Advances in the Study of Benzo[a]pyrene on Male Reproductive Toxicity: Exploring Underlying Mechanisms and mitigant

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a prominent representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is a significant concern due to its environmental persistence, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation. Research has demonstrated that B[a]P poses a threat to male reproductive health through the formation of BPDE and BPDE-DNA adducts, increased oxidative stress levels, and alterations in DNA methylation. These effects contribute to reduced sperm counts, impaired testosterone production, and damage to spermatogenic cells, while also disrupting antioxidant enzyme homeostasis and interfering with steroid gene expression. Despite the potential risks associated with B[a]P exposure, compounds such as resveratrol, Yishen Tongluo Decoction, vitamin E, quercetin, and lycopene have shown promise in mitigating B[a]P-induced reproductive toxicity. This paper will detail the reproductive toxic effects of B[a]P on males and their underlying mechanisms, as well as the protective effects of the aforementioned substances. The discussion will encompass B[a]P’s impact on endocrine function, sperm quality, and germ cell integrity, with the objective of providing a valuable reference for further studies on the reproductive toxicity of B[a]P and for the rational prevention and mitigation of health effects resulting from B[a]P exposure.