Feeding the Stream: Food and Beverage Cue Exposure and Influencer Marketing by Young Twitch Streamers

Feeding the Stream: Food and Beverage Cue Exposure and Influencer Marketing by Young Twitch Streamers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Feeding the Stream: Food and Beverage Cue Exposure and Influencer Marketing by Young Twitch Streamers Eva Winzer, Maria Wakolbinger, Sandra Haider, Jana Monschein, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7186343/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 19 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Playing and watching livestreams of video games is a growing hobby, especially among young people. Livestream platforms such as Twitch serve as marketing channels for various products, including foods high in fat, salt, and/or sugar (HFSS) and their associated brands. Influencers play a central role in this marketing strategy through product placement and/or branded merchandise, and influencer food marketing has been shown to increase food intake in young people. However, research on food marketing in gaming livestreams remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a content analysis of popular Twitch influencers' streams in Austria and Germany. A total of 100 Twitch stream segments (85h) from eight influencers popular with adolescents in Austria and Germany (uploaded July 2021-June 2022) were analysed. All presented food cues were coded for exposure (e.g., frequency, location) and marketing power (promotional techniques, e.g., cue presentation), according to the WHO protocol. Nutritional quality was assessed using WHO Euro Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) to determine whether food cues were permitted for marketing to children/adolescents. Of the 175 identified food cues, 72.8% were not permitted for marketing to children. The most common food categories were energy drinks (34.7%) and convenience foods (23.1%). Cues appeared in both the streamer section (53.1%) and within the video game (46.9%). Product placement was the most prevalent advert type (80.3%), significantly associated with not permitted foods (p < 0.001). Not permitted foods were significantly more likely to feature sensory appeal (11.1% vs. 0%; p = 0.017) and brand logos (71.4% vs. 46.8%; p = 0.003). Only 8.1% of cues had an advert disclosure, with not permitted foods more likely to have a disclosure than permitted ones (11.1% vs. 0%; p = 0.017). Not permitted foods had a 16.4 times greater chance of being branded (p < 0.001), were 6.5 times more likely to be verbally referenced (p < 0.001), and had a 2.9 times greater chance of including interaction prompts (p = 0.031), adjusted for the number of followers. These findings reveal the subtle but powerful nature of HFSS food marketing on Twitch. Stronger regulatory frameworks and systematic monitoring are needed to protect young people from harmful dietary influences in digital media environments. Adolescents social media influencer digital marketing food and beverage promotion Twitch Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Gaming has become a highly relevant hobby for a growing number of people, especially among younger audiences. In an online survey of more than 3,000 Austrian participants (mean age of 38.1 years) 68% said they play video games for an average of 12 hours a week ( 1 ). In Germany, 73% of 1,200 adolescents (12–19 years) identified as gamers, with a mean usage of 91 minutes per day ( 2 ). As gaming has grown in popularity, it has become an attractive target for marketing efforts ( 3 ). Companies are therefore trying to capitalise on this trend by integrating their brands into games ( 4 ), such as car brands showcased in the game Grand Theft Auto (GTA) or the integration of different brands within the game Fortnite ( 5 ). Beyond in-game marketing, brands are also exploring other avenues, with social media influencer marketing emerging as a particularly promising opportunity ( 6 ). Influencer marketing fits well with gaming because gaming content has gained significant traction within the influencer sphere. A qualitative interview study with followers of influencers who stream their gaming online described these influencers as entertaining and an inspiration to play, but they also refer to the influencers’ role as endorsers ( 7 ). One of the most relevant platforms for such content is Twitch ( 3 ), which is focused on live-streamed gaming. Twitch streams are often lengthy, seemingly unscripted, and offer a raw, unfiltered experience, differentiating them from the more polished, short-format content typical of platforms like YouTube. Twitch provides marketers with a valuable opportunity to place products in an environment that appeals to a large, engaged and often youthful audience. Thirteen to twenty-two percent of adolescents use Twitch to watch streamed games in Austria and Germany ( 8 , 9 ). By linking their products to popular influencers, brands can leverage the trust and relationship that influencers have built with their followers, increasing the likelihood of successful marketing results. Research into influencer marketing has shown that the bond between influencers and their audiences often enhances the effectiveness of product or brand endorsements ( 10 – 12 ). However, concerns have been raised about the types of products promoted by influencers, particularly in relation to health. Content analyses have revealed that a significant portion of food products endorsed by influencers on Twitch fall into the high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) category which have negative implications for the development of healthy dietary habits. For instance, in their analysis of the three English-speaking streamers on Twitch most popular with young people, Evans et al. (2024) showcased that 70.7% of the presented food cues in streams shared on Twitch were HFSS, with energy drinks being the most prominent food category ( 13 ). Similarly, Edwards (2022) found energy drinks to be the dominant food and beverage brand mention on Twitch ( 14 ). In their analysis of Twitch streamer profiles, stream titles, chat room and messages, Pollack et al. (2020) furthermore observed an increase in mentions of brands over the course of 2018 to 2019. Again, energy drinks had the highest exposure ( 15 ). In addition, effect studies show that children and young people are persuaded by brand presentations in gaming content ( 16 – 19 ). This study aims to build on existing research by applying the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for monitoring of marketing of unhealthy products ( 20 – 22 ) to conduct a content analysis of influencer marketing on Twitch of the most popular influencers in Austria and Germany. This study thus contributes to existing research by focusing on German-speaking countries, where there is currently a discussion about marketing regulations for young audiences ( 23 , 24 ). Furthermore, this study enhances the evidence base on persuasive power and goes beyond a specific focus on the types of products being advertised. This is highly relevant, as the type of presentation has implications for the persuasiveness of a presented food cue ( 25 , 26 ) and exploration of this lags behind exposure analyses. METHODS Study Design This content analysis was conducted to examine the food and beverage cues (hereafter: food) presented in Twitch stream segments from eight prominent streamers in Austria and Germany. This analysis used a Twitch food marketing monitoring protocol developed by the WHO Regional Office for Europe ( 20 – 22 ). This protocol presents an adaptation of an existing WHO protocol for monitoring social media influencer food marketing. It provides a structured approach to study design and specific methods for classifying, describing, and assessing both the extent of exposure to influencer food marketing, including communication channels, times, and contexts in which the predominantly young audience encounters such content, and the power of food marketing, such as the creative strategies used in food cues ( 27 ). Due to the exploratory nature of this study, no specific hypotheses were formulated; rather, the aim was to generate insights that could improve understanding of the dynamics of food marketing. Exploratory research is becoming increasingly recognised as an important yet underused tool for generating insight in marketing research ( 28 – 30 ). This type of descriptive research can offer valuable, data-driven insights for a range of stakeholders, including public health policymakers, potentially informing health-related marketing strategies and regulatory frameworks ( 31 ). The chosen methodology enabled an in-depth examination of how food products are presented in streaming content and their potential impact on viewers, especially young audiences. It also aims to better understand consumer behaviour and how food marketing works in the context of video games and livestreaming. By examining the characteristics of food cues, the study sheds light on how these marketing strategies may influence young audiences. Identifying Twitch streamers for inclusion The selection of Twitch streamers was based on their popularity among adolescents, following the guidelines of the WHO protocol ( 20 – 22 ). Due to limited data specifically addressing the popularity of Twitch streamers within this age group, a combination of sources was triangulated to identify relevant streamers. Lists from the social media analysis service noxinfluencer.com ( 32 ) provided an overview of the Top 100 Twitch streamers, focusing on German-speaking influencers (from Austria and Germany) and sorted by follower count ( 32 ). While the full list of most-followed German-speaking Twitch streamers was reviewed, many of the top-ranked streamers primarily targeted audiences aged 18 and older and were therefore excluded. The following criteria ( 33 ) were set as filters: ( 1 ) having more than 39,000 followers, ( 2 ) German content, from Austria and Germany. From this list, all accounts were evaluated and only verified streamers whose identity has been confirmed by Twitch were selected. In total, eight Twitch streamers met these inclusion criteria (see supplementary material Table S1 -S2 ). The streams of these eight streamers over a 12-month period (July 1, 2021-June 31, 2022) were systematically randomly sampled, with two videos per month per streamer. All videos were publicly available. In order to ensure the manageability of the coding effort, 10-minute segments were selected on a random basis. This decision was made on the basis that Twitch streams typically last several hours ( 13 ). The video segments were recorded using the free tool 'Free Cam' ( https://www.freescreenrecording.com/ ). The coding of streamers ‘About’ sections was conducted on the basis of screenshots taken on 8 March 2023. The number of followers, watch time (in hours), average concurrent viewers, gender, age, and the geographical area of the streamer were determined based on public profile information and the streamer's account. Exposure and power of food cues In line with the WHO protocols ( 20 – 22 ) and previous studies ( 13 , 34 , 35 ), food cues are described as any visual (such as pictures, videos, or textual representation) of food brands or products. For example, if a streamer is playing a game and the viewer can see a beverage can with a logo on it, that would be considered a food cue. Food cues were categorized based on their location within the platform: ( 1 ) in-stream cues, ( 2 ) title cues, and ( 3 ) 'About' section cues ( 20 – 22 ). In-stream cues are any visual displays of food products that appear within the streamed video itself, either in the streamer's physical surroundings or as part of the game. These include products the streamer interacts with in the real world, such as snacks or beverages placed within reach, as well as branded merchandise or logos displayed on screen, either as static images or looping overlays. A static cue remains visible throughout a segment, whereas an intermittent cue appears and disappears. A looping cue is part of an ad roll cycling through different images at fixed intervals. Title cues feature textual mentions of a specific food brands or products in the stream title. ‘About’ section cues are found in the streamer’s profile or channel