Tailoring the Crystallite Size and Stoichiometry of Hydroxyapatite from Buffalo Bone Waste via Controlled Sintering Temperature and Time

Tailoring the Crystallite Size and Stoichiometry of Hydroxyapatite from Buffalo Bone Waste via Controlled Sintering Temperature and Time | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Tailoring the Crystallite Size and Stoichiometry of Hydroxyapatite from Buffalo Bone Waste via Controlled Sintering Temperature and Time Ishak Pawarangan, Yusril Yusuf This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9296949/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study demonstrates the precise tailoring of the crystallite size and stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from buffalo bone waste (Bubalus bubalis) via controlled sintering temperature (650–1050 °C) and dwell time (3–9 h). The effects of these parameters on the HA's structure and composition were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a direct correlation between sintering conditions and crystallite size, which increased from 32 nm to 85 nm with rising temperature and time. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the Ca/P ratio could be modulated within a range of 1.31 to 1.71, with the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 1.67 achieved specifically at 850 °C with a 7-hour dwell time. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic HA functional groups, while scanning electron microscopy indicated improved particle interconnection and reduced agglomeration at higher sintering temperatures. The findings establish controlled sintering as a critical and effective strategy for customizing the properties of bio-waste-derived HA, enhancing its potential for targeted biomedical applications by achieving bone-like stoichiometry and desirable microstructure. Hydroxyapatite Sintering Crystallite size Stoichiometry Buffalo bone waste Biomedical applications Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 01 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9296949","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":617392545,"identity":"15e245f9-59ed-4630-bf15-442a48cd83cd","order_by":0,"name":"Ishak Pawarangan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Manado State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ishak","middleName":"","lastName":"Pawarangan","suffix":""},{"id":617392547,"identity":"114f28c4-3d71-47eb-87f6-025d00b0b083","order_by":1,"name":"Yusril Yusuf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gadjah Mada University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yusril","middleName":"","lastName":"Yusuf","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-02 02:08:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9296949/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9296949/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106514139,"identity":"bd81074e-be68-4b12-b910-9bef0274ffb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-09 11:28:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1868626,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript2025submit.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9296949/v1_covered_bbb3c3ec-0b97-4a87-80f1-84deb9777ff4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Tailoring the Crystallite Size and Stoichiometry of Hydroxyapatite from Buffalo Bone Waste via Controlled Sintering Temperature and Time","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"journal-of-materials-science-materials-in-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Hydroxyapatite, Sintering, Crystallite size, Stoichiometry, Buffalo bone waste, Biomedical applications","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9296949/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9296949/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates the precise tailoring of the crystallite size and stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from buffalo bone waste (Bubalus bubalis) via controlled sintering temperature (650–1050 °C) and dwell time (3–9 h). 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