Experimental Study on Light Radiation Characteristics of Tantalum Wire Electric Explosion

Experimental Study on Light Radiation Characteristics of Tantalum Wire Electric Explosion | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Experimental Study on Light Radiation Characteristics of Tantalum Wire Electric Explosion Qi-feng ZHAO, De-zhi ZHANG, Ze-long MA, Peng-ju DONG, Wei-bo YAO, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To investigate the light radiation process of metal wire electric explosion under various working conditions, a synchronous testing system was established using high-speed cameras, photocell tubes and other instruments to study the ultra-fine tantalum wire electric explosion process. The light radiation characteristics of tantalum wire electric explosion were analyzed under different input voltage, quantity, and length conditions. Results indicate that increasing the input voltage from 15kV to 21kV leads to an increase in relative light intensity emitted by the tantalum wire at measurement point 4 from 0.13V to 3.62V with an extension of luminescence process from 4.23ms to 8.42ms and the light saturation time decreases from 150 µs to 20.85 µs; Increasing the number of tantalum wires does not significantly affect luminescence time or saturation time but decreases light intensity at measuring point 4 when increased from two to twelve; When the length of tantalum wire increases from 54.5cm to 68cm, the light intensity generated during the explosion process decreases, the luminescence process changes from 307µs to 921µs, and the light saturation time extends from 23.52µs to 40µs. These experimental findings provide robust data support for further exploration into synchronous detonation technology for light-initiated explosive. Biological sciences/Psychology Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Physics light-initiated explosive synchronous loading tantalum wire electric explosion measurement Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 0 Introduction With the development of anti-radiation strengthening technology, it is significant to study the structural response under X-ray for the capacity evaluation and reinforcement design of structures. At present, the main experimental methods of simulating X-ray load are light-sensitive explosive loading, flexible explosive cable loading, sheet explosive loading and explosive strip loading. Photosensitive explosive is a kind of eutectic complex formed by silver acetylene and silver nitrate, which has low density and high sensitivity. The photosensitive explosive uniformly sprayed on the surface of the structure is loaded synchronously, and the pulse load will be applied to the whole structure to produce the structural response. The synchronous initiation loading technique of photosensitive explosive can simulate the structural response of high power X-ray irradiated target ( 1 – 14 ). The research on the synchronous technology of the initiation of photosensitive explosive is the key to develop the X-ray-thermodynamic structure response. The initiation mode of photosensitive explosive mostly adopts electric explosive wire technology. For many centuries, the study of the electric explosion of wire were studied by scholars. In the late 1960 's, the related research became mature. There are many achievements in the research of the light radiation characteristics of the electric explosion of wire, such as Sarkisov[15], through the study of the electric explosion process of short-length metal tungsten wire, it is proved that the current rise rate is closely related to the deposition energy of wire. Zhang Yongmin[16] introduced the research start and application of electric explosion of wire in detail, and discussed the difficulty of studying electric explosion of wire at present. Wang Kun[17] has carried out the experiment of electric explosion of aluminum wire. The expansion velocity of electric explosion product produced by aluminum wire in vacuum and air is analyzed by optical diagnostic method. Shi Yuanjie[18] studied the electric explosion characteristics of tungsten wire in vacuum environment, and obtained the method of uniform electric explosion of long tungsten wire. Zhang Jiangbo[19] studied the effect of different diameter copper wire and titanium wire electric explosion on the ignition of nitroamine propellant. Shi Zongqian[20] has carried out the research on the electric explosion characteristics of aluminum monofilament under the action of negative current pulse, and obtained the typical energy deposition process of uncoated aluminum filament. The flow field evolution law of gold wire electric explosion was obtained by using laser interferometry. Based on digital image technology, Yao Weibo[22] established a method to characterize the uniformity of light radiation of wire, and carried out an experimental study for obtaining axial uniform light radiation. To sum up, the research on the electric explosion of wire in the world is limited to the materials such as aluminum, copper and tungsten, and the measurement of the light radiation characteristics of the electric explosion of wire is limited according to the synchronous loading technology of photosensitive explosive. Based on the experimental platform of high-voltage flash, the tantalum wire with a diameter of 0.1mm and a purity of 99.95% is selected as the initiation wire, and a synchronous measurement system of optical parameters is established by using high-speed camera, photomultiplier tube and other measuring equipment. The electric explosion measurement experiment of tantalum ultra-fine wire in air was carried out, and the parameters such as light intensity and luminescence history of tantalum wire explosion under different conditions were obtained, which provided a support for further study on the synchronism of loading of photosensitive explosive. 1 Experiment 1.1 Principle of Experimental The photosensitive explosive silver acetylene-silver nitrate complex is a eutectic complex formed by silver acetylene and silver nitrate. It is a relatively high explosive velocity, low density and unstable substance[3]. Under the strong light, it will explode and decompose. The rapid process of the explosion of photosensitive explosives is a one-way photochemical reaction. The relations[3] are as follows: $${\Delta _r}G_{m}^{0}+RT\ln K_{p}^{0}=0.1196n/\lambda$$ 1 \({\Delta _r}G_{m}^{0}\) \(K_{p}^{0}\) \(\lambda\) In the formula, the Gibbs free energy, J; the thermodynamic temperature, K; the equilibrium constant of chemical reaction; the wavelength of light source, nm; the molar number of photons; the numerical model = 8.314 J/ (mol · K). It is shown from the formula ( 1 ) that the equilibrium constant of photochemical reaction is closely related to the molar number of absorbed photons, that is, the stronger the luminous intensity of the light source, the longer the luminous process, the faster the reaction speed of the photosensitive explosive. The process of electric explosion of wire is to inject high current into the wire in a very short time, the wire will be subjected to ohmic heating mechanism to make a large amount of energy deposition。