description, often including pictures of food brands or products and it may also contain links to the streamer’s other social media accounts. These food cues were coded for ( 1 ) exposure and ( 2 ) marketing power ( 13 , 27 , 33 , 36 ). Exposure was assessed by frequency and appearance, while marketing power focused on branding strategies and promotional techniques. Exposure variables covered streamer details (e.g., influencer's Twitch channel name; number of followers; gender pronouns; influencer location; age; average concurrent viewers and watch time over the previous 180 days before data collection; profile link; categories; text and links in ‘About’ section; links to other social media profiles, etc.) and content-related aspects (e.g., video title; total number of views; average concurrent viewers; date the video was published; duration of video, etc.). Furthermore, exposure variables covered food cue information including the name of brand and/or product, food cue location (in- stream: streamer section or videogame section, ‘About’ section, title), advert type (static or looping image, product placement, branded merchandise), cue brand focus (product only, brand only, brand and product), cue brand status (branded, unbranded, food retail establishment, supermarket own brand, miscellaneous), detailed description of the product, and cue duration. For static cues, individual cue duration was considered the time the cue visually appears and disappears in the video, and second cue appearance duration was considered the time the same cue visually reappears in the video. For looping cues, ad roll tally was assessed as the number of times the ad roll completed a full cycle. Additionally, the total duration of the cues and the overall cue exposure were determined based on the length of the full video and the cumulative duration of all the cues within the analysed segment, respectively. Therefore, total cue exposure reflects the estimated length of time that a cue would have been visible if the entire video had been watched. Power variables include the type of marketing, the strategies used and the reactions of the viewers. It includes the context in which food cues are featured to measure the power of food advertisements ( 37 , 38 ) (e.g. price; food image; taste description/sensory appeal; sale/deal/special offer; logo/company name; online location; gamification, etc.), the level of engagement for the interaction (e.g. prompt to discuss the brand/product in the chat, or follow the brand/product on social media or post one’s own content on social media featuring the brand/product), and whether the video has a celebrity endorsement, a link to entertainment, sports, e-sports events, or 'special days' such as national holidays or internet popularity days. Furthermore, the presence of health or nutrition-related claims (e.g., mentioning sugar free or healthy food) are considered. Food cue description (positive, negative, neutral), and food cue presentation (consumed and referenced, consumed and not referenced, not consumed but referenced, neither consumed nor referenced) were coded according to the WHO protocol ( 20 – 22 ) and previous research ( 33 , 37 , 39 ). The operationalization of each variable is described in detail in the supplementary material ( Table S3 ). Disclosure of brand presentation The presence of an advertisement, whether explicit or implicit, was examined through the following terminology: '#advert', '#ad' (German equivalents being '#Werbung' and '#Anzeige' respectively), 'product placement of company name', 'competition with company name', and affiliation links. The presence of any of these disclosures indicates that the streamer has received a gift or is being paid to feature a brand or product. Nutrient profiling of food cues The nutritional quality of foods and beverages was assessed using the Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (version 2, 2023). This model was developed specifically for the regulation and monitoring of food cues to children ( 40 ). Nutrient profiles can be used to distinguish between foods and beverages that are considered beneficial to health and those that are not beneficial (e.g., HFSS products). This classification can also be used to determine whether the foods and beverages are appropriate to be marketed to children. The products were assigned to a specific food category and then categorized according to their nutritional value ( 40 ). Nutritional information was mainly collected from company websites and major supermarket chains in Austria and Germany. If there was no nutritional information, a similar product was selected, and its nutritional values were obtained from the food composition database called German Nutrient Database (German: "Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel"; BLS, version 3.02, https://www.blsdb.de/ ). The nutritional information of the product was then compared with the threshold values for total fat, saturated fat, total sugar, salt, and/or energy per 100 g/ml of food/beverage. The presence of added sugars and non-sugar sweeteners was also examined. These threshold values are used to categorize food products into three groups: ( 1 ) not permitted for marketing to children; ( 2 ) permitted for marketing; ( 40 ) or ( 3 ) miscellaneous. The miscellaneous category applies when a product could not be identified from the video, nutritional information was inaccessible, or it did not fit within the predefined food categories. This classification is consistent with previous research ( 33 , 37 , 39 ). Coding reliability The coding of the streams on Twitch was conducted by one researcher. To ensure the reliability of the coding, a randomly selected subsample (10%) of the videos was independently coded by two other researchers. The interrater reliability was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha and Fleiss kappa analysis. If a Krippendorff’s alpha agreement was k > 0.67 ( 41 ), and a Fleiss kappa agreement was k > 0.21 ( 42 ), the agreement was established. The vast majority of exposure and power variables showed the required level of agreement ( 41 ). Kappa agreement for exposure variables ranged between k = 0.24 and 1, and for power variables from k = 0.23 to 1. Statistical Analysis Frequencies and percentages of categorical data are presented. Chi-squared tests were used to identify potential differences in frequency among the cue categories. Effect sizes were calculated using Cramer's V ( 43 ): Modest, medium, and large effects were defined as 0.04, 0.13, and 0.22 ( 44 ). A univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between cue brand status, cue description, cue presentation, and engagement to interact with food cues, which are not permitted for marketing by the WHO NPM. These regression analyses were then adjusted for the number of followers. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, and exact values were to p < 0.001. The computation of statistics was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.S.). RESULTS A total of 100 Twitch stream segments were analysed, representing 84.7 hours of video content (see Table 1 ). Forty percent of the video segments contained no food cues, two percent of the segments contained brand-only advertisements, and 58% featured food cues. Within this sample 53.1% appeared in the streamer section (in-stream cues), 46.9% in streamed content/videogame section (in-stream cues) and 9.1% featured in the ‘About’ sections. No food cues were featured in titles. In-stream food cues (n = 175) were presented at an average rate of 2.1 cues per hour, excluding repeated instances of the same cue. On average, each food cue lasted 5 minutes and 4 seconds. The highest number of identified in-stream food cues was featured by the channel rewinside (33.7%), followed by veyla (29.7%), veni (18.9%), and revedTV (9.1%) (see Table 2 ). It is important to note that fewer videos were analyzed for gnu_live (n = 1), revedTV (n = 4), and Trymacs (n = 2) due to limited availability. Table 1 Videos included in the sample, split by streamer. Streamer Videos/stream segments N (%) Weekend streams N (%) Sum of duration of video in hours Video segments feature food cues N (%) Video segments feature brand-only advert N (%) Total 100 22 (22%) 84.7 58 (58%) 2 (2%) @gnu_live 1 (1%) 0 (0%) 0.5 1 (1.7%) 0 (0%) @justbecci 15 (15%) 2 (13.3%) 29.2 2 (3.3%) 0 (0%) @letshe 22 (22%) 5 (22.7%) 7.6 4 (6.7%) 0 (0%) @revedTV 4 (4%) 1 (25%) 6.8 3 (5%) 0 (0%) @rewinside 18 (18%) 5 (27.8%) 7.1 15 (25%) 1 (50%) @Trymacs 2 (2%) 0 (0%) 5.4 0 (0%) 0 (0%) @veni 22 (22%) 6 (27.3%) 24.3 20 (33.3%) 1 (50%) @veyla 16 (16%) 3 (18.8%) 3.8 15 (25%) 0 (0%) Note: Data collected during July 1, 2021 to June 31, 2022. Table 2 Food cues which were identified and the mean duration, split by streamer. Channel Food cues N (%) Brand-only advert N (%) Food cues in-stream N (%) Food cues mentioned in about sections N (%) Mean of food cues/ h Duration of food cues in min. Mean (SD) Total food cue exposure in min. Mean (SD) Total 173 (98.9%) 2 (1.1%) 175 16 (9.1%) 2.07 4.80 (7.2) 4.8 (10.6) @gnu_live 5 (2.9%) 0 (0%) 5 (2.9%) 0 (0%) 9.40 12 (10.8) 6.4 (5.8) @justbecci 2 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0.07 4.8 (6.6) 17.3 (24.4) @letshe 8 (4.6%) 0 (0%) 8 (4.6%) 0 (0%) 1.06 4.2 (0.6) 1.7 (0.5) @revedTV 16 (9.2%) 0 (0%) 16 (9.1%) 0 (0%) 2.37 1.8 (1.2) 2.3 (1.4) @rewinside 58 (33.5%) 1 (50%) 59 (33.7%) 16 (100%) 8.37 2.4 (5.4) 1.1 (3.7) @Trymacs 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 (0) 0 (0) @veni 32 (18.5%) 1 (50%) 33 (18.9%) 0 (0%) 1.36 10.8 (9.6) 11.4 (21.3) @veyla 52 (30.1%) 0 (0%) 52 (29.7%) 0 (0%) 13.63 4.2 (5.4) 2 (2.4) Note: Data collected during July 1, 2021 to June 31, 2022. Food categories A total of 173 food cues (excluding brand-only advertisements) were identified. Energy drinks made up the greatest proportion of cues (34.7%, n = 60), followed by ready-made and convenience foods (23.1%, n = 40), fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and legumes (14.5%, n = 25), soft drinks (8.1%, n = 14), alcoholic beverages (5.8%, n = 10) (see Table 3 ). Table 3 Food categories based on WHO NPM ordered by frequency of appearance in Twitch videos. Frequency ( n = 173) % Energy drinks (n = 57, 33% Red Bull) 60 34.7% Ready-made and convenience foods and composite dishes 40 23.1% Fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and legumes 25 14.5% Beverages - soft drinks, bottled waters and other drinks 14 8.1% Alcoholic beverages 10 5.8% Savoury snacks 6 3.5% Cakes, sweet biscuits and pastries; other sweet bakery wares; and dry mixes for making such 5 2.9% Fresh or dried pasta, rice and grains 3 1.7% Beverages - dairy milk drinks 2 1.2% Edible ices 2 1.2% Bread, bread products and crisp breads 2 1.2% Chocolate and sugar confectionery, energy bars, sweet toppings and desserts 1 0.6% Processed meat, poultry, fish and similar 1 0.6% Processed fruit and vegetables 1 0.6% Sauces, dips and dressings 1 0.6% Nutrient profiling Three quarters (72.8%, n = 126) of the food cues were not permitted for marketing to children according to the WHO NPM, with 27.2% (n = 47) permitted cues. Most of the products had excessive sodium (73.8%, n = 45), contained added sugars (71.6%, n = 73), had excessive energy (33.3%, n = 12), contained non-sugar sweeteners (21.8%, n = 22), had excessive total fat (16.4%, n = 10), or saturated fat (7.5%, n = 3) (Fig. 1 ). Only 28.8% (n = 47) did not exceed the cut-off point for any critical nutrient; 42.3% (n = 69) exceeded the cut-off point for one and 28.9% (n = 47) for two or more. Exposure and power of food cues Food cue display (location, advert type) Food cues were either presented in the streamer's environment (n = 92, 53.2%) or displayed in the streamed content/videogame section (n = 81, 46.8%). There was no significant association between the location of food cues and their classification as permitted or not permitted according to the WHO NPM (p = 0.495) (see Table 4 ). Product placement was the most common type of advert, accounting for 80.3% (n = 139) of food cues, followed by branded merchandise (n = 26, 15%) and looping images (n = 8, 4.6%). Non-permitted food cues were predominantly presented as product placements, and all food cues in looping images were classified as not permitted (p < 0.001) (see Table 4 ). Table 4 Food cue brand, display, description