Antioxidant properties and proximate analysis of selected underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka

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Despite their potential health benefits, these fruits are often overlooked in favor of more commonly consumed varieties. Hence, this research aims to highlight the nutritional and therapeutic value of these fruits, encouraging their incorporation into the diet and promoting conservation of biodiversity. The presence of phytochemicals; polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins in different extracts of fruits was qualitatively tested using methanol, water and acetone as solvents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts was assessed using DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay. The vitamin C, fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture and ash contents of the fruits were also analyzed. The total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts were different depending upon the type of the solvent used for extraction. Acetone was the most efficient solvent for the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants of the selected fruits. The highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were recorded from P. pussilla and S. caryophyllatum. These findings conclude the potential of the 10 selected underutilized fruits and suggest to enhance and promote their commercial value in utilization with better biodiversity conservation strategies. Phytochemicals Antioxidants Nutrients Underutilized fruit species Solvent extracts Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Sri Lanka is a tropical country in South Asian region, possess a rich variety of indigenous edible fruits with several nutritional benefits. These fruits have been an essential component of the local diet but are neglected nowadays due to changing dietary habits, evolving lifestyles and lack of confirmed information on their nutritional qualities. Wild fruits are a diverse group that grow naturally in the wild and are not cultivated or commercialized. As a result, they have received less attention in scientific approach compared to commercially available fruits. Generally, fruits are rich in antioxidants compared to vegetables, pulses and cereals and the presence of antioxidant properties is attributed to the quantity of phenolic compounds they contain. While there is a wealth of information available on the antioxidant activities and phytochemical compositions of most commercialized fruits, there has been relatively limited knowledge on tropical underutilized fruits [ 1 , 2 ]. Antioxidants are compounds that play a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals, hence, important in maintaining overall health. The effectiveness of antioxidants depends on the reduction potential, which is a measure of their ability to donate electrons to generate stable radicals. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) quantifies the ability of neutralizing free radicals and is often used to assess the antioxidant potential of foods and supplements. Common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta carotene, selenium and various phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables and other plant based foods [ 3 ]. Previous studies have shown that wild fruits contain more nutrients and minerals compared to cultivated fruits suggesting that these underutilized fruits have high potential in nutritional value [ 4 ]. Proximate analysis is a standard method for assessing different macronutrients such as moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrates in foods [ 5 ]. Moisture content is important for food quality and shelf life as fruits with low moisture contents are less susceptible to microbial degradation and tend to have a long shelf life [ 6 ]. Physical properties of the fruits (size, viscosity, weight, and bulk density) can be affected by the moisture content and are important in fruit harvesting, transportation, storage, and processing operations [ 7 ]. The ash content indicates the total amount of minerals present, such as calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride, which can provide insights into the mineral composition of the fruits [ 8 ]. Wild tropical fruits are known for their high nutritive values and medicinal properties and are widely used in traditional therapeutic systems. Continued research on phytochemicals in various underutilized fruit species is crucial for advancing the understanding of their potential health benefits and for promoting consumption. Present research was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant properties and nutrient contents of selected 10 underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka with a view to promote their consumption. Materials and methods Plant material Ripe fruits of Syzyzgium caryopyllatum (S:Dan), Microcos paniculata (S:Kohukirilla), Antidesma ghaesembilla (S:Bu embilla), Antidesma alexiteria (S:Karawala kebella), Baccaurea motleyana (S:Gaduguda), Cynometra cauliflora (S:Namnam), Phoenix pusilla (E:Ceylon date palm), Psidium guineense (S:Ambul Pera), Ziziphus oenoplia (S:Hin Eraminiya) and Elaeocarpus angustifolius (S:Nil veralu) were collected from their wild habitats in the Gampaha district, Western Province, Sri Lanka. The fruits were transported to the laboratory in the Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka and stored at -80°C. Plants were identified referring to the descriptions in the respective volumes of Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon by Prof S P Senanayake, Plant Taxonomist, Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens of the identified ten plants species were authenticated by comparing with the National Herbarium Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens of each sampled plant species were submitted to the Herbarium, Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka as voucher specimens (Specimen No. IVS − 01 to IVS − 10). Preparation of fruit extracts The edible part of each fruit species (5.0 g) was homogenized in 25 ml of methanol (70% v/v), water and acetone (60% v/v) separately, kept for overnight and centrifuged at 5300 rpm for 10 minutes. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the fruit extracts Methanolic, water and acetone extracts of the selected 10 fruits were used for preliminary screening of phytochemicals; polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids following standard procedures [ 9 , 10 ]. Total phenolic content of the fresh fruit extracts The Folin-Ciocalteu’s (FC) reagent assay was used to determine the total phenolic content of the fruit extracts of methanol, water and acetone [ 11 ]. Diluted fruit extracts (30 µl) were placed in the wells of microplates. Subsequently, 240 µl of Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol reagent (1:15, v/v) was added and the mixture was incubated in dark for 10 min at room temperature. Then, sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 , 20%, 30 µl) was added to each well and mixed by shaking. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Finland) and the results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh sample (mg GAE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. Total flavonoid content (TF) of the fresh fruit extracts Total flavonoid contents were determined following the methods used by previous researchers [ 11 ]. Aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 , 10%, 100 µl) was added to the fruit extracts (100 µl) of methanol, water and acetone. Then potassium acetate (CH 3 COOK, 1 mM, 100 µl) was added and kept in dark for 40–45 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 415 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer. Results were expressed as milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram of fresh sample (mg QE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by DPPH assay The free radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was measured using the method described previously[ 11 ]. Freshly prepared DPPH solution (300 µl) was added to the fruit extracts (20 µl) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm and percentage of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was calculated. The results were expressed as micro mole Trolox equivalents per gram of fresh sample (TE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. DPPH free radical scavenging activity % = {(Ac - As)/Ac} × 100, where Ac is the absorbance of DPPH without extract, and As is the absorbance of the DPPH solution containing the fruit extract. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) FRAP was calculated according to the previously described procedure [ 12 ]. Freshly prepared FRAP reagent (300 µl) was warmed to 37°C and added to the fruit extracts (40 µl) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was kept in dark for 10 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 593 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as micromole of FeSO 4 /g FW. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by ABTS assay The ABTS cation radical scavenging assay described in the early research was carried out to determine TEAC [ 11 ]. ABTS solution (290 µl) was added to the fruit extracts (10 µl) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was incubated in the dark for 6 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 734 nm and ABTS free radical scavenging activity was calculated. The results were expressed as micromole Trolox Equivalents (TE) per gram of fresh sample (TE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. ABTS free radical scavenging activity % = {(Ac - As)/Ac} × 100, where Ac and As are the absorbance values of the control and the sample, respectively. Determination of the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of fruit extracts by redox titration Aqueous fruit extract (20 ml), distilled water (150 ml) and starch (1 ml) were added into a conical flask. Then the solution was titrated with iodine solution (0.005 moll − 1 ). The endpoint was identified by the formation of a dark blue-black colour. All determinations were carried out with triplicates. Vitamin C content was expressed in mg/100 g [ 13 ]. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison using SPSS software. Determination of nutrient content of fruits Proximate analysis was performed using 250 g of fresh fruit samples of each species to determine the fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash and energy content (Table 1). Results Qualitative phytochemical screening of the fruit extracts All the 10 fruits studied in the research contained polyphenols, a group of compounds mainly found in fruits with antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and saponins are also phytochemicals known for their health benefits, were detected in all the fruits except B. motleyana . Tannins, another class of polyphenols, were not detected in B. motleyana and A. ghaesembilla . Alkaloids were present only in water and/or acetone extracts of A. alexiteria , C. cauliflora, P. pussilla and E. angustifolius . These findings provide valuable insights into the phytochemical composition of the fruits studied, which can have implications for their nutritional and potential health benefits. Total phenolic content of the fresh fruit extracts The Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay confirmed the presence of phenolics in all 10 fruit species (Fig. I). The phenolic contents ranged from 1.18 to 7.15 mg GAE/g FW in methanol extracts, from 1.69 to 40.22 mg GAE/g FW in aqueous extracts and from 1.16 to 169.22 mg GAE/g FW in acetone extracts. The highest total phenolic contents in methanolic, aqueous and acetone extracts were recorded from S. caryophyllatum (7.15 mg GAE/g FW), Z. oenoplia (40.20 mg GAE/g FW) and P. pussilla (169.22 mg GAE/g FW), respectively. Accordingly, the highest total phenolic content was reported in the acetone extract of P. pussilla (169.22 mg GAE/g FW), followed by the water extract of Z. oenoplia (40.20 mg GAE/g FW). Furthermore, acetone extracts of M. paniculata (25.75 mg GAE/g FW), S. caryophyllatum (21.16 mg GAE/g FW) and C. cauliflora (21.36 mg GAE/g FW) also had relatively high phenolic contents. There was a significant difference in the total phenolic contents among the tested fruit species depending on the solvents used in the extraction indicating the significant impact of solvent type on the measurement. Total flavonoid content of the fresh fruit extracts Flavonoids were reported from all 10 fruits tested (Fig. II). Total flavonoid content in the different extracts ranged from 0.01 to 0.45 mg QE/g FW in methanol, from 0.11 to 0.97 mg QE/g FW in aqueous and from 0.01 to 0.54 mg QE/g FW in acetone. Among the tested fruits E. angustifolius had the highest flavonoid contents in methanol (0.45 mg QE/g FW), P. pussilla in water (0.97 mg QE/g FW) and A. ghaesembilla in acetone (0.54 mg QE/g FW). Accordingly, the highest total flavonoid content was recorded from the water extract of P. pussilla (0.97 mg QE/g FW). Besides, these findings also suggest that the type of solvent can have a significant impact on the measured flavonoid content in different species. Antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - DPPH assay DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the 10 fruits was tested using methanol, acetone and water extracts. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of methanolic fruit extracts ranged from 2.41–14.18 TE µ mol/g FW FW (Trolox Equivalent µmol per gram of Fresh Weight). For aqueous extracts values varied between 0.53–9.57 TE µ mol/g FW, and for acetone extracts, it ranged from 1.52–280.31 TE µ mol/g FW, respectively (Fig. III). Among the different fruit extracts tested, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities were observed in methanol extract of S. caryophyllatum (14.18 TE µmol/g FW), aqueous extracts of Z. oenoplia (9.57 TE µ mol/g FW) and acetone extracts of P. pussilla (280.31 TE µ mol/g FW). Overall, the study suggests that the type of solvent for fruit extraction has a significant impact on the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and certain fruits, when extracted with specific solvents exhibit strong antioxidant properties. Acetone extracts of P. pussilla showed the highest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - FRAP assay Ferric reducing antioxidant potential of 10 fruits ranged between 1.29–16.28 FeSO 4 µmol/g FW in methanol extracts, 5.92–294.85 FeSO4 µmol/g FW in aqueous extracts and 19.83–138.75 FeSO 4 µmol/g FW in acetone extracts (Fig. IV). The highest FRAP values were obtained in methanol extracts of M. paniculata (16.28 FeSO 4 µmol/g FW), aqueous extracts of Z. oenoplia (294.85 FeSO 4 µmol/g FW) and acetone extracts of P. pussilla (138.75 FeSO 4 µmol/g FW). The solvent used for extraction significantly affected the ferric reducing antioxidant power of the fruit species. Specifically, the acetone extracts of all fruits (except P. pussilla and Z. oenoplia ) significantly showed a higher antioxidant capacity compared to water and methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts − (2,2'-azino-bis (3- thylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid)) ABTS assay ABTS activity of the 10 fruits ranged from 1.44–30.39 TE µ mol/g FW in methanol extracts, 1.94–241.16 TE µ mol/g FW in aqueous extracts and 5.25–60.46 TE µ mol/g FW in acetone extracts. In methanol extracts, S. caryophyllatum , P. pussilla , and C. cauliflora showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity while in aqueous extracts, P. pussilla exhibited the highest antioxidant power. In acetone extracts, S. caryophyllatum , M. paniculata , A. alexiteria , B. motleyana , C. cauliflora , and Z. oenoplia had the highest ABTS activity. The highest antioxidant power of 241.16 TE µ mol/g FW was recorded from the aqueous extract of P. pussilla (Fig V). Determination of ascorbic acid content of fruit extracts by redox titration Ascorbic acid contents of the fruits varied from 21.72 to 489.03 mg/100g FW. The highest ascorbic acid contents were recorded from P. pussilla (489.03 mg/100g FW) followed by S. caryophyllatum (209.58 mg/100g FW) and A. alexiteria (160.27 mg/100g FW) (Fig. VI). E. angustifolius (21.72 mg/100g FW) followed by B. motleyana (31.11 mg/100g) Determination of nutrient content of the fruits (proximate analysis) The proximate analysis of the selected underutilized fruits was carried out to determine the percentage of fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash content and the extent of energy (kcal/100g) (Fig. VII). The highest percentage of fat (1.1%) was reported in A. alexiteria while lowest was reported in B. motleyana (0.1%). The highest percentage of proteins was found to be recorded in P. pussilla (3.4%) whereas the lowest value was in A. alexiteria (0.4%). The total carbohydrate percentage ranged from 9.5% ( C. cauliflora ) to 38.7% ( P. guineense ) for the tested underutilized fruits hence the highest energy was in P. guineense and the lowest in C. cauliflora . The highest moisture (88.9%) and ash (1.5%) percentages were recorded in C. cauliflora and P. guineense correspondingly. Discussion Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of fruits would be a useful measurement in quantitative estimation of chemical constituents in plant material leading to assess their potential as sources of pharmacologically active chemicals. In the present research, preliminary phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids in different levels in the tested underutilized fruits. Polyphenols are a major group of phytochemicals with the ability to act as free radical scavengers to combat oxidative stress and prevent cellular damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols in fruits is beneficial in preventing certain chronic diseases like coronary heart diseases, cancers, and diabetes [ 14 ]. Fruits containing tannins not only have free-radical scavenging properties but also possess antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties [ 15 ]. Saponins, commonly found in many plants, are believed to have a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and immune-stimulant properties hence have the potential to treat several diseases [ 16 ]. Alkaloids in fruits have properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects [ 10 ]. The solvents used in extracting plant secondary metabolites affect the efficiency of extraction as different compounds have varying polarities and solubility properties [ 17 ]. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds in fruit samples is challenging. In this study, three solvents, methanol, acetone and water were used for extraction. This research has proven the possess of high total phenolic content in 10 studied underutilized native fruit species compared to the commercially available most common fruits that are imported to Sri Lanka. TPC values of red apple, red grape and orange are 73.96, 80.28, 77.23 mg GAE/100 g FW, respectively [ 18 ]. Australian grown ripe Cavendish banana pulp has a much lower TPC value of 0.43 mg GAE/g FW [ 19 ]. Mango often recognized as “king of the fruits” has a TPC range of 1.39 − 0.32 mg GAE/g FW (Liu, 2013). Date fruit cultivars have comparatively high TPC values ranging between 100–350 mg GAE/g FW [ 20 ]. Interestingly in the present research P. pussilla a wild date species exhibited the highest TPC content of 169 mg GAE/g FW in acetone fruit extracts. Fruits of S. caryophyllatum had TPC values ranging between 1.72–8.92 mg GAE/g and aligned with previously reported findings [ 21 ]. The yield of total phenols can vary depending on the extraction method and the choice of the solvent. Additionally, factors such as season, genetics, and agronomic conditions, maturation stages, temperature and rainfall can influence TPC in plant tissues [ 22 ]. The total flavonoid content of the 10 fruit extracts was determined using Aluminium chloride method that based on the reaction of aluminum chloride with the carbonyl group of flavonoids to form stable complexes. Flavonoids are a class of compounds including flavones, flavanols and condensed tannins. These compounds are known for their potential health benefits, including protection against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods can offer protection against diseases related to oxidative stress [ 23 ]. Total flavonoid contents of fresh fruit extracts ranged between 0.01–1.00 mg QE/g FW. A study in Burkina Faso, flavonoid contents of banana varieties varied from 1.7 to 116.05 mg QE/100 g for methanolic extracts and from 5.3 to 155.9 mg QE/100 g for acetone extracts. It was observed that acetone was more effective in extracting flavonoids compared to methanol. Present research also showed that flavonoids in the studied fruits are more extractable by acetone than methanol and the findings are in accordance with previous reports [ 2 ]. In early research it was reported that flavonoids have low solubility in aqueous media, and this can be a reason for low TFC obtained in the water extracts [ 24 ]. There are numerous methods that have been established for quantitative measuring of the antioxidant capacity of food and biological samples [ 25 ]. As there are various mechanisms