Re-evaluation of bottleneck effect in coupled monolayer WS2/photonic crystal heterostructure

Re-evaluation of bottleneck effect in coupled monolayer WS2/photonic crystal heterostructure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Re-evaluation of bottleneck effect in coupled monolayer WS 2 /photonic crystal heterostructure Baoli Liu, Jiaru Zhou, Wenze Lan, Hao Li, Yu Hua, Peng Fu, Geng Li, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Exciton-polariton condensates, as one type of Bose Einstein condensates (BEC), is a fascinating phenomenon in condensed matter physics. For exciton-cavity system, the fundamental requirement of realizing exciton-polariton condensates is that the exciton-polaritons must relax effectively and rapidly to the energy minima located in polariton energy bands. The cooling dynamics of the high-energy exciton-polaritons usually is blocked due to bottleneck effect which occurs around the anticrossing regions of polariton dispersion. Although the exciton-polariton bottleneck effect has been extensively observed in various polariton system, but there is no a unified views of physical origin. In this work, we constructed the coupling system of exciton-trion-photon in monolayer (ML) WS 2 /photonic crystal (PhC) slab heterostructure. Momentum-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy exhibits clearly the anticrossing polariton dispersions for the exciton resonance, while there is no characteristic anticrossing for trion resonance at low temperature of ~12 K. Rabi splittings of ~57 meV and ~5 meV are obtained for exciton and trion resonances, respectively. More significantly, the emergence of the trion resonance gives rise to an abnormally intensive polariton emission at momentum k // =±0.10 of trion-polariton crossing. The momentum position of this enhanced polariton emission is pinned by trion resonance in polariton dispersion with elevating temperature. Meanwhile, there is only a normal polariton emission around anticrossing regimes. We attributes this exotic phenomenon to bottleneck effect. These results reveal that the bottleneck effect strongly depends on the coupling strength and the smaller Rabi splitting is the unified origin of bottleneck effect in polariton system. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Polaritons Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Photonic crystals Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed-matter physics/Semiconductors/Two-dimensional materials bottleneck effect exciton polariton trion photonic crystal Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterials.pdf Supplementary materials Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8807070","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":589020001,"identity":"ca2c9b0f-e4d4-46ce-a9ae-10ab79220740","order_by":0,"name":"Baoli Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA3bmhgMMFRIMBsRrYWYEajlDqhYGxjYGErSYMzM2HuadZ5FnLpHA+OEHg10eQS2WzYwNh3m3SRRbzkhgluxhSC4m7LDDEC2JG24kMEgzMBxIbCBOyxywFubfJGhpAGthI84WkF8OzjkmUWxw5mGbZY9BMmEt5uzNhz+8qanLMziefPjGjwo7wlpgIIFBAKSY+NgBaeE/QILyUTAKRsEoGFEAAJP6PaA/10GqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0828-5093","institution":"Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baoli","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":589020002,"identity":"3fcdccdc-d880-490a-a50b-09884beb4f6a","order_by":1,"name":"Jiaru Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiaru","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":589020003,"identity":"f65d0d25-ced6-4a65-a8c7-f5bd32b2e5d8","order_by":2,"name":"Wenze Lan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenze","middleName":"","lastName":"Lan","suffix":""},{"id":589020004,"identity":"bc0cd8ed-9fac-4f83-ba01-c99d0c97f217","order_by":3,"name":"Hao Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":589020005,"identity":"deeaf681-dda5-460a-b5eb-c29da4ed58fa","order_by":4,"name":"Yu Hua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Hua","suffix":""},{"id":589020006,"identity":"29109d03-062d-442f-8c58-b875387e6a56","order_by":5,"name":"Peng Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peng","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":589020007,"identity":"88b0cdd8-a372-486a-ad36-7d5893d4f2a2","order_by":6,"name":"Geng Li","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-7222","institution":"Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Geng","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":589020008,"identity":"fd370aee-6b53-4cb6-8948-9e554e493b62","order_by":7,"name":"Xiaofeng Fan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Materials,Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaofeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Fan","suffix":""},{"id":589020009,"identity":"f7acfa07-7c0f-49dd-9aa8-28eff9fc388b","order_by":8,"name":"Changzhi Gu","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-2807","institution":"Institute of Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Gu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-06 12:26:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102963061,"identity":"337b8d9c-aa13-43a5-9e0d-bbfe09561fee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-19 04:13:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":19487623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8807070/v1_covered_112226d7-1370-41ed-9921-023fe9d77514.pdf"},{"id":102731625,"identity":"a067c824-5216-4fe1-9cb2-974ae5a6740d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 05:10:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29492936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Supplementary materials","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterials.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8807070/v1/3ec5a2bc6c5b962270462ef9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Re-evaluation of bottleneck effect in coupled monolayer WS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/photonic crystal heterostructure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"bottleneck effect, exciton polariton, trion, photonic crystal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Exciton-polariton condensates, as one type of Bose Einstein condensates (BEC), is a fascinating phenomenon in condensed matter physics. For exciton-cavity system, the fundamental requirement of realizing exciton-polariton condensates is that the exciton-polaritons must relax effectively and rapidly to the energy minima located in polariton energy bands. The cooling dynamics of the high-energy exciton-polaritons usually is blocked due to bottleneck effect which occurs around the anticrossing regions of polariton dispersion. Although the exciton-polariton bottleneck effect has been extensively observed in various polariton system, but there is no a unified views of physical origin. In this work, we constructed the coupling system of exciton-trion-photon in monolayer (ML) WS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/photonic crystal (PhC) slab heterostructure. Momentum-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy exhibits clearly the anticrossing polariton dispersions for the exciton resonance, while there is no characteristic anticrossing for trion resonance at low temperature of ~12 K. Rabi splittings of ~57 meV and ~5 meV are obtained for exciton and trion resonances, respectively. More significantly, the emergence of the trion resonance gives rise to an abnormally intensive polariton emission at momentum k\u003csub\u003e//\u003c/sub\u003e=±0.10 of trion-polariton crossing. The momentum position of this enhanced polariton emission is pinned by trion resonance in polariton dispersion with elevating temperature. Meanwhile, there is only a normal polariton emission around anticrossing regimes. We attributes this exotic phenomenon to bottleneck effect. These results reveal that the bottleneck effect strongly depends on the coupling strength and the smaller Rabi splitting is the unified origin of bottleneck effect in polariton system.","manuscriptTitle":"Re-evaluation of bottleneck effect in coupled monolayer WS2/photonic crystal heterostructure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-16 05:10:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807070/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"communications-physics","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"commsphys","sideBox":"Learn more about [Communications Physics](http://www.nature.com/commsphys/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Communications Physics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Communications Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21f3721b-4925-4b02-a097-276fafa6e0d3","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":62976179,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Polaritons"},{"id":62976180,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Photonic crystals"},{"id":62976181,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed-matter physics/Semiconductors/Two-dimensional materials"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-06T15:48:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-16 05:10:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8807070","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8807070","identity":"rs-8807070","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}