and presentation of products categorized according to WHO NPM. Overall Not permitted Permitted p value 1 Cramers' V χ2 n % n % n % Cue location 173 100% 0.495 0.05 0.47 Streamer/influencer section 92 53.2% 69 54.8% 23 48.9% Streamed content/video game section 81 46.8% 57 45.2% 24 51.1% Advert type 173 100% < 0.001 0.31 16.44 Product placement 139 80.3% 107 84.9% 32 68% Branded merchandise 26 15% 11 9% 15 32% Looping image 8 4.6% 8 6.3% 0 0% Brand focus 173 100% 0.003 0.23 8.90 Brand and product 105 61% 85 68% 20 43% Product only 68 39.3% 41 32.5% 27 57% Brand status 173 100% < 0.001 0.48 40.06 Branded 79 45.7% 72 57.1% 7 14.9% Unbranded 46 26.6% 24 19.0% 22 46.8% Food delivery 26 15.0% 11 8.7% 15 31.9% Food retail 12 6.9% 12 9.5% 0 0.0% Miscellaneous 10 5.8% 7 5.6% 3 6.4% Cue description 165 100% 0.058 0.19 5.70 Neutral 146 88.5% 100 84.7% 46 97.9% Positive 18 10.9% 17 14.4% 1 2.1% Negative 1 0.6% 1 0.8% 0 0.0% Cue presentation 147 100% < 0.001 0.40 23.68 Not consumed, no verbal reference 61 41.5% 55 47.8% 6 18.8% Not consumed and verbal reference 42 28.6% 22 19.1% 20 62.5% Consumed, no verbal reference 28 19.0% 25 21.7% 3 9.4% Consumed and verbal reference 16 10.9% 13 11.3% 3 9.4% Features Price 173 100.0% 0.011 0.26 11.77 Yes 28 16.2% 13 10.3% 15 31.9% No 145 83.8% 113 89.7% 32 68.1% Food image 173 100.0% 0.027 0.17 4.89 Yes 134 77.5% 103 81.7% 31 66.0% No 39 22.5% 23 18.3% 16 34.0% Taste description, sensory appeal 173 100.0% 0.017 0.18 5.68 Yes 14 8.1% 14 11.1% 0 0.0% No 159 91.9% 112 88.9% 47 100.0% Sale, deal, special offer 173 100.0% < 0.001 0.27 13.03 Yes 27 15.6% 12 9.5% 15 31.9% No 146 84.4% 114 90.5% 32 68.1% Logo/company name 173 100.0% 0.003 0.23 9.09 Yes 112 64.7% 90 71.4% 22 46.8% No 61 35.3% 36 28.6% 25 53.2% Online location 173 100.0% < 0.001 0.29 14.41 Yes 26 15.0% 11 8.7% 15 31.9% No 147 85.0% 115 91.3% 32 68.1% Gamification 173 100.0% 0.465 0.06 0.53 Yes 2 1.2% 1 0.8% 1 2.1% No 171 98.8% 125 99.2% 46 97.9% Health or nutrition-related claims 173 100.0% < 0.001 0.29 14.41 Healthy food 26 15% 11 8.7% 15 31.9% None 147 85% 115 91.3% 32 68.1% Disclosure of brand presentation 173 100% 0.017 0.18 5.68 Disclosure present/paid by brand/product 14 8.1% 14 11.1% 0 0.0% No disclosure/disclosure absent 159 91.9% 112 88.9% 47 100.0% 1 Significant differences were calculated using Chi-Square Test; Percentages in the overall column refer to the group% within each category. Percentages in the ‘not permitted’ and ‘permitted’ columns refers to the % within the group. Description = product placement and branded merchandise cues only. Presentation = product placement and image cues only. Food cue brand (brand focus, brand status) The majority of food cues (61%, n = 105) displayed both a brand and a product, while 39.3% (n = 68) presented only a product. In terms of brand categories, 45.7% (n = 79) of food cues were branded (visible logo/name or verbally stated brand name), 15% (n = 26) were associated with food delivery brands, and 6.9% (n = 12) represented food retail brands. The remaining cues were either unbranded (26.6%, n = 46) or miscellaneous (i.e., the brand was not recognisable, n = 10, 5.8%). A significant correlation was observed between food cue brands and foods permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM (p < 0.001). Branded cues, including those for food retail and delivery brands, were more frequently not permitted (75.3%, n = 95) (see Table 4 ). Among the brands presented, RedBull (energy drink) was the most commonly featured (33%, n = 57). Food cue features The majority of food cues (77.5%, n = 134) featured a product image, while 64.7% (n = 112) featured logos. Price information was present in 16.2% (n = 28) of food cues, deals or offers in 15.6% (n = 27), online locations in 15% (n = 26) and taste descriptions in 8.1% (n = 14). Gamification elements were rare, appearing in only 1.2% (n = 2) of food cues. Notably, no food cue featured slogans, loyalty points/rewards, or endorsements from characters, celebrities, or TV/sports/gaming tie-ins. A significant association was observed between the presence of certain cues (price, product image, taste, deal/offer, logo or online location) and the classification of foods as permitted or not permitted according to the WHO NPM criteria. Permitted foods were more likely to have price information (p = 0.011), promotional offers (p < 0.001) or online locations (p < 0.001). In contrast, not permitted foods were more likely to have product images (p = 0.027), taste descriptions (p = 0.017) or logos (p = 0.003) (see Table 4 ). It's worth noting that the strong association between offers and permitted foods was primarily due to one streamer promoting a HelloFresh discount code, a food delivery service which mainly featured fresh fruit and vegetables in their offers. Food cue description and presentation The majority of food cues (n = 146, 88.5%) were portrayed neutrally, with only 18 (10.9%) described positively and one food cue (0.6%) described negatively. No significant association was found between the description of food cues and foods categorised as permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM (p = 0.058). In terms of presentation, most food cues were either not consumed without reference (n = 63, 41.5%) or not consumed but verbally mentioned (n = 42, 28.6%). A smaller number (n = 28, 19%) were consumed without reference, while only 16 (10.9%) were both consumed and referenced. A significant association was found between the presentation of food cues and the WHO NPM permitted/not permitted food classifications, with permitted foods more often not consumed (with or without reference; n = 26, 81.3%) compared to not permitted foods (p < 0.001) (see Table 4 ). The logistic regression analysis revealed that not permitted foods had a 16-times greater chance of being branded (OR 16.4, 95–CI 3.87–69.49, p < 0.001; Cohens d = 0.53), a 7-times greater chance of being referenced verbally (OR 6.81, 95–CI 3-15.45, p < 0.001; Cohens d = 0.32), and a 3-times greater chance of showing an engagement to interact (OR 2.87, 95–CI 1.1–7.48, p = 0.031; Cohens d = 0.10), adjusted for the number of followers. There was no significant association between not permitted foods and cue description and cue presentation (consumed by the influencers themselves) (Table 5 ). Table 5 Association between food cues which are not permitted to marketing according to the WHO NPM and cue brand status, description, presentation and engagement (n = 173). Marketing not permitted according to the WHO NPM Crude model Adjusted for N followers n (%) OR 95%CI p-value 1 OR 95%CI p-value 1 Cue brand status Unbranded 11 (42.3) 1 1 Branded 84 (92.3) 16.36 5.47–48.93 < 0.001 16.40 3.87–69.49 < 0.001 Cue description Negative/Neutral 109 (70.3) 1 1 Positive 17 (94.4) 7.17 0.93–55.51 0.059 6.47 0.83–50.56 0.075 Cue presentation (consumption) Consumed 38 (86.4) 1 1 Not Consumed 88 (68.2) 0.34 0.13–0.87 0.024 0.40 0.15–1.04 0.061 Cue presentation (verbally referenced) Verbally referenced 46 (54.8) 1 1 Not verbally referenced 80 (89.9) 7.34 3.26–16.54 < 0.001 6.81 3-15.45 < 0.001 Engagement to interact No engagement to interact 30 (81.1) 1 1 Engagement to interact 96 (70.6) 1.79 0.73–4.4 0.208 2.87 1.1–7.48 0.031 1 Results are based on univariate logistic regression analysis. Data are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Disclosure of brand presentation Almost all food cues (n = 159, 91.9%) showed no indication that the streamer was paid to promote the brand or product. Only 8.1% of the food cues disclosed a brand or product affiliation. There was a significant correlation between disclosure and foods permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM, with not permitted foods more likely to disclose a brand or product affiliation (p = 0.017) (see Table 4 ). DISCUSSION As previous literature has already revealed, influencers' gaming content on Twitch is a relevant medium for brands to promote their products ( 16 – 18 ). The results of the presented study demonstrate a similar pattern to previous literature on Twitch in terms of product presentations ( 13 , 15 ). Specifically, we see a relatively high proportion of branded products, especially products that the WHO considers inappropriate for advertising to children for reasons of health ( 40 ). This is at odds with the primary target audience of the influencers included in this content analysis: young teenage viewers. The results in this study show that energy drinks are a particularly common product embedded by influencers in streams on Twitch. This finding is also consistent with existing studies ( 13 – 15 ). These beverages are often marketed as a stimulants, claiming to enhance physical and cognitive performance including for gameplay ( 45 ). The pervasiveness of energy drinks within Twitch streams is a matter of concern, given its potential implications for public health. Energy drinks are characterized by their high caffeine and sugar content and other simulants such as taurine, which can have adverse effects on children and adolescents ( 46 ). Research has highlighted several health, social, and behavioral outcomes associated with energy drink consumption ( 47 , 48 ). It is also associated with unhealthy eating patterns (e.g., regularly skipping breakfast and consuming energy-dense fast foods, snacks, and other sugar-sweetened beverages) ( 49 ); a decrease in mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression, panic symptoms, severe stress and suicidality) ( 48 , 50 – 52 ); and a number of adverse physical conditions such as headaches, asthma, insulin resistance, dental caries, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular issues) ( 53 – 58 ). Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between elevated energy drink consumption and health-related behaviors, including alcohol use, binge drinking, smoking, and vaping, as well as violence ( 48 , 49 , 59 , 60 ). Connected to that, this study found that alcoholic beverages make up 6% of food cues in Twitch streams. Influencers exposing their young viewers to alcohol at a very early age might potentially normalize its use ( 61 , 62 ) and contribute to an earlier initiation of drinking and more hazardous drinking in young people ( 63 ). This study also reveals findings that have not previously been examined for food cues on Twitch: Firstly, the study provides insights into the nutritional value of the food cues, demonstrating the dominance of products high in sodium and added sugars. Both have been shown to be significantly association with overweight and obesity in children and adults ( 64 , 65 ). Secondly, the study demonstrates the power of the presented food cues ( 39 , 66 ). The visual representations of food cues, price information, and deals connected to food cues are particularly relevant, as they are taste descriptions. A notable finding was that products that are not permitted to be advertised to children exhibited significantly higher rates of product image display compared to permitted foods. Visual cues of foods are known to be particularly engaging to viewers, so they can act as eye-catchers ( 67 ), trigger emotional and sensorimotor processing ( 68 ) Furthermore, images of products, such as snacks, convenience foods, or sugar-sweetened beverages, have been found to be particularly memorable to children ( 69 ). Not permitted foods are also more likely to be mentioned verbally than permitted foods. The additional verbal cue of referencing the product or brand name may be an additional contributor to retention ( 70 , 71 ). This could lead to an increase in the selection of these kinds of products or brands during spontaneous shopping situations, as these products are particularly accessible. Furthermore, there was a higher likelihood of associating not permitted foods with a taste description. Taste descriptions are considered to be affective appeals, which have been shown to be particularly persuasive for young audiences ( 72 ). In addition, not permitted foods are more likely to be interacted with. This could also trigger a persuasive process, namely model learning behavior ( 73 ). For example, the young audience consider the purchase and consumption of products presented in these Twitch streams as normal and even positive, and may be more likely to imitate this behavior. Again, this highlights that not