A toolbox for studying cortical physiology in primates

Summary Lesioning and neurophysiological studies have facilitated the elucidation of cortical functions and mechanisms of functional recovery following injury. Clinical translation of such studies is contingent on their employment in non-human primates (NHPs), yet tools for monitoring and modulating cortical physiology are incompatible with conventional NHP lesioning techniques. To address these challenges, we developed a toolbox demonstrated in seven macaques. We introduce the photothrombotic method to induce focal cortical lesions alongside a quantitative model for the design of lesion profiles based on experimental needs. Large-scale (∼5 cm 2 ) vascular and neural dynamics can be monitored and lesion induction can be validated in vivo with optical coherence tomography angiography and our electrocorticographic array, the latter of which also enables testing stimulation-based interventions. By combining optical and electrophysiological techniques in NHPs, we can enhance our understanding of cortical functions, investigate functional recovery mechanisms, integrate physiological and behavioral findings, and develop treatments for neurological disorders.