An Enhanced Frequency Scaling Model forMillimeter-Wave Rain Attenuation in TropicalSatellite Links with Pseudo-code Implementation

An Enhanced Frequency Scaling Model forMillimeter-Wave Rain Attenuation in TropicalSatellite Links with Pseudo-code Implementation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Enhanced Frequency Scaling Model forMillimeter-Wave Rain Attenuation in TropicalSatellite Links with Pseudo-code Implementation Nur Hanis Sabrina Suhaimi, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, Khairayu Badron, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7423714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Heavy and frequent tropical rainfall severely degrades millimetre-wave satellite communications (SatCom), particularly for frequencies above10GHz used by modern high-throughput satellites and 5G backhaul. Existingprediction models, such as ITU-R P.618, are primarily derived from temperate-region data and often underperform in tropical environments. This paper pro-poses an enhanced frequency scaling model for rain attenuation prediction,capable of estimating fade margins without reliance on local rainfall rate mea-surements. The model is empirically developed using multi-year Ku- and Ka-band beacon data from Malaysia, and validated with independent datasetsfrom Malaysia and Nigeria. Results show significant performance improve-ments, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.8dB and an averagepercentage error of 11.3%, representing an 80–90% improvement over ITU-Rfrequency scaling methods. Practical pseudocode is provided for direct imple-mentation in satellite link budget and fade mitigation planning. The modelenables precise fade margin estimation, improving the resilience of tropicalmillimetre-wave SatCom links and supporting future 5G and broadband appli-cations. By ensuring consistent Quality of Service (QoS) during heavy precipi-tation, the new model facilitates robust and cost-effective satellite connectivityin tropical climates. Rain attenuation millimeter waves frequency scaling satellite communication tropical regions Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7423714","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":514548700,"identity":"f452b9c1-aa53-4403-8433-a70458ccf4c3","order_by":0,"name":"Nur Hanis Sabrina Suhaimi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgaGBBAtwcBwgMHABkSDBYnWkkakFgaoFiA4TFiLfPvZYx8e7rCzN7jd/PDQjYLziTOnHWB88LaNIdrgAHYtBmfykmcknklO3HDnmMHhHIPbibOlE5gN57Yx5G7ApYUhx5ghsY05weBGAkTLPOkENmlePFrk+9+AtNTbG9xI/wDUcg6khf03Pi0MN8C2HGbccCMHZMsBkMPYmPFpMbjxLhmo5XjizBs5BUAtycYzZyc2S845J5E7E6fDcg8z/myrtue7kb75c84fO9kZt5MPfnhTZpPbh8thWABjAwMomhRI0AJzQAPJWkbBKBgFo2B4AgDavGUv64dr9QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nur","middleName":"Hanis Sabrina","lastName":"Suhaimi","suffix":""},{"id":514548701,"identity":"08c745f8-b3e1-410d-9de7-6831aef06d4e","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmad Fadzil Ismail","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Islamic University Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmad","middleName":"Fadzil","lastName":"Ismail","suffix":""},{"id":514548702,"identity":"f8935783-9588-442e-a17d-0b6193736ac8","order_by":2,"name":"Khairayu Badron","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Islamic University Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khairayu","middleName":"","lastName":"Badron","suffix":""},{"id":514548704,"identity":"43845afa-07db-4022-b63c-1b9e38207018","order_by":3,"name":"Md. 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Existingprediction models, such as ITU-R P.618, are primarily derived from temperate-region data and often underperform in tropical environments. This paper pro-poses an enhanced frequency scaling model for rain attenuation prediction,capable of estimating fade margins without reliance on local rainfall rate mea-surements. The model is empirically developed using multi-year Ku- and Ka-band beacon data from Malaysia, and validated with independent datasetsfrom Malaysia and Nigeria. Results show significant performance improve-ments, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.8dB and an averagepercentage error of 11.3%, representing an 80–90% improvement over ITU-Rfrequency scaling methods. Practical pseudocode is provided for direct imple-mentation in satellite link budget and fade mitigation planning. The modelenables precise fade margin estimation, improving the resilience of tropicalmillimetre-wave SatCom links and supporting future 5G and broadband appli-cations. By ensuring consistent Quality of Service (QoS) during heavy precipi-tation, the new model facilitates robust and cost-effective satellite connectivityin tropical climates.","manuscriptTitle":"An Enhanced Frequency Scaling Model forMillimeter-Wave Rain Attenuation in TropicalSatellite Links with Pseudo-code Implementation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-13 14:17:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7423714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-06T13:39:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-13T10:28:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T09:16:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T22:30:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307866937487719697384995096511302216093","date":"2025-09-04T16:02:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78519223523204985187490343654074510064","date":"2025-09-03T18:06:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19235552850647790107798963311457349220","date":"2025-09-03T03:54:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-02T12:11:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T09:11:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T07:27:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves","date":"2025-08-21T07:54:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-infrared-millimeter-and-terahertz-waves","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijim","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves](http://link.springer.com/journal/10762)","snPcode":"10762","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10762/3","title":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"00e710c8-fe90-4165-8579-41852a456c9d","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T16:03:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7423714","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-026-01136-1","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-infrared-millimeter-and-terahertz-waves","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-27 15:58:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-13 14:17:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10762-026-01136-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-026-01136-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7423714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7423714","identity":"rs-7423714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}