only are not permitted food cues shown more frequently, but they are also presented in a more persuasive way, so may be more likely to have an impact on the actual eating behavior of young viewers. Despite the fact that not permitted products are very likely to showcase a brand, hardly any of the influencers gave any indication that the presentation of not permitted food cues was a paid advertisement ( 39 ). There are several reasons for this: First, the influencer actually paid for the featured product themselves and only included it in their stream, because they are regular consumers of that product (i.e., it was an organic endorsement). Second, the influencer has paid for the product themselves, but is doing so to lobby for the brand to reach out to them and offer them a brand deal by proving they are a suitable brand endorser. Third, the influencer was sent the product but for some reason did not include a sponsorship disclosure in their content, which can be documented in non-compliant behavior of influencers e.g., by the national advertising ethics organizations ( 74 ) In any case, this finding suggests a need for stricter regulation regarding how not permitted food cues are presented on social media. Influencers often “lack specific training routes, editorial quality standards, and professional ethics” ( 75 ), and may therefore naively feature foods that are not permitted to be advertised to children. This shows that influencers might be unaware of the negative consequences of these representations, highlighting the inadequacy of self-regulation when it comes to promoting certain types of products. To create a more balanced food environment for children and adolescents in the online space, specific guidelines and regulatory measures are needed ( 23 , 24 ). This study is not without limitations. We did not encode the full streams available on Twitch, but used randomly selected segments. This may still have led to an over- and underestimation of the presence of food cues and also an over- and underestimation of the presence of persuasive cues associated with these food presentations. The context of the video content was not assessed during coding, leaving limited insight into the emotional involvement the videos may evoke in viewers. For example, whether the product was presented in a particularly exciting scene of a game, or whether it was showcased when the streamer was just running around aimlessly. This level of content involvement is known to affect the effectiveness of product placement ( 76 ). In addition, the coding approach provides some indication of what might be potentially persuasive. However, the paper only assesses the content itself and cannot say anything about the effects of the content. In conclusion, Twitch streamers popular among young audiences frequently showcase unhealthy products, with energy drinks being the most prominently featured. These food cues are embedded in a content that plays a major part of many adolescents' free time - gaming - and comes from a source many young people trust - influencers - making the marketing particularly impactful. Comprehensive policies and regulations that address these digital marketing practices are essential to meaningfully reduce youth exposure and support improvements in dietary health. Declarations Acknowledgments We thank the following research assistants for their contributions to data extraction and coding: Sabrina Lippmann MSc and Nicole Stark MSc, BSc. The aforementioned contributors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Authors' contributions EW and BN made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, conducted the analyses and interpretation, and drafted the initial manuscript; JM performed the data collection; MW, SH, EB, and JM made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Availability of data and materials The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Additional information Ethics approval and consent to participate No human participants were involved, so ethical approval was not required. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 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In an online survey of more than 3,000 Austrian participants (mean age of 38.1 years) 68% said they play video games for an average of 12 hours a week (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Germany, 73% of 1,200 adolescents (12–19 years) identified as gamers, with a mean usage of 91 minutes per day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). As gaming has grown in popularity, it has become an attractive target for marketing efforts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Companies are therefore trying to capitalise on this trend by integrating their brands into games (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), such as car brands showcased in the game Grand Theft Auto (GTA) or the integration of different brands within the game Fortnite (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond in-game marketing, brands are also exploring other avenues, with social media influencer marketing emerging as a particularly promising opportunity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfluencer marketing fits well with gaming because gaming content has gained significant traction within the influencer sphere. A qualitative interview study with followers of influencers who stream their gaming online described these influencers as entertaining and an inspiration to play, but they also refer to the influencers’ role as endorsers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). One of the most relevant platforms for such content is Twitch (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), which is focused on live-streamed gaming. Twitch streams are often lengthy, seemingly unscripted, and offer a raw, unfiltered experience, differentiating them from the more polished, short-format content typical of platforms like YouTube.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwitch provides marketers with a valuable opportunity to place products in an environment that appeals to a large, engaged and often youthful audience. Thirteen to twenty-two percent of adolescents use Twitch to watch streamed games in Austria and Germany (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). By linking their products to popular influencers, brands can leverage the trust and relationship that influencers have built with their followers, increasing the likelihood of successful marketing results. Research into influencer marketing has shown that the bond between influencers and their audiences often enhances the effectiveness of product or brand endorsements (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). However, concerns have been raised about the types of products promoted by influencers, particularly in relation to health. Content analyses have revealed that a significant portion of food products endorsed by influencers on Twitch fall into the high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) category which have negative implications for the development of healthy dietary habits. For instance, in their analysis of the three English-speaking streamers on Twitch most popular with young people, Evans et al. (2024) showcased that 70.7% of the presented food cues in streams shared on Twitch were HFSS, with energy drinks being the most prominent food category (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Edwards (2022) found energy drinks to be the dominant food and beverage brand mention on Twitch (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). In their analysis of Twitch streamer profiles, stream titles, chat room and messages, Pollack et al. (2020) furthermore observed an increase in mentions of brands over the course of 2018 to 2019. Again, energy drinks had the highest exposure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, effect studies show that children and young people are persuaded by brand presentations in gaming content (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to build on existing research by applying the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for monitoring of marketing of unhealthy products (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) to conduct a content analysis of influencer marketing on Twitch of the most popular influencers in Austria and Germany. This study thus contributes to existing research by focusing on German-speaking countries, where there is currently a discussion about marketing regulations for young audiences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, this study enhances the evidence base on persuasive power and goes beyond a specific focus on the types of products being advertised. This is highly relevant, as the type of presentation has implications for the persuasiveness of a presented food cue (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) and exploration of this lags behind exposure analyses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Design\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis content analysis was conducted to examine the food and beverage cues (hereafter: food) presented in Twitch stream segments from eight prominent streamers in Austria and Germany. This analysis used a Twitch food marketing monitoring protocol developed by the WHO Regional Office for Europe (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). This protocol presents an adaptation of an existing WHO protocol for monitoring social media influencer food marketing. It provides a structured approach to study design and specific methods for classifying, describing, and assessing both the extent of \u003cem\u003eexposure\u003c/em\u003e to influencer food marketing, including communication channels, times, and contexts in which the predominantly young audience encounters such content, and the \u003cem\u003epower\u003c/em\u003e of food marketing, such as the creative strategies used in food cues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the exploratory nature of this study, no specific hypotheses were formulated; rather, the aim was to generate insights that could improve understanding of the dynamics of food marketing. Exploratory research is becoming increasingly recognised as an important yet underused tool for generating insight in marketing research (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). This type of descriptive research can offer valuable, data-driven insights for a range of stakeholders, including public health policymakers, potentially informing health-related marketing strategies and regulatory frameworks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). The chosen methodology enabled an in-depth examination of how food products are presented in streaming content and their potential impact on viewers, especially young audiences. It also aims to better understand consumer behaviour and how food marketing works in the context of video games and livestreaming. By examining the characteristics of food cues, the study sheds light on how these marketing strategies may influence young audiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdentifying Twitch streamers for inclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe selection of Twitch streamers was based on their popularity among adolescents, following the guidelines of the WHO protocol (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Due to limited data specifically addressing the popularity of Twitch streamers within this age group, a combination of sources was triangulated to identify relevant streamers. Lists from the social media analysis service noxinfluencer.com (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) provided an overview of the Top 100 Twitch streamers, focusing on German-speaking influencers (from Austria and Germany) and sorted by follower count (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). While the full list of most-followed German-speaking Twitch streamers was reviewed, many of the top-ranked streamers primarily targeted audiences aged 18 and older and were therefore excluded. The following criteria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) were set as filters: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) having more than 39,000 followers, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) German content, from Austria and Germany. From this list, all accounts were evaluated and only verified streamers whose identity has been confirmed by Twitch were selected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn total, eight Twitch streamers met these inclusion criteria (see supplementary material \u003cb\u003eTable \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e-S2\u003c/b\u003e). The streams of these eight streamers over a 12-month period (July 1, 2021-June 31, 2022) were systematically randomly sampled, with two videos per month per streamer. All videos were publicly available. In order to ensure the manageability of the coding effort, 10-minute segments were selected on a random basis. This decision was made on the basis that Twitch streams typically last several hours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The video segments were recorded using the free tool 'Free Cam' (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.freescreenrecording.