriving families to THK values is positive. This in turn forms the SN. The family feels that the THK values around them can influence their perception of SN. In this case, the reference group agrees or advises them to continuously carry out sustainable forest management. In other words, the reference group also adheres to THK values and may also sustainably manage forests. PBC refers to a person’s beliefs about how easy or difficult or possible or impossible it is to perform a particular behavior ( Ajzen 1991 ). Many previous studies often used PBC as an antecedent of various behaviors related to environmental sustainability ( Fishbein and Ajzen 2010 ; Yuriev et al. 2020 ). PBC contains belief power which is an individual’s belief in the existence of factors that support him to behave. This belief is a consequence of the values held by the individual. The THK values adhered to by migrant-receiving families control their behavior concerning sustainable forest management. The espoused value is an individual’s belief in the existence of factors that support him to manage forests sustainably. Thus, the espoused THK values can influence attitudes, SN, and PBC, which in turn influence the intention of cultivating forest land sustainably. Limitations This study has several limitations for further research. First , the data was collected using the cross-sectional method that captures only a specific point in time. Further research may consider the longitudinal method. Second , the samples were collected using a non-probabilistic method which only allows the generalization of results under the same conditions and characteristics. Third , in Government Regulation Number 23 of 2021, social forestry has five schemes namely village forests, community forests, community plantation forests, customary forests, and forestry partnerships. This study was exclusively conducted in village forests and customary forest, and future research could be conducted on other schemes of social forestry. This study also has some practical implications for managers. Because the THK concept can guide humans in humanizing nature by harmonizing the concepts of God and humans, by socializing, understanding, deepening, and applying the THK concept, awareness will be created to protect nature because nature is part of human beings and God. In other words, in creating community welfare, there is an inseparable relationship between humans and God. A deeper understanding and application of this approach can be ensured by making THK a mandatory content and subject in the primary and secondary education curriculum. Ethical considerations This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Indonesia Open University (Universitas Terbuka Indonesia) following comprehensive review (Protocol Number: B/1571/UN31SPS/PT.01.05/2024, approved on April 19,2024). Due to educational background, cultural norms, and risk perception, verbally informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants provided explicit agreement for their response to be published in anonymized form as part of aggregate data analysis. All data collection and management procedures adhered to established ethical guidelines for human subject research. To improve the wording and readability of this study, the authors used Grammarly. Data availability statement Underlying data Figshare: Dataset coding responses from Bali-THK respondents (English).xlsx, 10.6084/m9.figshare.27890262.v1 ( Patiro et al. 2024 ). This file contains the following underlying data: * Dataset coding responses from Bali-THK respondents (English).xlsx * The variable in this file are: Name, Full-time job, Part-time job, Gender, Length of stay, Monthly expenditure, Age, Education, Family members, Social position, Marital status, Tri Hita Karana (5 indicators), Attitude (3 indicators), Social Norm (3 indicators), Perceived Behavioral Control (3 indicators), and Intention (2 indicators). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 Public domain dedication). Extended data 1. Figshare: Tri Hita Karana Questionnaire (Indonesia).docx, 10.6084/m9.figshare.27861828.v1 ( Patiro et al. 2024 ). This file is a questionnaire in Bahasa Indonesia. 2. Figshare: Tri Hita Karana Questionnaire (English).docx, 10.6084/m9.figshare.27861894.v1 ( Patiro et al. 2024 ). This file is a questionnaire in English. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 Public domain dedication). Reporting guidelines This work did not use standard review methods, hence no reporting guidelines were applied. Acknowledgements We extend our sincere gratitude to the Indonesia Open University for its institutional support. We would particularly like to acknowledge Maharani Hapsari, Rahman Kurniadi, Rini Astuti, Pantja Pramudya, Budi Mulyawan, Zaenal Fuad, Ismatul Hakim, Aria Atyanto Satwiko, Rini Hanifa, Caroline Astipranatari, Putu Widiana, and Putu Suarjana for their invaluable contributions to the data collection process. Their expertise and dedication significantly enhanced the quality and scope of this research. References Abbas J, Mubeen R, Iorember PT, et al. : Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Curr. Res. Behav. Sci. 2021; 2 (February): 100033. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Abdillah W, Jogiyanto HM: Partial Least Square (PLS), Alternatif Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi; 2015. Adityanandana M, Gerber JF: Post-growth in the Tropics? Contestations over Tri Hita Karana and a tourism megaproject in Bali. J. Sustain. Tour. 2019; 27 (12): 1839–1856. Publisher Full Text Ahmad W, Kim WG, Anwer Z, et al. : Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped? J. Bus. Res. 2020; 110 (November 2018): 228–236. Publisher Full Text Ajzen I: The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes. 1991; 50 (2): 179–211. Publisher Full Text Ajzen I: The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychol. Heal. 2011; 26 (9): 1113–1127. Publisher Full Text Anderson JC, Gerbing DW: Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol. Bull. 1988; 103 (3): 411–423. Publisher Full Text Angelsen A, Kaimowitz D: Rethinking the causes of deforestation: Lessons from economic models. World Bank Res. Obs. 1999; 14 (1): 73–98. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Ariyanto D, Sari MMR, Ratnadi NM: Budaya Tri Hita Karana dalam Model UTAUT. J. Akunt. Multiparadigma. 2017; 8 (2): 227–429. Publisher Full Text Bae SY, Chang PJ: The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Curr. Issue Tour. 2021; 24 (7): 1017–1035. Publisher Full Text Bao R, Zhang A: Does lockdown reduce air pollution? Evidence from 44 cities in northern China. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 731 (1954): 139052. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Barcaccia G, Agostino VD, Zotti A, et al. : Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5651): 128. Publisher Full Text Baum T, Hai NTT: Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 2020; 32 (7): 2397–2407. Publisher Full Text Bertoldo R, Castro P: The outer influence inside us: Exploring the relation between social and personal norms. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2016; 112 : 45–53. Publisher Full Text Bista R, Parajuli R, Giri K, et al. : Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural households in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Trees, For. People. 2022; 9 (August): 100312. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text BNPB: PBB Apresiasi Penanganan Covid-19 di Indonesia. BNPB; 2022. Borges JAR, Lansink AGJMO: Identifying psychological factors that determine cattle farmers’ intention to use improved natural grassland. J. Environ. Psychol. 2016; 45 : 89–96. Publisher Full Text BPS: Berita Resmi Statistik. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2022. BPS: Kecamatan Manggis Dalam Angka. Karangasem: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2020. BPS: Provinsi Bali dalam Angka 2020. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2023. Brancalion PHS, Broadbent EN, de-Miguel S, et al. : Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect. Ecol. Conserv. 2020; 18 (4): 243–246. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Budiastika IM: Implementasi Ajaran Tri Hita Karana dalam Kehidupan.2022. [accessed 2023 May 5]. Reference Source Burgess SM, Steenkamp JBEM: Marketing renaissance: How research in emerging markets advances marketing science and practice. Int. J. Res. Mark. 2006; 23 (4): 337–356. Publisher Full Text Buyinza J, Nuberg IK, Muthuri CW, et al. : Psychological Factors Influencing Farmers’ Intention to Adopt Agroforestry: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. J. Sustain. For. 2020; 39 (8): 854–865. Publisher Full Text CNN: 3.000 Pekerja Bali Jadi Korban PHK Gara-gara Pandemi Covid-19. CNN Indones; 2021. Conner M, Armitage CJ: Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1998; 28 (15): 1429–1464. Publisher Full Text Cooke SJ, Twardek WM, Lynch AJ, et al. : A global perspective on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on freshwater fish biodiversity. Biol. Conserv. 2021; 253 (September 2020): 108932. Publisher Full Text Cooper DR, Schindler PS: Business Research Methods. 12th ed.Singapore: McGraw-Hill International Edition; 2013. Corlett RT, Primack RB, Devictor V, et al. : Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2020; 246 : 108571–108574. Publisher Full Text Dantas G, Siciliano B, França BB, et al. : The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 729 : 139085. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Desender KA, Castro CE, de León SAE : Earnings management and cultural values. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 2011; 70 (3): 639–670. Publisher Full Text Du J, Pan W: Examining energy saving behaviors in student dormitories using an expanded theory of planned behavior. Habitat Int. 2021; 107 (September 2020): 102308. Publisher Full Text Dzulfaroh AN: Hari Ini dalam Sejarah: WHO Tetapkan Covid-19 sebagai Pandemi Global. Kompas.com. 2021. [accessed 2023 Apr 12]:1. Reference Source Eagly AH, Chaiken S: The psychology of attitudes. California: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1993. El-Sayed MMH, Elshorbany YF, Koehler K: On the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Florida. Environ. Pollut. 2021; 285 (March): 117451. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Fazio RH: How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?Sorrentino RM, Higgins ET, editors. Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, Volume 2: Foundations of Social Behavior. New York: Guilford; 1986; pp. 204–243. Fazio RH: Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits.Maio GR, Olson JM, editors. Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes. New York: Erlbsum; 2000; pp. 1–36. Ferguson MD, Mcintosh K, English DBK, et al. : The Outdoor Renaissance : Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic upon Outdoor Recreation Visitation, Behaviors, and Decision-Making in New England’ s National Forests The Outdoor Renaissance: Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic upon Ou. Soc. Nat. Resour. 2022; 35 (10): 1063–1082. Publisher Full Text Fishbein M, Ajzen I: Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2010. Foo LP, Chin MY, Tan KL, et al. : The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Curr. Issue Tour. 2021; 24 (19): 2735–2739. Publisher Full Text Fornell C, Larcker DF: Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. J. Mark. Res. 1981; 18 (1): 39–50. Publisher Full Text Fotiadis A, Polyzos S, Huan TCTC: The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Ann. Tour. Res. 2021; 87 : 103117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Gao L, Wang S, Li J, et al. : Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to understand individual’s energy saving behavior in workplaces. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017; 127 (April): 107–113. Publisher Full Text Gilmour D: Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its exten and effectiveness .2016;FAO. Grima N, Corcoran W, Hill-james C, et al. : The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID- 19 pandemic. PLoS One. Dec 2020; 15 : 1–13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Guo S, Wang Q, Hordofa TT, et al. : Does COVID-19 pandemic cause natural resources commodity prices volatility? Empirical evidence from China. Resour. Policy. 