Wavelet-based Arcing Signal Source Localization Algorithm using a Compact Multi-square Microstrip Antenna

Wavelet-based Arcing Signal Source Localization Algorithm using a Compact Multi-square Microstrip Antenna | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Wavelet-based Arcing Signal Source Localization Algorithm using a Compact Multi-square Microstrip Antenna Melaty Amirruddin, Mohd Rafi Adzman, Nur Adyani Mohd Affendi, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ensuring power system safety involves effective arc fault detection and localization. Existing devices struggle to differentiate normal and abnormal conditions, especially in confined spaces, posing precision challenges. Placing antennas strategically around the arc aids in detecting electromagnetic radiation, even in limited areas. This enables valuable data collection for real-time monitoring. To address these challenges, this paper proposes integrating experimental work using a compact multi-square microstrip antenna and signal processing techniques. The study compares the effectiveness of three signal processing approaches: threshold, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The signal processing technique separates genuine arc signals from background noise by identifying unique characteristics and isolating the dominant frequency. The Time of Arrival (ToA) is measured and used in Least Square (LS) and Gauss-Jordan Elimination (GJE) methods to calculate the arc source location. The outcomes illustrate the precision of the proposed model in detecting and pinpointing arc source signals, with error margins ranging from 6.15% to 7.13% for the CWT technique, 6.88% to 7.89% for the DWT technique, and 7.99% to 8.44% for the threshold technique. These results hold promise for enhancing the integration of experimental approaches in assessing arcing conditions, thereby addressing challenges in insulation systems. Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Energy infrastructure/Power distribution Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 27 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 Feb, 2024 Editor invited by journal 21 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3908435","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274065272,"identity":"ed39ae81-eda9-4fc2-9a00-7d72d13381f2","order_by":0,"name":"Melaty Amirruddin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYgYQOkIVzGBsJagGoOMKSRruUwMpcA0G1vbPz8se184nZ27sTPBQw2shsOcKdJ4NNiduZgs8TBttuJO5t5N0vPYEgz3nCAdxt+LTcSG8BaNhzm3SDNw3A4kbCW+w+bfxxsOwfSsvk3D8N/IrTcYGwD2nIApGUb0JYDRGg5k9hmceZcsjFIi/UMg2TjmUDrLPBqOX748I2KMjvZDefPbr5dUGEn23e8d+MNfFrAgJENQjMzGIBJFrwOg4A/MC1Q+gNhLaNgFIyCUTCCAAC6XFV8+pxGrwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melaty","middleName":"","lastName":"Amirruddin","suffix":""},{"id":274065273,"identity":"4fc98310-f703-443b-8cdb-2b71cccae6ed","order_by":1,"name":"Mohd Rafi Adzman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd","middleName":"Rafi","lastName":"Adzman","suffix":""},{"id":274065274,"identity":"4679b623-cde2-4c79-8acf-8f3a6a57e456","order_by":2,"name":"Nur Adyani Mohd Affendi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nur","middleName":"Adyani Mohd","lastName":"Affendi","suffix":""},{"id":274065275,"identity":"3a356e0b-8a00-4ad8-b49d-f442ba2683b6","order_by":3,"name":"Muzamir Isa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muzamir","middleName":"","lastName":"Isa","suffix":""},{"id":274065276,"identity":"03e22d1f-4f6b-4d02-96a3-30b677fb233b","order_by":4,"name":"Muhd Hafizi Idris","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhd","middleName":"Hafizi","lastName":"Idris","suffix":""},{"id":274065277,"identity":"1de5ea7a-0475-46c5-9f9b-60c0c9beafb3","order_by":5,"name":"Syahirah Abd Halim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syahirah","middleName":"Abd","lastName":"Halim","suffix":""},{"id":274065278,"identity":"d22cb824-7fab-41d3-a39b-c33fefd46909","order_by":6,"name":"Matti Lehtonen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matti","middleName":"","lastName":"Lehtonen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-29 08:14:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71511-2","type":"published","date":"2024-10-01T15:57:38+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66096871,"identity":"5cfe18a4-a136-4e51-9196-115b7dee48f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 16:11:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1111196,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SubmissionstoScientificReports.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908435/v1_covered_d7bf41f5-4985-41bf-847d-803b456bef55.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Wavelet-based Arcing Signal Source Localization Algorithm using a Compact Multi-square Microstrip Antenna","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Ensuring power system safety involves effective arc fault detection and localization. Existing devices struggle to differentiate normal and abnormal conditions, especially in confined spaces, posing precision challenges. Placing antennas strategically around the arc aids in detecting electromagnetic radiation, even in limited areas. This enables valuable data collection for real-time monitoring. To address these challenges, this paper proposes integrating experimental work using a compact multi-square microstrip antenna and signal processing techniques. The study compares the effectiveness of three signal processing approaches: threshold, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The signal processing technique separates genuine arc signals from background noise by identifying unique characteristics and isolating the dominant frequency. The Time of Arrival (ToA) is measured and used in Least Square (LS) and Gauss-Jordan Elimination (GJE) methods to calculate the arc source location. The outcomes illustrate the precision of the proposed model in detecting and pinpointing arc source signals, with error margins ranging from 6.15% to 7.13% for the CWT technique, 6.88% to 7.89% for the DWT technique, and 7.99% to 8.44% for the threshold technique. These results hold promise for enhancing the integration of experimental approaches in assessing arcing conditions, thereby addressing challenges in insulation systems.","manuscriptTitle":"Wavelet-based Arcing Signal Source Localization Algorithm using a Compact Multi-square Microstrip Antenna","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-23 03:40:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908435/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-20T04:39:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-02-27T09:44:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6a1afdcf-ad6a-4955-b9bd-597be052f99b","date":"2024-02-25T03:37:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-25T03:30:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-25T03:11:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-21T10:25:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-21T10:22:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-01-29T08:02:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"51af3675-cfee-47d2-b2d5-d5a026896779","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":28887766,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"},{"id":28887767,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Energy infrastructure/Power distribution"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-07T16:02:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3908435","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71511-2","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-01 15:57:38","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-23 03:40:32","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-71511-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71511-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3908435","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3908435","identity":"rs-3908435","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}