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.freescreenrecording.com/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The coding of streamers ‘About’ sections was conducted on the basis of screenshots taken on 8 March 2023. The number of followers, watch time (in hours), average concurrent viewers, gender, age, and the geographical area of the streamer were determined based on public profile information and the streamer's account.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExposure and power of food cues\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn line with the WHO protocols (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) and previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e), food cues are described as any visual (such as pictures, videos, or textual representation) of food brands or products. For example, if a streamer is playing a game and the viewer can see a beverage can with a logo on it, that would be considered a food cue. Food cues were categorized based on their location within the platform: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) in-stream cues, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) title cues, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) 'About' section cues (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). In-stream cues are any visual displays of food products that appear within the streamed video itself, either in the streamer's physical surroundings or as part of the game. These include products the streamer interacts with in the real world, such as snacks or beverages placed within reach, as well as branded merchandise or logos displayed on screen, either as static images or looping overlays. A static cue remains visible throughout a segment, whereas an intermittent cue appears and disappears. A looping cue is part of an ad roll cycling through different images at fixed intervals. Title cues feature textual mentions of a specific food brands or products in the stream title. ‘About’ section cues are found in the streamer’s profile or channel description, often including pictures of food brands or products and it may also contain links to the streamer’s other social media accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese food cues were coded for (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cem\u003eexposure\u003c/em\u003e and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) marketing \u003cem\u003epower\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eExposure\u003c/em\u003e was assessed by frequency and appearance, while marketing \u003cem\u003epower\u003c/em\u003e focused on branding strategies and promotional techniques. \u003cem\u003eExposure\u003c/em\u003e variables covered streamer details (e.g., influencer's Twitch channel name; number of followers; gender pronouns; influencer location; age; average concurrent viewers and watch time over the previous 180 days before data collection; profile link; categories; text and links in ‘About’ section; links to other social media profiles, etc.) and content-related aspects (e.g., video title; total number of views; average concurrent viewers; date the video was published; duration of video, etc.). Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eexposure\u003c/em\u003e variables covered food cue information including the name of brand and/or product, food cue location (in- stream: streamer section or videogame section, ‘About’ section, title), advert type (static or looping image, product placement, branded merchandise), cue brand focus (product only, brand only, brand and product), cue brand status (branded, unbranded, food retail establishment, supermarket own brand, miscellaneous), detailed description of the product, and cue duration. For static cues, individual cue duration was considered the time the cue visually appears and disappears in the video, and second cue appearance duration was considered the time the same cue visually reappears in the video. For looping cues, ad roll tally was assessed as the number of times the ad roll completed a full cycle. Additionally, the total duration of the cues and the overall cue exposure were determined based on the length of the full video and the cumulative duration of all the cues within the analysed segment, respectively. Therefore, total cue exposure reflects the estimated length of time that a cue would have been visible if the entire video had been watched.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePower\u003c/em\u003e variables include the type of marketing, the strategies used and the reactions of the viewers. It includes the context in which food cues are featured to measure the power of food advertisements (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e) (e.g. price; food image; taste description/sensory appeal; sale/deal/special offer; logo/company name; online location; gamification, etc.), the level of engagement for the interaction (e.g. prompt to discuss the brand/product in the chat, or follow the brand/product on social media or post one’s own content on social media featuring the brand/product), and whether the video has a celebrity endorsement, a link to entertainment, sports, e-sports events, or 'special days' such as national holidays or internet popularity days. Furthermore, the presence of health or nutrition-related claims (e.g., mentioning sugar free or healthy food) are considered. Food cue description (positive, negative, neutral), and food cue presentation (consumed and referenced, consumed and not referenced, not consumed but referenced, neither consumed nor referenced) were coded according to the WHO protocol (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) and previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). The operationalization of each variable is described in detail in the supplementary material (\u003cb\u003eTable S3\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisclosure of brand presentation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of an advertisement, whether explicit or implicit, was examined through the following terminology: '#advert', '#ad' (German equivalents being '#Werbung' and '#Anzeige' respectively), 'product placement of company name', 'competition with company name', and affiliation links. The presence of any of these disclosures indicates that the streamer has received a gift or is being paid to feature a brand or product.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrient profiling of food cues\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nutritional quality of foods and beverages was assessed using the Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (version 2, 2023). This model was developed specifically for the regulation and monitoring of food cues to children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). Nutrient profiles can be used to distinguish between foods and beverages that are considered beneficial to health and those that are not beneficial (e.g., HFSS products). This classification can also be used to determine whether the foods and beverages are appropriate to be marketed to children. The products were assigned to a specific food category and then categorized according to their nutritional value (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). Nutritional information was mainly collected from company websites and major supermarket chains in Austria and Germany. If there was no nutritional information, a similar product was selected, and its nutritional values were obtained from the food composition database called German Nutrient Database (German: \"Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel\"; BLS, version 3.02, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.blsdb.de/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.blsdb.de/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The nutritional information of the product was then compared with the threshold values for total fat, saturated fat, total sugar, salt, and/or energy per 100 g/ml of food/beverage. The presence of added sugars and non-sugar sweeteners was also examined. These threshold values are used to categorize food products into three groups: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) not permitted for marketing to children; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) permitted for marketing; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) or (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) miscellaneous. The miscellaneous category applies when a product could not be identified from the video, nutritional information was inaccessible, or it did not fit within the predefined food categories. This classification is consistent with previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoding reliability\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe coding of the streams on Twitch was conducted by one researcher. To ensure the reliability of the coding, a randomly selected subsample (10%) of the videos was independently coded by two other researchers. The interrater reliability was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha and Fleiss kappa analysis. If a Krippendorff’s alpha agreement was k \u0026gt; 0.67 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e), and a Fleiss kappa agreement was k \u0026gt; 0.21 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e), the agreement was established. The vast majority of exposure and power variables showed the required level of agreement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Kappa agreement for exposure variables ranged between k = 0.24 and 1, and for power variables from k = 0.23 to 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequencies and percentages of categorical data are presented. Chi-squared tests were used to identify potential differences in frequency among the cue categories. Effect sizes were calculated using Cramer's V (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e): Modest, medium, and large effects were defined as 0.04, 0.13, and 0.22 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). A univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between cue brand status, cue description, cue presentation, and engagement to interact with food cues, which are not permitted for marketing by the WHO NPM. These regression analyses were then adjusted for the number of followers. The level of statistical significance was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05, and exact values were to p \u0026lt; 0.001. The computation of statistics was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.S.).