for inhibiting oxidation, it is important to use different assays to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant properties of samples [ 26 ]. Hence the antioxidant activities of the selected 10 underutilized fruits were analyzed by means of the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity (ABTS) for the 10 fruit extracts. DPPH assay is a widely used method for determining the antioxidant activity of substances including fruits [ 2 ]. It measures the ability of antioxidants to donate hydrogen atoms to the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, thereby reducing it [ 27 ].. The antioxidant activity of 10 different fruits was tested and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity values ranged between 0.69–280.31 TE µ mol/g FW for the three solvents used in this research. The results showed that acetone extracts generally had higher radical scavenging capacity compared to methanol extracts, with water extracts showing the lowest activity. Similar studies on the antioxidant activity of fruits using the DPPH assay have been conducted in Turkey, methanol extracts of five black berry cultivars have shown higher values than aqueous extracts [ 28 ]. In Burkina Faso acetone extracts of 15 wild edible fruits exhibited high DPPH scavenging activities. In Ecuador guava, strawberry, passion fruit and mango had DPPH radical scavenging capacity values of 30, 11, 0.5 and 3.1 TE µ mol/g FW, respectively. The 10 wild fruit species in the present study had greater values than these common fruits suggesting higher antioxidant potential. FRAP is a method used to directly measure the reducing potential of antioxidant compounds in a sample. It involves reacting antioxidants in a sample with a ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe 3+ -TPTZ) complex which results in the formation of coloured ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe 2+ -TPTZ) [ 12 ]. FRAP values of the fresh fruit extracts studied in this research were found to range from 1.29–294 FeSO4 µmol/g FW. It was observed that the acetone extracts have higher FRAP values in most of the tested fruits and in agreement with previously reported findings[ 2 ]. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruits, apple, banana and grapes was studied using FRAP assay and obtained values for methanolic (50%) extracts as 3.94, 1.64 and 8.29 FeSO4 µmol/g FW, respectively [ 29 ]. Interestingly FRAP values of the methanolic extracts of most of the fruits studied in the present research were higher than the above findings. Several fruit cultivars in Sri Lanka were tested for the antioxidant activity and has proved that the FRAP values were higher in methanolic fruit extracts (80%) of the underutilized fruits Phyllanthus emblica , Averrhoa carambola and Annona squamosa by having FRAP values of 1022.05, 46.75 and 41.50 FeSO4 µmol/g FW, respectively [ 30 ]. ABTS assay is described as an excellent tool for measuring the antioxidant activity of hydrogen-donating antioxidants [ 31 ]. The antioxidant capacity of the fruits studied using ABTS assay in this research, ranged from 2.04–241.16 TE µ mol/g FW. Similar to FRAP assay, in the ABTS assay, acetone extracts of most of the fruits have higher compared to aqueous and methanol extracts. Further, it was reported that ABTS activity of water and methanolic extracts of raspberry cultivars in Turkey with values ranging between 64.36–83.00 TE µ mol/g FW and 72.92–117.07 TE µ mol/g FW, respectively [ 28 ]. In another study on ABTS antioxidant activity of several fruits including apple (red delicious), avocado, banana, orange (South Africa) and grape (USA), obtained values were 4.98, 1.16, 3.44, 4.90 and 1.23 TE µ mol/g FW, respectively [ 18 ]. Interestingly, those values were lower than the ABTS antioxidant activity of most of the wild indigenous fruits studied in the current research. The antioxidant activity of most polar solvent extracts (such as water, methanol and acetone) is relatively higher than those of non-polar solvent extracts. The type and polarity of the extracting solvent can significantly impact the antioxidant activity of a sample. Some of the tested fruits have high Trolox equivalent values indicating strong antioxidant activity. However, it is noted that their total phenolic content, measured as GAE, is low. This suggests that these fruits may contain other potent phenolic antioxidants that contribute to their high antioxidant activity, even if their total phenolic content is not particularly high. Ascorbic acid is considered as an antioxidant and is known for its role in preventing oxidative damage in the body. A deficiency of ascorbic acid can lead to health problems and is recommended daily intake of vitamin C as 75 mg for women and 90 mg for men [ 32 ]. The 10 fruit species studied in the present research contained varying amounts of ascorbic acid ranging from 21.72 to 489.03 mg/100g FW. These fruits have shown the potential to be used as source of natural ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid content of the studied fruits is higher compared to that of commonly available fruits in Sri Lanka, such as Mangifera indica (30.8 mg / 100 g FW), Ananas comosus (15.1 mg/100 g FW), Musa paradisiaca AAB “Mysore” (2.3 mg/100 g FW), Persea americana (5.0 mg/100 g FW) and Nephelium lappaceum (18.5 mg/100 g FW) [ 33 ]. Wild edible fruits from the Indian Himalayan region such as Phyllanthus emblica (3315 mg/100 g FW) followed by Morus alba (2953 mg/100 g FW), Ficus palmata (727 mg/100 g FW) and Terminalia chebula (626 mg/100 g FW) have showed high ascorbic acid contents [ 34 ]. The present study reveals that indigenous fruit species studied, P. pussilla , A. ghaesembilla , A. alexiteria and S. caryophyllatum , have significant antioxidant properties and can potentially be used in various industries such as natural food colours, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In proximate analysis, nutritional composition, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrates, energy and fat percentages of 10 underutilized fruit species were determined. In a previous study conducted for six underutilized Arecaceous fruits in Brazilian region ( Acrocomia intumescens , Pinanga kuhlii , Ptychosperma macarthuri , Syagrus cearensis , Syagrus coronata , and Veitchia merrillii )), revealed the moisture level of fruit pulp ranged from 60–75%, except for P. kuhlii (22.9%) and carbohydrate contents ranged from 1.5–20.6% [ 35 ]. In another study involved in berry fruits reported a varying moisture content ranging from 86.43% (cherry) to 92.68% (strawberry), ash content varied from 0.08% (blueberry) to 0.42% (cherry), fat content ranging from 0.19% (blueberry) to 0.42% (blackberry), and protein content varying from 0.48% (blueberry) to 1.27% (blackberry) [ 36 ]. In contrast, the fruits tested in the present study are noted to have low moisture content and high levels of ash, carbohydrate and protein. This combination of low moisture content can contribute to longer storage periods without perishing, making these fruits suitable for extended shelf life. Furthermore, research on antioxidant properties of underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka is rare indicating lack of scientific data on bioactivity of secondary metabolites [ 33 ]. The present research represents a significant effort on this aspect, as it is the first attempt to investigate the total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of several underutilized fruits such as P. pussilla , A. ghaesembilla , A. alexiteria and Z. oenoplia using three different solvent extracts. The research confirmed that these underutilized fruits are valuable in their nutritional and health promoting properties. The fruit species studied in this research have high potential to be commercialized in Sri Lanka, undoubtedly could help increase food and nutritional security, especially in urban and rural communities and promote local cultivation and consumption. Dissemination of knowledge on health promoting properties of these underutilized fruits could encourage their cultivation, commercialization and consumption. Moreover, this envisioned the potential strategy to address the growing issue of non-communicable diseases in Sri Lanka. Conclusions The highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were recorded in fruits of P. pussilla and S. caryophyllatum . Furthermore, P. pussilla , A. ghaesembilla , A. alexiteria and S. caryophyllatum , have significant antioxidant properties with the potential of being used in various industries. The total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts were different depending upon the type of the solvent used for extraction. An aqueous solution of 60% acetone was the most efficient solvent for the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants from the selected fruits. The fruits studied in the present research have shown a low moisture content and high ash, carbohydrate and protein contents. Specially, the low moisture content facilitates long shelf life. Abbreviations No such abbreviations were used. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Plant specimens were collected from private lands and permission was obtained from the owners. During the period of conducting this research the office of the Regional Agrarian Services supported us in finding localities and obtaining specimens. Use of plant material is permitted. Consent for publication Not Applicable. Findings reported in the article are based on the research work conducted and contributed by the authors. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. All newly created data is contained within this article. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding The research was financially assisted under the world Bank funded project, Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) - Development Oriented Research Grant (AHEAD DOR 12). Authors' contributions I V Somasiri conducted the research activities as the research student prepared the manuscript. S P Senanayake and H Herath guided in the developing the research plan, chemical screening, analysis and interpretation of data. S P Senanayake, H Herath and R M C S Ratnayake guided the preparation of manuscript and reviewed it. S P Senanayake and H Herath contributed to the project administration. S P Senanayake is the corresponding author. Author affiliation - Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka Acknowledgements Authors wish to acknowledge the world Bank funded project, Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) for providing financial assistance for the research. References Soong YY, Barlow PJ. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds. Food chemistry. 2004;88(3):411-7. Lamien-Meda A, Lamien CE, Compaoré MM, Meda RN, Kiendrebeogo M, Zeba B, Millogo JF, Nacoulma OG. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso. Molecules. 2008;13(3):581-94. Rajashekar CB, Carey EE, Zhao X, Oh MM. Health-promoting phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: Impact of abiotic stresses and crop production practices. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology. 2009;3(1):30-8. Stadlmayr B, Charrondiere UR, Eisenwagen S, Jamnadass R, Kehlenbeck K. Nutrient composition of selected indigenous fruits from sub‐Saharan Africa. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2013;93(11):2627-36 Untalan MK, Perez IF, Reyes GH, Escalona KM, De Guzman LD, Lummangles RF. Proximate analysis and antioxidant properties of selected fruits in Batangas. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2015;3(4):41-5. Aruah BC, Uguru MI, Oyiga BC. Genetic variability and inter-relationship among some Nigerian pumpkin accessions (Cucurbita spp.). International Journal of Plant Breeding. 2012;6(1):34-41. Hegazy AK, Mohamed AA, Ali SI, Alghamdi NM, Abdel-Rahman AM, Al-Sobeai S. Chemical ingredients and antioxidant activities of underutilized wild fruits. Heliyon. 2019;5(6). Kalsum H U and Mirfat A H S. Proximate composition of Malaysian underutilised fruits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science.2014; 42, 63-72. Bhandary SK, Bhat VS, Sharmila KP, Bekal MP. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts of Punica granatum peel, whole fruit and seeds. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU. 2012;2(04):34-8. Dewi YS, Purwayantie P. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity From Fruit of Kulim ( Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.). In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2019;(Vol. 2). Horszwald A, Andlauer W. Characterisation of bioactive compounds in berry juices by traditional photometric and modern microplate methods. Journal of Berry Research. 2011;1(4):189-99. Benzie, I.F. and Strain, J.J. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry. 1996;239, 70-76 Devolli A, Stafasan M, Shahinasi E, Dara F, Hamiti H. Determination of Vitamin C content in commercial fruit juices by volumetric and spectrophotometric methods. 2021; 124-131. Asami DK, Hong YJ, Barrett DM, Mitchell AE. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn grown using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2003;51(5):1237-41. Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yamasaki O, Oono T, Iwatsuki K. Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2001;48(4):487-91. Evans, W.C. Trease and evans’ Pharmacognosy. 9th Edition,2002, Saunders, Elsevier, 553. Singh V, Kumar R. Study of phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Allium sativum of Bundelkhand region. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research. 2017;3(6):1451-8. Fu L, Xu BT, Xu XR, Gan RY, Zhang Y, Xia EQ, Li HB. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 62 fruits. Food chemistry. 2011;129(2):345-50. Bashmil, Y.M., Ali, A., Bk, A., Dunshea, F.R. and Suleria, H.A., 2021. Screening and characterization of phenolic compounds from Australian grown bananas and their antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 10(10),1521 Allaith A. Antioxidants in date fruits and the extent of the variability of the total phenolic Content: Review and Analysis. Antioxidants. 2019;20:1-5. Wathsara HP, Weeratunge HD, Mubarak MN, Godakumbura PI, Ranasinghe P. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of Syzygium caryophyllatum L. Alston. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; (1):9529042. Goli AH, Barzegar M, Sahari MA. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food chemistry. 2005;92(3):521-5. Bahramikia S, Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Protective effects of four Iranian medicinal plants against free radical-mediated protein oxidation. Food Chemistry. 2009;115(1):37-42. Antolovich M, Prenzler P, Robards K, Ryan D. Sample preparation in the determination of phenolic compounds in fruits. Analyst. 2000;125(5):989-1009. Noipa T, Srijaranai S, Tuntulani T, Ngeontae W. New approach for evaluation of the antioxidant capacity based on scavenging DPPH free radical in micelle systems. Food research international. 2011;44(3):798-806 Moharram HA, Youssef MM. Methods for determining the antioxidant activity: a review. Alexandria Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014;11(1):31-42. Sánchez-Moreno C. Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems. Food science and technology international. 2002;8(3):121-37. Sariburun E, Şahin S, Demir C, Türkben C, Uylaşer V. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of raspberry and blackberry cultivars. Journal of food science. 2010 ;75(4):C328-35 Proteggente AR, Pannala AS, Paganga G, Buren LV, Wagner E, Wiseman S, Put FV, Dacombe C, Rice-Evans CA. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free radical research. 2002;36(2):217-33. Silva KD, Sirasa MS. Antioxidant properties of selected fruit cultivars grown in Sri Lanka. Food chemistry. 2018;238:203-8. Pellegrini N Re R, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine. 1999;26(9-10):1231-7. Benzie, I.F., 2003. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 136(1), pp.113-126. Abeysuriya HI, Bulugahapitiya VP, Loku Pulukkuttige J. Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, antioxidant properties, and iron content of underutilized and commonly consumed fruits in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Food Science. 2020;2020(1):4783029. Bhatt, I.D., Rawat, S., Badhani, A. and Rawal, R.S. Nutraceutical potential of selected wild edible fruits of the Indian Himalayan region. Food Chemistry. 2017; 215, 4-91. Silva RB, Silva-Junior EV, Rodrigues LC, Andrade LH, SILVA SI, Harand W, Oliveira AF. A comparative study of nutritional composition and potential use of some underutilized tropical fruits of Arecaceae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2015;87(03):1701-9. De Souza VR, Pereira PA, da Silva TL, de Oliveira Lima LC, Pio R, Queiroz F. Determination of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Brazilian blackberry, red raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and sweet cherry fruits. Food chemistry. 2014;156:362-8. Table 1 Table I. Qualitative phytochemicals screening of fresh fruit extracts in methanol (M), water (W) and acetone (A) Phytochemical S. caryophyllatum M. paniculata A. ghaesembilla A. alexiteria B. motleyana C. cauliflora P. pussilla P. guineense Z. oenoplia E. angustifolius Extraction M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A M W A Polyphenol: FeCl 3 Test ✓ ✓ ✓ × × ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ × × ✓ × ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Flavonoids ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ × × × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Saponins ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ × × × ✓ ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ ✓ × ✓ × ✓ ✓ Tannins ✓ ✓ ✓ × × ✓ × × × ✓ ✓ ✓ × × × × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Alkaloids × × × × × × × × × × ✓ ✓ × × × × ✓ × × ✓ × × × × × × × × × ✓ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4595347","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":325174653,"identity":"e0727799-4e48-494d-87e3-e5a14282290e","order_by":0,"name":"Indi Vishaka Somasiri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kelaniya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Indi","middleName":"Vishaka","lastName":"Somasiri","suffix":""},{"id":325174654,"identity":"32a48c82-81b5-4ca5-baa7-badb98794eca","order_by":1,"name":"Harshini Herath","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kelaniya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harshini","middleName":"","lastName":"Herath","suffix":""},{"id":325174655,"identity":"401e9928-5ae5-49c5-a4a1-122b3224e866","order_by":2,"name":"Seetha Priyanganie Senanayake","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIie2RwQqCQBCGRwy7jHldsXoGIVAksFdJfA2TJJguVq/T0RDsYnTuVg8QeAo6FK3ZufUYtN9h+Rfmg/kZAInkJ1Hm9YsGqu8APWyrmGkTQBMrH+yyreJaObH7dtYflTs6Q+RzJfuueOuAzFW5R+eQLG0oQtD0uXAfYjoV6Bx5AC0DzRBXIPPBldGmVp4tFUunCG09IaZQJl7MS5XFeEAZMl6fBesQhfVd7F5OV4onRhoWrLr5QwOngsUAOgwgb358WHxIrqgVQCwclEgkkj/mBTbxOxVJTpotAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kelaniya","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seetha","middleName":"Priyanganie","lastName":"Senanayake","suffix":""},{"id":325174656,"identity":"812a6f23-bd6c-415f-b39c-70916ecc6a1b","order_by":3,"name":"Ratnayake Mudiyanselage Chula Sena Ratnayake","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kelaniya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ratnayake","middleName":"Mudiyanselage Chula Sena","lastName":"Ratnayake","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-17 16:25:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595347/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595347/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61068081,"identity":"0a095e67-3613-4805-9703-282ff8e838ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:00:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic content of fresh fruit extracts (mg GAE/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/88cbbe7dfefc9d3d97f4b761.png"},{"id":61068813,"identity":"d30b8bf4-08b5-4ba9-83cf-9ca9ee5bd025","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoid content of fresh fruit extracts (mg QE/g)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/9331ef2355ba43fd35056ff9.png"},{"id":61068087,"identity":"17530dba-1d64-433c-8559-060a9f6816ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:00:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - DPPH free radical scavenging \u0026nbsp;assay (TE µ mol/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/e80f968c93932f1de5910064.png"},{"id":61068084,"identity":"e90aef5d-e0dd-4f87-b730-97704a42bba3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:00:36","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - FRAP assay (FeSO4 µmol/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/15a6266542c3c1c1c7c2e305.png"},{"id":61068810,"identity":"ecd6cf91-3897-403e-9d6d-71d3f8925c14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42919,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - ABTS assay (TE µ mol/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/cfde7aca5d0481479ac019a4.png"},{"id":61068811,"identity":"39aff287-de46-49c8-a58e-569cc13b050a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":155728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid content (mg/100g) of aqueous fresh fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/d21d8d4ad75809daae9c14db.png"},{"id":61068083,"identity":"ab88bbed-2275-4517-8f6a-4adc4e2658df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 08:00:36","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProximate analysis of the selected underutilized fruits\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/32f282e71106b1d9842ca9b4.png"},{"id":62313171,"identity":"572fdf20-f345-443a-aa5a-e91e0462eb60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-12 21:46:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":836892,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4595347/v1/ed14f6e0-a0a1-4f8a-b0fe-45449ce6eea4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Antioxidant properties and proximate analysis of selected underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSri Lanka is a tropical country in South Asian region, possess a rich variety of indigenous edible fruits with several nutritional benefits. These fruits have been an essential component of the local diet but are neglected nowadays due to changing dietary habits, evolving lifestyles and lack of confirmed information on their nutritional qualities. Wild fruits are a diverse group that grow naturally in the wild and are not cultivated or commercialized. As a result, they have received less attention in scientific approach compared to commercially available fruits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, fruits are rich in antioxidants compared to vegetables, pulses and cereals and the presence of antioxidant properties is attributed to the quantity of phenolic compounds they contain. While there is a wealth of information available on the antioxidant activities and phytochemical compositions of most commercialized fruits, there has been relatively limited knowledge on tropical underutilized fruits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidants are compounds that play a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals, hence, important in maintaining overall health. The effectiveness of antioxidants depends on the reduction potential, which is a measure of their ability to donate electrons to generate stable radicals. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) quantifies the ability of neutralizing free radicals and is often used to assess the antioxidant potential of foods and supplements. Common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta carotene, selenium and various phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables and other plant based foods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies have shown that wild fruits contain more nutrients and minerals compared to cultivated fruits suggesting that these underutilized fruits have high potential in nutritional value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate analysis is a standard method for assessing different macronutrients such as moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrates in foods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Moisture content is important for food quality and shelf life as fruits with low moisture contents are less susceptible to microbial degradation and tend to have a long shelf life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Physical properties of the fruits (size, viscosity, weight, and bulk density) can be affected by the moisture content and are important in fruit harvesting, transportation, storage, and processing operations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The ash content indicates the total amount of minerals present, such as calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride, which can provide insights into the mineral composition of the fruits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWild tropical fruits are known for their high nutritive values and medicinal properties and are widely used in traditional therapeutic systems. Continued research on phytochemicals in various underutilized fruit species is crucial for advancing the understanding of their potential health benefits and for promoting consumption. Present research was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant properties and nutrient contents of selected 10 underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka with a view to promote their consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlant material\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRipe fruits of \u003cem\u003eSyzyzgium caryopyllatum\u003c/em\u003e (S:Dan), \u003cem\u003eMicrocos paniculata\u003c/em\u003e (S:Kohukirilla), \u003cem\u003eAntidesma ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e (S:Bu embilla), \u003cem\u003eAntidesma alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e (S:Karawala kebella), \u003cem\u003eBaccaurea motleyana\u003c/em\u003e (S:Gaduguda), \u003cem\u003eCynometra cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e (S:Namnam), \u003cem\u003ePhoenix pusilla\u003c/em\u003e (E:Ceylon date palm), \u003cem\u003ePsidium guineense\u003c/em\u003e (S:Ambul Pera), \u003cem\u003eZiziphus oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e (S:Hin Eraminiya) and \u003cem\u003eElaeocarpus angustifolius\u003c/em\u003e (S:Nil veralu) were collected from their wild habitats in the Gampaha district, Western Province, Sri Lanka. The fruits were transported to the laboratory in the Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka and stored at -80\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants were identified referring to the descriptions in the respective volumes of Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon by Prof S P Senanayake, Plant Taxonomist, Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens of the identified ten plants species were authenticated by comparing with the National Herbarium Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens of each sampled plant species were submitted to the Herbarium, Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka as voucher specimens (Specimen No. IVS \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;01 to IVS \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation of fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe edible part of each fruit species (5.0 g) was homogenized in 25 ml of methanol (70% v/v), water and acetone (60% v/v) separately, kept for overnight and centrifuged at 5300 rpm for 10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative phytochemical screening of the fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanolic, water and acetone extracts of the selected 10 fruits were used for preliminary screening of phytochemicals; polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids following standard procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic content of the fresh fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Folin-Ciocalteu\u0026rsquo;s (FC) reagent assay was used to determine the total phenolic content of the fruit extracts of methanol, water and acetone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Diluted fruit extracts (30 \u0026micro;l) were placed in the wells of microplates. Subsequently, 240 \u0026micro;l of Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol reagent (1:15, v/v) was added and the mixture was incubated in dark for 10 min at room temperature. Then, sodium carbonate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 20%, 30 \u0026micro;l) was added to each well and mixed by shaking. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Finland) and the results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh sample (mg GAE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoid content (TF) of the fresh fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoid contents were determined following the methods used by previous researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Aluminum chloride (AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 10%, 100 \u0026micro;l) was added to the fruit extracts (100 \u0026micro;l) of methanol, water and acetone. Then potassium acetate (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCOOK, 1 mM, 100 \u0026micro;l) was added and kept in dark for 40\u0026ndash;45 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 415 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer. Results were expressed as milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram of fresh sample (mg QE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by DPPH assay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe free radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was measured using the method described previously[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Freshly prepared DPPH solution (300 \u0026micro;l) was added to the fruit extracts (20 \u0026micro;l) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm and percentage of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was calculated. The results were expressed as micro mole Trolox equivalents per gram of fresh sample (TE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH free radical scavenging activity % = {(Ac - As)/Ac} \u0026times; 100,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere Ac is the absorbance of DPPH without extract, and As is the absorbance of the DPPH solution containing the fruit extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRAP was calculated according to the previously described procedure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Freshly prepared FRAP reagent (300 \u0026micro;l) was warmed to 37\u0026deg;C and added to the fruit extracts (40 \u0026micro;l) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was kept in dark for 10 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 593 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as micromole of FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/g FW. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by ABTS assay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ABTS cation radical scavenging assay described in the early research was carried out to determine TEAC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. ABTS solution (290 \u0026micro;l) was added to the fruit extracts (10 \u0026micro;l) of methanol, water and acetone. The mixture was incubated in the dark for 6 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 734 nm and ABTS free radical scavenging activity was calculated. The results were expressed as micromole Trolox Equivalents (TE) per gram of fresh sample (TE/g FW). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABTS free radical scavenging activity % = {(Ac - As)/Ac} \u0026times; 100,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere Ac and As are the absorbance values of the control and the sample, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of fruit extracts by redox titration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAqueous fruit extract (20 ml), distilled water (150 ml) and starch (1 ml) were added into a conical flask. Then the solution was titrated with iodine solution (0.005 moll\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The endpoint was identified by the formation of a dark blue-black colour. All determinations were carried out with triplicates. Vitamin C content was expressed in mg/100 g [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s pairwise comparison using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of nutrient content of fruits\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate analysis was performed using 250 g of fresh fruit samples of each species to determine the fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash and energy content (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eQualitative phytochemical screening of the fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the 10 fruits studied in the research contained polyphenols, a group of compounds mainly found in fruits with antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and saponins are also phytochemicals known for their health benefits, were detected in all the fruits except \u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e. Tannins, another class of polyphenols, were not detected in \u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e. Alkaloids were present only in water and/or acetone extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora, P. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolius\u003c/em\u003e. These findings provide valuable insights into the phytochemical composition of the fruits studied, which can have implications for their nutritional and potential health benefits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic content of the fresh fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Folin-Ciocalteu\u0026rsquo;s assay confirmed the presence of phenolics in all 10 fruit species (Fig. I). The phenolic contents ranged from 1.18 to 7.15 mg GAE/g FW in methanol extracts, from 1.69 to 40.22 mg GAE/g FW in aqueous extracts and from 1.16 to 169.22 mg GAE/g FW in acetone extracts. The highest total phenolic contents in methanolic, aqueous and acetone extracts were recorded from \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e (7.15 mg GAE/g FW), \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e (40.20 mg GAE/g FW) and \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (169.22 mg GAE/g FW), respectively. Accordingly, the highest total phenolic content was reported in the acetone extract of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (169.22 mg GAE/g FW), followed by the water extract of \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e (40.20 mg GAE/g FW). Furthermore, acetone extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. paniculata\u003c/em\u003e (25.75 mg GAE/g FW), \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e (21.16 mg GAE/g FW) and \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e (21.36 mg GAE/g FW) also had relatively high phenolic contents. There was a significant difference in the total phenolic contents among the tested fruit species depending on the solvents used in the extraction indicating the significant impact of solvent type on the measurement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoid content of the fresh fruit extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids were reported from all 10 fruits tested (Fig. II). Total flavonoid content in the different extracts ranged from 0.01 to 0.45 mg QE/g FW in methanol, from 0.11 to 0.97 mg QE/g FW in aqueous and from 0.01 to 0.54 mg QE/g FW in acetone. Among the tested fruits \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolius\u003c/em\u003e had the highest flavonoid contents in methanol (0.45 mg QE/g FW), \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e in water (0.97 mg QE/g FW) and \u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e in acetone (0.54 mg QE/g FW). Accordingly, the highest total flavonoid content was recorded from the water extract of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (0.97 mg QE/g FW). Besides, these findings also suggest that the type of solvent can have a significant impact on the measured flavonoid content in different species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - DPPH assay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH free radical scavenging activity of the 10 fruits was tested using methanol, acetone and water extracts. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of methanolic fruit extracts ranged from 2.41\u0026ndash;14.18 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW FW (Trolox Equivalent \u0026micro;mol per gram of Fresh Weight). For aqueous extracts values varied between 0.53\u0026ndash;9.57 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW, and for acetone extracts, it ranged from 1.52\u0026ndash;280.31 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW, respectively (Fig. III). Among the different fruit extracts tested, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities were observed in methanol extract of \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e (14.18 TE \u0026micro;mol/g FW), aqueous extracts of Z. \u003cem\u003eoenoplia\u003c/em\u003e (9.57 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW) and acetone extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (280.31 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW). Overall, the study suggests that the type of solvent for fruit extraction has a significant impact on the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and certain fruits, when extracted with specific solvents exhibit strong antioxidant properties. Acetone extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e showed the highest antioxidant activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts - FRAP assay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerric reducing antioxidant potential of 10 fruits ranged between 1.29\u0026ndash;16.28 FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026micro;mol/g FW in methanol extracts, 5.92\u0026ndash;294.85 FeSO4 \u0026micro;mol/g FW in aqueous extracts and 19.83\u0026ndash;138.75 FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026micro;mol/g FW in acetone extracts (Fig. IV). The highest FRAP values were obtained in methanol extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. paniculata\u003c/em\u003e (16.28 FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026micro;mol/g FW), aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e (294.85 FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026micro;mol/g FW) and acetone extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (138.75 FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026micro;mol/g FW). The solvent used for extraction significantly affected the ferric reducing antioxidant power of the fruit species. Specifically, the acetone extracts of all fruits (except \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e) significantly showed a higher antioxidant capacity compared to water and methanolic extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;(2,2'-azino-bis (3- thylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid))\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABTS assay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABTS activity of the 10 fruits ranged from 1.44\u0026ndash;30.39 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW in methanol extracts, 1.94\u0026ndash;241.16 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW in aqueous extracts and 5.25\u0026ndash;60.46 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW in acetone extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn methanol extracts, \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity while in aqueous extracts, \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the highest antioxidant power. In acetone extracts, \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM. paniculata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e had the highest ABTS activity. The highest antioxidant power of 241.16 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW was recorded from the aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (Fig V).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of ascorbic acid content of fruit extracts by redox titration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid contents of the fruits varied from 21.72 to 489.03 mg/100g FW. The highest ascorbic acid contents were recorded from \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (489.03 mg/100g FW) followed by \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e (209.58 mg/100g FW) and \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e (160.27 mg/100g FW) (Fig. VI). \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolius\u003c/em\u003e (21.72 mg/100g FW) followed by \u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e (31.11 mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of nutrient content of the fruits (proximate analysis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proximate analysis of the selected underutilized fruits was carried out to determine the percentage of fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash content and the extent of energy (kcal/100g) (Fig. VII). The highest percentage of fat (1.1%) was reported in \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e while lowest was reported in \u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e (0.1%). The highest percentage of proteins was found to be recorded in \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e (3.4%) whereas the lowest value was in \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e (0.4%). The total carbohydrate percentage ranged from 9.5% (\u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e) to 38.7% (\u003cem\u003eP. guineense\u003c/em\u003e) for the tested underutilized fruits hence the highest energy was in \u003cem\u003eP. guineense\u003c/em\u003e and the lowest in \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e. The highest moisture (88.9%) and