Evaluation of the Impact of a Brick Double-Skin Facade's Shading Device on Building Thermal Loads

Evaluation of the Impact of a Brick Double-Skin Facade's Shading Device on Building Thermal Loads | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of the Impact of a Brick Double-Skin Facade's Shading Device on Building Thermal Loads Mohammad Hassan Abedini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the impact of brick shading devices—specifically perforated brick walls used in double-skin façades—on the heating and cooling loads of low-rise residential apartment buildings. The research focuses on two distinct climatic zones locatet in iran: Tehran (a cold semi-arid climate) and Bandar Abbas (a hot and humid climate). Employing a quantitative research methodilogy, thermal simulations were conducted using DesignBuilder software to assess the influence of these shading elements on indoor thermal comfort. The case study was modeled on a residential plot in both cities, serving as a pilot scenario. The design of the perforated brick façade was inspired by both contemporary applications and traditional Iranian brickwork patterns. Simulation results revealed that, in Tehran, the proposed façade increased the total energy load by 2.8% compared to the baseline model. Conversely, in Bandar Abbas, the same design led to a 4.7% reduction in total energy load. These findings highlight the potential of brick shading strategies in optimizing thermal performance, particularly in hot and humid regions, and offer valuable insights for climate-responsive façade design in low-rise residential architecture. Double-skin façade perforated brick shading heating load cooling load energy simulation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction One of the primary goals of architecture is to create healthy and comfortable spaces for occupants. Given the diverse climatic conditions across Iran, there is a growing need for region-specific environmental designs. In response to this need and advances in technology, innovative solutions have been proposed for building façade design with the aim of minimizing heat loss, providing effective shading, and enhancing thermal comfort for building occupants. Among these solutions, double-skin façade technology has been introduced as an effective strategy for controlling the interaction between the external and internal environments of apartment buildings (Mousavi et al., 2023 ; Yum, 2020). To improve thermal comfort, it is crucial to implement solutions that involve designing apartments with appropriate techniques, including consideration of solar energy and thermal insulation (Facelli Sanchez et al., 2024). Furthermore, integrating shading systems can increase energy savings (Ascione et al., 2021). In addition, porous brick walls, one of the most popular architectural elements in buildings, are used for maintaining privacy, providing shading, and improving ventilation in spaces (Omidvari & Omidvari, 2021; Trimble & Walkowicz, 2023). The use of these walls in residential buildings significantly impacts thermal comfort, with this effect being linked to the simultaneous transfer of heat and moisture through the bricks, which is a key aspect of residential apartment design and can enhance occupant comfort (Maděra et al., 2016). Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of brick shading devices (perforated brick walls) in double-skin façades on heating and cooling loads in apartment buildings. The study focuses on two distinct climates: Tehran and Bandar Abbas. The building was modeled using DesignBuilder software (version 7.2), and simulations were conducted to assess the appropriate settings for each shading device and internal blinds, along with their associated heating and cooling loads for single-skin and double-skin façades. The results of these simulations are compared to determine the most effective design. 2. Literature Review Double-skin façades (DSFs ) are considered advanced systems in architectural design that, by creating an intermediary layer between indoor and outdoor environments, play a critical role in climate control, energy loss reduction, thermal comfort enhancement, and visual quality improvement (Yum, 2020; Dong et al., 2024; Zheng et al., 2024). The performance of these systems varies significantly across different climates, making climate-responsive design essential for their optimal utilization. In cold climates, the ventilated cavity between the two glass layers helps reduce heat loss and efficiently harness solar energy. Case studies from cold regions of China demonstrate that appropriate design strategies—such as south-facing box windows—can result in up to 60% energy savings (Zhou & Chen, 2010 ; Liu et al., 2023 ). In hot and humid climates, although DSFs alone may not fully meet thermal demands, when integrated with suitable materials, optimal orientation, and transparency control, they can reduce cooling loads, enhance natural ventilation, and improve daylighting performance (Yellamraju, 2004 ; Shameri et al., 2011 ). In hot and arid climates, DSFs combined with shading devices enable natural ventilation through the stack effect, reduce direct solar gain, and improve thermal performance (Hamza, 2008 ). Shading systems installed within the cavity—especially in high-rise buildings—effectively lower cooling demands and maintain indoor comfort (Gratia & De Herde, 2007 ). CFD simulations have shown that parameters such as cavity depth, louver material, and optical properties significantly influence system efficiency (Parra et al., 2015 ). Moreover, integrated modeling indicates that adjustable seasonal shading devices can reduce energy consumption throughout the year; specifically, adjusting louver angles between 30° and 90° can lead to 0.4–6.4% annual energy savings (Baldinelli, 2009 ; Lee et al., 2015 ). In addition to contemporary approaches, traditional structures such as brick shading screens or perforated walls have long been employed in hot and dry regions. Constructed from porous bricks, these elements reduced direct solar penetration while serving as thermal insulators that contributed to indoor cooling (Heydari & Zare, 2022 ). Often combined with materials like wood, plaster, or tiles, these vernacular components not only provided shading but also facilitated airflow and surface cooling, thereby enhancing indoor comfort (Jasim et al., 2021; Al-Asadi et al., 2024; Amirabadi et al., 2021 ; Hamid, Mohson et al., 2021). Today, reviving and integrating traditional principles through modern technologies can offer effective solutions to improve thermal performance, especially in hot and arid environments. Table 1 Review of related literature Reference Year Research Objective Methodology Evaluated Indicators Key Findings Al Dakheel & Tabet Aoul 2017 Comprehensive review of active shading systems Literature review System type, cost, energy use, daylight Active systems can reduce cooling energy by up to 50%. El Semary et al. 2017 Development of modern responsive mashrabiyas Design analysis + ethnography Daylight, responsive tech, identity Mashrabiya can serve as a smart shading system in modern architecture. Vazquez 2017 Formal analysis of perforated brick walls in Paraguay Form analysis + algorithmic modeling Ventilation, shading Proposed a generative grammar for perforated brick patterns. Hraska 2018 Classification of adaptive solar shading systems Literature review Glare, adaptability Adaptive systems outperform traditional ones depending on goals. Chi Pool 2019 Evaluation of thick perforated facades for visual comfort Multi-factor analysis + DIVA simulation UDI, perforation %, thickness Optimized geometry significantly improves daylight performance. Aljawder & El-Wakeel 2019 Visual performance of traditional mashrabiya in Bahrain Field study Natural light, uniformity, glare Reduced glare and improved light distribution indoors. Lim et al. 2020 Optical and cooling performance of shading in Korean homes Simulation + field measurement Cooling load, illuminance Egg-crate performed best for solar control and energy saving. Brancaleoni et al. 2021 Angular light transmission in perforated brick walls Radiance + lab testing Solar angle, daylight levels Sharp reduction in transmission at 55–65°; perforation ratio unreliable alone. Heidari et al. 2021 Fixed shading devices in hot-dry residential buildings Energy simulation with Ecotect Energy demand, daylight levels Certain fixed types best suited to reduce heat gain and ensure daylight. Bagasi, Calautit, & Karban 2021 Integrating traditional mashrabiya for natural ventilation Experimental + simulation Indoor temp, airflow, fluctuations Open mashrabiya lowered temp by 2.4°C; thermal performance improved. Mangkuto et al. 2021 Optimizing adaptive/fixed shading for tropical facades Annual daylight simulation sDA, ASE, orientation, slat angle Adaptive design essential for east/west facades; orientation critical. Bagasi (PhD Thesis) 2022 Thermal and ventilation performance of mashrabiya Field study + CFD + evaporative cooling Room temp, louver angle, cooling method Wet fabric and optimized louvers reduced temps up to 7.5°C. Taki & Kumari 2023 Energy and cultural role of mashrabiya in Saudi Arabia Survey + case study + simulation Operative temp, solar gain, privacy Cooling load reduced, daylight improved, but cultural knowledge lacking. Trimble & Walkowicz 2023 Structural design of perforated masonry walls Code analysis + engineering guidelines Wind load, structural detailing Design standards needed for structural safety of perforated walls. Mahdavinejad et al. 2024 Effect of facade geometry on energy and visual comfort Parametric modeling + NSGA-II Daylight, glare, energy use Tilted facades balanced daylight quality and energy use. Byun et al. 2024 Control strategies for daylight dimming in open-plan offices Simulation of control logic DGP, curtain setting, sensor angle Covered sensors optimized glare control; uncovered not recommended. Jiang et al. 2024 Impact of dynamic PVSDs on daylight and energy use Parametric design + Ladybug Energy savings, UDI, control mode Up to 50.38% energy savings; combination mode most efficient. Mousavi et al. 2024 Shading devices in hot-arid office buildings (Kerman, Iran) EnergyPlus + OpenStudio Annual energy, shading type Movable + fixed combo saved 40.29 GJ annually. Pérez-Carramiñana et al. 2024 Movable solar shades in Mediterranean climate Simulation + field + surveys Thermal comfort, daylight distribution Cooling demand dropped by 60%; adjustable shades ensured uniform daylight. Sahebzadeh et al. 2024 Wind energy harvesting through ducted facade openings CFD + neural network modeling Nozzle angle, power density Optimal geometry increased power density up to 35.5x. Alelwani et al. 2025 Optimizing daylight and energy in traditional “Roshan” Numerical simulation + Genetic Algorithm Energy use, UDI, blade thickness/angle Energy reduced by 16.6%; optimal dimensions proposed for varied climates. 