Boosting Tree Growth in the Amazon Rainforest Using Amazonian Dark Earths

Boosting Tree Growth in the Amazon Rainforest Using Amazonian Dark Earths | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Boosting Tree Growth in the Amazon Rainforest Using Amazonian Dark Earths Anderson Santos de Freitas, Guilherme Lucio Martins, Juan Andrés de Domini, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Ecology and Evolution → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The restoration of degraded tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Amazon, requires innovative and sustainable solutions. This study investigates the potential of Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE), a highly fertile and resilient soil, as a microbial bio-inoculant to improve the growth of two key tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum and Handroanthus avellanedae . By applying a small volume of ADE, we observed a significant improvement in the development of both tree species, characterized by enhanced plant height and stem diameter at breast height. These positive results are linked to ADE's ability to fundamentally restructure the soil's microbial communities. Our findings reveal that ADE acts as a powerful suppressive soil, selectively depleting a wide range of opportunistic and pathogenic bacterial and fungal genera, while simultaneously promoting the establishment of a new, beneficial microbial community. We observed a notable decrease in pathogens, such as the fungus Lasiodiplodia and the bacteria Pseudoxanthomonas , alongside a significant increase in well-known biocontrol agents and plant-growth promoters, including the fungi Metarhizium and Tomentella and the bacteria Rhizobium and Enterobacter . The high nutrient content of the ADE may create a negative feedback loop that reduces the need for certain microbial functions, such as nitrogen fixation, but this targeted microbial “re-wiring” is the key mechanism driving improved plant health. Our work demonstrates that ADE’s true value lies in its living microbial community, offering a sustainable and effective strategy for accelerating the restoration of degraded tropical landscapes. Biochar pioneer species mycoparasites rhizosphere suppressive soil Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The conversion of tropical forests to agriculture and cattle breeding areas has led to widespread deforestation and the degradation of vast pasturelands. In Brazil, this has resulted in millions of hectares of unproductive, compacted soil with low organic matter [1]. This degradation not only hinders land use but also creates a vicious cycle of environmental loss and inefficiency, as it increases the pressure for new deforestation. Furthermore, the conversion of forest to agricultural land releases massive amounts of stored carbon, contributing significantly to global warming. Degraded soils have a lower capacity for carbon sequestration, exacerbating climate change and threatening both food security and ecosystem stability [2]. The accelerated degradation of tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Amazon rainforest, in the last decades has intensified the search for sustainable and efficient ecological restoration strategies [3]. The manipulation of soil communities through soil inoculation has been shown to be a powerful tool for the restoration of degraded terrestrial ecosystems in temperate ecosystems [4]. However, many processes are not well understood in tropical ecosystems, especially in the context of Amazonian soil degradation. The interactions of the soil microbial communities can be a key process to understand how effective the process of soil inoculation is. In this context, Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) emerges as a promising model of highly fertile soil. Formed from the activity of pre-Columbian peoples thousands of years ago, ADE’s unique composition (rich in organic matter and essential nutrients) fosters a high and resilient microbial diversity, setting it apart from the adjacent low-fertility soils [5]. The potential of ADE as a soil inoculum showed a potential for higher biomass and plant development under greenhouse experiments [6]. However, the potential of ADE as a soil inoculum has never been tested under field conditions for forest restoration. The interactions between microbes can represent microbial resilience, offering a unique opportunity to investigate ADE as a potential for biotechnological application on natural and long-term conditions. These microbes, including plant-growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, can enhance nutrient availability, modulate plant immunity, and suppress pathogens [7, 8]. Their application represents a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical inputs. This practice aims to restore microbial diversity and accelerate ecological processes, offering a low-cost, effective solution for re-establishing native species [9]. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of ADE as a soil inoculum for the restoration of degraded agricultural land. Our main objective was to evaluate how a small-volume application of ADE affects the development of two key Amazonian tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum (primary) and Handroanthus avellanedae (secondary). We hypothesize that ADE’s rich and resilient microbiome will selectively restructure the microbial communities in the plant’s rhizosphere, suppressing opportunistic and pathogenic microbes while promoting the increase in abundance of plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol agents. Materials and Methods Site description and experimental design The experiment was performed in an experimental site belonging to the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), located in Itacotiara, AM, Brazil (2°53'25" S, 59°58'06" W). The experimental area was a 1.2 ha plot of a former cassava cultivation field surrounded by native forest. The soil was classified as Oxisol [ 10 ] and the weather is classified as Rainy Tropical (Amw) according to the Köppen classification, characterized by an annual average temperature of 28 ºC, high humidity (75–85%) for most of the year, and a short dry season. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,750 to 2,500 mm [ 11 ]. The experiment was established at the beginning of autumn, in April 2023. The effect of ADE as a soil inoculum was tested in two native Amazonian tree species with important characteristics for forest restoration. We selected Schizolobium amazonicum , a fast-growing pioneer species, due to its ability to colonize degraded soils rapidly [ 12 ]. We also selected Handroanthus avellanedae due to its potential for timber in commercial reforestation [ 13 ]. We used commercial seeds (sold by Arbocenter Comércio de Sementes Ltda.) from both species and germinated them in seedling pots (290 cm³) filled with 290 g of Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE). Seedling production was carried out in the EMBRAPA Western Amazon nursery, located in Itacotiara, Brazil. Seedling species confirmation was carried out by Dr. Aleksander Westpahl Muniz (listed coauthor). Coconut fiber was used as a conventional treatment control. The ADE was collected from a secondary forest area at the EMBRAPA Experimental Station in Manaus, Brazil (2°53'25" S, 59°58'06" W). Its soil fertility was characterized by conventional methods (see information below). Seedlings of uniform size were selected after 15 days and transferred to the field. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks. Each block contained seedlings from one of the plant species, grown either with ADE or with a control. We used six plants per treatment as replicates, totaling 72 plants. To minimize environmental interference, individual plants were spaced 2 meters apart, and blocks were separated by 3 meters. The experiment was conducted without the use of fertilizers to mimic natural restoration conditions. Weed control was performed manually throughout the experiment. After six months, measurements and samples were collected. Five soil samples for DNA sequencing were taken from the soil 20 cm from the main roots of plants, while five soil cores (0–20 cm) for physicochemical analysis were collected in a cross-section around the block. Plant development measurements were assessed by plant height and stem diameter at breast height (DBH). Soil physicochemical analysis The initial physicochemical soil attributes were measured following the recommended protocols[ 14 ]. Briefly, pH was measured in a CaCl 2 solution (0.01 mol L 1); the soil organic matter (OM) was evaluated by oxidation in potassium dichromate [ 15 ] ; P, K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ were extracted using ion exchange resins; K + was quantified using a colorimetric method, while Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (PerkinElmer 3100, USA). SO 4 2− was extracted with a Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 solution (0.01 mol L − 1 ) and quantified by turbidimetry. Al 3+ was extracted with a KCl solution (1.0 mol L − 1 ) and quantified by titration with NaOH solution (0.025 mol L − 1 ). Micronutrients, including Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn, were extracted using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was estimated based on the sum of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Al 3+ , and H + . The sum of exchangeable bases (SB) was calculated based on the sum of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + . Key properties included a low pH of 4.51, an organic matter (OM) content of 36.04 g/dm 3 , and a low sum of bases (SB) of 1.81 cmol c /dm 3 . Exchangeable aluminum (Al 3+ ) was present at a concentration of 0.42 cmol c /dm 3 , contributing to a high potential acidity (H + Al) of 3.54 (± 0.87) cmol c /dm 3 and a low base saturation (V) of 33.31%. The soil’s low fertility and high acidity classify it as a typical degraded tropical soil (Table 1 ). Table 1 Description of the main soil chemical attributes in both the experimental area where the experiment was conducted and the Amazonian Dark Earth site where ADE was collected. Measure Experimental Area ADE Significance pH (CaCl) 4.5 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.1 *** C (g kg − 1 ) 21.0 ± 4.6 25.6 ± 5.6 *** MO (%) 36.0 ± 8.0 44.0 ± 9.6 *** P (mg dm − 3 ) 3.8 ± 1.9 156.7 ± 33.0 *** K (mg dm − 3 ) 62.2 ± 26.2 40.5 ± 17.9 * Na (mg dm − 3 ) 4.3 ± 1.3 5.6 ± 1.6 * Ca (cmol c dm − 3 ) 1.0 ± 0.5 6.7 ± 1.8 *** Mg (cmol c dm − 3 ) 0.6 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.3 *** Al (cmol c dm − 3 ) 0.4 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 *** H + Al (cmol c dm − 3 ) 3.5 ± 0.9 4.3 ± 0.4 ** SB (cmol c dm − 3 ) 1.8 ± 0.7 7.9 ± 2.2 *** Effective CEC (cmol c dm − 3 ) 2.2 ± 0.7 8.1 ± 2.2 *** Total CEC (cmol c dm − 3 ) 5.4 ± 1.3 12.2 ± 2.1 *** V (%) 33.3 ± 8.3 63.5 ± 8.6 *** m (%) 20.7 ± 12.6 1.9 ± 1.7 *** Data are presented in mean ± standard deviation. *p-value < 0.05. **p-value < 0.01. p-value < 0.001. C: carbon; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Na: sodium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; Al: aluminum; H + Al: potential acidity of the soil. DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatics Genomic DNA was extracted from 0.25 g of every sample using the DNeasy PowerLyzer PowerSoil© kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s recommendations with additional adaptations proposed for tropical soil samples [ 16 ]. The quality of the extraction was measured using a spectrophotometer NanoDrop 2000© (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were approved in quality control (A280/A260 between 1.70 and 2.00, concentration > 10 ng µL − 1 ). The V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR to determine the abundance of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) in samples using the updated primers 515F [ 17 ] and 816R [ 18 ]. The region ITS was amplified by PCR to determine the abundance of fungi using the primers ITS1f and ITS2 [ 19 ]. The paired-end sequencing with 2 × 250 bp reads was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, and followed the recommendations from the Earth Microbiome Project [ 20 ]. Raw sequencing reads were processed using the DADA2 pipeline [ 21 ]. We kept sequences with a mean quality score greater than 30 and grouped the filtered reads into amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We assigned taxonomy to the ASVs by matching them against the SILVA database (v. 138.1) [ 22 ]. The resulting ASV table was then converted into a phyloseq S4 object and a microeco R6 object for further analysis [ 23 , 24 ]. The raw reads used in this work can be found in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the project number PRJNA1346081. Statistical Analysis All data wrangling and statistical analyses were carried out in the R language (v. 4.4.2) using RStudio (v. 2024.09.1) [ 25 ]. The code for the analyses performed in this study can be found publicly on GitHub at: https://github.com/FreitasAndy/ADE-in-the-field . Figures were produced using the ggplot2 package [ 26 ], and some of these figures were edited only for aesthetic purposes (i.e., changing colors and fonts) using the Inkscape 1.3.2 program. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test [ 27 ]. When parametric, we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post hoc test to evaluate differences in plant growth parameters [ 28 ]. When data were considered non-parametric, we used the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test with a false discovery rate (FDR) to evaluate differences [ 29 ]. Significance level was determined as 95% (p < 0.05). We measured alpha diversity to assess the richness and dominance of the microbial communities. Richness was calculated as the number of unique taxa identified in each sample. Dominance was measured using the inverse Simpson index [ 30 ]. For beta diversity, we transformed the dataset using a centered log ratio (clr) to account for the compositional nature of the data. We then used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Euclidean distance to visualize the community structure on the first two axes. We tested for significant differences between groups using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) with 999 permutations and a significance level of 5% via the adonis function in the vegan package [ 31 ]. We used the ALDEx2 algorithm to identify microbial taxa with significant differences in abundance between the ADE treatment and the control for each plant species [ 32 ]. We considered a genus to be differentially abundant if it had a Welch's test p-value of less than 0.01 and an effect size greater than 1. Finally, we performed correlation network analysis at the genus level using the SpiecEasi algorithm to identify co-occurring bacterial, archaeal, and fungal groups. [ 33 ]. We focused on strong, highly reliable correlations, considering only those with a significance threshold of p < 0.001 and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.7. Results and Discussion Incoculating Amazonian Dark Earths for seedling production increases the plant growth All plants were alive after 180 days of the experiment. Seedlings produced with ADE developed better than those from the Control. S. amazonicum ones grew approximately 20% more in ADE after 180 days of experiment (~ 191 cm x 163 cm, on average) and had the stem approximately 15% bigger (~ 32.2 cm x 27.8 cm, on average). The ADE effect in H. avellanedae was even higher. The species grew to approximately 55% (~ 30.2 cm x 19.4 cm, on average) and had a stem that was approximately 88% bigger (~ 0.99 cm x 1.86 cm, on average) (Fig. 1 ). As S. amazonicum is a fast-growing species, ideal for ecological restoration projects, once it receives good sunlight and is not demanding of many nutrients [ 34 ], we already expected the species to exhibit greater growth. In fact, after 6 months of experiment, we already had most of the trees with more than 1.5 meters of height, with the ones produced using ADE being of a bigger size. The increase in growth of H. avellanedae also highlights the potential of ADE as a booster of growth for non-primary species in the Amazon, which commonly presents more issues in establishing, especially in a degraded area [ 35 ]. We have already shown that larger amounts of ADE (20%) could boost the establishment of trees for ecological restoration, independently of successional stage [ 6 ], and here demonstrated in the field that the need for ADE could be reduced in the field, with similar results for both a primary and secondary species. ADE inoculum promoted higher microbial diversity Alpha diversity was similar among bacterial communities (Fig. 2 A and 2 C), but fungal diversity and dominance of taxa (Fig. 2 B and 2 D) were strongly increased in H. avellanedae , despite no effect found in S. amazonicum . We expected an increased diversity in both prokaryotes and fungal diversity in the two species, but we believe the absence of effects in S. amazonicum is mainly due to the Amazonian soils’ resilience to changes without a strong event of disturbance [ 36 ]. On the other hand, soil eukaryotes used to respond quicker than bacteria and archaea when changes in soil happen [ 37 ], and the diversity of fungi is higher in ADEs than in agricultural soils [ 38 ], leading to a tendency for ADEs to enhance the establishment and development of fungal communities. Looking at the abundance of microorganisms despite the count of taxa, the standards are clearer. Similarly, to the alpha diversity, the beta diversity analysis showed the H. avellanedae ADE communities as the most dissimilar compared to the other groups, considering both prokaryotes and fungi (Figs. 3 A and 3 B). Although the dissimilarity among the other groups was smaller, each one was separated from the other, highlighting once more that the differences in growth are probably driven by microorganisms. One of the main criticisms of soil transference and usage as enhanced for plants in the argument is that the new soil can affect plant growth only because of its nutrients. It can be true in huge amounts of high-fertility soils, but it is not the case here. Each tube, when the seedlings were produced, had a small amount of soil (290 cm³), and the plants were normalized by size when planted in the soil. Additionally, the amount of nutrients in the ADEs we used was way lower than the amount commonly found in commercial fertilizers. Finally, when in the soil, the nutrients are dissolved in the original oxisol from the experimental field. Knowing all of this, we tested the microbial distribution among treatments. ADE treatments shaped the fungal community (but not the prokaryotic one) in S. amazonicum The microbial distribution of phyla was slightly different between treatments (Fig. 4 ). The core prokaryotic microbiome was mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Actionobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes (Fig. 4 A). Control samples had, on average, a higher percentage of Acidobacteriota than ADE treatments, probably due to the low pH (~ 4.5) from the original soil [ 39 ]. Despite the dominance of Ascomycota, S. amazonicum plants cultivated with ADE recruited more Mortierellomycota than the control ones, alongside a reduction in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. Those patterns are key indicators of rhizosphere re-establishment and biostimulation driven by both S. amazonicum and ADE. Mortierellomycota species are often associated with healthy, nutrient-rich soils and are known to be plant-growth promoters, especially in the early stages of plant establishment. They thrive in the new, more favorable conditions created by the ADE [ 40 ]. Furthermore, the ADE must have provided a more immediately available, simpler organic matter source that favored the faster-growing Mortierellomycota over the slower, lignin-specializing Basidiomycota. The ADE effectively bypassed the need for the long-term, slow decomposition process that Basidiomycota are known for [ 41 ]. Producing seedlings of S. amazonicum with ADE significantly restructured the soil fungal community around the plant. ADE acted as a selective filter that both suppressed and promoted specific microbial taxa. On one hand, ADE treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Penicillium , Myrothecium , and Basidiomycota-related yeasts like Papiliotrema and Saitozyma , as well as the ectomycorrhizal Serendipita (Table 2 ). This decline suggests the suppression of fungal groups often associated with disturbed, nutrient-poor, or stressed environments [ 42 , 43 ]. The reduction in potentially pathogenic ( Myrothecium ) indicates a successful transition toward a healthier, more balanced soil ecosystem, as ADE is known for being a suppressive soil [ 44 ]. On the other hand, ADE provided conducive conditions for other fungal groups. Notably, there was a substantial increase in taxa such as Setophoma , Pyxidiophora , Ascobolus , Cercophora , Apiotrichum , and Vanrija (Table 2 ). These fungi represent key functional groups: Setophoma and some yeasts ( Apiotrichum , Vanrija ) are likely involved in the decomposition of specific organic matter, while Pyxidiophora acts as a mycoparasite, potentially helping to regulate the new fungal community [ 45 ]. Furthermore, the promotion of coprophilous taxa like Ascobolus and Cercophora highlights the unique, nutrient-rich, and dung-like nature of ADE, which fosters a distinct ecological niche [ 46 ]. Table 2 List of microbial genera with significant differences between the ADE treatment and the Control group after 180 days of experiment. Tree Species Superior Taxonomy Genus Abundance ADE Abundance Control Effect Overlap p-value Schizolobium amazonicum Bacteria - - - - - - Fungi Setophoma 5.20 3.76 -1.72 0.02 0.02 Penicillium 5.64 7.30 1.52 0.05 0.04 Pyxidiophora 3.75 -5.23 -2.89 0.00 0.02 Ascobolus 2.04 -5.05 -2.62 0.00 0.02 Myrothecium 5.05 6.69 1.75 0.01 0.02 Cercophora 4.53 3.06 -1.42 0.08 0.05 Serendipita -3.08 3.19 1.41 0.01 0.04 Papiliotrema 5.42 10.17 2.69 0.00 0.00 Saitozyma 5.27 7.72 2.19 0.00 0.00 Apiotrichum 5.47 3.85 -1.44 0.05 0.04 Vanrija 2.98 -4.43 -2.37 0.00 0.03 Handroanthus avellanedae Bacteria Achromobacter -2.11 6.43 2.97 0.00 0.00 Rhizobium -1.73 6.04 2.12 0.02 0.00 Aureimonas -1.98 6.18 2.97 0.00 0.00 Chitinophaga -1.66 6.57 2.44 0.00 0.00 Chryseobacterium -1.13 7.17 2.23 0.00 0.00 Ellin516 -2.03 5.37 2.78 0.00 0.00 Enterobacter -1.74 5.00 2.08 0.03 0.00 Haoranjiania -2.16 6.09 2.98 0.00 0.00 Labrys -0.46 6.21 1.15 0.08 0.03 Larkinella -1.56 3.87 2.05 0.00 0.01 Leifsonia -2.02 6.38 3.37 0.00 0.00 Pandoraea -2.13 5.97 3.16 0.00 0.00 Pseudoxanthomonas -1.67 5.89 2.59 0.00 0.00 Roseateles -2.18 5.65 3.16 0.00 0.00 Siphonobacter -2.07 5.52 2.80 0.00 0.00 Sphingobacterium -2.03 5.02 2.26 0.00 0.00 Stenotrophomonas -2.20 6.21 2.78 0.00 0.00 Fungi Lasiodiplodia 3.50 5.96 1.70 0.01 0.01 Aaosphaeria 5.34 7.62 1.94 0.01 0.00 Paraconiothyrium -5.71 2.58 2.76 0.00 0.00 Neosetophoma -6.25 0.24 2.40 0.00 0.00 Setophoma 4.63 1.71 -2.14 0.01 0.01 Curvularia 6.10 3.55 -2.28 0.02 0.01 Neoroussoella -5.16 3.73 3.24 0.00 0.00 Setoarthopyrenia -6.25 0.97 2.87 0.00 0.00 Shiraia 3.98 -6.11 -4.00 0.00 0.03 Exophiala -5.01 1.71 1.51 0.01 0.02 Chaetomella 5.90 3.47 -1.84 0.02 0.01 Lipomyces 4.81 2.04 -2.55 0.00 0.01 Cyberlindnera -0.80 3.48 1.69 0.00 0.02 Neopestalotiopsis 5.61 0.66 -3.23 0.00 0.00 Diaporthe -3.65 4.42 2.26 0.00 0.00 Paragibellulopsis -0.71 6.55 2.68 0.00 0.01 Nectriella 4.71 -0.74 -5.57 0.00 0.00 Metarhizium 6.27 4.49 -1.78 0.03 0.03 Bisifusarium 3.04 0.64 -1.76 0.01 0.02 Xenomyrothecium 4.00 -6.22 -3.31 0.00 0.03 Pseudodactylaria -5.83 0.29 2.00 0.01 0.01 Humicola 5.66 3.63 -1.42 0.05 0.04 Serendipita -0.27 3.45 1.60 0.00 0.04 Tomentella 5.21 1.87 -2.20 0.00 0.01 Atractiella 2.70 -6.09 -2.32 0.00 0.04 Chrysozyma 2.41 -6.45 -1.85 0.04 0.04 Hannaella -3.93 2.38 1.78 0.00 0.01 Papiliotrema 4.87 7.00 2.09 0.01 0.00 Sonoraphlyctis -5.29 2.04 2.39 0.00 0.00 Entorrhiza 4.30 2.50 -1.76 0.03 0.03 Relative abundance was calculated by the median centered log-ratio value for the group mentioned; effect: effect size of the difference, a median of difference between groups on a log base 2 scale/largest median variation within groups, positive values indicate a higher abundance in the Control group whereas negative values indicate higher abundance in the ADE group; overlap: confusion in assigning an observation Control or ADE; p-value: the expected value of the Welch test p-value corrected by Benjamini-Hockberg method. The table includes all genera with effect > 1 and p-value ≤ 0.05. ADE treatments steered microbial abundance in H. avellanedae The ADE treatment also performed as a powerful microbial inoculum and a suppressive soil, with potential to suppress some pathogenic genera, in the H. avellanedae rhizosphere. ADE caused a notable depletion of several bacterial genera, including Achromobacter , Rhizobium , Aureimonas , Chitinophaga , Chryseobacterium , Ellin516 , Enterobacter , Haoranjiania , Labrys , Larkinella , Leifsonia , Pandoraea , Pseudoxanthomonas , Roseateles , Siphonobacter , Sphingobacterium , and Stenotrophomonas . This shift, unlike the previous findings with S. amazonicum , highlights the combined effect of ADE’s unique physicochemical properties and the specific plant-host interactions in shaping the microbial community, even in small amounts. This is a critical observation, as the high nutrient content of ADE may create a negative feedback loop, suppressing beneficial functional groups, such as nitrogen-fixers (e.g., Rhizobium and Enterobacter ), that are energetically unnecessary in a nutrient-rich environment. Consequently, while ADE promotes short-term plant growth by providing a reserve of available nutrients, it could potentially inhibit the long-term, self-sustaining biological processes of nutrient cycling, an observation that challenges the current state of the art, where ADE’s power in ecological restoration relies on both nutrients and microbiota [ 6 , 47 ]. However, it opens a field of study regarding the amplitude of each aspect (nutrients and microbes) in the plant growth promotion driven by ADE. Regarding fungi, ADE treatment also had a profound and selective effect on the fungal community in H. avellanedae rhizosphere, increasing the soil’s suppressive potential against pathogens while simultaneously restructuring the symbiotic relationships between the plant and its fungal partners (Table 2 ). The ADE-amended soil exhibited a notable decrease in opportunistic and pathogenic fungal genera, including Exophiala , Serendipita , Cyberlindnera , Lasiodiplodia , Hannaella , Aaosphaeria , Pseudodactylaria , Papiliotrema , Diaporthe , Sonoraphlyctis , Neosetophoma , Paragibellulopsis , Paraconiothyrium , Setoarthopyrenia , and Neoroussoella . This depletion, particularly of known pathogens like Lasiodiplodia , is consistent with our findings in the bacterial community, where ADE treatment led to a significant decrease in numerous genera, including potential pathogens, highlighting ADE’s broad role as a suppressive soil [ 48 , 49 ]. Additionally, the selective suppression was accompanied by a shift towards a new set of beneficial fungi. ADE inoculum promoted a variety of plant-growth promoters and biocontrol agents, with a notable increase in genera such as Nectriella , Shiraia , Xenomyrothecium , Neopestalotiopsis , Lipomyces , Atractiella , Curvularia , Tomentella , Setophoma , Chrysozyma , Metarhizium , Bisifusarium , Entorrhiza , and Humicola . The increase in biocontrol agents like Metarhizium and Nectriella suggests that the ADE is actively fostering a community that can protect the plant from pests and diseases [ 50 ]. However, the concurrent decrease in some mycorrhizal fungi like Serendipita , while other mycorrhizae such as Tomentella increased, indicates a complex trade-off which can be interpreted as a negative feedback where the ADE’s high nutrient content reduces the plant’s need to invest in some symbiotic relationships, as it can acquire nutrients more directly from the inoculum soil. The ADE’s function is not just to add nutrients but to re-engineer the soil microbiome, replacing opportunistic and pathogenic taxa with a new, more specialized community that aligns with the plant's needs in a nutrient-rich environment. ADE restructures H. avelllanedae but not S. amazonicum microbial networks Finally, the co-occurrence analysis revealed that the ADE treatment also reshaped plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. H. avelllanedae showed a stronger impact on the network structure compared to S. amazonicum (Fig. 5 ). The ADE inoculum on H. avellanedae increased positive interactions, network density (898 edges, average degree 18.9), resulting in a non-modular (0.18) network with a balanced ratio of positive and negative correlations compared to the control. This massive increase in microbial connectivity in H. avellannedae is consistent with previous reports of ADE increasing microbial integration in other species [ 51 ], suggesting its effect is pronounced in non-leguminous systems. Conversely, the ADE inoculum resulted in fewer differences in the S. amazonicum network properties. The network remained consistently dense (0.16 ~ 0.20), highly connected, and non-modular (0.16 ~ 0.20) under both conditions, suggesting that the established, complex belowground interactions are typical of this primary legume species and already drive a highly connected community that is resistant to structural alteration by the ADE inoculum [ 34 ].