ash (1.5%) percentages were recorded in \u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. guineense\u003c/em\u003e correspondingly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePreliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of fruits would be a useful measurement in quantitative estimation of chemical constituents in plant material leading to assess their potential as sources of pharmacologically active chemicals. In the present research, preliminary phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids in different levels in the tested underutilized fruits. Polyphenols are a major group of phytochemicals with the ability to act as free radical scavengers to combat oxidative stress and prevent cellular damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols in fruits is beneficial in preventing certain chronic diseases like coronary heart diseases, cancers, and diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Fruits containing tannins not only have free-radical scavenging properties but also possess antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Saponins, commonly found in many plants, are believed to have a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and immune-stimulant properties hence have the potential to treat several diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Alkaloids in fruits have properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solvents used in extracting plant secondary metabolites affect the efficiency of extraction as different compounds have varying polarities and solubility properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds in fruit samples is challenging. In this study, three solvents, methanol, acetone and water were used for extraction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research has proven the possess of high total phenolic content in 10 studied underutilized native fruit species compared to the commercially available most common fruits that are imported to Sri Lanka. TPC values of red apple, red grape and orange are 73.96, 80.28, 77.23 mg GAE/100 g FW, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Australian grown ripe Cavendish banana pulp has a much lower TPC value of 0.43 mg GAE/g FW [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Mango often recognized as \u0026ldquo;king of the fruits\u0026rdquo; has a TPC range of 1.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.32 mg GAE/g FW (Liu, 2013). Date fruit cultivars have comparatively high TPC values ranging between 100\u0026ndash;350 mg GAE/g FW [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly in the present research \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e a wild date species exhibited the highest TPC content of 169 mg GAE/g FW in acetone fruit extracts. Fruits of \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e had TPC values ranging between 1.72\u0026ndash;8.92 mg GAE/g and aligned with previously reported findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe yield of total phenols can vary depending on the extraction method and the choice of the solvent. Additionally, factors such as season, genetics, and agronomic conditions, maturation stages, temperature and rainfall can influence TPC in plant tissues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total flavonoid content of the 10 fruit extracts was determined using Aluminium chloride method that based on the reaction of aluminum chloride with the carbonyl group of flavonoids to form stable complexes. Flavonoids are a class of compounds including flavones, flavanols and condensed tannins. These compounds are known for their potential health benefits, including protection against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods can offer protection against diseases related to oxidative stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Total flavonoid contents of fresh fruit extracts ranged between 0.01\u0026ndash;1.00 mg QE/g FW. A study in Burkina Faso, flavonoid contents of banana varieties varied from 1.7 to 116.05 mg QE/100 g for methanolic extracts and from 5.3 to 155.9 mg QE/100 g for acetone extracts. It was observed that acetone was more effective in extracting flavonoids compared to methanol. Present research also showed that flavonoids in the studied fruits are more extractable by acetone than methanol and the findings are in accordance with previous reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In early research it was reported that flavonoids have low solubility in aqueous media, and this can be a reason for low TFC obtained in the water extracts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are numerous methods that have been established for quantitative measuring of the antioxidant capacity of food and biological samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. As there are various mechanisms for inhibiting oxidation, it is important to use different assays to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant properties of samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Hence the antioxidant activities of the selected 10 underutilized fruits were analyzed by means of the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity (ABTS) for the 10 fruit extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH assay is a widely used method for determining the antioxidant activity of substances including fruits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It measures the ability of antioxidants to donate hydrogen atoms to the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, thereby reducing it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].. The antioxidant activity of 10 different fruits was tested and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity values ranged between 0.69\u0026ndash;280.31 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW for the three solvents used in this research. The results showed that acetone extracts generally had higher radical scavenging capacity compared to methanol extracts, with water extracts showing the lowest activity. Similar studies on the antioxidant activity of fruits using the DPPH assay have been conducted in Turkey, methanol extracts of five black berry cultivars have shown higher values than aqueous extracts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In Burkina Faso acetone extracts of 15 wild edible fruits exhibited high DPPH scavenging activities. In Ecuador guava, strawberry, passion fruit and mango had DPPH radical scavenging capacity values of 30, 11, 0.5 and 3.1 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW, respectively. The 10 wild fruit species in the present study had greater values than these common fruits suggesting higher antioxidant potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRAP is a method used to directly measure the reducing potential of antioxidant compounds in a sample. It involves reacting antioxidants in a sample with a ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e-TPTZ) complex which results in the formation of coloured ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e-TPTZ) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. FRAP values of the fresh fruit extracts studied in this research were found to range from 1.29\u0026ndash;294 FeSO4 \u0026micro;mol/g FW. It was observed that the acetone extracts have higher FRAP values in most of the tested fruits and in agreement with previously reported findings[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruits, apple, banana and grapes was studied using FRAP assay and obtained values for methanolic (50%) extracts as 3.94, 1.64 and 8.29 FeSO4 \u0026micro;mol/g FW, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly FRAP values of the methanolic extracts of most of the fruits studied in the present research were higher than the above findings. Several fruit cultivars in Sri Lanka were tested for the antioxidant activity and has proved that the FRAP values were higher in methanolic fruit extracts (80%) of the underutilized fruits \u003cem\u003ePhyllanthus emblica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAverrhoa carambola\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnnona squamosa\u003c/em\u003e by having FRAP values of 1022.05, 46.75 and 41.50 FeSO4 \u0026micro;mol/g FW, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABTS assay is described as an excellent tool for measuring the antioxidant activity of hydrogen-donating antioxidants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The antioxidant capacity of the fruits studied using ABTS assay in this research, ranged from 2.04\u0026ndash;241.16 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW. Similar to FRAP assay, in the ABTS assay, acetone extracts of most of the fruits have higher compared to aqueous and methanol extracts. Further, it was reported that ABTS activity of water and methanolic extracts of raspberry cultivars in Turkey with values ranging between 64.36\u0026ndash;83.00 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW and 72.92\u0026ndash;117.07 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study on ABTS antioxidant activity of several fruits including apple (red delicious), avocado, banana, orange (South Africa) and grape (USA), obtained values were 4.98, 1.16, 3.44, 4.90 and 1.23 TE \u0026micro; mol/g FW, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, those values were lower than the ABTS antioxidant activity of most of the wild indigenous fruits studied in the current research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of most polar solvent extracts (such as water, methanol and acetone) is relatively higher than those of non-polar solvent extracts. The type and polarity of the extracting solvent can significantly impact the antioxidant activity of a sample. Some of the tested fruits have high Trolox equivalent values indicating strong antioxidant activity. However, it is noted that their total phenolic content, measured as GAE, is low. This suggests that these fruits may contain other potent phenolic antioxidants that contribute to their high antioxidant activity, even if their total phenolic content is not particularly high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid is considered as an antioxidant and is known for its role in preventing oxidative damage in the body. A deficiency of ascorbic acid can lead to health problems and is recommended daily intake of vitamin C as 75 mg for women and 90 mg for men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The 10 fruit species studied in the present research contained varying amounts of ascorbic acid ranging from 21.72 to 489.03 