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 100 Twitch stream segments were analysed, representing 84.7 hours of video content (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Forty percent of the video segments contained no food cues, two percent of the segments contained brand-only advertisements, and 58% featured food cues. Within this sample 53.1% appeared in the streamer section (in-stream cues), 46.9% in streamed content/videogame section (in-stream cues) and 9.1% featured in the \u0026lsquo;About\u0026rsquo; sections. No food cues were featured in titles. In-stream food cues (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;175) were presented at an average rate of 2.1 cues per hour, excluding repeated instances of the same cue. On average, each food cue lasted 5 minutes and 4 seconds. The highest number of identified in-stream food cues was featured by the channel rewinside (33.7%), followed by veyla (29.7%), veni (18.9%), and revedTV (9.1%) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is important to note that fewer videos were analyzed for gnu_live (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), revedTV (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4), and Trymacs (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) due to limited availability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideos included in the sample, split by streamer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStreamer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideos/stream segments\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekend streams\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSum of duration of video in hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo segments feature food cues\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo segments feature brand-only advert\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e100\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e22 (22%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e84.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e58 (58%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2 (2%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@gnu_live\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@justbecci\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@letshe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@revedTV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@rewinside\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (27.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@Trymacs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@veni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@veyla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: Data collected during July 1, 2021 to June 31, 2022.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cues which were identified and the mean duration, split by streamer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChannel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cues\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrand-only advert\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cues in-stream\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cues mentioned in \u003cem\u003eabout\u003c/em\u003e sections\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean of food cues/ h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of food cues in min.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal food cue exposure in min. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e173 (98.9%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2 (1.1%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e175\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16 (9.1%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.07\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.80 (7.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.8 (10.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@gnu_live\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@justbecci\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@letshe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@revedTV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@rewinside\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (33.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (33.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@Trymacs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@veni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (18.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (18.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e@veyla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (29.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: Data collected during July 1, 2021 to June 31, 2022.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 173 food cues (excluding brand-only advertisements) were identified. Energy drinks made up the greatest proportion of cues (34.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60), followed by ready-made and convenience foods (23.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40), fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and legumes (14.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25), soft drinks (8.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), alcoholic beverages (5.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood categories based on WHO NPM ordered by frequency of appearance in Twitch videos.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnergy drinks (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57, 33% Red Bull)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReady-made and convenience foods and composite dishes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and legumes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeverages - soft drinks, bottled waters and other drinks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcoholic beverages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSavoury snacks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCakes, sweet biscuits and pastries; other sweet bakery wares; and dry mixes for making such\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh or dried pasta, rice and grains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeverages - dairy milk drinks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEdible ices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBread, bread products and crisp breads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChocolate and sugar confectionery, energy bars, sweet toppings and desserts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcessed meat, poultry, fish and similar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcessed fruit and vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSauces, dips and dressings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrient profiling\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree quarters (72.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;126) of the food cues were not permitted for marketing to children according to the WHO NPM, with 27.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47) permitted cues. Most of the products had excessive sodium (73.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45), contained added sugars (71.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73), had excessive energy (33.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), contained non-sugar sweeteners (21.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22), had excessive total fat (16.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), or saturated fat (7.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Only 28.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47) did not exceed the cut-off point for any critical nutrient; 42.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;69) exceeded the cut-off point for one and 28.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47) for two or more.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExposure and power of food cues\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFood cue display (location, advert type)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cues were either presented in the streamer's environment (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92, 53.2%) or displayed in the streamed content/videogame section (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81, 46.8%). There was no significant association between the location of food cues and their classification as permitted or not permitted according to the WHO NPM (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.495) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Product placement was the most common type of advert, accounting for 80.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139) of food cues, followed by branded merchandise (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26, 15%) and looping images (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8, 4.6%). Non-permitted food cues were predominantly presented as product placements, and all food cues in looping images were classified as not permitted (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood cue brand, display, description and presentation of products categorized according to WHO NPM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot permitted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePermitted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCramers' V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCue location\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStreamer/influencer section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStreamed content/video game section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdvert type\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduct placement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBranded merchandise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLooping image\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrand focus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrand and product\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduct only\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrand status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBranded\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnbranded\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood delivery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood retail\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCue description\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCue presentation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot consumed, no verbal reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot consumed and verbal reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumed, no verbal reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumed and verbal reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFeatures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood image\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaste description, sensory appeal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSale, deal, special offer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogo/company name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnline location\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGamification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.465\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth or nutrition-related claims\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthy food\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisclosure of brand presentation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisclosure present/paid by brand/product\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo disclosure/disclosure absent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eSignificant differences were calculated using Chi-Square Test; Percentages in the overall column refer to the group% within each category. Percentages in the \u0026lsquo;not permitted\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;permitted\u0026rsquo; columns refers to the % within the group.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescription\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;product placement and branded merchandise cues only.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresentation\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;product placement and image cues only.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFood cue brand (brand focus, brand status)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of food cues (61%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105) displayed both a brand and a product, while 39.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68) presented only a product. In terms of brand categories, 45.