​ Conclusions Considering all the findings, we showed that the application of a small volume of ADE had a strong effect on both Schizolobium amazonicum and Handroanthus avellanedae development. The most significant finding was that ADE is not just a reservoir of soil nutrients, but can also be a highly effective bio-amendment that fundamentally restructures the soil microbiome. It functioned as a suppressive soil, actively selecting against a wide range of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and fungi, while promoting a new, beneficial microbial community. This selective pressure resulted in the depletion of stress-tolerant taxa and pathogens, while simultaneously fostering a diverse array of plant-growth promoters and biocontrol agents. While ADE’s high nutrient content may create a negative feedback that reduces the need for certain microbial functions, such as nitrogen fixation, this targeted microbial reshape is a key mechanism through which ADE improves soil health and supports robust plant establishment. In conclusion, ADE’s value lies in its living microbial community, which acts as a powerful inoculum to restore degraded soils and engineer a healthier rhizosphere for sustainable reforestation. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Soil and plant samples were collected in accordance with Brazilian regulations on access to genetic resources (SISGEN registration no. AD13FB3). No human or animal subjects were involved in this study, and therefore, no institutional ethics approval was required. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All sequences generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject accession number PRJNA1346081. Additional processed data and scripts used in the analyses are available at https://github.com/FreitasAndy/ADE-in-the-field. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; grant number 2020/08927-0; and fellowships 2021/10.626-0, and 2022/05561-0), the Amazonas Research Foundation (FAPEAM; grant number 01.02.016301.00293/2021), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; grant number 314806/2021-0 and fellowships 140237/2022-4 and 423432/2021-6), the Luiz de Queiroz Agricultural Studies Foundation – Fealq (grant number 104.762/2018), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; fellowship 887.597909/2021-00) – Finance Code 001. Authors’ contributions ASF conceived the study, performed experiments and data analyses, and wrote the manuscript. GLM performed the experiments, contextualized, and wrote the manuscripts. JAD carried out formal analysis and reviewed the manuscript. REH acquired funding and coordinated the project. AWM conceived the study and reviewed the manuscript. SMT acquired funding, formally supervised, and wrote the manuscript. Acknowledgments We thank the field and laboratory teams from Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental for their invaluable support in sample collection and processing. We also thank the colleagues from the Cell and Molecular Biology Lab from CENA/USP: Luís F.W. Zagatto, Solange S. Silva-Zagatto, Gabriel S. Rocha, Franciele Muchalak, and Lucas Faranhani. Finally, we acknowledge the support from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Amazonas Research Foundation (FAPEAM), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for their support in this work. References Fonte SJ, Nesper M, Hegglin D, Velásquez JE, Ramirez B, Rao IM, et al. Pasture degradation impacts soil phosphorus storage via changes to aggregate-associated soil organic matter in highly weathered tropical soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2014;68:150–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.025. Cruz N, Dias D, Fries D, Jardim R, Sousa B, Pires A, et al. Alternatives for the recovery and renewal of degraded pastures. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha. 2022;28:15–35. https://doi.org/10.36812/pag.202228115-35. Azevedo T, Rosa M, Shimbo J, Lama CD, Oliveira M, Valdiones AP, et al. Relatorio Anual do Desmatamento no Brasil - 2022. Brazil: MapBiomas; 2023. Wubs ERJ, van der Putten WH, Bosch M, Bezemer TM. Soil inoculation steers restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature Plants. 2016;2:16107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.107. Lombardo U, Arroyo-Kalin M, Schmidt M, Huisman H, Lima HP, de Paula Moraes C, et al. Evidence confirms an anthropic origin of Amazonian Dark Earths. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31064-2. Freitas AS de, Zagatto LFG, Rocha GS, Muchalak F, Silva S dos S, Muniz AW, et al. Amazonian dark earths enhance the establishment of tree species in forest ecological restoration. Frontiers in Soil Science. 2023;3. Tan M, Feng T, Wang C, Hao X, Yu H. Effects of Microbial Agents on Soil Improvement—A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Agronomy. 2025;15:1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051223. Sáez-Sandino T, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Egidi E, Singh BK. New microbial tools to boost restoration and soil organic matter. Microbial Biotechnology. 2023;16:2019–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14325. Bulot A, Bourru E, Ruy S, Dutoit T. Soil transfer impacts restored soil profiles and hydrodynamic properties. CATENA. 2023;231:107308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107308. Soil Science Division Staff. Soil Survey Manual. USDA; 2017. Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, De Moraes Gonçalves JL, Sparovek G. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. metz. 2013;22:711–28. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507. Schwartz G, Pereira P, Siviero M, Pereira J, Ruschel A, Yared J. Enrichment planting in logging gaps with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby: A financially profitable alternative for degraded tropical forests in the Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management. 2017;390:166–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.031. Almeida R de S, Araújo JKP de, Araújo MP de, Moura LB, Gomes AC, Barbosa FM, et al. Handroanthus impetiginosus biometry of seed and seedling production after different periods of immersion in water. Pesq agropec bras. 2024;59:e03568. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2024.v59.03568. Raij B van, Andrade JC de, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico; 2001. Walkley A, Black IA. AN EXAMINATION OF THE DEGTJAREFF METHOD FOR DETERMINING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, AND A PROPOSED MODIFICATION OF THE CHROMIC ACID TITRATION METHOD. Soil Science. 1934;37:29. Venturini AM, Nakamura FM, Gontijo JB, da França AG, Yoshiura CA, Mandro JA, et al. Robust DNA protocols for tropical soils. Heliyon. 2020;6:e03830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03830. Parada AE, Needham DM, Fuhrman JA. Every base matters: assessing small subunit rRNA primers for marine microbiomes with mock communities, time series and global field samples. Environmental Microbiology. 2016;18:1403–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13023. Apprill A, McNally S, Parsons R, Weber L. Minor revision to V4 region SSU rRNA 806R gene primer greatly increases detection of SAR11 bacterioplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 2015;75:129–37. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01753. White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR - Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual. Academic Press; 1990. p. 315–22. Gilbert JA, Jansson JK, Knight R. The Earth Microbiome project: successes and aspirations. BMC Biol. 2014;12:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-014-0069-1. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nature Methods. 2016;13:581–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic acids research. 2013;41 Database issue:D590–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1219. McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e61217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061217. Liu C, Cui Y, Li X, Yao M. microeco: an R package for data mining in microbial community ecology. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2021;97:fiaa255. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa255. RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC; 2022. Wickham H. ggplot2. WIREs Computational Statistics. 2011;3:180–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.147. Shapiro SS, Wilk MB. An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika. 1965;52:591–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709. Driscoll WC. Robustness of the ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer statistical tests. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 1996;31:265–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(96)00127-1. Dinno A. Nonparametric Pairwise Multiple Comparisons in Independent Groups using Dunn’s Test. The Stata Journal. 2015;15:292–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1501500117. Simpson EH. Measurement of Diversity. Nature. 1949;163:688–688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0. Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, et al. Vegan: community ecology package. R package vegan, vers. 2.2-1. World Agroforestry Centre Nairobi, Kenya; 2015. Fernandes AD, Macklaim JM, Linn TG, Reid G, Gloor GB. ANOVA-Like Differential Expression (ALDEx) Analysis for Mixed Population RNA-Seq. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e67019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067019. Kurtz ZD, Müller CL, Miraldi ER, Littman DR, Blaser MJ, Bonneau RA. Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11:e1004226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004226. Duin VF de F, Liuti G, Prado NV do, Cely MVT, Andreata MF de L, Santos IMO dos, et al. Effect of the fertilization and growth promoting microrganisms on Schizolobium parahyba. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. 2019;40:1747–60. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p1747. dos Santos VAHF, Ferreira MJ. Initial establishment of commercial tree species under enrichment planting in a Central Amazon secondary forest: Effects of silvicultural treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 2020;460:117822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117822. Mendes LW, de Lima Brossi MJ, Kuramae EE, Tsai SM. Land-use system shapes soil bacterial communities in Southeastern Amazon region. Applied Soil Ecology. 2015;95:151–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.06.005. Romdhane S, Spor A, Banerjee S, Breuil M-C, Bru D, Chabbi A, et al. Land-use intensification differentially affects bacterial, fungal and protist communities and decreases microbiome network complexity. Environmental Microbiome. 2022;17:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-021-00396-9. Lucheta AR, Cannavan F de S, Tsai SM, Kuramae EE. Amazonian Dark Earth and Its Black Carbon Particles Harbor Different Fungal Abundance and Diversity. Pedosphere. 2017;27:832–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60415-6. Krieg NR, Whitman WB, Bergey DH, editors. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. 2. ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2011. Ozimek E, Hanaka A. Mortierella Species as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi Present in the Agricultural Soils. Agriculture. 2021;11:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010007. Lucheta AR, de Souza Cannavan F, Roesch LFW, Tsai SM, Kuramae EE. Fungal Community Assembly in the Amazonian Dark Earth. Microb Ecol. 2016;71:962–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0703-7. Aliyu H, Gorte O, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K. Global Transcriptome Profile of the Oleaginous Yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 Cultivated in Glucose and Xylose. Journal of Fungi. 2021;7:758. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090758. Liu X-Z, Wang Q-M, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, et al. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud Mycol. 2015;81:85–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. Pellegrinetti TA, de Cássia Mesquita da Cunha I, Chaves MG de, Freitas AS de, Passos GS, Silva AVR da, et al. Genomic insights of Fictibacillus terranigra sp. nov., a versatile metabolic bacterium from Amazonian Dark Earths. Braz J Microbiol. 2024;55:1817–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01268-3. Vasiliauskienė D, Boris R, Balčiūnas G, Kairytė A, Urbonavičius J. Impact of Cellulolytic Fungi on Biodegradation of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch-Based Composites with Different Flame-Retardants. Microorganisms. 2022;10:1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091830. Richardson MJ. Coprophilous fungi from Brazil. Braz arch biol technol. 2001;44:283–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132001000300010. Lima AB, Cannavan FS, Navarrete AA, Teixeira WG, Kuramae EE, Tsai SM. Amazonian Dark Earth and Plant Species from the Amazon Region Contribute to Shape Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities. Microb Ecol. 2015;69:855–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0472-8. Shen Z, Thomashow LS, Ou Y, Tao C, Wang J, Xiong W, et al. Shared Core Microbiome and Functionality of Key Taxa Suppressive to Banana Fusarium Wilt. Research (Wash D C). 2022;2022:9818073. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9818073. Schmidt MJ, Goldberg SL, Heckenberger M, Fausto C, Franchetto B, Watling J, et al. Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon. Science Advances. 2023;9:eadh8499. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh8499. Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang B. Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae play roles of maize (Zea mays) growth promoter. Sci Rep. 2022;12:15706. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19899-7. de Freitas AS, Zagatto LFG, Rocha GS, Muchalak F, Martins GL, Silva-Zagatto S dos S, et al. Harnessing the synergy of Urochloa brizantha and Amazonian Dark Earth microbiomes for enhanced pasture recovery. BMC Microbiology. 2025;25:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03741-3. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Ecology and Evolution → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7907874","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":532849915,"identity":"eae4268f-ad2a-4c2b-a37d-f2b8c05b7324","order_by":0,"name":"Anderson Santos de Freitas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAzDJ3sDAcABIy4E4zERp4QGqPwDExqRpAVmT2EBIC//s5o2PK/7Y5PFIHz54+ENNXfqG82cPMBfuwa1F4s6xYsOzbWnFPHxpCQcOHDucu+FGXgLzjGd4rLmRYybZ2HA4cT8Pj8GBA2wHgFp4DJjBzsQB5G/kmP9s+HM4sYeH/8OBA//q0g3On8GvxQBoC2MDG0gLD8OBg23MCQYHcvBrMbyRVizZ2JYG1MJmcOBs32HDmUC/HJ6BR4vcjeSNHxv+2AC1MD/+UPGtTp7v/NmDjwvwaMEGeBhI1ADSMgpGwSgYBaMAGQAALEFcGRr23uYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anderson","middleName":"Santos","lastName":"de Freitas","suffix":""},{"id":532849916,"identity":"9985fb17-3ed0-468e-be78-c83da438ee31","order_by":1,"name":"Guilherme Lucio Martins","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guilherme","middleName":"Lucio","lastName":"Martins","suffix":""},{"id":532849917,"identity":"5d7199c8-7ce3-40a4-b433-b81db3bbc180","order_by":2,"name":"Juan Andrés de Domini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"Andrés","lastName":"de Domini","suffix":""},{"id":532849918,"identity":"79fd5d4d-e515-4ba2-830d-71065c6dd14f","order_by":3,"name":"Rogério Eiji Hanada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Amazonian Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rogério","middleName":"Eiji","lastName":"Hanada","suffix":""},{"id":532849919,"identity":"ab7e7dec-3844-4776-b7c8-7c57c1c9ab23","order_by":4,"name":"Aleksander Westphal Muniz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleksander","middleName":"Westphal","lastName":"Muniz","suffix":""},{"id":532849920,"identity":"d5fa1543-ad56-490c-a2db-f8aeaea0e86a","order_by":5,"name":"Siu Mui Tsai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siu","middleName":"Mui","lastName":"Tsai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-20 17:23:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-026-02495-y","type":"published","date":"2026-01-30T15:58:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94105257,"identity":"42c8090f-02b5-4aed-8fca-1feb99cd027e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:11:09","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2097112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PaperCampoFreitasetal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/47464125b868a66a33f2030c.docx"},{"id":94104462,"identity":"151ff245-cef8-4e47-a375-782c27876db3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:03:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15582341,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AllNetworksnEW.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/fd81dc247ce6bb06623eea8d.png"},{"id":94105258,"identity":"e85c9122-bc8b-40c9-a7b5-077ac15979e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:11:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":487297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AlphaDiversity.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/990b66b4aa27b4c1077d4f4d.png"},{"id":94105500,"identity":"c044e073-cfb5-42aa-b153-8f6e76a16cc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:19:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1096551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BetaeuclideanNMDS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/68e033f2f633214a9c933b92.png"},{"id":94104245,"identity":"a8b7eaef-0d7b-4f8b-9fd8-b5746a3e7ddb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":252149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HeightandStem.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/f1e7b74d8a3ae435608337b1.png"},{"id":94104246,"identity":"d23a65ad-d2cd-4dfd-a7f1-d04feb26aa53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":663711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"phylaabundance.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/df969afd9bbed7787585c5b3.png"},{"id":94104466,"identity":"f09ad403-821f-4891-bfaa-a5ee8e1f74ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:03:09","extension":"json","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cba9aecf2b2a40edbddbb935a66592f8.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/9b4e6cdd7614b6793282cb94.json"},{"id":94104258,"identity":"2738dd33-a987-45da-bb3e-6123ad1c57f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":162470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cba9aecf2b2a40edbddbb935a66592f81enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/5f12faa33ce6635acbb86c9c.xml"},{"id":94104257,"identity":"3ddef60c-306b-4678-bdf8-9245d6eebf35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15582341,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AllNetworksnEW.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/fbe7ce9f679ffdc8638612b9.png"},{"id":94105501,"identity":"24839251-10ab-412b-84ed-e7e2de82e1bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:19:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":487297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AlphaDiversity.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/a61ba60f017372f8a17c3c16.png"},{"id":94105260,"identity":"8f676ac3-0068-4925-9517-209cef286901","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:11:09","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1096551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BetaeuclideanNMDS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/e1d6fd860a709f25a90a0e10.png"},{"id":94104248,"identity":"76665ac8-fa00-4322-9ddf-fb5561f12053","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":252149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HeightandStem.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/3bf6199604092dae6fc6ee85.png"},{"id":94105261,"identity":"7b105c8b-4a51-4682-b013-45348e9cba4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:11:09","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":663711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"phylaabundance.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/582ea5bece4027edf5385bc0.png"},{"id":94104252,"identity":"c99113b3-2d53-4397-94dc-8b431c521bd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3591282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineAllNetworksnEW.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/cad318b6711aa0fe726a0b65.png"},{"id":94104251,"identity":"cc45b9b1-0f06-4765-b538-0357c3549052","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":196827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineAlphaDiversity.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/379f7679a23531d1edb7fb1e.png"},{"id":94104262,"identity":"1824bc0d-f3dd-4ff9-88b1-fb8793644fbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":415203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineBetaeuclideanNMDS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/0bbc8bf504b5816f8940d9b2.png"},{"id":94104470,"identity":"400c53f4-9b99-4e1b-9649-5840d9a73a94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:03:09","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineHeightandStem.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/9e99aa734d64dc764c696412.png"},{"id":94104468,"identity":"b503180a-9a7d-46a1-87e9-2e2b17c11667","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:03:09","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":225813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinephylaabundance.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/7cb5e6d5f132a7d7e2f541b3.png"},{"id":94104259,"identity":"06019b6b-6ac5-476a-965e-bcb785868d02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"xml","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":161532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cba9aecf2b2a40edbddbb935a66592f81structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/451c24beb4734d2cfac0e42f.xml"},{"id":94104261,"identity":"0acf9e0e-ee15-4b1e-be43-1e0141225e70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"html","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/6dffbe59eac29e0c82538b6a.html"},{"id":94104238,"identity":"437daa5e-5a13-4108-bb09-6843479bb0d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth of \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellaneade \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e after 180 days of experiment in Control and ADE treatments. (A) Plant height. (B) Stem diameter at ground level. Data are shown in mean + positive standard deviation. Different letters mean differences between ADE and Control calculated by ANOVA and Tukey’s test post hoc.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"HeightandStem.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/17104cea660129d4cfbf07a3.png"},{"id":94104240,"identity":"9b5596fc-9c89-449c-bd02-d24dcd65c2f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":487297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity indexes of \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellaneade \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e after 180 days of experiment in Control and ADE treatments. (A) Bacterial observed diversity, considering the number of different taxa found in each treatment. (B) Observed fundal diversity. (C) Bacterial Inverse Simpson index, used as an indicator of dominance of species. (D) Fungal Inverse Simpson index. Data are shown in mean + positive standard deviation. Different letters mean differences between ADE and Control calculated by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s test post hoc.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"AlphaDiversity.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/3c90b415bfa75997f1ca7d08.png"},{"id":94104241,"identity":"1772ebec-fa89-48be-8a56-d0ae810d4956","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1096551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBeta diversity calculated by Euclidean distance and plotted in a non-metric multidimensional scaling. (A) Prokaryotes. (B) Fungi. R-squared and p-values were calculated by PERMANOVA with 999 permutations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BetaeuclideanNMDS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/e2f493e5fb40a4fccdb51ba6.png"},{"id":94104465,"identity":"b6cba0ad-b241-48bd-87a6-d081669038c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 12:03:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":663711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTop 10 phyla abundance in \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum \u003c/em\u003ein ADE treatment and Control. (A) Prokaryotes abundance, including bacteria and archaea. (B) Fungal abundance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"phylaabundance.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/f4e4da8492002259d416c569.png"},{"id":94104256,"identity":"e16716c3-4c9a-4bb8-af94-ac6d9d32513c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 11:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15582341,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence network analysis of microbial communities in \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e soils under Control and ADE treatments. Nodes represent individual microbial taxa, and edges represent significant correlations (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; 0.70, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Red lines indicate negative correlations, and blue lines indicate positive correlations. The accompanying tables quantify network topology parameters, including the total number of Nodes, Edges (with the percentage of Positive (P) and Negative (N) correlations), Average Degree, Average Path Length, Network Diameter, Clustering Coefficient, Density, Heterogeneity, Centralization, and Modularity.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"AllNetworksnEW.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/b92c2369fcfdabcc4c6204c6.png"},{"id":101690834,"identity":"f96be2a1-87db-4e42-90f4-37bc7285466c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 16:09:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":14593939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907874/v1/af6a83cc-0481-4a33-807a-48ebcc1618f1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Boosting Tree Growth in the Amazon Rainforest Using Amazonian Dark Earths","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe conversion of tropical forests to agriculture and cattle breeding areas has led to widespread deforestation and the degradation of vast pasturelands. In Brazil, this has resulted in millions of hectares of unproductive, compacted soil with low organic matter [1]. This degradation not only hinders land use but also creates a vicious cycle of environmental loss and inefficiency, as it increases the pressure for new deforestation. Furthermore, the conversion of forest to agricultural land releases massive amounts of stored carbon, contributing significantly to global warming. Degraded soils have a lower capacity for carbon sequestration, exacerbating climate change and threatening both food security and ecosystem stability [2].