Then the process of rapid melting ,vaporization and isoionization start. During the process of wire electric explosion, the state of material and various parameters change dramatically, which is accompanied by light radiation and explosion sound, as shown in Fig. 1 . The wire electric explosion process is affected by many factors, including the material, size, driving source parameters and environmental media parameters of wire. The driving source parameter is the main factor affecting the deposition energy of the wire. The deposition energy represents the ohmic heating of the wire under the action of pulse current, and the dynamic process of the light radiation of the wire is closely related to the deposition energy, that is: $$E{\text{=}}\frac{1}{N}\int_{0}^{{\text{t}}} {I{U_R}} dt$$ 2 \({U_R}\) Formula: is the resistance voltage at both ends of the wire, V; N is the number of particles loaded on the wire. The parameters of the wire mainly affect the deposition energy, the expansion rate of the core and the breakdown temperature of the core, etc. The light radiation of the wire usually begins at the peak of the voltage, along with the formation of plasma, the light intensity reaches the maximum, and then gradually weakens. Metallic tantalum was discovered by Swedish chemist A. G. Ekeberg in 1802. It has high melting point and high chemical stability. It belongs to refractory rare metal[22]. The photosensitive explosive synthesized in the laboratory has a diameter of 500nm. It absorbs ultraviolet light well at wavelength 190 ~ 300nm, and the absorptivity decreases rapidly at wavelength greater than 300nm[14]. The plasma temperature is 1 ~ 2eV in the process of tantalum wire explosion with a diameter of 0.1mm and purity of 99.95%. In this temperature range, the spectrum range is 200 ~ 700nm and the energy ratio is 85%, which meets the requirements of initiation of photosensitive explosive. Therefore, the high purity fine tantalum wire was selected as the electrical explosive wire material in this study. 1.2 Experimental equipment and samples The experiment on the law of flash initiation mainly includes: the experimental platform of flash light source, the measurement system of tantalum electric explosion parameters, the experimental device and the experimental sample. 1.2.1 experimental platform for flash light source The experimental platform of 25µF high-voltage flash light source is used in the research of flash initiation law. The main physical process is to inject the pulse high current produced by the pulse power drive source into the wire in a very short time. The high voltage flash light source system consists of four energy storage capacitors, each with a capacity of 25µF, a rated DC charging voltage of 50kV and a total energy storage of 125kJ. The main components are the high voltage DC charging power supply, the energy storage capacitor, the high voltage coaxial gas switch, the high voltage coaxial cable and the multi-output trigger. In addition, a capacitor voltage divider and a pulse current measuring coil are arranged on the wire array grid, which are mainly used to measure the pulse high voltage and the current in the wire loading circuit. 1.2.2 tantalum wire electric explosion parameter measurement system The optical parameters measured in the process of tantalum electric explosion mainly include the light intensity and time history of luminescence, in which photomultiplier tube is used to measure the optical pulse waveform, and high-speed camera is used to measure the luminescence process. ET-2030(Fig. 2 ) and ET-2040 photomultiplier tubes which were from UK ETL company are used to test the light intensity. In order to analyze the reliability of optical pulse time parameter measurement, the diameter of fiber is 200µm, with a length of 5 m and a spectrum range of 200 ~ 1400nm. In this paper, the photomultiplier tubes are used to characterize relative light intensity to comparing with the flash intensity of different experiments. Image shooting equipment uses a high-speed camera with a maximum shooting speed of 100,000 frames. In this experiment,512 * 240 pixels are selected, the maximum shooting speed is about 100,000 frames, and the minimum exposure time is 1µs. 1.2.3 Experimental Devices In this study,12 tantalum wires are arranged in parallel, and the metal plates on the supports can be adjusted according to the experimental requirements to meet the requirements of measuring the explosive optical parameters of tantalum wires of different lengths. The support is shown in Fig. 3 . As shown in Fig. 4 , there are 4 photomultiplier tubes,1 #,2 # photomultiplier tubes,50 cm,3 #,4 # photomultiplier tubes, and 1 m distance from the electric detonator wire. At the same time, a high-speed camera is arranged in front of the bracket for shooting the explosion luminescence process. Experimental flow: the high-voltage flash light source experimental platform pre-high pressure to the input pressure, start the flash source, at this time the pulse power source discharge produces a pulse high current, the pulse current measurement coil signal as a synchronous trigger signal, trigger high-speed camera, light intensity measurement system. At the same time, the pulse current is loaded on the tantalum wire to produce light radiation. At the end of the process of light radiation, the measurement of light radiation parameters of tantalum wire explosion is completed. 1.2.4 Experimental Samples The experimental sample is made up of bracket and tantalum wire. The two ends of tantalum wire are connected with bracket screw. The purity of tantalum wire is 99.95% and the diameter is 0.1mm. The length is related to the experimental parameters. It is necessary to screen the tantalum wire before the experiment, and select the non-crease and broken tantalum wire as the experimental object to ensure the validity of the experiment. 