2022; 77 : 102721. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Guridno E, Guridno A: Covid-19 Impact: Indonesia Tourism in New Normal Era. Int. J. Manag. Humanit. 2020; 4 (11): 31–34. Publisher Full Text Hair JF, Babin BJ, Black WC, et al. : Multivariate Data Analysis. 8th ed.New Delhi: Cengage India; 2018. Hair JF, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M: PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 2011; 19 (2): 139–152. Publisher Full Text Hair JF, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, et al. : Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. Eur. Bus. Rev. 2014; 26 (2): 106–121. Publisher Full Text Hair JF Jr, Matthews LM, Matthews RL, et al. : PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. Int. J. Multivar. Data Anal. 2017; 1 (2): 107. Publisher Full Text Hematang F, Taran D, Erari S, et al. : Effect of Pandemic Covid-19 on Tropical Forest Cover in Small Island: Case Mansinam Island Papua using Google Earth Imagery. J. Man. Hut. Trop. 2025; 31 (1): 12–24. Publisher Full Text Henseler J, Hubona G, Ray PA: Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Ind. Manag. Data Syst. 2016; 116 (1): 2–20. Publisher Full Text Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sinkovics Rudolf R: The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing.Sinkovics RR, Ghauri P, editors. New Challenges to Int Mark Advances Int Mark. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2009; Vol 20 . : pp. 277–319. Publisher Full Text Higgins-Desbiolles F: Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tour. Geogr. 2020; 22 (3): 610–623. Publisher Full Text Homer PM: Ad size as an indicator of perceived advertising costs and effort: The effects on memory and perceptions. J. Advert. 1995; 24 (4): 1–12. Publisher Full Text Homer PM, Kahle LR: A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1988; 54 (4): 638–646. Publisher Full Text Jayasundara M, Kadam P, Dwivedi P: The impact of COVID-19 on the global forestry sector – A bibliometric analysis-based literature review. For. Policy Econ. 2024; 158 (June 2023): 103103. Publisher Full Text Jogiyato HM: Pedoman Survei Kuesioner: Mengembangkan Kuesioner, Mengatasi Bias dan Meningkatkan Respon. 2nd ed.Jogjakarta: BPFE; 2013. Kaimowitz D, Angelsen A: Economic models of tropical deforestation: A review. In Center for International Forestry Research. (Vol. 6 , Issue 1). Center for International Forestry Research; 1998. Kalema-zikusoka G, Rubanga S, Ngabirano A, et al. : Mitigating Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gorilla Conservation: Lessons From Bwindi Impenetrable. Front. Public Health. 2021; 9 : 1–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Khalid U, Okafor LE, Burzynska K: Does the size of the tourism sector influence the economic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic? Curr. Issue Tour. 2021; 24 : 2801–2820. Publisher Full Text Kline RB: Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th ed.New York: The Guilford Press; 2016. Publisher Full Text Knussen C, Yule F, MacKenzie J, et al. : An analysis of intentions to recycle household waste: The roles of past behaviour, perceived habit, and perceived lack of facilities. J. Environ. Psychol. 2004; 24 (2): 237–246. Publisher Full Text van Kooten GC , Schmitz A: COVID-19 impacts on U.S. lumber markets. For. Policy Econ. 2022; 135 (October 2021): 102665. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Krosnick J, Petty Richard E: Attitude strength: An overview.Petty RE, Krosnick JA, editors. Attitude strength: Antedents and Consequences. Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, N.J; 1995; pp. 1–24. Laksemi NPST, Sulistyawati E, Mulyaningrum: Perhutanan Sosial Berkelanjutan di Provinsi Bali (Studi Kasus di Hutan Desa Wanagiri). J. Silva Lestari. 2019; 7 (2): 150–163. Publisher Full Text Laudari HK, Pariyar S, Maraseni T: COVID-19 lockdown and the forestry sector: Insight from Gandaki province of Nepal. Forest Policy Econ. 2021; 131 (May): 102512–102556. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Maio GR, Haddock G, Verplanken B: The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. 3rd ed.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication Inc.; 2019. Maji KJ, Namdeo A, Bell M, et al. : Unprecedented reduction in air pollution and corresponding short-term premature mortality associated with COVID-19 lockdown in Delhi, India. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2021; 71 : 1085–1101. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Ming W, Zhou Z, Ai H, et al. : COVID-19 and Air Quality: Evidence from China. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade. 2020; 56 (10): 2422–2442. Publisher Full Text Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. : The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. Int. J. Surg. 2020; 78 (April): 185–193. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Njurumana GN, Kaho NPLBR, Iswandono E, et al. : The Livelihood Challenge of Forest Honey Bee Farmers amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Mutis, Indonesia. For. Soc. 2021; 5 (2): 526–542. Publisher Full Text Njurumana GN, Ngongo Y, Octavia D, et al. : Livelihood resilience of forest-dependent farmers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Sikka, Indonesia. Sustainable Futures. 2025; 9 (February):100533. Publisher Full Text Ofoegbu C, Speranza CI: Assessing rural peoples’ intention to adopt sustainable forest use and management practices in South Africa. J. Sustain. For. 2017; 36 (7): 729–746. Publisher Full Text Onofrei G, Filieri R, Kennedy L: Social media interactions, purchase intention, and behavioural engagement: The mediating role of source and content factors. J. Bus. Res. 2022; 142 (May 2021): 100–112. Publisher Full Text Patiro SPS, Hendarto KA, Hidayat DC, et al. : Dataset coding responses from Bali-THK respondents (English).2024. Publisher Full Text Paul J, Modi A, Patel J: Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2016; 29 : 123–134. Publisher Full Text Petty RE, Cacioppo JT: The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. New York: Springer; 1986. Publisher Full Text Pieter LAG, Utomo MMB, Suhartono S, et al. : The Nexus of COVID-19 Pandemic and Rural Agroforestry Farmers’ Livelihoods in Tasikmalaya Regency, East Priangan, Indonesia. For. Soc. 2022; 6 (1): 335–354. Publisher Full Text Pramana S, Paramartha DY, Ermawan GY, et al. : Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in Indonesia. Curr. Issue Tour. 2022; 25 (15): 2422–2442. Publisher Full Text Qiu RTR, Park J, Li SN, et al. : Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020; 84 (April): 102994. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Qiu RTR, Wu DC, Dropsy V, et al. : Visitor arrivals forecasts amid COVID-19: A perspective from the Asia and Pacific team. Ann. Tour. Res. 2021; 88 : 103155. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Rahaman M, Roy A, Chouhan P, et al. : Risk of COVID - 19 Transmission and Livelihood Challenges of Stranded Migrant Labourers during Lockdown in India. Indian J. Labour Econ. 2021; 64 (3): 787–802. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Rahman M, Saidur AMA, Salekin S, et al. : The COVID-19 pandemic: A threat to forest and wildlife conservation in Bangladesh? Trees. For. People. 2021; 5 : 100119. Publisher Full Text Rokeach M: The nature of human values. New York: Free Press; 1973. Roth D, Sedana G: Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics. Asia Pac. J. Anthropol. 2015; 16 (2): 157–175. Publisher Full Text Royer SDE, Noordwijk MVAN, Roshetko JM: Does community-based forest management in Indonesia devolve social justice or social costs? Int. For. Rev. 2018; 20 (2):167–180. Publisher Full Text Roziqin A, Mas’udi SYF, Sihidi IT: An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19. Public Adm. Policy. 2021; 24 (1): 92–107. Publisher Full Text Sagiv L, Roccas S: What Personal Values Are and What They Are Not: Taking a Cross-Cultural Perspective.Roccas S, Sagiv L, editors. Values and Behavior: Taking a Cross Cultural Perspective. Cham: Springer; 2017; pp. 1–255. Publisher Full Text Sarkis AM: A comparative study of theoretical behaviour change models predicting empirical evidence for residential energy conservation behaviours. J. Clean. Prod. 2017; 141 : 526–537. Publisher Full Text Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Henseler J, et al. : On the Emancipation of PLS-SEM: A Commentary on Rigdon (2012). Long Range Plan. 2014; 47 (3): 154–160. Publisher Full Text da Schio N , Phillips A, Fransen K, et al. : Urban Forestry & Urban Greening The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of and attitudes towards urban forests and green spaces: Exploring the instigators of change in Belgium. Urban For. Urban Green. 2021; 65 (August): 127305. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Schwartz SH: A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comp. Sociol. 2006; 5 (2–3): 137–182. Publisher Full Text Schwartz SH: An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online Readings Psychol. Cult. 2012; 2 (1): 1–20. Publisher Full Text Schwartz SH: Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values? J. Soc. Issues. 1994; 50 (4): 19–45. Publisher Full Text Schwartz SH: Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 1992; 25 : 1–65. Publisher Full Text Sekaran U, Bougie R: Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th ed.New Jersey: Wiley; 2016. Sheth JN, Newman BI, Gross BL: Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. J. Bus. Res. 1991; 22 (2): 159–170. Publisher Full Text Sistem_Informasi_Desa: Website_Desa_Wanagiri.2023. [accessed 2023 Nov 27]. Reference Source Škare M, Soriano DR, Porada-Rochoń M: Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 2021; 163 (April 2020). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Skitka LJ, Bauman CW, Sargis EG: Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2005; 88 (6): 895–917. Publisher Full Text Stern PC, Dietz T: The value basis of environmental psychology. J. Soc. Issues. 1994; 50 (3): 65–84. Stern PC, Dietz T, Kalof L: Value Orientations, Gender, and Environmental Concern. Environ. Behav. 1993; 25 (5): 322–348. Publisher Full Text Sussman R, Gifford R: Causality in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2019; 45 (6): 920–933. Publisher Full Text Tenenhaus M, Vinzi VE, Chatelin YM, et al. : PLS path modeling. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2005; 48 (1): 159–205. Publisher Full Text Thorne SR, Wolf LJ, Haddock G: Attitudes and behavior. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020; p. 2020. Utomo MMB, Sudomo A, Pieter LAG, et al. : COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts, Craftsmen’s Living Strategies, and Economic Recovery of Bamboo Handicraft Enterprise in Gunung Kidul, Indonesia. For. Soc. 2022; 6 (2):620–638. Publisher Full Text Wetzels M, Odekerken-Schröder G, Van Oppen C : Assessing Using PLS Path Modeling Hierarchical and Empirical Construct Models: Guidelines. MIS Q. 2009; 33 (1): 177–195. Publisher Full Text Widhanarto GO, Lindo K, Muin S: Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap pendapatan usaha industri pengolahan kayu di sawmill Labe Lawe Desa Sungai Ringin Kecamatan Sekadai Hilir. Jurnal Hutan Lestari. 2024; 12 (2):495–506. Publisher Full Text Wong GY, Moeliono M, Bong IW, et al. : Geoforum Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum. 2020; 117 (October):246–258. Publisher Full Text Wunder S, Kaimowitz D, Jensen S, et al. : Coronavirus, macroeconomy, and forests: What likely impacts? For. Policy Econ. 2021; 131 (June): 102536. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Yadav R, Pathak G: Determinants of Consumers’ Green Purchase Behavior in a Developing Nation: Applying and Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior. Ecol. Econ. 2017; 134 : 114–122. Publisher Full Text Yamazaki T, Iida A, Hino K, et al. : Use of Urban Green Spaces in the Context of Lifestyle Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Tokyo. Sustainability. 2021; 13 : 1–16. Publisher Full Text Yazdanpanah M, Hayati D, Hochrainer-Stigler S, et al. : Understanding farmers’ intention and behavior regarding water conservation in the Middle-East and North Africa: A case study in Iran. J. Environ. Manage. 