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe accelerated degradation of tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Amazon rainforest, in the last decades has intensified the search for sustainable and efficient ecological restoration strategies [3]. The manipulation of soil communities through soil inoculation has been shown to be a powerful tool for the restoration of degraded terrestrial ecosystems in temperate ecosystems [4]. However, many processes are not well understood in tropical ecosystems, especially in the context of Amazonian soil degradation. The interactions of the soil microbial communities can be a key process to understand how effective the process of soil inoculation is. In this context, Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) emerges as a promising model of highly fertile soil. Formed from the activity of pre-Columbian peoples thousands of years ago, ADE’s unique composition (rich in organic matter and essential nutrients) fosters a high and resilient microbial diversity, setting it apart from the adjacent low-fertility soils [5]. The potential of ADE as a soil inoculum showed a potential for higher biomass and plant development under greenhouse experiments [6]. However, the potential of ADE as a soil inoculum has never been tested under field conditions for forest restoration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe interactions between microbes can represent microbial resilience, offering a unique opportunity to investigate ADE as a potential for biotechnological application on natural and long-term conditions. These microbes, including plant-growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, can enhance nutrient availability, modulate plant immunity, and suppress pathogens [7, 8]. Their application represents a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical inputs. This practice aims to restore microbial diversity and accelerate ecological processes, offering a low-cost, effective solution for re-establishing native species [9]. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of ADE as a soil inoculum for the restoration of degraded agricultural land. Our main objective was to evaluate how a small-volume application of ADE affects the development of two key Amazonian tree species, \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum \u003c/em\u003e(primary) and \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae \u003c/em\u003e(secondary). We hypothesize that ADE’s rich and resilient microbiome will selectively restructure the microbial communities in the plant’s rhizosphere, suppressing opportunistic and pathogenic microbes while promoting the increase in abundance of plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol agents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSite description and experimental design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was performed in an experimental site belonging to the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), located in Itacotiara, AM, Brazil (2°53'25\" S, 59°58'06\" W). The experimental area was a 1.2 ha plot of a former cassava cultivation field surrounded by native forest. The soil was classified as Oxisol [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] and the weather is classified as Rainy Tropical (Amw) according to the Köppen classification, characterized by an annual average temperature of 28 ºC, high humidity (75–85%) for most of the year, and a short dry season. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,750 to 2,500 mm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The experiment was established at the beginning of autumn, in April 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of ADE as a soil inoculum was tested in two native Amazonian tree species with important characteristics for forest restoration. We selected \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e, a fast-growing pioneer species, due to its ability to colonize degraded soils rapidly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. We also selected \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e due to its potential for timber in commercial reforestation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. We used commercial seeds (sold by Arbocenter Comércio de Sementes Ltda.) from both species and germinated them in seedling pots (290 cm³) filled with 290 g of Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE). Seedling production was carried out in the EMBRAPA Western Amazon nursery, located in Itacotiara, Brazil. Seedling species confirmation was carried out by Dr. Aleksander Westpahl Muniz (listed coauthor). Coconut fiber was used as a conventional treatment control. The ADE was collected from a secondary forest area at the EMBRAPA Experimental Station in Manaus, Brazil (2°53'25\" S, 59°58'06\" W). Its soil fertility was characterized by conventional methods (see information below).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedlings of uniform size were selected after 15 days and transferred to the field. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks. Each block contained seedlings from one of the plant species, grown either with ADE or with a control. We used six plants per treatment as replicates, totaling 72 plants. To minimize environmental interference, individual plants were spaced 2 meters apart, and blocks were separated by 3 meters. The experiment was conducted without the use of fertilizers to mimic natural restoration conditions. Weed control was performed manually throughout the experiment. After six months, measurements and samples were collected. Five soil samples for DNA sequencing were taken from the soil 20 cm from the main roots of plants, while five soil cores (0–20 cm) for physicochemical analysis were collected in a cross-section around the block. Plant development measurements were assessed by plant height and stem diameter at breast height (DBH).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSoil physicochemical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial physicochemical soil attributes were measured following the recommended protocols[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Briefly, pH was measured in a CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution (0.01 mol L 1); the soil organic matter (OM) was evaluated by oxidation in potassium dichromate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] ; P, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e were extracted using ion exchange resins; K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e was quantified using a colorimetric method, while Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (PerkinElmer 3100, USA). SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2−\u003c/sup\u003e was extracted with a Ca\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e solution (0.01 mol L\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e) and quantified by turbidimetry. Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e was extracted with a KCl solution (1.0 mol L\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e) and quantified by titration with NaOH solution (0.025 mol L\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e). Micronutrients, including Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn, were extracted using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was estimated based on the sum of Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, and H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e. The sum of exchangeable bases (SB) was calculated based on the sum of Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey properties included a low pH of 4.51, an organic matter (OM) content of 36.04 g/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, and a low sum of bases (SB) of 1.81 cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Exchangeable aluminum (Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e) was present at a concentration of 0.42 cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, contributing to a high potential acidity (H + Al) of 3.54 (± 0.87) cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and a low base saturation (V) of 33.31%. The soil’s low fertility and high acidity classify it as a typical degraded tropical soil (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of the main soil chemical attributes in both the experimental area where the experiment was conducted and the Amazonian Dark Earth site where ADE was collected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperimental Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eADE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH (CaCl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5 ± 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2 ± 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC (g kg\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0 ± 4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.6 ± 5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMO (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.0 ± 8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.0 ± 9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP (mg dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8 ± 1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156.7 ± 33.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK (mg dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.2 ± 26.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.5 ± 17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa (mg dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3 ± 1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6 ± 1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 ± 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7 ± 1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6 ± 0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 ± 0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4 ± 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1 ± 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH + Al (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5 ± 0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3 ± 0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSB (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8 ± 0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9 ± 2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffective CEC (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 ± 0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1 ± 2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal CEC (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e− 3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4 ± 1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2 ± 2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3 ± 8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.5 ± 8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.7 ± 12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 ± 1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eData are presented in mean ± standard deviation. *p-value \u0026lt; 0.05. **p-value \u0026lt; 0.01. p-value \u0026lt; 0.001. C: carbon; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Na: sodium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; Al: aluminum; H + Al: potential acidity of the soil.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted from 0.25 g of every sample using the DNeasy PowerLyzer PowerSoil© kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s recommendations with additional adaptations proposed for tropical soil samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The quality of the extraction was measured using a spectrophotometer NanoDrop 2000© (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were approved in quality control (A280/A260 between 1.70 and 2.00, concentration \u0026gt; 10 ng µL\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e). The V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR to determine the abundance of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) in samples using the updated primers 515F [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and 816R [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The region ITS was amplified by PCR to determine the abundance of fungi using the primers ITS1f and ITS2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The paired-end sequencing with 2 × 250 bp reads was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, and followed the recommendations from the Earth Microbiome Project [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw sequencing reads were processed using the DADA2 pipeline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. We kept sequences with a mean quality score greater than 30 and grouped the filtered reads into amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We assigned taxonomy to the ASVs by matching them against the SILVA database (v. 138.1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The resulting ASV table was then converted into a phyloseq S4 object and a microeco R6 object for further analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The raw reads used in this work can be found in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the project number PRJNA1346081.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data wrangling and statistical analyses were carried out in the R language (v. 4.4.2) using RStudio (v. 2024.09.1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The code for the analyses performed in this study can be found publicly on GitHub at: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://github.com/FreitasAndy/ADE-in-the-field\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://github.com/FreitasAndy/ADE-in-the-field\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Figures were produced using the ggplot2 package [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], and some of these figures were edited only for aesthetic purposes (i.e., changing colors and fonts) using the Inkscape 1.3.2 program. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. When parametric, we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post hoc test to evaluate differences in plant growth parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. When data were considered non-parametric, we used the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test with a false discovery rate (FDR) to evaluate differences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Significance level was determined as 95% (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe measured alpha diversity to assess the richness and dominance of the microbial communities. Richness was calculated as the number of unique taxa identified in each sample. Dominance was measured using the inverse Simpson index [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. For beta diversity, we transformed the dataset using a centered log ratio (clr) to account for the compositional nature of the data. We then used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Euclidean distance to visualize the community structure on the first two axes. We tested for significant differences between groups using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) with 999 permutations and a significance level of 5% via the adonis function in the vegan package [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe used the ALDEx2 algorithm to identify microbial taxa with significant differences in abundance between the ADE treatment and the control for each plant species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. We considered a genus to be differentially abundant if it had a Welch's test p-value of less than 0.01 and an effect size greater than 1. Finally, we performed correlation network analysis at the genus level using the SpiecEasi algorithm to identify co-occurring bacterial, archaeal, and fungal groups. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. We focused on strong, highly reliable correlations, considering only those with a significance threshold of p \u0026lt; 0.001 and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003eIncoculating Amazonian Dark Earths for seedling production increases the plant growth\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll plants were alive after 180 days of the experiment. Seedlings produced with ADE developed better than those from the Control. \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e ones grew approximately 20% more in ADE after 180 days of experiment (~ 191 cm x 163 cm, on average) and had the stem approximately 15% bigger (~ 32.2 cm x 27.8 cm, on average). The ADE effect in \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e was even higher. The species grew to approximately 55% (~ 30.2 cm x 19.4 cm, on average) and had a stem that was approximately 88% bigger (~ 0.99 cm x 1.86 cm, on average) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). As \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e is a fast-growing species, ideal for ecological restoration projects, once it receives good sunlight and is not demanding of many nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], we already expected the species to exhibit greater growth. In fact, after 6 months of experiment, we already had most of the trees with more than 1.5 meters of height, with the ones produced using ADE being of a bigger size. The increase in growth of \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e also highlights the potential of ADE as a booster of growth for non-primary species in the Amazon, which commonly presents more issues in establishing, especially in a degraded area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. We have already shown that larger amounts of ADE (20%) could boost the establishment of trees for ecological restoration, independently of successional stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], and here demonstrated in the field that the need for ADE could be reduced in the field, with similar results for both a primary and secondary species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eADE inoculum promoted higher microbial diversity\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlpha diversity was similar among bacterial communities (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC), but fungal diversity and dominance of taxa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD) were strongly increased in \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e, despite no effect found in \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e. We expected an increased diversity in both prokaryotes and fungal diversity in the two species, but we believe the absence of effects in \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e is mainly due to the Amazonian soils’ resilience to changes without a strong event of disturbance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, soil eukaryotes used to respond quicker than bacteria and archaea when changes in soil happen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], and the diversity of fungi is higher in ADEs than in agricultural soils [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], leading to a tendency for ADEs to enhance the establishment and development of fungal communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLooking at the abundance of microorganisms despite the count of taxa, the standards are clearer. Similarly, to the alpha diversity, the beta diversity analysis showed the \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e ADE communities as the most dissimilar compared to the other groups, considering both prokaryotes and fungi (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). Although the dissimilarity among the other groups was smaller, each one was separated from the other, highlighting once more that the differences in growth are probably driven by microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the main criticisms of soil transference and usage as enhanced for plants in the argument is that the new soil can affect plant growth only because of its nutrients. It can be true in huge amounts of high-fertility soils, but it is not the case here. Each tube, when the seedlings were produced, had a small amount of soil (290 cm³), and the plants were normalized by size when planted in the soil. Additionally, the amount of nutrients in the ADEs we used was way lower than the amount commonly found in commercial fertilizers. Finally, when in the soil, the nutrients are dissolved in the original oxisol from the experimental field. Knowing all of this, we tested the microbial distribution among treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eADE treatments shaped the fungal community (but not the prokaryotic one) in\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe microbial distribution of phyla was slightly different between treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The core prokaryotic microbiome was mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Actionobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). Control samples had, on average, a higher percentage of Acidobacteriota than ADE treatments, probably due to the low pH (~ 4.5) from the original soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the dominance of Ascomycota, \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e plants cultivated with ADE recruited more Mortierellomycota than the control ones, alongside a reduction in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. Those patterns are key indicators of rhizosphere re-establishment and biostimulation driven by both \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e and ADE. Mortierellomycota species are often associated with healthy, nutrient-rich soils and are known to be plant-growth promoters, especially in the early stages of plant establishment. They thrive in the new, more favorable conditions created by the ADE [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the ADE must have provided a more immediately available, simpler organic matter source that favored the faster-growing Mortierellomycota over the slower, lignin-specializing Basidiomycota. The ADE effectively bypassed the need for the long-term, slow decomposition process that Basidiomycota are known for [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProducing seedlings of \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e with ADE significantly restructured the soil fungal community around the plant. ADE acted as a selective filter that both suppressed and promoted specific microbial taxa. On one hand, ADE treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the relative abundance of \u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMyrothecium\u003c/em\u003e, and Basidiomycota-related yeasts like \u003cem\u003ePapiliotrema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSaitozyma\u003c/em\u003e, as well as the ectomycorrhizal \u003cem\u003eSerendipita\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This decline suggests the suppression of fungal groups often associated with disturbed, nutrient-poor, or stressed environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The reduction in potentially pathogenic (\u003cem\u003eMyrothecium\u003c/em\u003e) indicates a successful transition toward a healthier, more balanced soil ecosystem, as ADE is known for being a suppressive soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, ADE provided conducive conditions for other fungal groups. Notably, there was a substantial increase in taxa such as \u003cem\u003eSetophoma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePyxidiophora\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAscobolus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCercophora\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eApiotrichum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eVanrija\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These fungi represent key functional groups: \u003cem\u003eSetophoma\u003c/em\u003e and some yeasts (\u003cem\u003eApiotrichum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVanrija\u003c/em\u003e) are likely involved in the decomposition of specific organic matter, while \u003cem\u003ePyxidiophora\u003c/em\u003e acts as a mycoparasite, potentially helping to regulate the new fungal community [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the promotion of coprophilous taxa like \u003cem\u003eAscobolus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCercophora\u003c/em\u003e highlights the unique, nutrient-rich, and dung-like nature of ADE, which fosters a distinct ecological niche [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of microbial genera with significant differences between the ADE treatment and the Control group after 180 days of experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTree Species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperior Taxonomy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbundance ADE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbundance Control\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverlap\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFungi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetophoma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePyxidiophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAscobolus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrothecium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCercophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerendipita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePapiliotrema\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaitozyma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApiotrichum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanrija\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"46\" rowspan=\"47\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchromobacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAureimonas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChitinophaga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEllin516\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaoranjiania\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabrys\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLarkinella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeifsonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePandoraea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudoxanthomonas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRoseateles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSiphonobacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFungi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAaosphaeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParaconiothyrium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeosetophoma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetophoma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeoroussoella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetoarthopyrenia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShiraia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExophiala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaetomella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLipomyces\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyberlindnera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeopestalotiopsis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiaporthe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParagibellulopsis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNectriella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMetarhizium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBisifusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXenomyrothecium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudodactylaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHumicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerendipita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtractiella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysozyma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHannaella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePapiliotrema\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSonoraphlyctis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEntorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eRelative abundance was calculated by the median centered log-ratio value for the group mentioned; effect: effect size of the difference, a median of difference between groups on a log base 2 scale/largest median variation within groups, positive values indicate a higher abundance in the Control group whereas negative values indicate higher abundance in the ADE group; overlap: confusion in assigning an observation Control or ADE; p-value: the expected value of the Welch test p-value corrected by Benjamini-Hockberg method. The table includes all genera with effect \u0026gt; 1 and p-value ≤ 0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eADE treatments steered microbial abundance in\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ADE treatment also performed as a powerful microbial inoculum and a suppressive soil, with potential to suppress some pathogenic genera, in the \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e rhizosphere. ADE caused a notable depletion of several bacterial genera, including \u003cem\u003eAchromobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAureimonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChitinophaga\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEllin516\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHaoranjiania\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLabrys\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLarkinella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeifsonia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePandoraea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudoxanthomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRoseateles\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSiphonobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas\u003c/em\u003e. This shift, unlike the previous findings with \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e, highlights the combined effect of ADE’s unique physicochemical properties and the specific plant-host interactions in shaping the microbial community, even in small amounts. This is a critical observation, as the high nutrient content of ADE may create a negative feedback loop, suppressing beneficial functional groups, such as nitrogen-fixers (e.g., \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e), that are energetically unnecessary in a nutrient-rich environment. Consequently, while ADE promotes short-term plant growth by providing a reserve of available nutrients, it could potentially inhibit the long-term, self-sustaining biological processes of nutrient cycling, an observation that challenges the current state of the art, where ADE’s power in ecological restoration relies on both nutrients and microbiota [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it opens a field of study regarding the amplitude of each aspect (nutrients and microbes) in the plant growth promotion driven by ADE.