1.3 Experimental Process According to the different input parameters,14 experiments were carried out in 3 groups to study the luminescence characteristics of tantalum wire. The experimental parameters are shown in Table 1 . These include different input voltages (15,18,21 kV), different number of tantalum wires ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 ), and different filament lengths (54.5,60,68 cm). Table 1 Input parameter of experiments NO. input voltage/ kV Tantalum wire quantity Tantalum wire length/cm 1 # 15 1 48 18 1 48 21 1 48 2 # 18 1 48 18 2 48 18 3 48 18 4 48 18 6 48 18 8 48 18 10 48 18 12 48 3 # 18 2 54.5 18 2 60 18 2 68 The results show that the continuous voltage pulse width of the flash platform is about 50 µs, the current pulse width is 45 µs, and the current reaches the peak value about 10 µs. The tantalum wire begins to glow about the time the current reaches its peak, and the whole process lasts more than 4ms. The timing of initiation is shown in Fig. 5 . In order to make the high-speed camera shoot the whole initiation scene in different experimental conditions, the camera shooting parameters are adjusted in different experiments, as shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Parameters of high-speed camera Serial Number Image pixels frame/ fps length/ cm 1 # 640 * 240 100000 48 640 * 240 100000 48 640 * 240 100000 48 2 # 640 * 240 100000 48 640 * 128 240000 48 512 * 256 140000 48 512 * 256 140000 48 512 * 256 140000 48 512 * 512 75000 48 512 * 480 80000 48 512 * 480 80000 48 3 # 512 * 208 170000 54.5 512 * 400 96000 60 512 * 400 96000 68 2 Experiment and Results Analysis The relative light intensity data and high-speed image data in the process of tantalum wire explosion were collected through experiments under different working conditions. By processing and analyzing the data, the light radiation characteristics of tantalum wire at different input voltage, different quantity and different length are obtained. 2.1 The Influence of Voltage on the Characteristics of Light Radiation In this study, experiments were carried out on four types of initiation input voltages:15,18,21,25 kV. The relative light intensity data are shown in Fig. 6 . Figure 6 compares the data of photomultiplier tube 4 in this experiment. From the relative light intensity data, the higher the input voltage, the stronger the relative light intensity of tantalum wire, the relative light intensity is 0.13, 0.19, 3.09, 3.62v respectively, the light intensity increases between 18kV and 21kV more rapidly, the other stage is more gentle, as shown in Fig. 7 ; the higher the input voltage, the slower the peak light-emitting time, the longer the light-emitting process, 4.23, 4.40, 8.05, 8.42ms, respectively; From the data of the high-speed camera in Fig. 8, the saturation time of 15kV is 130µs. The saturation time of 18kV is 40µs, the saturation time of 21kV is 20.85µs. The higher the input voltage is, the faster the saturation luminous intensity is reached. 2.2 Effect of Tantalum Wire Quantity on Light Radiation Characteristics In this study,2,3,4,6,8,10,12 tantalum wires were detonated at the input voltage of 18 kV initiation. The experimental results are shown in Table 3 . From the relative light intensity data of the photomultiplier tube, when the number of tantalum wires increased from 2 to 12, the relative light intensity of tantalum wires decreased, and the peak light arrival time was independent of the number of tantalum wires. The saturation time of 18 kV is between 20 and 30 µs, which indicates that the number of tantalum wire has little relationship with the luminescence rise time. When the number of tantalum wire increases, the high-speed camera is limited by the picture amplitude and frame frequency, and the time resolution is not enough, Fig. 9. The results show that under the condition of constant initial energy storage, the increase of root number leads to the decrease of current, plasma temperature, light intensity and total light intensity due to energy loss [23]. Table 3 Relative intensity of test position Number of wire photocell 1 Photocell 2 Photocell 3 photocell 4 peak time/µs 2 0.17 1.61 0.26 2.13 560 3 0.11 1.01 0.20 1.72 475 4 0.11 1.02 0.21 1.71 443 6 0.08 0.66 0.20 1.54 475 8 0.06 0.50 0.17 1.34 560 10 0.06 0.59 0.17 1.31 495 12 0.08 0.74 0.15 1.16 542 2.3 Effect of Tantalum Wire Length on Light Radiation Characteristics In this experiment, three different tantalum wire length initiation conditions, 54.5,60, 68cm, are carried out. The input voltage of flash light source is 18 kV, and the double wire initiation is carried out. The experimental data are shown in Fig. 10. According to the relative light intensity data, the relative light intensity of the near-distance photomultiplier tube decreases slightly with length because of adding attenuator, which accords with the theory that the greater the length of tantalum wire, the greater the initial resistance and the lower the light intensity. The relative light intensity of long distance is not obvious with the length increasing, the possible reason is that the length of tantalum wire varies little. According to the luminescence history data, the luminescence process of 54.5cm tantalum wire is obviously shorter than that of other length tantalum wire. From the high-speed photographic images in Fig. 11, the longer the length of the tantalum wire, the lower the relative light intensity, and the saturation time of the camera is 23.5,30 and 40 µs, respectively. 3 Conclusion Based on the experimental platform of 25µF high-voltage flash light source, the light radiation characteristics of ultra-fine tantalum wire in air environment are studied by means of high-speed camera and photomultiplier tube. The results show that: ( 1 ) Under the four initiation input voltages of 15,18,21 and 25 kV, the intensity and rise time of tantalum wire explosion vary obviously with the input voltage, the relative intensity is 0.13, 0.19, 3.09, 3.62 V, and the luminescence process is 4.23, 4.40, 8.05 and 8.42 ms, respectively. It can be seen that the higher the input voltage is, the stronger the luminescence intensity of tantalum wire is, and the faster the luminescence process is. However, the change rate of light intensity and luminescence process increased obviously between 18 kV and 21 kV. ( 2 ) When the number of tantalum wires increased from 2 to 12, the relative light intensity of the four measuring points decreased, especially the light intensity of the measuring point 4# decreased from 2.13V to 1.16V. The speed of the luminescence process and the time when the light intensity reaches saturation are independent of the number of tantalum wires. Increasing the number of tantalum wires can improve the synchronicity of initiation of large-area photosensitive explosives[9], but increasing the number of metal wires can lead to the phenomenon of slow reaction and incomplete explosion of photosensitive explosives. ( 3 ) The experimental results show that the intensity of light produced during the explosion decreases with the increase of the length of the tantalum wire. The luminescence process of 54.5cm tantalum wire lasted only 307µs, while that of 60cm and 68cm tantalum wire increased obviously. The time when the light intensity reaches saturation also increases with the increase of the length of the tantalum wire. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declared that there are no conficts of interests. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. ZHAO Qi-feng: writing of first draft of the manuscript. MA Ze-long，Dong Peng-ju，Yao Wei-bo，Xu Chang，Wu Ke，Sui Ya-Guang，Xu Hai-bin : taking part in the experiments and review the experimental part.ZHANG De-zhi,WANG Deng-wang : Guiding the design of the experiments and giving academic help. Data availability statement The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interests. References HOESE FO，LANGNE R C G，BAKE R WE. Simultaneous initiation over large areas of a spray-deposited explosive[J]. Experimental Mechanics，1968， 8(9):392 -397. BENHAM R A. Light-initiated explosive for impulse experiments on structural members，SAND75-0516[R]. Albuquerque，NM， US: Sandia National Laboratories， 1976. NEVILL G E JR, HOESE F O. Impulsive loading using sprayed silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J]. Experimental Mechanics，1965 5(9): 294-298. BENHAM R A， HOESE F O，MATHEWS F H. 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Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"DENG-WANG","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-25 13:29:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52269382,"identity":"f177e2b6-0d6b-4a13-a758-b5b992e6068f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagram of electric explosion process of wire\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/b70cdd0246a61f8c56be2356.png"},{"id":52271574,"identity":"59dbbd84-1e9e-4649-a39e-b512204ec33f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:21:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eET-2030 photomultiplier tube\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/9141a1430b73e139e6d85408.png"},{"id":52271575,"identity":"34a5052a-ae47-4e36-be40-e62f81c50c70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:21:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":336394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExplosive wire support\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/e0189499138b8ee86b632353.png"},{"id":52269384,"identity":"d255f4c1-d262-498d-9498-18a123568120","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntegral frame of tantalum wire electric explosion light radiation measurement system\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/733c93df3b57c3aef8c5d088.png"},{"id":52269391,"identity":"17b65091-fded-4169-93a0-e6259aaf16b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInitiation timing diagram\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/649bd314c235e15e0d981975.png"},{"id":52271577,"identity":"c1e2da91-f894-4bad-bc86-4c11d50ea601","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:21:28","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative light intensity curve with different input voltage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/a24ad0c3b7d0c8f6cde03080.png"},{"id":52269389,"identity":"46a5de63-5d67-40c6-b1f7-cd56f239f2a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between peak light intensity and luminescence time and input voltage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/3a5581efdfb0e0bd9fc9171d.png"},{"id":52271578,"identity":"78219a21-82d6-4a61-99ad-e404c5b22cb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:21:28","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64134,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImage of initiation process of high-speed camera with different input voltage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/515a36ef2d82ab55b4496816.png"},{"id":52269392,"identity":"f6a4fa42-2ddc-4dde-b7c3-abc4d4e2369c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:29","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImage of high-speed camera initiation process with different number of tantalum wires\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/f1ff4c456e43ae35fb686549.png"},{"id":52269388,"identity":"388e6394-79b4-4d36-a902-ac3bb24fb28e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative intensity curve of tantalum wire explosion with different length\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/f1829fb4c11f295552fb9e4d.png"},{"id":52269390,"identity":"1975a738-2bb1-4cda-b755-083659633ace","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:13:28","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":136796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImage of initiation process of tantalum wire high-speed camera with different length\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/4d2677e25fe92bd1d28756a1.png"},{"id":52867964,"identity":"269708c1-edb9-4561-ba3d-026c0f05a7d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 06:23:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1366848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3988094/v1/d9c660c1-894a-43d3-a1f9-7bfa62b67e0e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental Study on Light Radiation Characteristics of Tantalum Wire Electric Explosion","fulltext":[{"header":"0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the development of anti-radiation strengthening technology, it is significant to study the structural response under X-ray for the capacity evaluation and reinforcement design of structures. At present, the main experimental methods of simulating X-ray load are light-sensitive explosive loading, flexible explosive cable loading, sheet explosive loading and explosive strip loading. Photosensitive explosive is a kind of eutectic complex formed by silver acetylene and silver nitrate, which has low density and high sensitivity. The photosensitive explosive uniformly sprayed on the surface of the structure is loaded synchronously, and the pulse