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79) of food cues were branded (visible logo/name or verbally stated brand name), 15% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) were associated with food delivery brands, and 6.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12) represented food retail brands. The remaining cues were either unbranded (26.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46) or miscellaneous (i.e., the brand was not recognisable, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 5.8%). A significant correlation was observed between food cue brands and foods permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Branded cues, including those for food retail and delivery brands, were more frequently not permitted (75.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Among the brands presented, RedBull (energy drink) was the most commonly featured (33%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFood cue features\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of food cues (77.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;134) featured a product image, while 64.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112) featured logos. Price information was present in 16.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28) of food cues, deals or offers in 15.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27), online locations in 15% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) and taste descriptions in 8.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14). Gamification elements were rare, appearing in only 1.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) of food cues. Notably, no food cue featured slogans, loyalty points/rewards, or endorsements from characters, celebrities, or TV/sports/gaming tie-ins. A significant association was observed between the presence of certain cues (price, product image, taste, deal/offer, logo or online location) and the classification of foods as permitted or not permitted according to the WHO NPM criteria. Permitted foods were more likely to have price information (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011), promotional offers (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) or online locations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In contrast, not permitted foods were more likely to have product images (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), taste descriptions (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017) or logos (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It's worth noting that the strong association between offers and permitted foods was primarily due to one streamer promoting a HelloFresh discount code, a food delivery service which mainly featured fresh fruit and vegetables in their offers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFood cue description and presentation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of food cues (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;146, 88.5%) were portrayed neutrally, with only 18 (10.9%) described positively and one food cue (0.6%) described negatively. No significant association was found between the description of food cues and foods categorised as permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.058). In terms of presentation, most food cues were either not consumed without reference (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63, 41.5%) or not consumed but verbally mentioned (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42, 28.6%). A smaller number (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, 19%) were consumed without reference, while only 16 (10.9%) were both consumed and referenced. A significant association was found between the presentation of food cues and the WHO NPM permitted/not permitted food classifications, with permitted foods more often not consumed (with or without reference; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26, 81.3%) compared to not permitted foods (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis revealed that not permitted foods had a 16-times greater chance of being branded (OR 16.4, 95\u0026ndash;CI 3.87\u0026ndash;69.49, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; Cohens d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53), a 7-times greater chance of being referenced verbally (OR 6.81, 95\u0026ndash;CI 3-15.45, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; Cohens d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32), and a 3-times greater chance of showing an engagement to interact (OR 2.87, 95\u0026ndash;CI 1.1\u0026ndash;7.48, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031; Cohens d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10), adjusted for the number of followers. There was no significant association between not permitted foods and cue description and cue presentation (consumed by the influencers themselves) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between food cues which are not permitted to marketing according to the WHO NPM and cue brand status, description, presentation and engagement (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarketing not permitted according to the WHO NPM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted for \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e followers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95%CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95%CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCue brand status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnbranded\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (42.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBranded\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (92.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.47\u0026ndash;48.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026ndash;69.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCue description\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative/Neutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109 (70.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (94.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;55.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;50.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCue presentation (consumption)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (86.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Consumed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88 (68.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026ndash;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026ndash;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCue presentation (verbally referenced)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVerbally referenced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot verbally referenced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026ndash;16.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-15.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEngagement to interact\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo engagement to interact\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (81.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngagement to interact\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026ndash;7.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.031\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eResults are based on univariate logistic regression analysis.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eData are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisclosure of brand presentation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlmost all food cues (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;159, 91.9%) showed no indication that the streamer was paid to promote the brand or product. Only 8.1% of the food cues disclosed a brand or product affiliation. There was a significant correlation between disclosure and foods permitted or not permitted by the WHO NPM, with not permitted foods more likely to disclose a brand or product affiliation (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs previous literature has already revealed, influencers' gaming content on Twitch is a relevant medium for brands to promote their products (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The results of the presented study demonstrate a similar pattern to previous literature on Twitch in terms of product presentations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, we see a relatively high proportion of branded products, especially products that the WHO considers inappropriate for advertising to children for reasons of health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). This is at odds with the primary target audience of the influencers included in this content analysis: young teenage viewers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results in this study show that energy drinks are a particularly common product embedded by influencers in streams on Twitch. This finding is also consistent with existing studies (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). These beverages are often marketed as a stimulants, claiming to enhance physical and cognitive performance including for gameplay (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). The pervasiveness of energy drinks within Twitch streams is a matter of concern, given its potential implications for public health. Energy drinks are characterized by their high caffeine and sugar content and other simulants such as taurine, which can have adverse effects on children and adolescents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). Research has highlighted several health, social, and behavioral outcomes associated with energy drink consumption (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). It is also associated with unhealthy eating patterns (e.g., regularly skipping breakfast and consuming energy-dense fast foods, snacks, and other sugar-sweetened beverages) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e); a decrease in mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression, panic symptoms, severe stress and suicidality) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e); and a number of adverse physical conditions such as headaches, asthma, insulin resistance, dental caries, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular issues) (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR54 CR55 CR56 CR57\" citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between elevated energy drink consumption and health-related behaviors, including alcohol use, binge drinking, smoking, and vaping, as well as violence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e). Connected to that, this study found that alcoholic beverages make up 6% of food cues in Twitch streams. Influencers exposing their young viewers to alcohol at a very early age might potentially normalize its use (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e) and contribute to an earlier initiation of drinking and more hazardous drinking in young people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also reveals findings that have not previously been examined for food cues on Twitch:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirstly, the study provides insights into the nutritional value of the food cues, demonstrating the dominance of products high in sodium and added sugars. Both have been shown to be significantly association with overweight and obesity in children and adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondly, the study demonstrates the power of the presented food cues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e). The visual representations of food cues, price information, and deals connected to food cues are particularly relevant, as they are taste descriptions. A notable finding was that products that are not permitted to be advertised to children exhibited significantly higher rates of product image display compared to permitted foods. Visual cues of foods are known to be particularly engaging to viewers, so they can act as eye-catchers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e), trigger