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding fungi, ADE treatment also had a profound and selective effect on the fungal community in \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e rhizosphere, increasing the soil’s suppressive potential against pathogens while simultaneously restructuring the symbiotic relationships between the plant and its fungal partners (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The ADE-amended soil exhibited a notable decrease in opportunistic and pathogenic fungal genera, including \u003cem\u003eExophiala\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSerendipita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCyberlindnera\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHannaella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAaosphaeria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudodactylaria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePapiliotrema\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiaporthe\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSonoraphlyctis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNeosetophoma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eParagibellulopsis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eParaconiothyrium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSetoarthopyrenia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eNeoroussoella\u003c/em\u003e. This depletion, particularly of known pathogens like \u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e, is consistent with our findings in the bacterial community, where ADE treatment led to a significant decrease in numerous genera, including potential pathogens, highlighting ADE’s broad role as a suppressive soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the selective suppression was accompanied by a shift towards a new set of beneficial fungi. ADE inoculum promoted a variety of plant-growth promoters and biocontrol agents, with a notable increase in genera such as \u003cem\u003eNectriella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eShiraia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eXenomyrothecium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNeopestalotiopsis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLipomyces\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAtractiella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSetophoma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChrysozyma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMetarhizium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBisifusarium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEntorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHumicola\u003c/em\u003e. The increase in biocontrol agents like \u003cem\u003eMetarhizium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eNectriella\u003c/em\u003e suggests that the ADE is actively fostering a community that can protect the plant from pests and diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the concurrent decrease in some mycorrhizal fungi like \u003cem\u003eSerendipita\u003c/em\u003e, while other mycorrhizae such as \u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e increased, indicates a complex trade-off which can be interpreted as a negative feedback where the ADE’s high nutrient content reduces the plant’s need to invest in some symbiotic relationships, as it can acquire nutrients more directly from the inoculum soil. The ADE’s function is not just to add nutrients but to re-engineer the soil microbiome, replacing opportunistic and pathogenic taxa with a new, more specialized community that aligns with the plant's needs in a nutrient-rich environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eADE restructures\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eH. avelllanedae\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ebut not\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003emicrobial networks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the co-occurrence analysis revealed that the ADE treatment also reshaped plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. \u003cem\u003eH. avelllanedae\u003c/em\u003e showed a stronger impact on the network structure compared to \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The ADE inoculum on \u003cem\u003eH. avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e increased positive interactions, network density (898 edges, average degree 18.9), resulting in a non-modular (0.18) network with a balanced ratio of positive and negative correlations compared to the control. This massive increase in microbial connectivity in \u003cem\u003eH. avellannedae\u003c/em\u003e is consistent with previous reports of ADE increasing microbial integration in other species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting its effect is pronounced in non-leguminous systems. Conversely, the ADE inoculum resulted in fewer differences in the \u003cem\u003eS. amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e network properties. The network remained consistently dense (0.16 ~ 0.20), highly connected, and non-modular (0.16 ~ 0.20) under both conditions, suggesting that the established, complex belowground interactions are typical of this primary legume species and already drive a highly connected community that is resistant to structural alteration by the ADE inoculum [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].​\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsidering all the findings, we showed that the application of a small volume of ADE had a strong effect on both \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e development. The most significant finding was that ADE is not just a reservoir of soil nutrients, but can also be a highly effective bio-amendment that fundamentally restructures the soil microbiome. It functioned as a suppressive soil, actively selecting against a wide range of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and fungi, while promoting a new, beneficial microbial community. This selective pressure resulted in the depletion of stress-tolerant taxa and pathogens, while simultaneously fostering a diverse array of plant-growth promoters and biocontrol agents. While ADE\u0026rsquo;s high nutrient content may create a negative feedback that reduces the need for certain microbial functions, such as nitrogen fixation, this targeted microbial reshape is a key mechanism through which ADE improves soil health and supports robust plant establishment. In conclusion, ADE\u0026rsquo;s value lies in its living microbial community, which acts as a powerful inoculum to restore degraded soils and engineer a healthier rhizosphere for sustainable reforestation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil and plant samples were collected in accordance with Brazilian regulations on access to genetic resources (SISGEN registration no. AD13FB3). No human or animal subjects were involved in this study, and therefore, no institutional ethics approval was required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll sequences generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject accession number\u0026nbsp;PRJNA1346081. Additional processed data and scripts used in the analyses are available at\u0026nbsp;https://github.com/FreitasAndy/ADE-in-the-field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; grant number 2020/08927-0; and fellowships 2021/10.626-0, and 2022/05561-0), the Amazonas Research Foundation (FAPEAM; grant number 01.02.016301.00293/2021), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; grant number 314806/2021-0 and fellowships 140237/2022-4 and 423432/2021-6), the Luiz de Queiroz Agricultural Studies Foundation – Fealq (grant number 104.762/2018), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; fellowship 887.597909/2021-00) – Finance Code 001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASF conceived the study, performed experiments and data analyses, and wrote the manuscript. GLM performed the experiments, contextualized, and wrote the manuscripts. JAD carried out formal analysis and reviewed the manuscript. REH acquired funding and coordinated the project. AWM conceived the study and reviewed the manuscript. SMT acquired funding, formally supervised, and wrote the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the field and laboratory teams from Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental for their invaluable support in sample collection and processing. We also thank the colleagues from the Cell and Molecular Biology Lab from CENA/USP: Luís F.W. Zagatto, Solange S. Silva-Zagatto, Gabriel S. Rocha, Franciele Muchalak, and Lucas Faranhani. Finally, we acknowledge the support from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Amazonas Research Foundation (FAPEAM), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for their support in this work.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFonte SJ, Nesper M, Hegglin D, Vel\u0026aacute;squez JE, Ramirez B, Rao IM, et al. Pasture degradation impacts soil phosphorus storage via changes to aggregate-associated soil organic matter in highly weathered tropical soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2014;68:150\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCruz N, Dias D, Fries D, Jardim R, Sousa B, Pires A, et al. Alternatives for the recovery and renewal of degraded pastures. Pesquisa Agropecu\u0026aacute;ria Ga\u0026uacute;cha. 2022;28:15\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.36812/pag.202228115-35. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzevedo T, Rosa M, Shimbo J, Lama CD, Oliveira M, Valdiones AP, et al. Relatorio Anual do Desmatamento no Brasil - 2022. Brazil: MapBiomas; 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWubs ERJ, van der Putten WH, Bosch M, Bezemer TM. Soil inoculation steers restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature Plants. 2016;2:16107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.107. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLombardo U, Arroyo-Kalin M, Schmidt M, Huisman H, Lima HP, de Paula Moraes C, et al. Evidence confirms an anthropic origin of Amazonian Dark Earths. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31064-2. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreitas AS de, Zagatto LFG, Rocha GS, Muchalak F, Silva S dos S, Muniz AW, et al. Amazonian dark earths enhance the establishment of tree species in forest ecological restoration. Frontiers in Soil Science. 2023;3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan M, Feng T, Wang C, Hao X, Yu H. Effects of Microbial Agents on Soil Improvement\u0026mdash;A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Agronomy. 2025;15:1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051223. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS\u0026aacute;ez-Sandino T, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Egidi E, Singh BK. New microbial tools to boost restoration and soil organic matter. Microbial Biotechnology. 2023;16:2019\u0026ndash;25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14325. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBulot A, Bourru E, Ruy S, Dutoit T. Soil transfer impacts restored soil profiles and hydrodynamic properties. CATENA. 2023;231:107308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107308. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoil Science Division Staff. Soil Survey Manual. USDA; 2017. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, De Moraes Gon\u0026ccedil;alves JL, Sparovek G. K\u0026ouml;ppen\u0026rsquo;s climate classification map for Brazil. metz. 2013;22:711\u0026ndash;28. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchwartz G, Pereira P, Siviero M, Pereira J, Ruschel A, Yared J. Enrichment planting in logging gaps with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby: A financially profitable alternative for degraded tropical forests in the Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management. 2017;390:166\u0026ndash;72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.031. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlmeida R de S, Ara\u0026uacute;jo JKP de, Ara\u0026uacute;jo MP de, Moura LB, Gomes AC, Barbosa FM, et al. \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus impetiginosus\u003c/em\u003e biometry of seed and seedling production after different periods of immersion in water. Pesq agropec bras. 2024;59:e03568. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2024.v59.03568. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaij B van, Andrade JC de, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA. An\u0026aacute;lise qu\u0026iacute;mica para avalia\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: Instituto Agron\u0026ocirc;mico; 2001. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalkley A, Black IA. AN EXAMINATION OF THE DEGTJAREFF METHOD FOR DETERMINING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, AND A PROPOSED MODIFICATION OF THE CHROMIC ACID TITRATION METHOD. Soil Science. 1934;37:29. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVenturini AM, Nakamura FM, Gontijo JB, da Fran\u0026ccedil;a AG, Yoshiura CA, Mandro JA, et al. Robust DNA protocols for tropical soils. Heliyon. 2020;6:e03830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03830. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParada AE, Needham DM, Fuhrman JA. Every base matters: assessing small subunit rRNA primers for marine microbiomes with mock communities, time series and global field samples. Environmental Microbiology. 2016;18:1403\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApprill A, McNally S, Parsons R, Weber L. Minor revision to V4 region SSU rRNA 806R gene primer greatly increases detection of SAR11 bacterioplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 2015;75:129\u0026ndash;37. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01753. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR - Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual. Academic Press; 1990. p. 315\u0026ndash;22. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilbert JA, Jansson JK, Knight R. The Earth Microbiome project: successes and aspirations. BMC Biol. 2014;12:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-014-0069-1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCallahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nature Methods. 2016;13:581\u0026ndash;3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic acids research. 2013;41 Database issue:D590\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1219. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcMurdie PJ, Holmes S. phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e61217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061217. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu C, Cui Y, Li X, Yao M. microeco: an R package for data mining in microbial community ecology. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2021;97:fiaa255. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa255. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC; 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWickham H. ggplot2. WIREs Computational Statistics. 2011;3:180\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.147. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShapiro SS, Wilk MB. An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika. 1965;52:591\u0026ndash;611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDriscoll WC. Robustness of the ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer statistical tests. Computers \u0026amp; Industrial Engineering. 1996;31:265\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(96)00127-1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDinno A. Nonparametric Pairwise Multiple Comparisons in Independent Groups using Dunn\u0026rsquo;s Test. The Stata Journal. 2015;15:292\u0026ndash;300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1501500117. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimpson EH. Measurement of Diversity. Nature. 1949;163:688\u0026ndash;688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O\u0026rsquo;Hara RB, et al. Vegan: community ecology package. R package vegan, vers. 2.2-1. World Agroforestry Centre Nairobi, Kenya; 2015. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFernandes AD, Macklaim JM, Linn TG, Reid G, Gloor GB. ANOVA-Like Differential Expression (ALDEx) Analysis for Mixed Population RNA-Seq. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e67019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKurtz ZD, M\u0026uuml;ller CL, Miraldi ER, Littman DR, Blaser MJ, Bonneau RA. Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11:e1004226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004226. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuin VF de F, Liuti G, Prado NV do, Cely MVT, Andreata MF de L, Santos IMO dos, et al. Effect of the fertilization and growth promoting microrganisms on Schizolobium parahyba. Semina: Ci\u0026ecirc;ncias Agr\u0026aacute;rias. 2019;40:1747\u0026ndash;60. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p1747. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edos Santos VAHF, Ferreira MJ. Initial establishment of commercial tree species under enrichment planting in a Central Amazon secondary forest: Effects of silvicultural treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 2020;460:117822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117822. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMendes LW, de Lima Brossi MJ, Kuramae EE, Tsai SM. Land-use system shapes soil bacterial communities in Southeastern Amazon region. Applied Soil Ecology. 2015;95:151\u0026ndash;60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.06.005. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRomdhane S, Spor A, Banerjee S, Breuil M-C, Bru D, Chabbi A, et al. Land-use intensification differentially affects bacterial, fungal and protist communities and decreases microbiome network complexity. Environmental Microbiome. 2022;17:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-021-00396-9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLucheta AR, Cannavan F de S, Tsai SM, Kuramae EE. Amazonian Dark Earth and Its Black Carbon Particles Harbor Different Fungal Abundance and Diversity. Pedosphere. 2017;27:832\u0026ndash;45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60415-6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrieg NR, Whitman WB, Bergey DH, editors. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. 2. ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2011. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOzimek E, Hanaka A. Mortierella Species as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi Present in the Agricultural Soils. Agriculture. 2021;11:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010007. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLucheta AR, de Souza Cannavan F, Roesch LFW, Tsai SM, Kuramae EE. Fungal Community Assembly in the Amazonian Dark Earth. Microb Ecol. 2016;71:962\u0026ndash;73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0703-7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAliyu H, Gorte O, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K. Global Transcriptome Profile of the Oleaginous Yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 Cultivated in Glucose and Xylose. Journal of Fungi. 2021;7:758. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090758. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu X-Z, Wang Q-M, G\u0026ouml;ker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, et al. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud Mycol. 2015;81:85\u0026ndash;147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePellegrinetti TA, de C\u0026aacute;ssia Mesquita da Cunha I, Chaves MG de, Freitas AS de, Passos GS, Silva AVR da, et al. Genomic insights of Fictibacillus terranigra sp. nov., a versatile metabolic bacterium from Amazonian Dark Earths. Braz J Microbiol. 2024;55:1817\u0026ndash;28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01268-3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVasiliauskienė D, Boris R, Balčiūnas G, Kairytė A, Urbonavičius J. Impact of Cellulolytic Fungi on Biodegradation of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch-Based Composites with Different Flame-Retardants. Microorganisms. 2022;10:1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091830. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRichardson MJ. Coprophilous fungi from Brazil. Braz arch biol technol. 2001;44:283\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132001000300010. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLima AB, Cannavan FS, Navarrete AA, Teixeira WG, Kuramae EE, Tsai SM. Amazonian Dark Earth and Plant Species from the Amazon Region Contribute to Shape Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities. Microb Ecol. 2015;69:855\u0026ndash;66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0472-8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShen Z, Thomashow LS, Ou Y, Tao C, Wang J, Xiong W, et al. Shared Core Microbiome and Functionality of Key Taxa Suppressive to Banana Fusarium Wilt. Research (Wash D C). 2022;2022:9818073. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9818073. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchmidt MJ, Goldberg SL, Heckenberger M, Fausto C, Franchetto B, Watling J, et al. Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon. Science Advances. 2023;9:eadh8499. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh8499. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu Y, Yang Y, Wang B. Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae play roles of maize (Zea mays) growth promoter. Sci Rep. 2022;12:15706. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19899-7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Freitas AS, Zagatto LFG, Rocha GS, Muchalak F, Martins GL, Silva-Zagatto S dos S, et al. Harnessing the synergy of Urochloa brizantha and Amazonian Dark Earth microbiomes for enhanced pasture recovery. BMC Microbiology. 2025;25:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03741-3. \u003cbr\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ecology-and-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"evob","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ecology and Evolution](http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/evob/default.aspx","title":"BMC Ecology and Evolution","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biochar, pioneer species, mycoparasites, rhizosphere, suppressive soil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe restoration of degraded tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Amazon, requires innovative and sustainable solutions. This study investigates the potential of Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE), a highly fertile and resilient soil, as a microbial bio-inoculant to improve the growth of two key tree species, \u003cem\u003eSchizolobium amazonicum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHandroanthus avellanedae\u003c/em\u003e. By applying a small volume of ADE, we observed a significant improvement in the development of both tree species, characterized by enhanced plant height and stem diameter at breast height. These positive results are linked to ADE's ability to fundamentally restructure the soil's microbial communities. Our findings reveal that ADE acts as a powerful suppressive soil, selectively depleting a wide range of opportunistic and pathogenic bacterial and fungal genera, while simultaneously promoting the establishment of a new, beneficial microbial community. We observed a notable decrease in pathogens, such as the fungus \u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e and the bacteria \u003cem\u003ePseudoxanthomonas\u003c/em\u003e, alongside a significant increase in well-known biocontrol agents and plant-growth promoters, including the fungi \u003cem\u003eMetarhizium\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e and the bacteria \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e. The high nutrient content of the ADE may create a negative feedback loop that reduces the need for certain microbial functions, such as nitrogen fixation, but this targeted microbial “re-wiring” is the key mechanism driving improved plant health. Our work demonstrates that ADE’s true value lies in its living microbial community, offering a sustainable and effective strategy for accelerating the restoration of degraded tropical landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Boosting Tree Growth in the Amazon Rainforest Using Amazonian Dark Earths","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-22 11:55:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907874/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-19T07:32:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T04:45:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T04:50:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11388377859211874526559375448477303936","date":"2025-10-30T06:06:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"12134488883454683914062297455434358392","date":"2025-10-25T14:41:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T12:16:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T06:49:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T12:25:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Ecology and Evolution","date":"2025-10-21T12:22:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ecology-and-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"evob","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ecology and Evolution](http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/evob/default.aspx","title":"BMC Ecology and Evolution","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f8583b26-8436-478b-bd1b-a8b3852da5fe","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-02T16:06:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7907874","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-026-02495-y","journal":{"identity":"bmc-ecology-and-evolution","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Ecology and Evolution"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-30 15:58:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 30th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-22 11:55:04","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12862-026-02495-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-026-02495-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7907874","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7907874","identity":"rs-7907874","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}