Lack of At MC1 catalytic activity triggers autoimmunity dependent on NLR stability

ABSTRACT Plants utilize cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to detect non-self and elicit robust immune responses. Fine-tuning the homeostasis of these receptors is critical to prevent their hyperactivation. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants lacking metacaspase 1 ( At MC1) display autoimmunity dependent on immune signalling components downstream of NLR and PRR activation. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive At MC1 in an atmc1 background triggers severe autoimmunity partially dependent on the same immune signalling components. Overexpression of the E3 ligase SNIPER1, a master regulator of NLR homeostasis, fully reverts the AtMC1-dependent autoimmunity phenotype, inferring that a broad defect in NLR turnover may underlie the severe phenotype observed. Catalytically inactive At MC1 localizes to punctate structures that are degraded through autophagy. Altogether and considering previous evidence on the proteostatic functions of At MC1, we speculate that Wt At MC1 may either directly or indirectly control NLR protein levels, thereby preventing autoimmunity.