2014; 135 : 63–72. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Yhani PCC, Supastri M: Filsafat Tri Hita Karana sebagai landasan menuju Harmonisasi dan Hidup Bahagia. Sruti J. Agama. Hindu. 2020; 1 (1): 36–44. Yuriev A, Dahmen M, Paillé P, et al. : Pro-environmental behaviors through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020; 155 (November 2019): 104660. Publisher Full Text Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L: Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 728 : 138813. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Zenker S, Kock F: The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tour. Manag. 2020; 81 (April): 104164. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Zhang H, Song H, Wen L, et al. : Annals of Tourism Research Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Ann. Tour. Res. 2021; 87 : 103149. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Zikmund WG, Babin BJ: Exploring Marketing Research. 11th ed.Massachusetts: Cengage; 2016. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 02 Dec 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Indonesia Open University, Jakarta, Indonesia 2 National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 3 The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji 4 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta, Indonesia 5 Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia 6 Gadjah Mada University, Sleman, Indonesia 7 Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Kresno Agus Hendarto Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology Dian Charity Hidayat Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lukas Rumboko Wibowo Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation Digby Race Roles: Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing I Wayan Widhana Susila Roles: Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Sutrihadi Sutrihadi Roles: Software, Visualization Krisdianto Sugiyanto Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Gerson Ndawa Njurumana Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Hani Sitti Nuroniah Roles: Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Dewi Ratna Kurniasari Roles: Project Administration V. Rachmadi Parmono Roles: Validation Atfi Indriany Putri Roles: Software, Visualization Abdurakhman Abdurakhman Roles: Methodology, Validation Tri Astuti Wisudayati Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ramawati Ramawati Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation Yudha Satria Aji Pratama Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information ARSF3-ECR Project Plan, Project Code 002-Lukas Wibowo-Indonesia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (4) version 4 Revised Published: 06 Apr 2026, 13:1457 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.4 version 3 Revised Published: 17 Jul 2025, 13:1457 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.3 version 2 Revised Published: 12 May 2025, 13:1457 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.2 version 1 Published: 02 Dec 2024, 13:1457 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.1 Copyright © 2025 Patiro SPS et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Patiro SPS, Hendarto KA, Hidayat DC et al. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158455.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 17 Jul 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mananda IGPBS. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r451863 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-451863 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Jan 2026 I Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda , Udayana Universty, Bali, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r451863 Summary of the Article This article examines intentions toward sustainable forest management among customary and village forest managers in Bali during the COVID-19 pandemic using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The authors integrate Tri Hita Karana (THK), a core ... Continue reading READ ALL Summary of the Article This article examines intentions toward sustainable forest management among customary and village forest managers in Bali during the COVID-19 pandemic using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The authors integrate Tri Hita Karana (THK), a core Balinese value system, as a value-based antecedent influencing attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which in turn shape behavioral intentions. Primary data were collected from 71 forest managers in two villages using structured questionnaires, and the proposed model was tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that all TPB components significantly predict intention, and that THK significantly influences each TPB component. The authors conclude that culturally embedded values play a critical role in shaping pro-environmental intentions, especially under crisis conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the study makes a meaningful theoretical contribution by extending TPB with a culturally grounded value construct and provides relevant insights for social forestry policy and practice in Indonesia. Clarity of Presentation and Use of Literature Assessment: Yes The manuscript is clearly written, well structured, and logically organized from introduction through conclusions. The research objectives are explicitly stated, and the conceptual framework is coherently developed. The authors demonstrate strong engagement with both foundational literature (e.g., Ajzen, Schwartz, Stern) and recent, relevant studies related to COVID-19, environmental behavior, and social forestry, including sources published up to 2024–2025. The revisions across versions have improved clarity, terminology consistency, and contextual depth. Citations are appropriate, comprehensive, and accurately integrated. No major issues are identified in this area. Study Design and Technical Soundness Assessment: Partly Although the overall study design is appropriate for the stated aims and the use of an extended TPB framework in a culturally specific and crisis-affected context is theoretically justified, several data-related and design-related questions must be addressed through revision of the manuscript. First, the manuscript must explicitly justify why only two villages were selected as the empirical basis for the study, given that Bali contains many forested villages actively involved in forest management. The authors need to revise the methods section to answer the following questions: Why were Tenganan and Wanagiri chosen over other villages managing customary or village forests? Are these villages intended to represent typical, exemplary, or theoretically extreme cases of forest governance in Bali? On what empirical or theoretical grounds can behavioral intentions observed in only two villages be considered informative for understanding sustainable forest management intentions in Bali more broadly? Without a clear and explicit justification, the restricted spatial scope raises concerns about selection bias and limits interpretability. Second, the authors must revise the manuscript to explain how Tri Hita Karana operates analytically as a variable rather than as a cultural constant. Tri Hita Karana is a foundational Balinese philosophy emphasizing harmony in Parahyangan (humans–God), Pawongan (humans–humans), and Palemahan (humans–nature). Given that THK values are widely shared across Balinese society, the authors need to address the following question: What meaningful variation in THK-related values exists between respondents, villages, or forest governance systems that allows THK to explain differences in behavioral intention? Without addressing this question, it remains unclear whether the observed effects reflect genuine value-driven behavior or the influence of deeply institutionalized norms that are common across Bali. Third, the manuscript must address whether the behavioral intentions measured are driven by THK values per se or by institutional roles and obligations associated with being a forest manager. The authors should revise the interpretation of results to answer the following question: To what extent do respondents act sustainably because of internalized THK values (spiritual, social, ecological harmony), and to what extent because of formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity during the COVID-19 period? This distinction is essential to avoid conflating cultural values with governance compliance. Fourth, the adequacy of the final sample size of 71 respondents must be more rigorously justified within a PLS-SEM framework. While PLS-SEM can accommodate smaller samples, the authors should revise the methodology section to answer the following question: How does the achieved sample size meet accepted minimum sample size or statistical power criteria for the proposed model (for example, using inverse square root or gamma-exponential methods)? Reliance on general heuristics alone is insufficient for establishing model stability. Fifth, the manuscript must more clearly revise its claims to address the implications of purposive, non-probability sampling. Specifically, the authors should answer the following question: How do the sampling strategy and village selection constrain the external validity of the findings, and to which types of villages or forest governance contexts can the results reasonably be applied? This revision is necessary to prevent implicit generalization beyond comparable social forestry settings. Methods and Replicability Assessment: Yes The methods section provides sufficient detail to allow replication. The authors clearly describe the study context, participant criteria, measurement instruments, translation and back-translation procedures, and data analysis steps. Construct sources are properly cited, and validity and reliability assessments are reported transparently. Importantly, the authors make the full dataset, coding file, and questionnaires publicly available through Figshare under a CC0 license. This significantly enhances transparency and reproducibility and meets best practices in open science. One minor issue that does not undermine replicability but merits clarification is the pilot test, which involved only three respondents. While acceptable as a basic face-validity check, the authors should clarify that this pilot was used solely for wording and comprehension rather than psychometric validation. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation Assessment: Partly The statistical analysis is largely appropriate and competently executed. The authors correctly assess convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability. Structural paths are interpreted consistently with TPB theory, and the reported results align with the stated hypotheses. However, there are two methodological points that should be addressed to strengthen rigor. First, although the authors report a Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) index, the use of GoF in PLS-SEM remains debated in the literature. The manuscript should acknowledge this limitation more explicitly and, if possible, supplement the evaluation with additional recommended indicators such as effect sizes (f²), predictive relevance (Q²), or out-of-sample prediction metrics. Second, the study interprets statistically significant paths without sufficient discussion of their relatively small effect sizes. While significance is achieved, the practical magnitude of some coefficients appears modest. The authors should briefly discuss this to avoid overstating the strength of relationships. These revisions are analytical and interpretive rather than structural and can be addressed within the existing results section. Availability of Source Data Assessment: Yes All underlying data, extended data, and instruments are openly available and clearly documented. The data availability statement is transparent, and the licensing allows full reuse. This aspect of the manuscript is exemplary and requires no changes. Support for Conclusions Assessment: Yes The conclusions are well supported by the results and remain appropriately cautious. The authors do not claim direct behavioral outcomes beyond intention and clearly acknowledge the limitations related to cross-sectional design, sampling, and scope. The theoretical implications regarding value-based extensions of TPB are justified by the findings, and the practical recommendations are aligned with the cultural and institutional context studied. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Tourism, overtourism, behaviour I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mananda IGPBS. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r451863 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-451863 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 06 Apr 2026 Kresno Agus Hendarto , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 06 Apr 2026 Author Response First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, ... Continue reading First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.” Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values ​​(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is "religious" or "not religious"), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values ​​and can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “As with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values ​​for different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees”. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values ​​in order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal—moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.” Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values ​​across individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: “This study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values — particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)—strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents’ sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.” Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer’s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the “10-fold rule of thumb” which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock & Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word "migrants" in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19). Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “Before testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not "throw away" important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.” Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.” First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.” Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values ​​(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is "religious" or "not religious"), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values ​​and can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “As with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values ​​for different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees”. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values ​​in order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal—moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.” Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values ​​across individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: “This study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values — particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)—strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents’ sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.” Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer’s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the “10-fold rule of thumb” which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock & Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word "migrants" in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19). Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “Before testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not "throw away" important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.” Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.” Competing Interests: There is no competing interest disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 06 Apr 2026 Kresno Agus Hendarto , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 06 Apr 2026 Author Response First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, ... Continue reading First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.” Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values ​​(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is "religious" or "not religious"), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values ​​and can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “As with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values ​​for different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees”. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values ​​in order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal—moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.” Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values ​​across individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: “This study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values — particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)—strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents’ sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.” Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer’s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the “10-fold rule of thumb” which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock & Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word "migrants" in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19). Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “Before testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not "throw away" important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.” Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.” First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.” Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values ​​(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is "religious" or "not religious"), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values ​​and can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “As with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values ​​for different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees”. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values ​​in order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal—moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.” Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values ​​across individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: “This study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values — particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)—strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents’ sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.” Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer’s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the “10-fold rule of thumb” which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock & Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word "migrants" in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19). Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “Before testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not "throw away" important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.” Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.” Competing Interests: There is no competing interest disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Roshetko J. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r398893 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-398893 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jul 2025 James Roshetko , The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r398893 It looks good. ... Continue reading READ ALL It looks good. No further comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Roshetko J. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r398893 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-398893 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 12 May 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Roshetko J. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181846.r386565 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v2#referee-response-386565 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 Jun 2025 James Roshetko , The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181846.r386565 The paper is interesting and contributes to the existing literature. It requires revision regarding: consistent use of terminologies; a broad review of relevant literature; and expansion of the Discussion to directly address 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper is interesting and contributes to the existing literature. It requires revision regarding: consistent use of terminologies; a broad review of relevant literature; and expansion of the Discussion to directly address 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of return migrants. Specific comments/recommendations: Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology. In the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Utomo M, Sudomo A, Pieter L, Maharani D, et al.: COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts, Craftsmen’s Living Strategies, and Economic Recovery of Bamboo Handicraft Enterprise in Gunungkidul, Indonesia. Forest and Society . 2022; 6 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. Wong G, Moeliono M, Bong I, Pham T, et al.: Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum . 2020; 117 : 246-258 Publisher Full Text 3. De Royer S, Van Noordwijk M, Roshetko J: Does community-based forest management in Indonesia devolve social justice or social costs?. International Forestry Review . 2018; 20 (2): 167-180 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: smallholder agroforestry systems, smallholder timber production, smallholder commodity production, germplasm quality, smallholder nurseries, livelihood enhancement, and climate smart agroforestry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Roshetko J. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181846.r386565 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v2#referee-response-386565 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 09 Aug 2025 Kresno Agus Hendarto , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 09 Aug 2025 Author Response 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: ... Continue reading 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. 2. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family. (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (useful for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) … Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. 3. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Migrant receiver here is the same as migrant-receiving family. 4. IIn the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Thank you for suggestion. Migrants in this study refer to return migrants. It currently reads as follows: Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali.troduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. 5. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara (Njurumana et al. 2025). 6. Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Second, this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. 7. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership… The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. 8. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/ mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. 9. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper Thank you for suggestion. We have carefully corrected the use of capitalization throughout the paper. 10. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Following of the study aims, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) … 11. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63.0% to 136.0% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3. 8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51. 6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0. 