load will be applied to the whole structure to produce the structural response. The synchronous initiation loading technique of photosensitive explosive can simulate the structural response of high power X-ray irradiated target (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The research on the synchronous technology of the initiation of photosensitive explosive is the key to develop the X-ray-thermodynamic structure response. The initiation mode of photosensitive explosive mostly adopts electric explosive wire technology. For many centuries, the study of the electric explosion of wire were studied by scholars. In the late 1960 's, the related research became mature. There are many achievements in the research of the light radiation characteristics of the electric explosion of wire, such as Sarkisov[15], through the study of the electric explosion process of short-length metal tungsten wire, it is proved that the current rise rate is closely related to the deposition energy of wire. Zhang Yongmin[16] introduced the research start and application of electric explosion of wire in detail, and discussed the difficulty of studying electric explosion of wire at present. Wang Kun[17] has carried out the experiment of electric explosion of aluminum wire. The expansion velocity of electric explosion product produced by aluminum wire in vacuum and air is analyzed by optical diagnostic method. Shi Yuanjie[18] studied the electric explosion characteristics of tungsten wire in vacuum environment, and obtained the method of uniform electric explosion of long tungsten wire. Zhang Jiangbo[19] studied the effect of different diameter copper wire and titanium wire electric explosion on the ignition of nitroamine propellant. Shi Zongqian[20] has carried out the research on the electric explosion characteristics of aluminum monofilament under the action of negative current pulse, and obtained the typical energy deposition process of uncoated aluminum filament. The flow field evolution law of gold wire electric explosion was obtained by using laser interferometry. Based on digital image technology, Yao Weibo[22] established a method to characterize the uniformity of light radiation of wire, and carried out an experimental study for obtaining axial uniform light radiation. To sum up, the research on the electric explosion of wire in the world is limited to the materials such as aluminum, copper and tungsten, and the measurement of the light radiation characteristics of the electric explosion of wire is limited according to the synchronous loading technology of photosensitive explosive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the experimental platform of high-voltage flash, the tantalum wire with a diameter of 0.1mm and a purity of 99.95% is selected as the initiation wire, and a synchronous measurement system of optical parameters is established by using high-speed camera, photomultiplier tube and other measuring equipment. The electric explosion measurement experiment of tantalum ultra-fine wire in air was carried out, and the parameters such as light intensity and luminescence history of tantalum wire explosion under different conditions were obtained, which provided a support for further study on the synchronism of loading of photosensitive explosive.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1 Experiment","content":"\u003cp\u003e1.1 Principle of Experimental\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe photosensitive explosive silver acetylene-silver nitrate complex is a eutectic complex formed by silver acetylene and silver nitrate. It is a relatively high explosive velocity, low density and unstable substance[3]. Under the strong light, it will explode and decompose. The rapid process of the explosion of photosensitive explosives is a one-way photochemical reaction. The relations[3] are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\Delta _r}G_{m}^{0}+RT\\ln K_{p}^{0}=0.1196n/\\lambda$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\Delta _r}G_{m}^{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(K_{p}^{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\lambda\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003eIn the formula, the Gibbs free energy, J; the thermodynamic temperature, K; the equilibrium constant of chemical reaction; the wavelength of light source, nm; the molar number of photons; the numerical model = 8.314 J/ (mol · K). It is shown from the formula (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) that the equilibrium constant of photochemical reaction is closely related to the molar number of absorbed photons, that is, the stronger the luminous intensity of the light source, the longer the luminous process, the faster the reaction speed of the photosensitive explosive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe process of electric explosion of wire is to inject high current into the wire in a very short time, the wire will be subjected to ohmic heating mechanism to make a large amount of energy deposition。Then the process of rapid melting ,vaporization and isoionization start. During the process of wire electric explosion, the state of material and various parameters change dramatically, which is accompanied by light radiation and explosion sound, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe wire electric explosion process is affected by many factors, including the material, size, driving source parameters and environmental media parameters of wire. The driving source parameter is the main factor affecting the deposition energy of the wire. The deposition energy represents the ohmic heating of the wire under the action of pulse current, and the dynamic process of the light radiation of the wire is closely related to the deposition energy, that is:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$E{\\text{=}}\\frac{1}{N}\\int_{0}^{{\\text{t}}} {I{U_R}} dt$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({U_R}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003eFormula: is the resistance voltage at both ends of the wire, V; N is the number of particles loaded on the wire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the wire mainly affect the deposition energy, the expansion rate of the core and the breakdown temperature of the core, etc. The light radiation of the wire usually begins at the peak of the voltage, along with the formation of plasma, the light intensity reaches the maximum, and then gradually weakens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetallic tantalum was discovered by Swedish chemist A. G. Ekeberg in 1802. It has high melting point and high chemical stability. It belongs to refractory rare metal[22]. The photosensitive explosive synthesized in the laboratory has a diameter of 500nm. It absorbs ultraviolet light well at wavelength 190 ~ 300nm, and the absorptivity decreases rapidly at wavelength greater than 300nm[14]. The plasma temperature is 1 ~ 2eV in the process of tantalum wire explosion with a diameter of 0.1mm and purity of 99.95%. In this temperature range, the spectrum range is 200 ~ 700nm and the energy ratio is 85%, which meets the requirements of initiation of photosensitive explosive. Therefore, the high purity fine tantalum wire was selected as the electrical explosive wire material in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 Experimental equipment and samples\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiment on the law of flash initiation mainly includes: the experimental platform of flash light source, the measurement system of tantalum electric explosion parameters, the experimental device and the experimental sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2.1 experimental platform for flash light source\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental platform of 25µF high-voltage flash light source is used in the research of flash initiation law. The main physical process is to inject the pulse high current produced by the pulse power drive source into the wire in a very short time. The high voltage flash light source system consists of four energy storage capacitors, each with a capacity of 25µF, a rated DC charging voltage of 50kV and a total energy storage of 125kJ. The main components are the high voltage DC charging power supply, the energy storage capacitor, the high voltage coaxial gas switch, the high voltage coaxial cable and the multi-output trigger. In addition, a capacitor voltage divider and a pulse current measuring coil are arranged on the wire array grid, which are mainly used to measure the pulse high voltage and the current in the wire loading circuit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2.2 tantalum wire electric explosion parameter measurement system\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe optical parameters measured in the process of tantalum electric explosion mainly include the light intensity and time history of luminescence, in which photomultiplier tube is used to measure the optical pulse waveform, and high-speed camera is used to measure the luminescence process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eET-2030(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and ET-2040 photomultiplier tubes which were from UK ETL company are used to test the light intensity. In order to analyze the reliability of optical pulse time parameter measurement, the diameter of fiber is 200µm, with a length of 5 m and a spectrum range of 200 ~ 1400nm. In this paper, the photomultiplier tubes are used to characterize relative light intensity to comparing with the flash intensity of different experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImage shooting equipment uses a high-speed camera with a maximum shooting speed of 100,000 frames. In this experiment,512 * 240 pixels are selected, the maximum shooting speed is about 100,000 frames, and the minimum exposure time is 1µs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Experimental Devices\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study,12 tantalum wires are arranged in parallel, and the metal plates on the supports can be adjusted according to the experimental requirements to meet the requirements of measuring the explosive optical parameters of tantalum wires of different lengths. The support is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, there are 4 photomultiplier tubes,1 #,2 # photomultiplier tubes,50 cm,3 #,4 # photomultiplier tubes, and 1 m distance from the electric detonator wire. At the same time, a high-speed camera is arranged in front of the bracket for shooting the explosion luminescence process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperimental flow: the high-voltage flash light source experimental platform pre-high pressure to the input pressure, start the flash source, at this time the pulse power source discharge produces a pulse high current, the pulse current measurement coil signal as a synchronous trigger signal, trigger high-speed camera, light intensity measurement system. At the same time, the pulse current is loaded on the tantalum wire to produce light radiation. At the end of the process of light radiation, the measurement of light radiation parameters of tantalum wire explosion is completed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Experimental Samples\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental sample is made up of bracket and tantalum wire. The two ends of tantalum wire are connected with bracket screw. The purity of tantalum wire is 99.95% and the diameter is 0.1mm. The length is related to the experimental parameters. It is necessary to screen the tantalum wire before the experiment, and select the non-crease and broken tantalum wire as the experimental object to ensure the validity of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 Experimental Process\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the different input parameters,14 experiments were carried out in 3 groups to study the luminescence characteristics of tantalum wire. The experimental parameters are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These include different input voltages (15,18,21 kV), different number of tantalum wires (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), and different filament lengths (54.5,60,68 cm).