3. Methodology 3.1. Location of the cases To evaluate the performance of the proposed façade design under different climatic conditions and to develop a practical recommendation, it was deemed appropriate to simulate the design in two distinct climates: Tehran and Bandar Abbas in iran. Tehran For the simulation process, the EPW weather file (2009–2023) for Tehran was imported into DesignBuilder. This file is available for download from the One Building website (Climate.onebuilding.org). Tehran Province, whose capital is the city of Tehran—the capital of Iran—covers an area of approximately 12,981 square kilometers and is located between 34° to 36.5° north latitude and 50° to 53° east longitude. The city's elevation ranges from 1,100 meters above sea level in the south, 1,200 meters in central parts, and up to 1,700 meters in the northern areas. Tehran experiences cold and dry winters with very low temperatures, while the summers are relatively warm. According to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification, Tehran is categorized under the cold semi-arid climate (BSk) (Peel et al., 2007). Bandar Abbas For the simulation process, the EPW weather file for Bandar Abbas (updated from 2009 to 2023) was imported into DesignBuilder. This file can be downloaded from the One Building website (Climate.onebuilding.org). Bandar Abbas, the capital of Hormozgan Province, is located in southern Iran, approximately 1,050 kilometers south of Tehran. The city lies at geographic coordinates of approximately 27.17°N latitude and 56.26°E longitude, with an elevation ranging from 0 to 20 meters above sea level. Bandar Abbas experiences mild and dry winters, while summers are extremely hot and humid due to its coastal location and subtropical climatic conditions. According to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, Bandar Abbas is categorized as having a hot desert climate (BWh) (Peel et al., 2007; Valizadeh & Khoorani, 2020). 3.2. Description of the case studies and Assumptions The case study building consists of five floors and five residential units. It occupies a land area of 111 m², with a floor height of 2.94 meters for each unit. The internal spaces include conditioned zones such as the living room, kitchen, and bedrooms, as well as unconditioned spaces like the bathroom, toilet, and stairwell. The only façades capable of receiving solar radiation are located on the southern, southeastern, and eastern sides of the building. Figure 3 illustrates the floor plan and 3D model of the reference unit. Table 3 presents the physical properties (structure, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and density) of the materials used in the building envelope. 3.3. Methods The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of porous brick shading devices on the thermal load of buildings utilizing such façade systems. It addresses the following research questions: How does the use of porous brick shading devices as a sustainable and passive solution affect heating and cooling energy demand? In which of the two climates—hot desert (BWh) in Bandar Abbas or cold semi-arid (BSk) in Tehran— do these shading systems perform more effectively? This study follows a systematic approach with four key stages, as outlined below: Step 1. Review of Previous Research: The investigation begins with a comprehensive review of existing literature to analyze the climate and architectural characteristics of buildings that resemble those in the study area. Step 2. Baseline Building Simulation: In this phase, the selected building is modeled and simulated using Design Builder software to establish a baseline performance. Step 3. Integration of Perforated Brick Shading System: A perforated brick shading device is integrated into the simulation model, with various parameters being adjusted to explore its impact on the building’s performance. In this study, the thermal performance of a building is evaluated using the advanced simulation capabilities of Design Builder software (version 7.2). To validate the Design Builder software, the Energy Plus Testing with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 1402001 (BESTEST) procedure was employed. The Test Case 600 model was selected based on the specified conditions and simulated using Design Builder version 7.2. The simulation results showed a deviation of less than 10% compared to the benchmark values provided in the standard documentation, indicating an acceptable level of validation (Ashrae, 2001). As a powerful graphical interface integrated with the Energy Plus simulation engine, Design Builder enables detailed analysis of a building's energy consumption patterns. Its flexibility allows for application throughout various stages of the architectural design process, providing comprehensive performance data that support the refinement and optimization of building designs. This tool is particularly effective during the early design phases, where proactive evaluations can inform and guide decision making, ultimately contributing to improved energy efficiency and overall building performance from the initial stages of project development (Abedini et al., 2024) This holistic approach ensures that the brick porous shading devices contribute to energy savings without causing undesirable increases in thermal loads. Table 2 Comparison of Simulation Results with Standard Data (Source: Software Output) Type of Energy Consumption Standard Results (kW) Simulation Results (kW) Difference (%) Cooling System Energy 6.79 6.63 2.3 Heating System Energy 4.67 4.41 5.5 The porous brick shading device analyzed in this study is composed of bricks measuring 20×10×5 cm, strategically installed on the southern, southeastern, and eastern facades of the building. The design allows for adjustable spacing between the brick rows: during warm seasons, the bricks are arranged in a closed configuration with 15 cm spacing, while in colder seasons, they are spaced 25 cm apart in an open configuration. Additionally, the distance between the shading device and the window glazing varies—20 cm when closed and 10 cm when open. In this study, the use of the perforated brick shading device and internal venetian blinds has been systematically programmed based on seasonal climatic conditions and energy optimization objectives. During the cold seasons, the brick shading device remains fully open throughout the day to maximize solar heat gain. Simultaneously, the internal venetian blind is set to the "on" position from 7:00 AM to 4:00 PM. In contrast, during the hot seasons, to minimize heat ingress and reduce cooling loads, the brick shading device remains closed throughout the day, while the internal venetian blind remains continuously active. Moreover, the thermostat setpoints are defined as 23°C for heating and 26°C for cooling. The following table presents the key assumptions adopted in the thermal modeling process, conducted under two distinct climatic conditions: Tehran (BSk climate) and Bandar Abbas (BWh climate). Table 3 Specifications of Building Envelopes Component Layers (from inside to outside) Thickness (cm) U-value (W/m²·K) Roof Assembly Gypsum board 2 Air gap between ceiling and board 30 Concrete slab 30 Bituminous waterproofing layer 1 Total - 0.350 External Wall Assembly Interior plaster 2 Brick wall 10 Polystyrene insulation 2 Brick wall 10 Cement mortar 2 Total - 0.250 Double Glazed Window Inner glass layer 3 mm Argon gas-filled space 13 mm Outer glass layer 3 mm Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) - 0.764 Direct Solar Transmittance - 0.705 Visible Transmittance (VT) - 0.612 U-value (ISO 10292 / EN673) - 2.673 U-value used in simulation - 2.556 4. Results and Discussion Simulation results indicate that the application of passive strategies—such as porous shading devices—across various Iranian climates can significantly reduce building cooling loads. These shading systems, due to their adjustable openings and compatibility with internal blinds, enhance thermal performance throughout the year. Particularly in hot and humid climates like Bandar Abbas, the strategic integration of such elements can play a crucial role in achieving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. The findings of this study further confirm that the optimal combination of these two components can lead to a substantial reduction in cooling loads during the warmer seasons. Tehran Climate The results of the thermal simulations for the semi-arid climate of Tehran, as summarized in the table below, highlight the impact of passive element operation strategies on optimizing the building's cooling and heating loads. Cooling Load : To achieve the greatest reduction in cooling demand, it is recommended that the interior venetian blind remains active (on) throughout the entire day. Under this condition, the proposed design scenario results in a 7.9% decrease in cooling load compared to the base case. Heating Load : Conversely, in order to minimize heating load, it is more effective to keep the venetian blind inactive (off) between 7:00 AM and 4:00 PM, thereby allowing maximum solar gain during peak sunlight hours. According to this operational strategy, the proposed scenario shows a 13.66% increase in heating load compared to the base case. Table 4 . Summary of simulation results for Tehran climate Design Scenario Received Solar Radiation (kWh) Cooling Load (kWh) Cooling Load Reduction (%) Heating Load (kWh) Heating Load Increase (%) Base Case with Internal Blind (ON) 5382 23772 0% - - Base Case with Internal Blind (OFF, 7:00–16:00) 33893 - - 23439 0% Proposed Design A (Internal Blind ON) 6459 21903 7.9% ↓ - - Proposed Design B (Blind OFF, 7:00–16:00) 27353 - - 26640 13.66% ↑ Bandar Abbas Climate The results of the thermal simulations conducted for the hot and humid climate of Bandar Abbas, as summarized in the following table, highlight the impact of passive element utilization strategies on optimizing building thermal loads. Cooling Load : To achieve maximum reduction in cooling load, it is recommended that the internal venetian blind remains in the “on” position throughout the entire day. Based on this assumption, the proposed scenario with the internal blind activated demonstrates a 4.7% reduction in cooling load compared to the baseline condition. Heating Load : To minimize heating load during colder periods, the optimal strategy involves keeping the internal blind in the “off” position between 7:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., thereby allowing greater solar gain. Under this scenario, the proposed configuration results in an 18.3% increase in heating load relative to the baseline Table 5 . Summary of Simulation Results for Bandar Abbas Climate Design Scenarios Solar Radiation (kWh) Cooling Load (kWh) Cooling Load Reduction (%) Heating Load (kWh) Heating Load Increase (%) Base Case with Internal Blind (On) 4247 70001 0% – – Base Case with Internal Blind (Off 7–16) 26379 – – 131 0% Proposed Design A (Blind On) 5742 66677 4.7%↓ – – Proposed Design B (Blind Off 7–16) 21171 – – 155 18.3%↑ 5. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the proposed perforated brick façade, when combined with internal louvered blinds, exerts a dual and climate-dependent effect on the building’s overall thermal load. An analysis of its performance in two distinct Iranian climates—Tehran's semi-arid and Bandar Abbas's hot-humid climate—revealed that the building's thermal response to this façade configuration varies significantly with climatic conditions. In the semi-arid climate of Tehran, the application of the perforated brick façade along with internal louvered blinds resulted in a 7.9% reduction in cooling load . However, this solution led to a 13.66% increase in heating demand, ultimately causing a 2.8% rise in total thermal load. This net increase can be attributed to factors such as reduced solar gain during cold seasons, limited absorption of passive heat, and ineffective ventilation in winter. Overall, in climates with colder winters, the heating demand tends to offset the thermal advantages of such a façade. Conversely, the same façade configuration yielded different results in the hot-humid climate of Bandar Abbas. In this region, the use of the perforated brick façade led to a 4.7% decrease in cooling load. Despite an 18.3% increase in heating demand, the dominance of cooling energy consumption in this climate resulted in an overall 4.7% reduction in total thermal load. These findings suggest that in hot and humid environments, the benefits of reduced solar heat gain, enhanced natural ventilation, and improved passive cooling outweigh the relatively minor increase in heating requirements, rendering the façade thermally efficient for such contexts. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the thermal performance of perforated brick façades is not only influenced by their form and material properties but also highly sensitive to the climatic characteristics of each region. Since this façade design draws inspiration from traditional Middle Eastern and southern Iranian architecture, it appears to be particularly effective in warm and humid climates similar to that of Bandar Abbas. Leveraging the thermal mass of brick materials and a porous design strategy, this façade type can function as a viable passive solution to reduce the energy demand of cooling and air-conditioning systems. Ultimately, the findings underscore the importance of climate-responsive architectural design and the necessity for environmental adaptability in building envelopes. It is recommended that architects and designers, especially in regions with diverse climates, reconsider the use of indigenous and vernacular strategies through a scientific and technical lens. Such approaches not only reduce energy consumption but also enhance indoor environmental quality, improve occupant thermal comfort, and reduce reliance on mechanical systems. 6. Limitations and Future Work A key limitation of this study lies in the simplification of user behavior and internal heat gains during simulations. The research was also restricted to annual energy loads without addressing hourly thermal comfort variations or daylight performance. Furthermore, the study focused on two representative cities, and broader climatic diversity within Iran and the Middle East remains unexplored. Future studies are recommended to incorporate real-world monitoring, dynamic occupant schedules, and multi-objective optimization involving daylight, thermal comfort, and cost analyses. 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Modern mashrabiyas with high-tech daylight responsive systems. International Journal on: The Academic Research Community Publication, 1 (1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.113 Vazquez, E. (2017). A grammar of perforated masonry walls: A formal analysis of brick walls used for shading and ventilation in Paraguay. In Proceedings of SIGraDi 2017 (pp. 203–210). Concepción, Chile. Hraska, J. (2018). Adaptive solar shading of buildings. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 9 (2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.2.5 Chi Pool, D. A. (2019). A comprehensive evaluation of perforated façades for daylighting and solar shading performance: Effects of matrix, thickness and separation distance. Journal of Daylighting, 6 (2), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2019.10 Aljawder, A., & El-Wakeel, M. (2019). Visual performance of mashrabiya in traditional Bahraini houses. Journal of Architectural Research and Studies, 15 (1), 65–72. Lim, T., Yim, W. S., & Kim, D. D. (2020). Evaluation of daylight and cooling performance of shading devices in residential buildings in South Korea. Energies, 13 (18), 4782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184782 Brancaleoni, I., Mainini, A. G., Blanco Cadena, J. D., & Chi Pool, D. A. (2021). Assessment of angular visual transmittance of perforated masonry wall patterns employed as solar shading systems. Solar Energy, 213 , 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.038 Heidari, A., Taghipour, M., & Yarmahmoodi, Z. (2021). The effect of fixed external shading devices on daylighting and thermal comfort in residential building. Journal of Daylighting, 8 (2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.15 Bagasi, A. A., Calautit, J. K., & Karban, R. (2021). Integrating traditional mashrabiya into passive cooling strategies for hot climates. Energy and Buildings, 247 , 111097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111097 Mangkuto, R. A., Koerniawan, M. D., Apriliyanthi, S. R., Lubis, I. H., Atthaillah, A., Hensen, J. L. M., & Paramita, B. (2021). Design optimisation of fixed and adaptive shading devices on four façade orientations of a high-rise office building in the tropics. Buildings, 11 (5), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050180 Bagasi, A. A. (2022). Comprehensive evaluation of mashrabiya for thermal and ventilation performance in hot-humid climates (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield). Taki, A. H., & Kumari, A. (2023). Thermo-physical analysis of mashrabiya's effects on architectural integration and energy efficiency. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42 (6), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2022.2071530 Mohamed, A. A. H., & Hamdy, M. (2022). Thermal performance of Mashrabiya in the Mediterranean climate: A case study of Alexandria, Egypt. Sustainable Cities and Society, 68 , 102820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102820 Zeng, X., Wang, J., & Yu, L. (2023). Advances in photovoltaic shading façade systems for energy-saving buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 155 , 111918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111918 Serradell, F., & Rodríguez, A. (2023). An investigation into the role of shading systems in energy-efficient design in residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 314 , 111968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111968 Zong, L., Qiu, J., & Wang, Z. (2024). Solar energy potential of perforated façades with integrated photovoltaic systems: A case study of the Grand Mosque in Beijing. Journal of Building Performance, 15 (3), 1046–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbp.2024.01.015 Omidvari, S., & Omidvari, E. (2022). The Role of Two-Shell Facades in Enhancing the Visual Privacy of Residential Complexes in Tehran (An Analysis of the Mashrabiya Elements in the Old Architecture). Bagh-e Nazar , 19(114), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.22034/BAGH.2022.274819.4814 Amirabadi, Z., Khalilnezhad, S. M. R., & Afzalian, M. (2021). A Comparative Study of Visual Properties, Geometric Patterns and Application of Girih Wood-workings in Historic Houses of Darmiyan. Negarineh Islamic Art , 8(21), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.22077/NIA.2021.4580.1517 Mousavi, S. S., Rezaei, P., & Ramazani, B. (2023). Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Residential Spaces of Rasht City. Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies , 18(4), 10–25. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25385968.1402.18.4.10.3 Heydari, A., & Zare, M. (2022). Thermal behavior analysis of traditional geometric patterns (Chinese knotting) in decorated external walls with double-skin facades in the direction of cultural identity revival. Journal of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism Studies , 12(4), [page range if known]. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25385968.1402.18.4.10.3 Liu, Y., Wang, W., Ding, X., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Cha, Y., & Saierpeng, X. (2023). Energy performance evaluation of double-skin facades in cold regions of northwest China: A multi-criteria decision-making approach. Energy and Buildings, 288 , 113080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113080 Zhou, J., & Chen, Y. (2010). A review on applying ventilated double-skin façade system for sustainable building performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (10), 2700–2708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.040 Shameri, M. A., Alghoul, M. A., Sopian, K., Zain, M. F. M., & Elayeb, O. (2011). Perspectives of double skin façade systems in buildings and energy saving. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (3), 1468–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.016 Yellamraju, V. (2004). Evaluation and design of double skin façades for office buildings in hot climates (Master’s thesis, Sushant School of Art and Architecture) Baldinelli, G. (2009). Double skin façades for warm climate regions: Analysis of a solution with an integrated movable shading system. Building and Environment, 44 (6), 1107–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.005 Gratia, E., & De Herde, A. (2007). The most efficient position of shading devices in a double-skin facade. Energy and Buildings, 39 (3), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.002 Hamza, N. (2008). Double versus single skin facades in hot arid areas. Energy and Buildings, 40 (3), 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.016 Lee, J., Alshayeb, M., & Chang, J. D. (2015). A study of shading device configuration on the natural ventilation efficiency and energy performance of a double skin façade. Procedia Engineering, 118 , 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.432 Parra, J., Guardo, A., Egusquiza, E., & Alavedra, P. (2015). Thermal performance of ventilated double skin façades with Venetian blinds. Energies, 8 (6), 4882–4898. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8064882 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7001754","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":477912300,"identity":"4dd928cb-7337-42e9-b60f-40ab67d6e8bd","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Hassan Abedini","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBKYJCob2xvPgDiyhCthbG551gCiMtDnBYgxdg+w8cAxCeshX9288EbD3dYMPPO4Pn86kaNBQ8D++GjG/BacudYskXiGQk2ydm926xzjgEdxpOWdgOvNTdyzCQS2yR4DOec3WacwwbUIsFjhleL/I38byAtEvY3cp4Z5/wjQovBDaDJQC0GjDNymB/nthGhxfDOMWMLoJYExp5jZsy5fRI8bIT8Ine7+eHNn211CYztzY8/53yrk+NnP3wMv/eRAJsEmCRWOQgwfyBF9SgYBaNgFIwcAAD/l0ka8V8pegAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Shahrood University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Hassan","lastName":"Abedini","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-29 09:14:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85926847,"identity":"e5bd3c7a-97ab-42fb-884d-c45fb83c077f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:45:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Tehran and Bandar abbas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/1229cacd0b86dbc69113523c.jpeg"},{"id":85925429,"identity":"05bb750e-df35-4547-9ac1-08956d2fea21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:37:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch Method flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/9f098c7a235f387b6c53c8b3.jpg"},{"id":85925431,"identity":"74d356be-b4b1-4200-a8c5-352b19330ccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:37:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Base case b. Brick shading device in closed mode, suitable for warm seasons c. Brick shading device in open mode, suitable for cold seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/d561029059ccf3397b9793a9.jpg"},{"id":85924857,"identity":"458a6ec3-f383-49f5-a543-266860e8f9ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly Heating and Cooling Loads – Tehran\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/1ef4fe3dcd218be4d99476e4.png"},{"id":85924865,"identity":"78e421f4-8cf8-43ec-acc9-833684c27972","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly Solar Gains (Exterior Windows) – Tehran\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/60da6c6f21eb1898cb615c83.png"},{"id":85924886,"identity":"24e698a9-8f88-4b18-9597-832975a9bba2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:29:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly Heating and Cooling Loads – Bandar Abbas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/5548c103fc166422ef95dd09.png"},{"id":85924879,"identity":"d600723d-f41c-4881-a136-27911cf00fdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly Solar Gains – Bandar Abbas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/db5ceacf0e8414282de1db24.png"},{"id":85927858,"identity":"672eb284-4a5e-4822-a432-2611f51ab8b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 08:53:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1933558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7001754/v1/0bb43f28-cf3a-4e45-8b8a-e177b5c27af4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of the Impact of a Brick Double-Skin Facade's Shading Device on Building Thermal Loads\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the primary goals of architecture is to create healthy and comfortable spaces for occupants. Given the diverse climatic conditions across Iran, there is a growing need for region-specific environmental designs. In response to this need and advances in technology, innovative solutions have been proposed for building fa\u0026ccedil;ade design with the aim of minimizing heat loss, providing effective shading, and enhancing thermal comfort for building occupants. Among these solutions, double-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade technology has been introduced as an effective strategy for controlling the interaction between the external and internal environments of apartment buildings (Mousavi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Yum, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo improve thermal comfort, it is crucial to implement solutions that involve designing apartments with appropriate techniques, including consideration of solar energy and thermal insulation (Facelli Sanchez et al., 2024). Furthermore, integrating shading systems can increase energy savings (Ascione et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, porous brick walls, one of the most popular architectural elements in buildings, are used for maintaining privacy, providing shading, and improving ventilation in spaces (Omidvari \u0026amp; Omidvari, 2021; Trimble \u0026amp; Walkowicz, 2023). The use of these walls in residential buildings significantly impacts thermal comfort, with this effect being linked to the simultaneous transfer of heat and moisture through the bricks, which is a key aspect of residential apartment design and can enhance occupant comfort (Maděra et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of brick shading devices (perforated brick walls) in double-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades on heating and cooling loads in apartment buildings. The study focuses on two distinct climates: Tehran and Bandar Abbas. The building was modeled using DesignBuilder software (version 7.2), and simulations were conducted to assess the appropriate settings for each shading device and internal blinds, along with their associated heating and cooling loads for single-skin and double-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades. The results of these simulations are compared to determine the most effective design.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eDouble-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades (DSFs\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e are considered advanced systems in architectural design that, by creating an intermediary layer between indoor and outdoor environments, play a critical role in climate control, energy loss reduction, thermal comfort enhancement, and visual quality improvement (Yum, 2020; Dong et al., 2024; Zheng et al., 2024). The performance of these systems varies significantly across different climates, making climate-responsive design essential for their optimal utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn cold climates, the ventilated cavity between the two glass layers helps reduce heat loss and efficiently harness solar energy. Case studies from cold regions of China demonstrate that appropriate design strategies\u0026mdash;such as south-facing box windows\u0026mdash;can result in up to 60% energy savings (Zhou \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In hot and humid climates, although DSFs alone may not fully meet thermal demands, when integrated with suitable materials, optimal orientation, and transparency control, they can reduce cooling loads, enhance natural ventilation, and improve daylighting performance (Yellamraju, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Shameri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn hot and arid climates, DSFs combined with shading devices enable natural ventilation through the stack effect, reduce direct solar gain, and improve thermal performance (Hamza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Shading systems installed within the cavity\u0026mdash;especially in high-rise buildings\u0026mdash;effectively lower cooling demands and maintain indoor comfort (Gratia \u0026amp; De Herde, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). CFD simulations have shown that parameters such as cavity depth, louver material, and optical properties significantly influence system efficiency (Parra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, integrated modeling indicates that adjustable seasonal shading devices can reduce energy consumption throughout the year; specifically, adjusting louver angles between \u003cb\u003e30\u0026deg; and 90\u0026deg;\u003c/b\u003e can lead to 0.4\u0026ndash;6.4% annual energy savings (Baldinelli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to contemporary approaches, traditional structures such as brick shading \u003cb\u003escreens or\u003c/b\u003e perforated walls have long been employed in hot and dry regions. Constructed from porous bricks, these elements reduced direct solar penetration while serving as thermal insulators that contributed to indoor cooling (Heydari \u0026amp; Zare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Often combined with materials like wood, plaster, or tiles, these vernacular components not only provided shading but also facilitated airflow and surface cooling, thereby enhancing indoor comfort (Jasim et al., 2021; Al-Asadi et al., 2024; Amirabadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hamid, Mohson et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToday, reviving and integrating traditional principles through modern technologies can offer effective solutions to improve thermal performance, especially in hot and arid environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview of related literature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Objective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethodology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluated Indicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Dakheel \u0026amp; Tabet Aoul\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComprehensive review of active shading systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature review\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem type, cost, energy use, daylight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive systems can reduce cooling energy by up to 50%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Semary et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of modern responsive mashrabiyas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign analysis\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ethnography\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaylight, responsive tech, identity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMashrabiya can serve as a smart shading system in modern architecture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVazquez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal analysis of perforated brick walls in Paraguay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForm analysis\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;algorithmic modeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilation, shading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed a generative grammar for perforated brick patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHraska\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of adaptive solar shading systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature review\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlare, adaptability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive systems outperform traditional ones depending on goals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi Pool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of thick perforated facades for visual comfort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti-factor analysis\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DIVA simulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUDI, perforation %, thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimized geometry significantly improves daylight performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAljawder \u0026amp; El-Wakeel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual performance of traditional mashrabiya in Bahrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eField study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural light, uniformity, glare\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced glare and improved light distribution indoors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLim et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical and cooling performance of shading in Korean homes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;field measurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling load, illuminance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg-crate performed best for solar control and energy saving.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrancaleoni et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular light transmission in perforated brick walls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiance\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;lab testing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar angle, daylight levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharp reduction in transmission at 55\u0026ndash;65\u0026deg;; perforation ratio unreliable alone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeidari et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed shading devices in hot-dry residential buildings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy simulation with Ecotect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy demand, daylight levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertain fixed types best suited to reduce heat gain and ensure daylight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagasi, Calautit, \u0026amp; Karban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating traditional mashrabiya for natural ventilation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;simulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndoor temp, airflow, fluctuations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen mashrabiya lowered temp by 2.4\u0026deg;C; thermal performance improved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMangkuto et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimizing adaptive/fixed shading for tropical facades\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual daylight simulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esDA, ASE, orientation, slat angle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive design essential for east/west facades; orientation critical.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagasi (PhD Thesis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal and ventilation performance of mashrabiya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eField study\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CFD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;evaporative cooling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoom temp, louver angle, cooling method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet fabric and optimized louvers reduced temps up to 7.5\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaki \u0026amp; Kumari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy and cultural role of mashrabiya in Saudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvey\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;case study\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;simulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperative temp, solar gain, privacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling load reduced, daylight improved, but cultural knowledge lacking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrimble \u0026amp; Walkowicz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural design of perforated masonry walls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode analysis\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;engineering guidelines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind load, structural detailing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign standards needed for structural safety of perforated walls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMahdavinejad et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of facade geometry on energy and visual comfort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParametric modeling\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NSGA-II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaylight, glare, energy use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTilted facades balanced daylight quality and energy use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eByun et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl strategies for daylight dimming in open-plan offices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation of control logic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDGP, curtain setting, sensor angle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovered sensors optimized glare control; uncovered not recommended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiang et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of dynamic PVSDs on daylight and energy use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParametric design\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ladybug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy savings, UDI, control mode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 50.38% energy savings; combination mode most efficient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMousavi et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShading devices in hot-arid office buildings (Kerman, Iran)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergyPlus\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;OpenStudio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual energy, shading type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovable\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;fixed combo saved 40.29 GJ annually.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez-Carrami\u0026ntilde;ana et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovable solar shades in Mediterranean climate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;field\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal comfort, daylight distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling demand dropped by 60%; adjustable shades ensured uniform daylight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSahebzadeh et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind energy harvesting through ducted facade openings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;neural network modeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNozzle angle, power density\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimal geometry increased power density up to 35.5x.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlelwani et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimizing daylight and energy in traditional \u0026ldquo;Roshan\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerical simulation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Genetic Algorithm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy use, UDI, blade thickness/angle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy reduced by 16.6%; optimal dimensions proposed for varied climates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Location of the cases\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the performance of the proposed fa\u0026ccedil;ade design under different climatic conditions and to develop a practical recommendation, it was deemed appropriate to simulate the design in two distinct climates: Tehran and Bandar Abbas in iran.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTehran\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the simulation process, the EPW weather file (2009\u0026ndash;2023) for Tehran was imported into DesignBuilder. This file is available for download from the One Building website (Climate.onebuilding.org). Tehran Province, whose capital is the city of Tehran\u0026mdash;the capital of Iran\u0026mdash;covers an area of approximately 12,981 square kilometers and is located between 34\u0026deg; to 36.5\u0026deg; north latitude and 50\u0026deg; to 53\u0026deg; east longitude. The city's elevation ranges from 1,100 meters above sea level in the south, 1,200 meters in central parts, and up to 1,700 meters in the northern areas. Tehran experiences cold and dry winters with very low temperatures, while the summers are relatively warm. According to the K\u0026ouml;ppen\u0026ndash;Geiger climate classification, Tehran is categorized under the cold semi-arid climate (BSk) (Peel et al., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBandar Abbas\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the simulation process, the EPW weather file for Bandar Abbas (updated from 2009 to 2023) was imported into DesignBuilder. This file can be downloaded from the One Building website (Climate.onebuilding.org). Bandar Abbas, the capital of Hormozgan Province, is located in southern Iran, approximately 1,050 kilometers south of Tehran. The city lies at geographic coordinates of approximately 27.17\u0026deg;N latitude and 56.26\u0026deg;E longitude, with an elevation ranging from 0 to 20 meters above sea level. Bandar Abbas experiences mild and dry winters, while summers are extremely hot and humid due to its coastal location and subtropical climatic conditions. According to the K\u0026ouml;ppen\u0026ndash;Geiger climate classification system, Bandar Abbas is categorized as having a hot desert climate (BWh) (Peel et al., 2007; Valizadeh \u0026amp; Khoorani, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Description of the case studies and Assumptions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe case study building consists of five floors and five residential units. It occupies a land area of 111 m\u0026sup2;, with a floor height of 2.94 meters for each unit. The internal spaces include conditioned zones such as the living room, kitchen, and bedrooms, as well as unconditioned spaces like the bathroom, toilet, and stairwell. The only fa\u0026ccedil;ades capable of receiving solar radiation are located on the southern, southeastern, and eastern sides of the building. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the floor plan and 3D model of the reference unit. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the physical properties (structure, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and density) of the materials used in the building envelope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of porous brick shading devices on the thermal load of buildings utilizing such fa\u0026ccedil;ade systems. It addresses the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow does the use of porous brick shading devices as a sustainable and passive solution affect heating and cooling energy demand?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn which of the two climates\u0026mdash;hot desert (BWh) in Bandar Abbas or cold semi-arid (BSk) in Tehran\u0026mdash; do these shading systems perform more effectively?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study follows a systematic approach with four key stages, as outlined below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1. Review of Previous Research: The investigation begins with a comprehensive review of existing literature to analyze the climate and architectural characteristics of buildings that resemble those in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2. Baseline Building Simulation: In this phase, the selected building is modeled and simulated using Design Builder software to establish a baseline performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3. Integration of Perforated Brick Shading System: A perforated brick shading device is integrated into the simulation model, with various parameters being adjusted to explore its impact on the building\u0026rsquo;s performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the thermal performance of a building is evaluated using the advanced simulation capabilities of \u003cem\u003eDesign Builder\u003c/em\u003e software (version 7.2). To validate the Design Builder software, the \u003cem\u003eEnergy Plus Testing with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 1402001 (BESTEST)\u003c/em\u003e procedure was employed. The Test Case 600 model was selected based on the specified conditions and simulated using Design Builder version 7.2. The simulation results showed a deviation of less than 10% compared to the benchmark values provided in the standard documentation, indicating an acceptable level of validation (Ashrae, 2001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a powerful graphical interface integrated with the \u003cem\u003eEnergy Plus\u003c/em\u003e simulation engine, Design Builder enables detailed analysis of a building's energy consumption patterns. Its flexibility allows for application throughout various stages of the architectural design process, providing comprehensive performance data that support the refinement and optimization of building designs. This tool is particularly effective during the early design phases, where proactive evaluations can inform and guide decision making, ultimately contributing to improved energy efficiency and overall building performance from the initial stages of project development (Abedini et al., 2024)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis holistic approach ensures that the brick porous shading devices contribute to energy savings without causing undesirable increases in thermal loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of Simulation Results with Standard Data\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Source: Software Output)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of Energy Consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Results (kW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation Results (kW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling System Energy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating System Energy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe porous brick shading device analyzed in this study is composed of bricks measuring 20\u0026times;10\u0026times;5 cm, strategically installed on the southern, southeastern, and eastern facades of the building. The design allows for adjustable spacing between the brick rows: during warm seasons, the bricks are arranged in a closed configuration with 15 cm spacing, while in colder seasons, they are spaced 25 cm apart in an open configuration. Additionally, the distance between the shading device and the window glazing varies\u0026mdash;20 cm when closed and 10 cm when open.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the use of the perforated brick shading device and internal venetian blinds has been systematically programmed based on seasonal climatic conditions and energy optimization objectives. During the cold seasons, the brick shading device remains fully open throughout the day to maximize solar heat gain. Simultaneously, the internal venetian blind is set to the \"on\" position from 7:00 AM to 4:00 PM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, during the hot seasons, to minimize heat ingress and reduce cooling loads, the brick shading device remains closed throughout the day, while the internal venetian blind remains continuously active.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the thermostat setpoints are defined as 23\u0026deg;C for heating and 26\u0026deg;C for cooling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following table presents the key assumptions adopted in the thermal modeling process, conducted under two distinct climatic conditions: Tehran (BSk climate) and Bandar Abbas (BWh climate).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifications of Building Envelopes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayers (from inside to outside)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU-value (W/m\u0026sup2;\u0026middot;K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoof Assembly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGypsum board\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir gap between ceiling and board\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete slab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBituminous waterproofing layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.350\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExternal Wall Assembly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterior plaster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrick wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolystyrene insulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrick wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement mortar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.250\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDouble Glazed Window\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInner glass layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArgon gas-filled space\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter glass layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.764\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Solar Transmittance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.705\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisible Transmittance (VT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.612\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU-value (ISO 10292 / EN673)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.673\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU-value used in simulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.556\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSimulation results indicate that the application of passive strategies\u0026mdash;such as porous shading devices\u0026mdash;across various Iranian climates can significantly reduce building cooling loads. These shading systems, due to their adjustable openings and compatibility with internal blinds, enhance thermal performance throughout the year. Particularly in hot and humid climates like Bandar Abbas, the strategic integration of such elements can play a crucial role in achieving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. The findings of this study further confirm that the optimal combination of these two components can lead to a substantial reduction in cooling loads during the warmer seasons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTehran Climate\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the thermal simulations for the semi-arid climate of Tehran, as summarized in the table below, highlight the impact of passive element operation strategies on optimizing the building's cooling and heating loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCooling Load\u003c/b\u003e: To achieve the greatest reduction in cooling demand, it is recommended that the interior venetian blind remains active (on) throughout the entire day. Under this condition, the proposed design scenario results in a 7.9% decrease in cooling load compared to the base case.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHeating Load\u003c/b\u003e: Conversely, in order to minimize heating load, it is more effective to keep the venetian blind inactive (off) between 7:00 AM and 4:00 PM, thereby allowing maximum solar gain during peak sunlight hours. According to this operational strategy, the proposed scenario shows a 13.66% increase in heating load compared to the base case.