emotional and sensorimotor processing (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e) Furthermore, images of products, such as snacks, convenience foods, or sugar-sweetened beverages, have been found to be particularly memorable to children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e). Not permitted foods are also more likely to be mentioned verbally than permitted foods. The additional verbal cue of referencing the product or brand name may be an additional contributor to retention (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e). This could lead to an increase in the selection of these kinds of products or brands during spontaneous shopping situations, as these products are particularly accessible. Furthermore, there was a higher likelihood of associating not permitted foods with a taste description. Taste descriptions are considered to be affective appeals, which have been shown to be particularly persuasive for young audiences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, not permitted foods are more likely to be interacted with. This could also trigger a persuasive process, namely model learning behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the young audience consider the purchase and consumption of products presented in these Twitch streams as normal and even positive, and may be more likely to imitate this behavior. Again, this highlights that not only are not permitted food cues shown more frequently, but they are also presented in a more persuasive way, so may be more likely to have an impact on the actual eating behavior of young viewers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the fact that not permitted products are very likely to showcase a brand, hardly any of the influencers gave any indication that the presentation of not permitted food cues was a paid advertisement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). There are several reasons for this: First, the influencer actually paid for the featured product themselves and only included it in their stream, because they are regular consumers of that product (i.e., it was an organic endorsement). Second, the influencer has paid for the product themselves, but is doing so to lobby for the brand to reach out to them and offer them a brand deal by proving they are a suitable brand endorser. Third, the influencer was sent the product but for some reason did not include a sponsorship disclosure in their content, which can be documented in non-compliant behavior of influencers e.g., by the national advertising ethics organizations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn any case, this finding suggests a need for stricter regulation regarding how not permitted food cues are presented on social media. Influencers often \u0026ldquo;lack specific training routes, editorial quality standards, and professional ethics\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e), and may therefore naively feature foods that are not permitted to be advertised to children. This shows that influencers might be unaware of the negative consequences of these representations, highlighting the inadequacy of self-regulation when it comes to promoting certain types of products. To create a more balanced food environment for children and adolescents in the online space, specific guidelines and regulatory measures are needed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is not without limitations. We did not encode the full streams available on Twitch, but used randomly selected segments. This may still have led to an over- and underestimation of the presence of food cues and also an over- and underestimation of the presence of persuasive cues associated with these food presentations. The context of the video content was not assessed during coding, leaving limited insight into the emotional involvement the videos may evoke in viewers. For example, whether the product was presented in a particularly exciting scene of a game, or whether it was showcased when the streamer was just running around aimlessly. This level of content involvement is known to affect the effectiveness of product placement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the coding approach provides some indication of what might be potentially persuasive. However, the paper only assesses the content itself and cannot say anything about the effects of the content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, Twitch streamers popular among young audiences frequently showcase unhealthy products, with energy drinks being the most prominently featured. These food cues are embedded in a content that plays a major part of many adolescents' free time - gaming - and comes from a source many young people trust - influencers - making the marketing particularly impactful. Comprehensive policies and regulations that address these digital marketing practices are essential to meaningfully reduce youth exposure and support improvements in dietary health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the following research assistants for their contributions to data extraction and coding: Sabrina Lippmann MSc and Nicole Stark MSc, BSc. The aforementioned contributors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEW and BN made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, conducted the analyses and interpretation, and drafted the initial manuscript; JM performed the data collection; MW, SH, EB, and JM made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo human participants were involved, so ethical approval was not required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll phases of this study were supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, grant number 2022-0.359.107. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;sterreichischer Verband f\u0026uuml;r Unterhaltungssoftware. Gaming in Austria 2023 [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.ovus.at/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Infografik_Gaming_in_Austria_2023.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMedienp\u0026auml;dagogischer Forschungs-, verbund S\u0026uuml;dwest (mpfs), Mpfs. JIM-Studie 2024. Jugend, Information, Medien. Basisuntersuchung zum Medienumgang 12- bis 19-J\u0026auml;hriger in Deutschland [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jun 5] p. 76. Available from: https://mpfs.de/app/uploads/2024/11/JIM_2024_PDF_barrierearm.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLopez Canellas N. The dangers of underestimating TikTok, or why Trump might have been right (for all the wrong reasons) [Thesis]. European University Institute; 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoassard A, Capelli S. 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The role of product placement prominence and program involvement for the mere exposure effect. Journal of current issues \u0026amp; research in advertising. 2012;33(2):129\u0026ndash;45. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adolescents, social media influencer, digital marketing, food and beverage promotion, Twitch","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7186343/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7186343/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePlaying and watching livestreams of video games is a growing hobby, especially among young people. Livestream platforms such as Twitch serve as marketing channels for various products, including foods high in fat, salt, and/or sugar (HFSS) and their associated brands. Influencers play a central role in this marketing strategy through product placement and/or branded merchandise, and influencer food marketing has been shown to increase food intake in young people. However, research on food marketing in gaming livestreams remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a content analysis of popular Twitch influencers' streams in Austria and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 100 Twitch stream segments (85h) from eight influencers popular with adolescents in Austria and Germany (uploaded July 2021-June 2022) were analysed. All presented food cues were coded for exposure (e.g., frequency, location) and marketing power (promotional techniques, e.g., cue presentation), according to the WHO protocol. Nutritional quality was assessed using WHO Euro Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) to determine whether food cues were permitted for marketing to children/adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the 175 identified food cues, 72.8% were not permitted for marketing to children. The most common food categories were energy drinks (34.7%) and convenience foods (23.1%). Cues appeared in both the streamer section (53.1%) and within the video game (46.9%). Product placement was the most prevalent advert type (80.3%), significantly associated with not permitted foods (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Not permitted foods were significantly more likely to feature sensory appeal (11.1% vs. 0%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017) and brand logos (71.4% vs. 46.8%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Only 8.1% of cues had an advert disclosure, with not permitted foods more likely to have a disclosure than permitted ones (11.1% vs. 0%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017). Not permitted foods had a 16.4 times greater chance of being branded (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), were 6.5 times more likely to be verbally referenced (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and had a 2.9 times greater chance of including interaction prompts (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031), adjusted for the number of followers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings reveal the subtle but powerful nature of HFSS food marketing on Twitch. Stronger regulatory frameworks and systematic monitoring are needed to protect young people from harmful dietary influences in digital media environments.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feeding the Stream: Food and Beverage Cue Exposure and Influencer Marketing by Young Twitch Streamers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-01 09:00:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7186343/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-16T12:23:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T02:37:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T17:31:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-02T06:09:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-31T14:42:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54980100134879195185706326580279477173","date":"2025-08-29T03:44:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T21:39:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T00:05:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104181495605200728436807823982943074840","date":"2025-08-26T08:12:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"211569838784248443301524866095772832596","date":"2025-08-21T21:36:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"189622368234648670095273274145502838871","date":"2025-08-21T19:51:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"230632833393501932607072912522201998829","date":"2025-08-21T19:48:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"283004659761382552183796607942281090637","date":"2025-08-21T13:25:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"283728700385707116060128014596159342657","date":"2025-08-19T23:00:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T17:57:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T10:54:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T11:36:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T11:34:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-07-22T11:00:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cee496eb-5a68-439a-889a-2e75b43cda70","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T19:23:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-01 09:00:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7186343","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7186343","identity":"rs-7186343","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}