mg/100g FW. These fruits have shown the potential to be used as source of natural ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid content of the studied fruits is higher compared to that of commonly available fruits in Sri Lanka, such as \u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e (30.8 mg / 100 g FW), \u003cem\u003eAnanas comosus\u003c/em\u003e (15.1 mg/100 g FW), \u003cem\u003eMusa paradisiaca\u003c/em\u003e AAB \u0026ldquo;Mysore\u0026rdquo; (2.3 mg/100 g FW), \u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e (5.0 mg/100 g FW) and \u003cem\u003eNephelium lappaceum\u003c/em\u003e (18.5 mg/100 g FW) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Wild edible fruits from the Indian Himalayan region such as \u003cem\u003ePhyllanthus emblica\u003c/em\u003e (3315 mg/100 g FW) followed by \u003cem\u003eMorus alba\u003c/em\u003e (2953 mg/100 g FW), \u003cem\u003eFicus palmata\u003c/em\u003e (727 mg/100 g FW) and \u003cem\u003eTerminalia chebula\u003c/em\u003e (626 mg/100 g FW) have showed high ascorbic acid contents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study reveals that indigenous fruit species studied, \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e, have significant antioxidant properties and can potentially be used in various industries such as natural food colours, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In proximate analysis, nutritional composition, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrates, energy and fat percentages of 10 underutilized fruit species were determined. In a previous study conducted for six underutilized Arecaceous fruits in Brazilian region (\u003cem\u003eAcrocomia intumescens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePinanga kuhlii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePtychosperma macarthuri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSyagrus cearensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSyagrus coronata\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eVeitchia merrillii\u003c/em\u003e)), revealed the moisture level of fruit pulp ranged from 60\u0026ndash;75%, except for \u003cem\u003eP. kuhlii\u003c/em\u003e (22.9%) and carbohydrate contents ranged from 1.5\u0026ndash;20.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study involved in berry fruits reported a varying moisture content ranging from 86.43% (cherry) to 92.68% (strawberry), ash content varied from 0.08% (blueberry) to 0.42% (cherry), fat content ranging from 0.19% (blueberry) to 0.42% (blackberry), and protein content varying from 0.48% (blueberry) to 1.27% (blackberry) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the fruits tested in the present study are noted to have low moisture content and high levels of ash, carbohydrate and protein. This combination of low moisture content can contribute to longer storage periods without perishing, making these fruits suitable for extended shelf life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, research on antioxidant properties of underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka is rare indicating lack of scientific data on bioactivity of secondary metabolites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The present research represents a significant effort on this aspect, as it is the first attempt to investigate the total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of several underutilized fruits such as \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e using three different solvent extracts. The research confirmed that these underutilized fruits are valuable in their nutritional and health promoting properties. The fruit species studied in this research have high potential to be commercialized in Sri Lanka, undoubtedly could help increase food and nutritional security, especially in urban and rural communities and promote local cultivation and consumption. Dissemination of knowledge on health promoting properties of these underutilized fruits could encourage their cultivation, commercialization and consumption. Moreover, this envisioned the potential strategy to address the growing issue of non-communicable diseases in Sri Lanka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were recorded in fruits of \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e, have significant antioxidant properties with the potential of being used in various industries. The total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts were different depending upon the type of the solvent used for extraction. An aqueous solution of 60% acetone was the most efficient solvent for the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants from the selected fruits. The fruits studied in the present research have shown a low moisture content and high ash, carbohydrate and protein contents. Specially, the low moisture content facilitates long shelf life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations ","content":"\u003cp\u003eNo such abbreviations were used.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant specimens were collected from private lands and permission was obtained from the owners. During the period of conducting this research the office of the Regional Agrarian Services supported us in finding localities and obtaining specimens. Use of plant material is permitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFindings reported in the article are based on the research work conducted and contributed by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll newly created data is contained within this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was financially assisted under the world Bank funded project, Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) - Development Oriented Research Grant (AHEAD DOR 12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI V Somasiri conducted the research activities as the research student prepared the manuscript. \u0026nbsp;S P Senanayake and H Herath guided in the developing the research plan, chemical screening, analysis and interpretation of data. S P Senanayake, H Herath and R M C S Ratnayake guided the preparation of manuscript and reviewed it. S P Senanayake and H Herath contributed to the project administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS P Senanayake is the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor affiliation - Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors wish to acknowledge the world Bank funded project, Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) for providing financial assistance for the research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoong YY, Barlow PJ. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds. 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A comparative study of nutritional composition and potential use of some underutilized tropical fruits of Arecaceae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u0026ecirc;ncias. 2015;87(03):1701-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Souza VR, Pereira PA, da Silva TL, de Oliveira Lima LC, Pio R, Queiroz F. Determination of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Brazilian blackberry, red raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and sweet cherry fruits. Food chemistry. 2014;156:362-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable I. Qualitative phytochemicals screening of fresh fruit extracts in methanol (M), water (W) and acetone (A) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"107%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. paniculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. ghaesembilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alexiteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. motleyana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. cauliflora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. guineense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ. oenoplia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"98\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"NaN%\" height=\"43\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.7777777777777777%\"\u003e\n 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extracts","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595347/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595347/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe research investigated on the phytochemical compositions, proximate analysis, and antioxidant properties of ten selected underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka. Despite their potential health benefits, these fruits are often overlooked in favor of more commonly consumed varieties. Hence, this research aims to highlight the nutritional and therapeutic value of these fruits, encouraging their incorporation into the diet and promoting conservation of biodiversity. The presence of phytochemicals; polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins in different extracts of fruits was qualitatively tested using methanol, water and acetone as solvents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts was assessed using DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay. The vitamin C, fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture and ash contents of the fruits were also analyzed. The total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts were different depending upon the type of the solvent used for extraction. Acetone was the most efficient solvent for the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants of the selected fruits. The highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were recorded from \u003cem\u003eP. pussilla\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. caryophyllatum.\u003c/em\u003e These findings conclude the potential of the 10 selected underutilized fruits and suggest to enhance and promote their commercial value in utilization with better biodiversity conservation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antioxidant properties and proximate analysis of selected underutilized fruits in Sri Lanka","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-25 08:00:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4595347/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2e7f4e37-20dd-4cc5-8cbb-77cbf444a4fb","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-12T21:38:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-25 08:00:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4595347","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4595347","identity":"rs-4595347","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}