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Summary of simulation results for Tehran climate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Scenario\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived Solar Radiation (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling Load (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling Load Reduction (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating Load (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating Load Increase (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase Case with Internal Blind (ON)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase Case with Internal Blind (OFF, 7:00\u0026ndash;16:00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed Design A (Internal Blind ON)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9% \u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed Design B (Blind OFF, 7:00\u0026ndash;16:00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.66% \u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBandar Abbas Climate\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the thermal simulations conducted for the hot and humid climate of Bandar Abbas, as summarized in the following table, highlight the impact of passive element utilization strategies on optimizing building thermal loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCooling Load\u003c/b\u003e: To achieve maximum reduction in cooling load, it is recommended that the internal venetian blind remains in the \u0026ldquo;on\u0026rdquo; position throughout the entire day. Based on this assumption, the proposed scenario with the internal blind activated demonstrates a 4.7% reduction in cooling load compared to the baseline condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHeating Load\u003c/b\u003e: To minimize heating load during colder periods, the optimal strategy involves keeping the internal blind in the \u0026ldquo;off\u0026rdquo; position between 7:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., thereby allowing greater solar gain. Under this scenario, the proposed configuration results in an 18.3% increase in heating load relative to the baseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. Summary of Simulation Results for Bandar Abbas Climate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Scenarios\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Radiation (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling Load (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling Load Reduction (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating Load (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating Load Increase (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase Case with Internal Blind (On)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase Case with Internal Blind (Off 7\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed Design A (Blind On)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed Design B (Blind Off 7\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3%\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicate that the proposed perforated brick fa\u0026ccedil;ade, when combined with internal louvered blinds, exerts a dual and climate-dependent effect on the building\u0026rsquo;s overall thermal load. An analysis of its performance in two distinct Iranian climates\u0026mdash;Tehran's semi-arid and Bandar Abbas's hot-humid climate\u0026mdash;revealed that the building's thermal response to this fa\u0026ccedil;ade configuration varies significantly with climatic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the semi-arid climate of Tehran, the application of the perforated brick fa\u0026ccedil;ade along with internal louvered blinds resulted in a \u003cb\u003e7.9% reduction in cooling load\u003c/b\u003e. However, this solution led to a 13.66% increase in heating demand, ultimately causing a 2.8% rise in total thermal load. This net increase can be attributed to factors such as reduced solar gain during cold seasons, limited absorption of passive heat, and ineffective ventilation in winter. Overall, in climates with colder winters, the heating demand tends to offset the thermal advantages of such a fa\u0026ccedil;ade.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, the same fa\u0026ccedil;ade configuration yielded different results in the hot-humid climate of Bandar Abbas. In this region, the use of the perforated brick fa\u0026ccedil;ade led to a 4.7% decrease in cooling load. Despite an 18.3% increase in heating demand, the dominance of cooling energy consumption in this climate resulted in an overall 4.7% reduction in total thermal load. These findings suggest that in hot and humid environments, the benefits of reduced solar heat gain, enhanced natural ventilation, and improved passive cooling outweigh the relatively minor increase in heating requirements, rendering the fa\u0026ccedil;ade thermally efficient for such contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these results, it can be concluded that the thermal performance of perforated brick fa\u0026ccedil;ades is not only influenced by their form and material properties but also highly sensitive to the climatic characteristics of each region. Since this fa\u0026ccedil;ade design draws inspiration from traditional Middle Eastern and southern Iranian architecture, it appears to be particularly effective in warm and humid climates similar to that of Bandar Abbas. Leveraging the thermal mass of brick materials and a porous design strategy, this fa\u0026ccedil;ade type can function as a viable passive solution to reduce the energy demand of cooling and air-conditioning systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltimately, the findings underscore the importance of climate-responsive architectural design and the necessity for environmental adaptability in building envelopes. It is recommended that architects and designers, especially in regions with diverse climates, reconsider the use of indigenous and vernacular strategies through a scientific and technical lens. Such approaches not only reduce energy consumption but also enhance indoor environmental quality, improve occupant thermal comfort, and reduce reliance on mechanical systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Limitations and Future Work","content":"\u003cp\u003eA key limitation of this study lies in the simplification of user behavior and internal heat gains during simulations. The research was also restricted to annual energy loads without addressing hourly thermal comfort variations or daylight performance. Furthermore, the study focused on two representative cities, and broader climatic diversity within Iran and the Middle East remains unexplored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture studies are recommended to incorporate real-world monitoring, dynamic occupant schedules, and multi-objective optimization involving daylight, thermal comfort, and cost analyses. Moreover, hybrid configurations with smart shading systems and advanced material technologies could be explored to further enhance the adaptability and energy performance of such fa\u0026ccedil;ades.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAbedini, A., \u0026amp; et al. (2024). 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Exploration of smart buildings shell systems centered on sustainability. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Advanced Research and Review, 5\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1\u0026ndash;9. http://www.ijarr.in\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eZheng, C., Chen, C., Hong, X., Zhang, W., Yang, R., \u0026amp; Shi, F. (2024). Experimental evaluation of the thermal, lighting, and energy performances of a mechanically ventilated double-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade with Venetian blinds and a light shelf. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 306\u003c/em\u003e, 113947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.113947\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eYaravi, E. M., \u0026amp; Yaravi, S. H. (2022). 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Horizontal and vertical movable drop-down shades performance in double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade of office buildings: Evaluation and parametric simulation. \u003cem\u003eNaqshejahan - Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 9\u003c/em\u003e(2), 135\u0026ndash;144.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eYahyavi, E., \u0026amp; Heydari, A. Z. (2022). Thermal behavior analysis of traditional Chinese screen walls (louvers) in facades: A cultural heritage revival approach. \u003cem\u003eIslamic Architecture Research Journal, 4\u003c/em\u003e(Winter 2022), [page numbers if available].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eRezaei, P., Seyed Saeed, M., \u0026amp; Bahman, R. (2023). 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Analysis of climate classification and environmental comfort in southern Iran: A case study of Bandar Abbas using K\u0026ouml;ppen-Geiger and bioclimatic indices. \u003cem\u003eWeather, 75\u003c/em\u003e(12), 382\u0026ndash;391. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3784\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eBagasi, A. A., Calautit, J. K., \u0026amp; Karban, A. S. (2021). Evaluation of the integration of the traditional architectural element Mashrabiya into the ventilation strategy for buildings in hot climates. \u003cem\u003eEnergies, 14\u003c/em\u003e(3), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030530\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eBagasi, A. A. (2022). Investigation of the ventilation and thermal performance of Mashrabiya for residential buildings in the hot-humid climate of Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eTaki, A., \u0026amp; Kumari, H. (2023). Examining Mashrabiya\u0026rsquo;s impact on energy efficiency and cultural aspects in Saudi Arabia. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 15\u003c/em\u003e(13), 10131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310131\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eAlelwani, R., Ahmad, M. W., Rezgui, Y., \u0026amp; Alshammari, K. (2025). Optimising energy efficiency and daylighting performance for designing vernacular architecture\u0026mdash;A case study of Rawshan. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 17\u003c/em\u003e(1), 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010315\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eAljawder, H. M., \u0026amp; El-Wakeel, H. A. (2019). Evaluating the performance of a daylighting traditional device, the Mashrabiya, in clear sky conditions: Case study of a traditional Bahraini house. \u003cem\u003eUniversity of Bahrain\u003c/em\u003e. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337950568\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eAl Dakheel, J., \u0026amp; Tabet Aoul, K. (2017). Building applications, opportunities and challenges of active shading systems: A state-of-the-art review. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 141\u003c/em\u003e, 15\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.055\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eEl Semary, Y. M. (2017). Modern mashrabiyas with high-tech daylight responsive systems. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal on: The Academic Research Community Publication, 1\u003c/em\u003e(1), 123\u0026ndash;134. https://doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.113\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eVazquez, E. (2017). A grammar of perforated masonry walls: A formal analysis of brick walls used for shading and ventilation in Paraguay. In \u003cem\u003eProceedings of SIGraDi 2017\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 203\u0026ndash;210). Concepci\u0026oacute;n, Chile.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eHraska, J. (2018). Adaptive solar shading of buildings. \u003cem\u003eInternational Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 9\u003c/em\u003e(2), 107\u0026ndash;113. https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.2.5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eChi Pool, D. A. (2019). A comprehensive evaluation of perforated fa\u0026ccedil;ades for daylighting and solar shading performance: Effects of matrix, thickness and separation distance. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Daylighting, 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 78\u0026ndash;92. https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2019.10\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eAljawder, A., \u0026amp; El-Wakeel, M. (2019). Visual performance of mashrabiya in traditional Bahraini houses. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Architectural Research and Studies, 15\u003c/em\u003e(1), 65\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eLim, T., Yim, W. S., \u0026amp; Kim, D. D. (2020). Evaluation of daylight and cooling performance of shading devices in residential buildings in South Korea. \u003cem\u003eEnergies, 13\u003c/em\u003e(18), 4782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184782\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eBrancaleoni, I., Mainini, A. G., Blanco Cadena, J. D., \u0026amp; Chi Pool, D. A. (2021). Assessment of angular visual transmittance of perforated masonry wall patterns employed as solar shading systems. \u003cem\u003eSolar Energy, 213\u003c/em\u003e, 361\u0026ndash;382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.038\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eHeidari, A., Taghipour, M., \u0026amp; Yarmahmoodi, Z. (2021). The effect of fixed external shading devices on daylighting and thermal comfort in residential building. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Daylighting, 8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 73\u0026ndash;84. https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.15\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eBagasi, A. A., Calautit, J. K., \u0026amp; Karban, R. (2021). Integrating traditional mashrabiya into passive cooling strategies for hot climates. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 247\u003c/em\u003e, 111097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111097\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eMangkuto, R. A., Koerniawan, M. D., Apriliyanthi, S. R., Lubis, I. H., Atthaillah, A., Hensen, J. L. M., \u0026amp; Paramita, B. (2021). Design optimisation of fixed and adaptive shading devices on four fa\u0026ccedil;ade orientations of a high-rise office building in the tropics. \u003cem\u003eBuildings, 11\u003c/em\u003e(5), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050180\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eBagasi, A. A. (2022). Comprehensive evaluation of mashrabiya for thermal and ventilation performance in hot-humid climates (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eTaki, A. H., \u0026amp; Kumari, A. (2023). Thermo-physical analysis of mashrabiya\u0026apos;s effects on architectural integration and energy efficiency. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42\u003c/em\u003e(6), 698\u0026ndash;707. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2022.2071530\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eMohamed, A. A. H., \u0026amp; Hamdy, M. (2022). Thermal performance of Mashrabiya in the Mediterranean climate: A case study of Alexandria, Egypt. \u003cem\u003eSustainable Cities and Society, 68\u003c/em\u003e, 102820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102820\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eZeng, X., Wang, J., \u0026amp; Yu, L. (2023). Advances in photovoltaic shading fa\u0026ccedil;ade systems for energy-saving buildings. \u003cem\u003eRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 155\u003c/em\u003e, 111918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111918\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"“LTR”\"\u003eSerradell, F., \u0026amp; Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, A. (2023). 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Energy performance evaluation of double-skin facades in cold regions of northwest China: A multi-criteria decision-making approach. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 288\u003c/em\u003e, 113080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113080\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eZhou, J., \u0026amp; Chen, Y. (2010). A review on applying ventilated double-skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade system for sustainable building performance. \u003cem\u003eRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14\u003c/em\u003e(10), 2700\u0026ndash;2708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.040\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eShameri, M. A., Alghoul, M. A., Sopian, K., Zain, M. F. M., \u0026amp; Elayeb, O. (2011). Perspectives of double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade systems in buildings and energy saving. \u003cem\u003eRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1468\u0026ndash;1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.016\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eYellamraju, V. (2004). \u003cem\u003eEvaluation and design of double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades for office buildings in hot climates\u003c/em\u003e (Master\u0026rsquo;s thesis, Sushant School of Art and Architecture)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eBaldinelli, G. (2009). Double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades for warm climate regions: Analysis of a solution with an integrated movable shading system. \u003cem\u003eBuilding and Environment, 44\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1107\u0026ndash;1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eGratia, E., \u0026amp; De Herde, A. (2007). The most efficient position of shading devices in a double-skin facade. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 39\u003c/em\u003e(3), 364\u0026ndash;373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eHamza, N. (2008). Double versus single skin facades in hot arid areas. \u003cem\u003eEnergy and Buildings, 40\u003c/em\u003e(3), 240\u0026ndash;248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.016\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLee, J., Alshayeb, M., \u0026amp; Chang, J. D. (2015). A study of shading device configuration on the natural ventilation efficiency and energy performance of a double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ade. \u003cem\u003eProcedia Engineering, 118\u003c/em\u003e, 310\u0026ndash;317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.432\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eParra, J., Guardo, A., Egusquiza, E., \u0026amp; Alavedra, P. (2015). Thermal performance of ventilated double skin fa\u0026ccedil;ades with Venetian blinds. \u003cem\u003eEnergies, 8\u003c/em\u003e(6), 4882\u0026ndash;4898. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8064882\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Double-skin façade, perforated brick shading, heating load, cooling load, energy simulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the impact of brick shading devices—specifically perforated brick walls used in double-skin façades—on the heating and cooling loads of low-rise residential apartment buildings. The research focuses on two distinct climatic zones locatet in iran: Tehran (a cold semi-arid climate) and Bandar Abbas (a hot and humid climate). Employing a quantitative research methodilogy, thermal simulations were conducted using DesignBuilder software to assess the influence of these shading elements on indoor thermal comfort. The case study was modeled on a residential plot in both cities, serving as a pilot scenario. The design of the perforated brick façade was inspired by both contemporary applications and traditional Iranian brickwork patterns. Simulation results revealed that, in Tehran, the proposed façade increased the total energy load by 2.8% compared to the baseline model. Conversely, in Bandar Abbas, the same design led to a 4.7% reduction in total energy load. These findings highlight the potential of brick shading strategies in optimizing thermal performance, particularly in hot and humid regions, and offer valuable insights for climate-responsive façade design in low-rise residential architecture.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of the Impact of a Brick Double-Skin Facade's Shading Device on Building Thermal Loads","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-03 08:29:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001754/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"79dd43f2-bf6d-4ca7-8454-30ef2b93b846","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-03T08:29:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-03 08:29:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7001754","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7001754","identity":"rs-7001754","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}