Superior Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting of TAIPDI-Doped Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks

Superior Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting of TAIPDI-Doped Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Superior Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting of TAIPDI-Doped Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks Fatma Abdel Samad, Mohamed El-Khouly, Alaa Mahmoud, Retna Apsari, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9372131/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are essential for the advancement of ultrashort laser pulses, optoelectronics, and high-speed optical communications. In this study, we investigate the NLO properties of a perylenediimide derivative, N,N'-di(2-(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene) perylenediimide (TAIPDI), immobilized within two zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH₂. Using femtosecond laser pulses, we observed enhanced NLO responses in the MOF-dye composites compared to the TAIPDI dye. Characterization techniques, including steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed stronger interactions between TAIPDI and the amino-functionalized UiO66-NH 2 compared to UiO-66. Key NLO parameters were measured, including nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 ), nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient (β), and third-order NLO susceptibility (χ (3) ). The results demonstrated: (i) Both TAIPDI-UiO-66 and TAIPDI-UiO66-NH 2 exhibited significantly higher NLA and NLR coefficients compared to the free TAIPDI dye. (ii) TAIPDI-UiO66-NH 2 composite showed the most pronounced NLO enhancement, with n 2 approximately 2.5 times higher than that of TAIPDI-UiO-66. (iii) The observed NLA behavior was attributed to RSA. (iv) The incorporation of TAIPDI into both MOFs resulted in significantly improved optical limiting properties. (v) TAIPDI-UiO-66 and TAIPDI-UiO66-NH 2 exhibited 2PACS values of 2.78 × 10⁷ GM and 3.25 × 10⁷ GM, respectively. These results highlight the synergistic effects of MOF encapsulation and framework functionalization, positioning these composites as highly promising materials for advanced photonic devices and optical power limiting applications. UiO66 Perylenediimide Nonlinear refractive index Femtosecond laser Optical limiter Nonlinear susceptibility Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9372131","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":629735627,"identity":"65be03da-58f9-4081-8f54-4063665c2faf","order_by":0,"name":"Fatma Abdel Samad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Laser Institute fir Research and Applications LIRA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatma","middleName":"Abdel","lastName":"Samad","suffix":""},{"id":629735628,"identity":"87ac95ee-6d42-462f-8dae-fa6346673e4e","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamed El-Khouly","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Basic and Applied 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In this study, we investigate the NLO properties of a perylenediimide derivative, N,N'-di(2-(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene) perylenediimide (TAIPDI), immobilized within two zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH₂. Using femtosecond laser pulses, we observed enhanced NLO responses in the MOF-dye composites compared to the TAIPDI dye. Characterization techniques, including steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed stronger interactions between TAIPDI and the amino-functionalized UiO66-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e compared to UiO-66. Key NLO parameters were measured, including nonlinear refractive index (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient (β), and third-order NLO susceptibility (χ\u003csup\u003e(3)\u003c/sup\u003e). The results demonstrated: (i) Both TAIPDI-UiO-66 and TAIPDI-UiO66-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited significantly higher NLA and NLR coefficients compared to the free TAIPDI dye. (ii) TAIPDI-UiO66-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composite showed the most pronounced NLO enhancement, with \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e approximately 2.5 times higher than that of TAIPDI-UiO-66. (iii) The observed NLA behavior was attributed to RSA. (iv) The incorporation of TAIPDI into both MOFs resulted in significantly improved optical limiting properties. (v) TAIPDI-UiO-66 and TAIPDI-UiO66-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited 2PACS values of 2.78 \u0026times; 10⁷ GM and 3.25 \u0026times; 10⁷ GM, respectively. These results highlight the synergistic effects of MOF encapsulation and framework functionalization, positioning these composites as highly promising materials for advanced photonic devices and optical power limiting applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Superior Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting of TAIPDI-Doped Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 09:44:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9372131/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-08T09:38:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T08:42:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:16:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T17:41:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220248189064552553730263142590424914591","date":"2026-04-28T17:12:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60573157273154880375691026390382653248","date":"2026-04-25T08:04:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"22680948129061323475990156547980811439","date":"2026-04-24T14:20:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"336915594734431658163453897986297585164","date":"2026-04-22T06:41:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"331419675172096373865890965466456039364","date":"2026-04-21T13:23:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T10:29:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-13T00:46:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-12T20:25:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2026-04-09T19:45:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d1ba5e15-10a9-4f16-86d0-f0bd7a0097b2","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-08T09:38:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T08:42:04+00:00","index":37,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:16:21+00:00","index":36,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T17:41:29+00:00","index":35,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T09:53:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 09:44:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9372131","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9372131","identity":"rs-9372131","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}