Study on PHIT Heat Input Regulation for WAAM Components Towards Synergistic Control of Forming and Performance

Study on PHIT Heat Input Regulation for WAAM Components Towards Synergistic Control of Forming and Performance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on PHIT Heat Input Regulation for WAAM Components Towards Synergistic Control of Forming and Performance Haihua Liu, Jia Li, Zeming Li, Yu Fu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8177520/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) holds promise for large-scale metal components but is hindered by residual stress and deformation. This study introduces Plasma In-situ Heat Treatment (PHIT) to address the challenge of synergistic "formability-property" control in 304 stainless steel WAAM. A multidisciplinary approach combining a validated 3D transient thermo-mechanical finite element model and experimental measurements was used to analyze the effects of PHIT heat input (0.384–0.768 kJ/mm). Results show that PHIT effectively regulates the thermal cycle and improves temperature field uniformity, although excessive heat input causes accumulation and peak temperature spikes. The influence on substrate deformation and residual stress is nonlinear, revealing an optimal process window. At 0.672 kJ/mm, substrate deformation minimized (1.17 mm), equivalent stresses reduced by ~ 58%, and stress distribution anisotropy significantly improved. This optimized parameter yielded the best comprehensive mechanical properties: enhanced and more uniform tensile strength (Long.: 577 MPa, Trans.: 623 MPa), elongation (Long.: 16%, Trans.: 17%), and microhardness (225 HV). Microstructural analysis confirmed an effective balance between grain refinement and second-phase precipitation, avoiding the pitfalls of overly fine or coarsened structures. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) Plasma In-situ Heat Treatment (PHIT) Heat Input Residual Stress Mechanical Properties Microstructure Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 04 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 26 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8177520","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":557510692,"identity":"38bb3c03-8028-401e-90b1-f61c35483eef","order_by":0,"name":"Haihua 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Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), Plasma In-situ Heat Treatment (PHIT), Heat Input, Residual Stress, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8177520/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8177520/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) holds promise for large-scale metal components but is hindered by residual stress and deformation. This study introduces Plasma In-situ Heat Treatment (PHIT) to address the challenge of synergistic \"formability-property\" control in 304 stainless steel WAAM. A multidisciplinary approach combining a validated 3D transient thermo-mechanical finite element model and experimental measurements was used to analyze the effects of PHIT heat input (0.384\u0026ndash;0.768 kJ/mm). Results show that PHIT effectively regulates the thermal cycle and improves temperature field uniformity, although excessive heat input causes accumulation and peak temperature spikes. The influence on substrate deformation and residual stress is nonlinear, revealing an optimal process window. At 0.672 kJ/mm, substrate deformation minimized (1.17 mm), equivalent stresses reduced by ~\u0026thinsp;58%, and stress distribution anisotropy significantly improved. This optimized parameter yielded the best comprehensive mechanical properties: enhanced and more uniform tensile strength (Long.: 577 MPa, Trans.: 623 MPa), elongation (Long.: 16%, Trans.: 17%), and microhardness (225 HV). Microstructural analysis confirmed an effective balance between grain refinement and second-phase precipitation, avoiding the pitfalls of overly fine or coarsened structures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on PHIT Heat Input Regulation for WAAM Components Towards Synergistic Control of Forming and Performance","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-13 01:35:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8177520/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T15:49:14+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T09:32:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Welding in the World","date":"2025-12-04T05:03:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T09:55:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Welding in the World","date":"2025-11-24T07:38:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"welding-in-the-world","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"witw","sideBox":"Learn more about [Welding in the World](https://www.springer.com/journal/40194)","snPcode":"40194","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/witw/","title":"Welding in the World","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5dd38482-120f-4e05-9b2a-1be9ce033d46","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-11T04:21:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-13 01:35:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8177520","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8177520","identity":"rs-8177520","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}