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput parameter of experiments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einput voltage/ kV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTantalum wire quantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTantalum wire length/cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results show that the continuous voltage pulse width of the flash platform is about 50 µs, the current pulse width is 45 µs, and the current reaches the peak value about 10 µs. The tantalum wire begins to glow about the time the current reaches its peak, and the whole process lasts more than 4ms. The timing of initiation is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to make the high-speed camera shoot the whole initiation scene in different experimental conditions, the camera shooting parameters are adjusted in different experiments, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters of high-speed camera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerial Number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage pixels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eframe/ fps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elength/ cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640 * 240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640 * 240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640 * 240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640 * 240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640 * 128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 * 400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2 Experiment and Results Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe relative light intensity data and high-speed image data in the process of tantalum wire explosion were collected through experiments under different working conditions. By processing and analyzing the data, the light radiation characteristics of tantalum wire at different input voltage, different quantity and different length are obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1 The Influence of Voltage on the Characteristics of Light Radiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, experiments were carried out on four types of initiation input voltages:15,18,21,25 kV. The relative light intensity data are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e compares the data of photomultiplier tube 4 in this experiment. From the relative light intensity data, the higher the input voltage, the stronger the relative light intensity of tantalum wire, the relative light intensity is 0.13, 0.19, 3.09, 3.62v respectively, the light intensity increases between 18kV and 21kV more rapidly, the other stage is more gentle, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e; the higher the input voltage, the slower the peak light-emitting time, the longer the light-emitting process, 4.23, 4.40, 8.05, 8.42ms, respectively; From the data of the high-speed camera in Fig.\u0026nbsp;8, the saturation time of 15kV is 130µs. The saturation time of 18kV is 40µs, the saturation time of 21kV is 20.85µs. The higher the input voltage is, the faster the saturation luminous intensity is reached.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 Effect of Tantalum Wire Quantity on Light Radiation Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study,2,3,4,6,8,10,12 tantalum wires were detonated at the input voltage of 18 kV initiation. The experimental results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. From the relative light intensity data of the photomultiplier tube, when the number of tantalum wires increased from 2 to 12, the relative light intensity of tantalum wires decreased, and the peak light arrival time was independent of the number of tantalum wires. The saturation time of 18 kV is between 20 and 30 µs, which indicates that the number of tantalum wire has little relationship with the luminescence rise time. When the number of tantalum wire increases, the high-speed camera is limited by the picture amplitude and frame frequency, and the time resolution is not enough, Fig.\u0026nbsp;9. The results show that under the condition of constant initial energy storage, the increase of root number leads to the decrease of current, plasma temperature, light intensity and total light intensity due to energy loss [23].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative intensity of test position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of wire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephotocell 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotocell 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotocell 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephotocell 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epeak time/µs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3 Effect of Tantalum Wire Length on Light Radiation Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, three different tantalum wire length initiation conditions, 54.5,60, 68cm, are carried out. The input voltage of flash light source is 18 kV, and the double wire initiation is carried out. The experimental data are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;10. According to the relative light intensity data, the relative light intensity of the near-distance photomultiplier tube decreases slightly with length because of adding attenuator, which accords with the theory that the greater the length of tantalum wire, the greater the initial resistance and the lower the light intensity. The relative light intensity of long distance is not obvious with the length increasing, the possible reason is that the length of tantalum wire varies little. According to the luminescence history data, the luminescence process of 54.5cm tantalum wire is obviously shorter than that of other length tantalum wire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the high-speed photographic images in Fig.\u0026nbsp;11, the longer the length of the tantalum wire, the lower the relative light intensity, and the saturation time of the camera is 23.5,30 and 40 µs, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the experimental platform of 25\u0026micro;F high-voltage flash light source, the light radiation characteristics of ultra-fine tantalum wire in air environment are studied by means of high-speed camera and photomultiplier tube. The results show that:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) Under the four initiation input voltages of 15,18,21 and 25 kV, the intensity and rise time of tantalum wire explosion vary obviously with the input voltage, the relative intensity is 0.13, 0.19, 3.09, 3.62 V, and the luminescence process is 4.23, 4.40, 8.05 and 8.42 ms, respectively. It can be seen that the higher the input voltage is, the stronger the luminescence intensity of tantalum wire is, and the faster the luminescence process is. However, the change rate of light intensity and luminescence process increased obviously between 18 kV and 21 kV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) When the number of tantalum wires increased from 2 to 12, the relative light intensity of the four measuring points decreased, especially the light intensity of the measuring point 4# decreased from 2.13V to 1.16V. The speed of the luminescence process and the time when the light intensity reaches saturation are independent of the number of tantalum wires. Increasing the number of tantalum wires can improve the synchronicity of initiation of large-area photosensitive explosives[9], but increasing the number of metal wires can lead to the phenomenon of slow reaction and incomplete explosion of photosensitive explosives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) The experimental results show that the intensity of light produced during the explosion decreases with the increase of the length of the tantalum wire. The luminescence process of 54.5cm tantalum wire lasted only 307\u0026micro;s, while that of 60cm and 68cm tantalum wire increased obviously. The time when the light intensity reaches saturation also increases with the increase of the length of the tantalum wire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/b\u003e The authors declared that there are no conficts of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. ZHAO Qi-feng: writing of first draft of the manuscript. MA Ze-long，Dong Peng-ju，Yao Wei-bo，Xu Chang，Wu Ke，Sui Ya-Guang，Xu Hai-bin : taking part in the experiments and review the experimental part.ZHANG De-zhi,WANG Deng-wang : Guiding the design of the experiments and giving academic help.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHOESE FO，LANGNE R C G，BAKE R WE. Simultaneous initiation over large areas of a spray-deposited explosive[J]. Experimental Mechanics，1968， 8(9):392 -397.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBENHAM R A. Light-initiated explosive for impulse experiments on structural members，SAND75-0516[R]. Albuquerque，NM， US: Sandia National Laboratories， 1976.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNEVILL G E JR, HOESE F O. Impulsive loading using sprayed silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J]. Experimental Mechanics，1965 5(9): 294-298.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBENHAM R A， HOESE F O，MATHEWS F H. X-ray simulation with light initiated explosive[J]. Shock Vib Bull,1974 (45): 87-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBENHAM R A. A new LIHE test capability for spherical targets， SAND86-2366C[R]. 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Optimization of synthesis process and property test of silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives \u0026amp; Propellants,2018,41(6):573-577.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXU Hai-bin, PEI Ming-jing, ZHANG De-zhi, et al. Synthesis and characterization of silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J]. Initiators \u0026amp;Pyrotechnics，2019，2019(4): 40-43. DOI: 10. 14077 /j. issn.1007 -7812.2018. 06. 007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYANG Jun, PEI Ming-jing, WANG Deng-wang, et al. Impulse sensor based on photonic doppler velocimetry[J]. Acta Armamentarii,2017,38 (S1): 150-154.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSUI Ya-Guang, CHEN Bo, XU Hai-bin, et al. Electromagnetic Interference Protection Technology in Loading Experiment of Light-Initiated Explosive[J]. Modern Applied Physics, 2019,10(2): 0212031-5. DOI：10．12061/j.issn．2095-6223．2019．021203\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWANG Deng-wang, XU Hai-bin, Ma Ze-Long, et al. 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Axial Uniformity of Pulsed Intense Flash of Extra-long Metal Wire Electrical Explosive Plasma[J]. High Voltage Engineering，2022，48(12): 5102-5109. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20211803\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWAN Qing-feng, WANG Deng-zhi, ZHAO Bing, et al. Review on Development of Tantalum Wire in Capacitor in China[J].Rare metals letters, 2008，27(2):9-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSARKISOV G S, STRUVE K W, MCDANIEL D H, et al. Effect of deposited energy on the structure of an exploding tungsten wire core in a vacuum[J]. Physics of Plasmas，2005，12(5): 052702. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"light-initiated explosive, synchronous loading, tantalum wire, electric explosion, measurement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the light radiation process of metal wire electric explosion under various working conditions, a synchronous testing system was established using high-speed cameras, photocell tubes and other instruments to study the ultra-fine tantalum wire electric explosion process. The light radiation characteristics of tantalum wire electric explosion were analyzed under different input voltage, quantity, and length conditions. Results indicate that increasing the input voltage from 15kV to 21kV leads to an increase in relative light intensity emitted by the tantalum wire at measurement point 4 from 0.13V to 3.62V with an extension of luminescence process from 4.23ms to 8.42ms and the light saturation time decreases from 150 \u0026micro;s to 20.85 \u0026micro;s; Increasing the number of tantalum wires does not significantly affect luminescence time or saturation time but decreases light intensity at measuring point 4 when increased from two to twelve; When the length of tantalum wire increases from 54.5cm to 68cm, the light intensity generated during the explosion process decreases, the luminescence process changes from 307\u0026micro;s to 921\u0026micro;s, and the light saturation time extends from 23.52\u0026micro;s to 40\u0026micro;s. These experimental findings provide robust data support for further exploration into synchronous detonation technology for light-initiated explosive.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Study on Light Radiation Characteristics of Tantalum Wire Electric Explosion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-08 13:13:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988094/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3341d72c-bf88-4142-86ea-4dd38eb5cdde","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29183596,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":29183597,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":29183598,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":29183599,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-18T06:15:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-08 13:13:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3988094","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3988094","identity":"rs-3988094","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}