7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. Total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) (Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into 3 forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 12. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 13. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz & Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen & Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support.. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. 14. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Thank you for suggestion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion and our response to point 1, we can explain this as follows: The main objective of the study entitled Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to add new variables (constructs) to the original TPB model to improve the predictive and explanatory ability of human behavior. The original TPB model is available in Figure 3a. Although TPB has been proven effective in predicting various behaviors, researchers have recognized other influencing factors of intentions and behaviors as having not been included in the original model. In other words, the purpose this study is to build an accurate model in explaining and predicting the behavior of migrant-receiving families by including additional relevant contextual factors (i.e. Tri Hita Karana as a value). 15. Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition (Wong et al. 2020). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion (Royer et al. 2018). However, Decree number 1546 / MenLHK-PSKL / PKTHA / Kum.1 / 2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors (Gilmour 2016): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides (Laksemi et al., 2019). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. 16. Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Thank you for suggestion. We have done both using proof reading from Yogyakarta State University and Grammarly. 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. 2. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family. (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (useful for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) … Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. 3. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Migrant receiver here is the same as migrant-receiving family. 4. IIn the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Thank you for suggestion. Migrants in this study refer to return migrants. It currently reads as follows: Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali.troduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. 5. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara (Njurumana et al. 2025). 6. Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Second, this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. 7. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership… The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. 8. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/ mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. 9. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper Thank you for suggestion. We have carefully corrected the use of capitalization throughout the paper. 10. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Following of the study aims, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) … 11. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63.0% to 136.0% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3. 8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51. 6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0. 7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. Total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) (Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into 3 forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 12. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 13. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz & Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen & Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support.. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. 14. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Thank you for suggestion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion and our response to point 1, we can explain this as follows: The main objective of the study entitled Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to add new variables (constructs) to the original TPB model to improve the predictive and explanatory ability of human behavior. The original TPB model is available in Figure 3a. Although TPB has been proven effective in predicting various behaviors, researchers have recognized other influencing factors of intentions and behaviors as having not been included in the original model. In other words, the purpose this study is to build an accurate model in explaining and predicting the behavior of migrant-receiving families by including additional relevant contextual factors (i.e. Tri Hita Karana as a value). 15. Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition (Wong et al. 2020). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion (Royer et al. 2018). However, Decree number 1546 / MenLHK-PSKL / PKTHA / Kum.1 / 2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors (Gilmour 2016): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides (Laksemi et al., 2019). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. 16. Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Thank you for suggestion. We have done both using proof reading from Yogyakarta State University and Grammarly. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 09 Aug 2025 Kresno Agus Hendarto , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 09 Aug 2025 Author Response 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: ... Continue reading 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. 2. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family. (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (useful for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) … Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. 3. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Migrant receiver here is the same as migrant-receiving family. 4. IIn the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Thank you for suggestion. Migrants in this study refer to return migrants. It currently reads as follows: Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali.troduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. 5. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara (Njurumana et al. 2025). 6. Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Second, this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. 7. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership… The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. 8. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/ mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. 9. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper Thank you for suggestion. We have carefully corrected the use of capitalization throughout the paper. 10. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Following of the study aims, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) … 11. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63.0% to 136.0% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3. 8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51. 6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0. 7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. Total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) (Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into 3 forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 12. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 13. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz & Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen & Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support.. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. 14. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Thank you for suggestion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion and our response to point 1, we can explain this as follows: The main objective of the study entitled Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to add new variables (constructs) to the original TPB model to improve the predictive and explanatory ability of human behavior. The original TPB model is available in Figure 3a. Although TPB has been proven effective in predicting various behaviors, researchers have recognized other influencing factors of intentions and behaviors as having not been included in the original model. In other words, the purpose this study is to build an accurate model in explaining and predicting the behavior of migrant-receiving families by including additional relevant contextual factors (i.e. Tri Hita Karana as a value). 15. Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition (Wong et al. 2020). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion (Royer et al. 2018). However, Decree number 1546 / MenLHK-PSKL / PKTHA / Kum.1 / 2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors (Gilmour 2016): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides (Laksemi et al., 2019). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. 16. Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Thank you for suggestion. We have done both using proof reading from Yogyakarta State University and Grammarly. 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. 2. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family. (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (useful for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) … Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. 3. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Migrant receiver here is the same as migrant-receiving family. 4. IIn the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Thank you for suggestion. Migrants in this study refer to return migrants. It currently reads as follows: Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali.troduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. 5. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara (Njurumana et al. 2025). 6. Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Second, this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. 7. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership… The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. 8. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/ mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. 9. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper Thank you for suggestion. We have carefully corrected the use of capitalization throughout the paper. 10. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Following of the study aims, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) … 11. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63.0% to 136.0% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3. 8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51. 6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0. 7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. Total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) (Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into 3 forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 12. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 13. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz & Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen & Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support.. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. 14. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Thank you for suggestion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion and our response to point 1, we can explain this as follows: The main objective of the study entitled Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to add new variables (constructs) to the original TPB model to improve the predictive and explanatory ability of human behavior. The original TPB model is available in Figure 3a. Although TPB has been proven effective in predicting various behaviors, researchers have recognized other influencing factors of intentions and behaviors as having not been included in the original model. In other words, the purpose this study is to build an accurate model in explaining and predicting the behavior of migrant-receiving families by including additional relevant contextual factors (i.e. Tri Hita Karana as a value). 15. Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition (Wong et al. 2020). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion (Royer et al. 2018). However, Decree number 1546 / MenLHK-PSKL / PKTHA / Kum.1 / 2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors (Gilmour 2016): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides (Laksemi et al., 2019). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. 16. Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Thank you for suggestion. We have done both using proof reading from Yogyakarta State University and Grammarly. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Dec 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Daeng Massiri S. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174043.r346466 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v1#referee-response-346466 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 30 Jan 2025 Sudirman Daeng Massiri , Tadulako University, Palu City, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174043.r346466 The Covid 19 Pandemic problem has passed 5 years ago and Indonesia has successfully overcome this problem. However, this research predicts the impact of forest sustainability caused by the Covid 19 pandemic, through the application of the Theory of Planned ... Continue reading READ ALL The Covid 19 Pandemic problem has passed 5 years ago and Indonesia has successfully overcome this problem. However, this research predicts the impact of forest sustainability caused by the Covid 19 pandemic, through the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. The application of the TPB theoretical framework in predicting the behavior and intention to manage forests is the novelty of this research. Background Authors also need to corroborate with previous research to strengthen whether there is an impact of covid 19 on forest sustainability or on land cover change. Sample Why were non-migrant recipient communities not interviewed as behavioral controls?. Is there a difference between the community receiving covid 19 migrants and non-migrant recipients?. Discussions Discussions Should strengthening references that confirm whether the covid pandemic increased pressure on forest destruction? Or whether during covid 19 there was an increase in forest product commodities? The author should also clarify whether there is a difference in the behavior of communities that accept migrants and communities that do not accept migrants. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Forest Policy, Social forestry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Daeng Massiri S. Reviewer Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174043.r346466 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v1#referee-response-346466 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 02 Dec 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 4 (revision) 06 Apr 26 Version 3 (revision) 17 Jul 25 read read Version 2 (revision) 12 May 25 read Version 1 02 Dec 24 read Sudirman Daeng Massiri , Tadulako University, Palu City, Indonesia James Roshetko , The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia I Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda , Udayana Universty, Bali, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mananda I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Jan 2026 | for Version 3 I Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda , Udayana Universty, Bali, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mananda I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Summary of the Article This article examines intentions toward sustainable forest management among customary and village forest managers in Bali during the COVID-19 pandemic using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The authors integrate Tri Hita Karana (THK), a core Balinese value system, as a value-based antecedent influencing attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which in turn shape behavioral intentions. Primary data were collected from 71 forest managers in two villages using structured questionnaires, and the proposed model was tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that all TPB components significantly predict intention, and that THK significantly influences each TPB component. The authors conclude that culturally embedded values play a critical role in shaping pro-environmental intentions, especially under crisis conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the study makes a meaningful theoretical contribution by extending TPB with a culturally grounded value construct and provides relevant insights for social forestry policy and practice in Indonesia. Clarity of Presentation and Use of Literature Assessment: Yes The manuscript is clearly written, well structured, and logically organized from introduction through conclusions. The research objectives are explicitly stated, and the conceptual framework is coherently developed. The authors demonstrate strong engagement with both foundational literature (e.g., Ajzen, Schwartz, Stern) and recent, relevant studies related to COVID-19, environmental behavior, and social forestry, including sources published up to 2024–2025. The revisions across versions have improved clarity, terminology consistency, and contextual depth. Citations are appropriate, comprehensive, and accurately integrated. No major issues are identified in this area. Study Design and Technical Soundness Assessment: Partly Although the overall study design is appropriate for the stated aims and the use of an extended TPB framework in a culturally specific and crisis-affected context is theoretically justified, several data-related and design-related questions must be addressed through revision of the manuscript. First, the manuscript must explicitly justify why only two villages were selected as the empirical basis for the study, given that Bali contains many forested villages actively involved in forest management. The authors need to revise the methods section to answer the following questions: Why were Tenganan and Wanagiri chosen over other villages managing customary or village forests? Are these villages intended to represent typical, exemplary, or theoretically extreme cases of forest governance in Bali? On what empirical or theoretical grounds can behavioral intentions observed in only two villages be considered informative for understanding sustainable forest management intentions in Bali more broadly? Without a clear and explicit justification, the restricted spatial scope raises concerns about selection bias and limits interpretability. Second, the authors must revise the manuscript to explain how Tri Hita Karana operates analytically as a variable rather than as a cultural constant. Tri Hita Karana is a foundational Balinese philosophy emphasizing harmony in Parahyangan (humans–God), Pawongan (humans–humans), and Palemahan (humans–nature). Given that THK values are widely shared across Balinese society, the authors need to address the following question: What meaningful variation in THK-related values exists between respondents, villages, or forest governance systems that allows THK to explain differences in behavioral intention? Without addressing this question, it remains unclear whether the observed effects reflect genuine value-driven behavior or the influence of deeply institutionalized norms that are common across Bali. Third, the manuscript must address whether the behavioral intentions measured are driven by THK values per se or by institutional roles and obligations associated with being a forest manager. The authors should revise the interpretation of results to answer the following question: To what extent do respondents act sustainably because of internalized THK values (spiritual, social, ecological harmony), and to what extent because of formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity during the COVID-19 period? This distinction is essential to avoid conflating cultural values with governance compliance. Fourth, the adequacy of the final sample size of 71 respondents must be more rigorously justified within a PLS-SEM framework. While PLS-SEM can accommodate smaller samples, the authors should revise the methodology section to answer the following question: How does the achieved sample size meet accepted minimum sample size or statistical power criteria for the proposed model (for example, using inverse square root or gamma-exponential methods)? Reliance on general heuristics alone is insufficient for establishing model stability. Fifth, the manuscript must more clearly revise its claims to address the implications of purposive, non-probability sampling. Specifically, the authors should answer the following question: How do the sampling strategy and village selection constrain the external validity of the findings, and to which types of villages or forest governance contexts can the results reasonably be applied? This revision is necessary to prevent implicit generalization beyond comparable social forestry settings. Methods and Replicability Assessment: Yes The methods section provides sufficient detail to allow replication. The authors clearly describe the study context, participant criteria, measurement instruments, translation and back-translation procedures, and data analysis steps. Construct sources are properly cited, and validity and reliability assessments are reported transparently. Importantly, the authors make the full dataset, coding file, and questionnaires publicly available through Figshare under a CC0 license. This significantly enhances transparency and reproducibility and meets best practices in open science. One minor issue that does not undermine replicability but merits clarification is the pilot test, which involved only three respondents. While acceptable as a basic face-validity check, the authors should clarify that this pilot was used solely for wording and comprehension rather than psychometric validation. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation Assessment: Partly The statistical analysis is largely appropriate and competently executed. The authors correctly assess convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability. Structural paths are interpreted consistently with TPB theory, and the reported results align with the stated hypotheses. However, there are two methodological points that should be addressed to strengthen rigor. First, although the authors report a Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) index, the use of GoF in PLS-SEM remains debated in the literature. The manuscript should acknowledge this limitation more explicitly and, if possible, supplement the evaluation with additional recommended indicators such as effect sizes (f²), predictive relevance (Q²), or out-of-sample prediction metrics. Second, the study interprets statistically significant paths without sufficient discussion of their relatively small effect sizes. While significance is achieved, the practical magnitude of some coefficients appears modest. The authors should briefly discuss this to avoid overstating the strength of relationships. These revisions are analytical and interpretive rather than structural and can be addressed within the existing results section. Availability of Source Data Assessment: Yes All underlying data, extended data, and instruments are openly available and clearly documented. The data availability statement is transparent, and the licensing allows full reuse. This aspect of the manuscript is exemplary and requires no changes. Support for Conclusions Assessment: Yes The conclusions are well supported by the results and remain appropriately cautious. The authors do not claim direct behavioral outcomes beyond intention and clearly acknowledge the limitations related to cross-sectional design, sampling, and scope. The theoretical implications regarding value-based extensions of TPB are justified by the findings, and the practical recommendations are aligned with the cultural and institutional context studied. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Tourism, overtourism, behaviour I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 06 Apr 2026 Kresno Agus Hendarto, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia First, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.” Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values ​​(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is "religious" or "not religious"), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values ​​and can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “As with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values ​​for different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees”. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values ​​in order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal—moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.” Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values ​​across individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: “This study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values — particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)—strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents’ sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.” Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer’s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the “10-fold rule of thumb” which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock & Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word "migrants" in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19). Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “Before testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not "throw away" important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.” Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: “The non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.” View more View less Competing Interests There is no competing interest disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Mananda IGPBS. Peer Review Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r451863) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-451863 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Roshetko J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jul 2025 | for Version 3 James Roshetko , The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Roshetko J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions It looks good. No further comments. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Roshetko J. Peer Review Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184518.r398893) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3#referee-response-398893 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Roshetko J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Jun 2025 | for Version 2 James Roshetko , The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Roshetko J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper is interesting and contributes to the existing literature. It requires revision regarding: consistent use of terminologies; a broad review of relevant literature; and expansion of the Discussion to directly address 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of return migrants. Specific comments/recommendations: Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology. In the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Utomo M, Sudomo A, Pieter L, Maharani D, et al.: COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts, Craftsmen’s Living Strategies, and Economic Recovery of Bamboo Handicraft Enterprise in Gunungkidul, Indonesia. Forest and Society . 2022; 6 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. Wong G, Moeliono M, Bong I, Pham T, et al.: Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum . 2020; 117 : 246-258 Publisher Full Text 3. De Royer S, Van Noordwijk M, Roshetko J: Does community-based forest management in Indonesia devolve social justice or social costs?. International Forestry Review . 2018; 20 (2): 167-180 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise smallholder agroforestry systems, smallholder timber production, smallholder commodity production, germplasm quality, smallholder nurseries, livelihood enhancement, and climate smart agroforestry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 09 Aug 2025 Kresno Agus Hendarto, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, Indonesia 1. Title: The title should reflect the focus of the study on the effect of ‘return migrant’ on sustainable forest management. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia. 2. Two sets of aims are stated in the paper, one on page 5 and another on page 6. They are not consistent. See possible edit to clarify the situation. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Reviewing these literatures, we found that significant gap, especially on migrant-receiving family. (1) most of the studies were based on assumptions (useful for scenario analysis) and generally, they used secondary data or online survey, instead of the actual data taken in the field; (2) … Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. 3. As stated, the second aim (page 6) is ‘to improve understanding of the behavior of migrant receivers’. What is a ‘migrant receiver’? That term is never used again. Is it the same as ‘migrant-receiving family’? Be consistent in terminology Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Migrant receiver here is the same as migrant-receiving family. 4. IIn the paper does the term ‘migrant’ always refer to ‘return migrant’? If yes, include a statement making that point in the Introduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. Thank you for suggestion. Migrants in this study refer to return migrants. It currently reads as follows: Thus, the aim of this study is to improve understanding of the behavior of the migrant-receiving families. The word migrants in this study exclusively refers to return-migrant, namely those who inevitable return to their hometowns as a result of layoffs due to COVID-19. In other words, this study aims to investigate of the insignificant impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related damage on the management of customary forests and village forests in Bali.troduction (after the aim). Currently there is a lack of clarity. 5. Page 5. The Introduction could include a broader review of the literature, as the impact of COVID on local NRM varied. An example Utomo et al (2022) provides both support and contradiction to the current Introduction. Utomo et al. (2022) found COVID caused reduced production of bamboo crafts with a corresponding reduction of income in the bamboo craft sector. Response to that situation included an increase in the utilization of local forest resources (increased hunting and gathering) as well as an increase in farming. Citation and link here. The authors may know other relevant literature. - Utomo MMB, et al., 2022 (Ref 1) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). Likewise, a systematic evaluation using 62 indicators has revealed that COVID 19 has caused a significant decrease in production marketing, income, and social interaction for forest farmers in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara (Njurumana et al. 2025). 6. Page 5. Second ‘aim’ – clarify the field data collected. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Second, this study gathers field data. This study collects information directly from the source to ensure more authentic and representative insights, which can objectively reveal real-world phenomena and capture the possibly overlooked complexities that are relevant to the study questions or hypotheses. 7. Page 6. The authors should provide definitions of or distinguish the difference between 'customary forests' and 'village forests', in the context of this research. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: The Regulation of the MoEF Number 9 of 2021 concerning social forestry management stated that customary forests are located within the territory of customary law communities. Customary areas refer to lands and/or waters along with the natural resources thereon, that have certain boundaries, and are owned, utilized preserved, and sustained from generation to generation to meet the needs of the community. The customary lands or forests are inherited from ancestors or acquired through the claim of ownership… The Village forest is a forest areas that have not been burdened with permits. The village forests are customarily managed and utilized by the village for the welfare of the village, village areas, or areas resulting from management boundary agreements between adjacent villages. The community maps them in a participatory manner, and/or located within a single natural landscape in the village. 8. Page 6. It would be good to include the Indonesia terminology of the 3Ms - memakai masker, mencuci tangan, menjaga jarak Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: In order to protect the public’s health during the COVID 19 epidemic, the government imposed travel restrictions, promoted the 3M campaigns (Memakai masker, Mencuci tangan, dan Menjaga jarak/ mask use, hand washing, and maintaining social distancing), and administered vaccinations. 9. Page 7. Be consistent in use of capitalization. Throughout the paper Thank you for suggestion. We have carefully corrected the use of capitalization throughout the paper. 10. Page 10. Be consistent in the use of terminology. The Introduction gives the ‘aims’ of the study. Page 10 refers to the ‘objectives’ of the study. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Following of the study aims, the specific criteria are people who: (1) cultivators of customary forests and village forests; (2) … 11. Page 10. There should only be one decimal place in the % data. 97.2% and 2.8%. Adopt this standard throughout the paper. There is an exception on Page 6. Round the data appropriately Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Comparing the same period in 2019 to all tropical areas, deforestation increased by 63.0% to 136.0% ( Brancalion et al. 2020 ). The open unemployment rate in February 2020 was 1.3%, which increased to 5.4% in February 2021 and fell slightly to 5.3% in February 2022. The poverty rate increased, in March 2020 it was 165.19 (3. 8%) while in March 2021, it was 201.97 (4.5%) ( BPS 2022 ). During COVID-19, bamboo craftsmen in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta have earned up to 23.5% lower income. Consequently, they do such other jobs as farming, hunting, and selling food (Utomo et al. 2022). For example, forest cover on Mansinam Island decreased by 4.3%, wasteland increased by 80.6%, agricultural land increased by 75.3%, and shrubs increased by 54.9%. Another finding is that 78.9% of total deforestation has resulted from forest conversion to wasteland and agricultural land ( Hematang et al., 2025 ). The total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51. 6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0. 7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) ( Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023 ). Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Most of the village forests have been planted with coffee. Total population in the village of Wanagiri is 4,056 people; 51.6% of which are men and 48.4% are women. Religion of the population are Hindus (98.9%); Islam (0.7%); Christian (0.2%); Catholic (0.1%); and Budhis (0.1%) (Sistem_Informasi_Desa, 2023). There are 296 families involved in village forest management. This number is divided into 3 forest farmer groups, namely Wana Amerta (with 78 families); Puncak Manik (35 families); and Jagra Wana (78 families). Therefore 71 questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 71 data analyzed, the respondents were born and raised in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan (97.2%) while the rest were not born in the location and live in the villages of Wanagiri and Tengganan due to marriage (2.8%). Table 1 contains information about the respondent’s profile. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 12. Page 13. It is ok to provide an example from China (Gou et al 2022). It is much more relevant to cite cases from Indonesia. The authors should include relevant Indonesian cases. Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: For the case in Indonesia, there was a decrease in income in the wood processing industry business in Labe Lawe, Sekadau Hilir Regency, West Kalimantan, from previously IDR 492,927,000 before the Covid-19 pandemic and IDR 345,583,000 during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies an income discrepancy of IDR 147,344,000 or a decrease of up to 30.0% (Widhanarto et al. 2024). 13. Page 13. The authors stated 'many literatures' than cite only two studies by the same authors. That is not 'many'. Suggest the authors add studies that show a time progression from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, in the last sentence state clearly why the 'layoffs and return migration' increased deforestation pressure Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Literatures reveales that deforestation (pressure on forests) has resulted from the increased conversion of forest land when compared to the desire to control the trees ( Kaimowitz & Angelsen 1998 ; Angelsen & Kaimowitz 1999 ). In general, this conversion aims at opening up land for industry, settlements, plantations, agriculture, mining and others. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, this pressure increased with layoffs and return migration. When layoffs hit, they generally return to their hometowns to seek new opportunities, find temporary housing, and/or look for emotional and social support.. On the other hand, their hometowns offer very few formal employment opportunities that match the skills of the return migrants. Reduced or without income will force the return-migrant to turn to natural (agricultural) resources for survival. This will subsequently put pressure on the existing agricultural land, which in turn will encourage return-migrant to engage in activities that exploit natural resources including forests. 14. Pages 13 and 14. The Results and Discussion section largely focuses on the function of the TPB framework with linkage to THK principles. Currently there are only vague statements regarding 'continuing sustainable forest management'. Presenting the ‘sustainable forest management’ data/results in Table 1 through 4 is not adequate. In the Discussion there should be a summary of the results regarding respondents' views of 'sustainable management of customary and village forests' in the context of 'return migrant receiving families'. Sustainable customary and village forest management is a dominant term in the title of the article - but it is not addressed in the Discussion Thank you for suggestion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion and our response to point 1, we can explain this as follows: The main objective of the study entitled Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to add new variables (constructs) to the original TPB model to improve the predictive and explanatory ability of human behavior. The original TPB model is available in Figure 3a. Although TPB has been proven effective in predicting various behaviors, researchers have recognized other influencing factors of intentions and behaviors as having not been included in the original model. In other words, the purpose this study is to build an accurate model in explaining and predicting the behavior of migrant-receiving families by including additional relevant contextual factors (i.e. Tri Hita Karana as a value). 15. Discussion. In the Discussion I anticipate review/discussion of ‘community/social forestry’ issues that are relevant to the ‘returned migrants’ impact on traditional management. The authors may consider adding such analysis, which would make the paper pertinent to a wider range of cases and research. The authors doubtlessly are familiar with relevant literature. Some general options from the global, regional and country level are: -Gilmour DA. 2016. Forty years of community based and effectiveness. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5415e.pd - Wong GY, et al., 2020 (ref 2) -De Royer S, et al., 2018 (Ref 3) Thank you for suggestion. It currently reads as follows: Social forestry often fails to provide full rights to local communities, especially in the context of customary rights and formal recognition (Wong et al. 2020). This is particularly true because participation is limited to village elites and technical support is almost non-existent. In other words, the main obstacles include bureaucratic processes and local actor exclusion (Royer et al. 2018). However, Decree number 1546 / MenLHK-PSKL / PKTHA / Kum.1 / 2/2019 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) that determined the forest in Tenganan as a customary forest; Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2005 that determined it as a Village Forest in Wanagiri; and Decree of the Governor of Bali Number 2017 / 03-L / HK / 2015 as well as Decree of the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017 concerning the Management of Tourism Villages in Wanagiri, have reduced some of these detrimental factors. This aligns with social forestry’s key success factors (Gilmour 2016): secure tenure rights, supportive regulation, strong governance, market access, and bureaucratic support. The residents of Wanagiri Village have established a tourism awareness group as a part of the village-owned enterprise (BUMDes). Their income is derived from managing local natural tourist attractions such as Banyumala Waterfall, Puncak Manik Waterfall, and Buana Sari Waterfall, as well as providing tour guides (Laksemi et al., 2019). Local entrepreneurship practices in Wanagiri Village are organized by the BUMDes “Eka Giri Karya Utama”. The economic programs include savings and loans, tourism, coffee processing, waste management, and water management. They also developed LPD (Village Credit Institution) a village-level credit institution to provide financial access. Likewise, the residents of Tenganan Village maintain the customary system and local wisdom in forest management. The community applies awig-awig to maintain and sustain the forest, even before receiving formal recognition from the government. These awig-awig are customary regulations that contain recommendations and prohibitions (for example, the prohibition of cutting down trees and changing the function of forest land without permission from the Traditional Village). The highly obedient community reflects the effectiveness of the awig-awig. Most resident whose lives are highly dependent on the sale of commodities, especially palm leaf crafts, Gringsing cloth (whose materials are collected from customary forests) stated that the tourism industry in Tenganan Village is very important and needs to be continuously developed. However, some indigenous people perceive tourism development as a mere bonus of the strengthening of local culture. The two cases showed that SF in Wanagiri is more proactive in articulating ideas and social participation in village deliberation forums, while SF in Tenganan has provided full rights to the local community. 16. Minor edits are suggested throughout the paper to improve grammar style, clarity and reduction of superfluous text. Thank you for suggestion. We have done both using proof reading from Yogyakarta State University and Grammarly. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Roshetko J. Peer Review Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181846.r386565) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v2#referee-response-386565 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Daeng Massiri S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Sudirman Daeng Massiri , Tadulako University, Palu City, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Daeng Massiri S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The Covid 19 Pandemic problem has passed 5 years ago and Indonesia has successfully overcome this problem. However, this research predicts the impact of forest sustainability caused by the Covid 19 pandemic, through the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. The application of the TPB theoretical framework in predicting the behavior and intention to manage forests is the novelty of this research. Background Authors also need to corroborate with previous research to strengthen whether there is an impact of covid 19 on forest sustainability or on land cover change. Sample Why were non-migrant recipient communities not interviewed as behavioral controls?. Is there a difference between the community receiving covid 19 migrants and non-migrant recipients?. Discussions Discussions Should strengthening references that confirm whether the covid pandemic increased pressure on forest destruction? Or whether during covid 19 there was an increase in forest product commodities? The author should also clarify whether there is a difference in the behavior of communities that accept migrants and communities that do not accept migrants. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Forest Policy, Social forestry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Daeng Massiri S. Peer Review Report For: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1457 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174043.r346466) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v1#referee-response-346466 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Patiro SPS et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457", templates : { twitter : "An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention.... Patiro SPS et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1457/v3" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/158455/184518") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "184518"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "386565": 20, "386564": 0, "441351": 0, "386567": 0, "386566": 0, "388609": 0, "386561": 0, "388608": 0, "386563": 0, "386562": 0, "386569": 0, "386568": 0, "441352": 0, "441366": 0, "441367": 0, "441365": 0, "403486": 0, "403487": 0, "403484": 0, "441372": 0, "441370": 0, "441371": 0, "441368": 0, "441369": 0, "403490": 0, "403488": 0, "403502": 0, "398892": 0, "398893": 9, "403501": 0, "403499": 0, "403497": 0, "403510": 0, "366677": 0, "366679": 0, "366678": 0, "366685": 0, "366684": 0, "366686": 0, "366681": 0, "366680": 0, "366683": 0, "366682": 0, "363133": 0, "363132": 0, "363135": 0, "363134": 0, "363141": 0, "363140": 0, "363137": 0, "363136": 0, "363139": 0, "363138": 0, "473243": 0, "473242": 0, "473241": 0, "433350": 0, "433351": 0, "433349": 0, "349903": 0, "349902": 0, "349909": 0, "349908": 0, "349911": 0, "349910": 0, "349905": 0, "349904": 0, "349907": 0, "349906": 0, "433372": 0, "396534": 0, "433398": 0, "396535": 0, "420599": 0, "396532": 0, "433396": 0, "396533": 0, "433397": 0, "396530": 0, "433394": 0, "396531": 0, "433395": 0, "396528": 0, "396529": 0, "433393": 0, "451839": 0, "420602": 0, "396536": 0, "420600": 0, "396537": 0, "420601": 0, "451844": 0, "439042": 0, "451842": 0, "451843": 0, "439040": 0, "451840": 0, "439041": 0, "451841": 0, "439054": 0, "439055": 0, "439053": 0, "420630": 0, "451862": 0, "451863": 25, "420631": 0, "420628": 0, "420629": 0, "439058": 0, "420627": 0, "439059": 0, "439056": 0, "439057": 0, "420632": 0, "451864": 0, "451865": 0, "384805": 0, "384804": 0, "384807": 0, "384806": 0, "384812": 0, "354095": 0, "384809": 0, "384808": 0, "384811": 0, "384810": 0, "354101": 0, "423734": 0, "354100": 0, "423735": 0, "354103": 0, "423732": 0, "354102": 0, "423733": 0, "354097": 0, "423730": 0, "354096": 0, "423731": 0, "354099": 0, "423728": 0, "354098": 0, "423729": 0, "354104": 0, "423736": 0, "423737": 0, "443734": 0, "443735": 0, "443732": 0, "443733": 0, "443731": 0, "346461": 0, "346460": 0, "346463": 0, "443740": 0, "346462": 0, "443738": 0, "443739": 0, "346459": 0, "443736": 0, "346458": 0, "443737": 0, "346465": 0, "346464": 0, "346467": 0, "346466": 29, "406422": 0, "406423": 0, "406420": 0, "406421": 0, "406419": 0, "406428": 0, "406426": 0, "406427": 0, "406424": 0, "406425": 0, "384462": 0, "425966": 0, "425967": 0, "425964": 0, "425965": 0, "425963": 0, "425972": 0, "425970": 0, "425971": 0, "425968": 0, "425969": 0, "388605": 0, "388604": 0, "388607": 0, "388606": 0, "388601": 0, "388603": 0, "388602": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "2de1ee16-8738-4efe-8eae-0ba6be296530"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });