A diagnostic model for hydraulic fracture in naturally fractured reservoir utilising water-hammer signal

A diagnostic model for hydraulic fracture in naturally fractured reservoir utilising water-hammer signal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A diagnostic model for hydraulic fracture in naturally fractured reservoir utilising water-hammer signal Shijie Deng, Liangping Yi, Xiaogang Li, Zhaozhong Yang, Nanqiao Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4229369/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diagnostic technique for hydraulic fracture based on the water-hammer pressure have been gradually highlighted owing to their cost effectiveness and simplicity. The present diagnostic models overlook the effects of fluid leak-off and natural fracture, and it is limited in naturally fractured reservoir. In this study, the location and number of hydraulic fractures are first obtained through the enhancement and cepstrum processing of a water-hammer signal. Subsequently, the water-hammer pressure within the wellbore is calculated by solving the continuity and momentum equations for the fluid. Wellbore and hydraulic fractures are considered as a hydraulic system. To estimate the fracture dimension, flow boundary conditions are imposed to the fluid leak-off, interactions between natural and hydraulic fractures, and multifracture stress shadows. Based on the results, (1) the fracturing shut-in method can be appropriately adjusted to avoid large pressure pulsations, which damage well integrity, and to obtain a clear water-hammer signal for fracture diagnosis. (2) As the perforation cluster spacing increases, the fractures on both sides first decrease and then increase, whereas the centre fracture increases consistently. (3) Natural fractures reduce the hydraulic fracture dimensions but facilitate the creation of complex fracture networks; however, this complexity cannot be increased indefinitely. (4) The minimum horizontal stress decreases the fracture dimension and a greater difference in the horizontal stress renders it easier for hydraulic fractures to cross natural fractures to create larger dimensions. (5) The field study demonstrates the practicality of our model, and optimisation measures can be recommended based on the diagnostic results. Hydraulic fracturing Water-hammer in wellbore Signal analysis Fracture diagnostic Natural fracture. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4229369","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":289054838,"identity":"d638bb08-f6a0-4407-aa69-9285dd87de0b","order_by":0,"name":"Shijie Deng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Petroleum University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Deng","suffix":""},{"id":289054839,"identity":"ab0397e1-48ad-4647-b72f-84307da67e8b","order_by":1,"name":"Liangping Yi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Petroleum University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liangping","middleName":"","lastName":"Yi","suffix":""},{"id":289054840,"identity":"6f86cb36-9b6c-4669-97a9-09a000340e27","order_by":2,"name":"Xiaogang Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Petroleum University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaogang","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":289054841,"identity":"897f8d6e-bb4e-4c1e-8022-71edda0aed23","order_by":3,"name":"Zhaozhong Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Petroleum University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaozhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":289054842,"identity":"63a712a5-5d23-4351-b512-423955084265","order_by":4,"name":"Nanqiao Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Shale Gas Exploration and Development Co. 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The present diagnostic models overlook the effects of fluid leak-off and natural fracture, and it is limited in naturally fractured reservoir. In this study, the location and number of hydraulic fractures are first obtained through the enhancement and cepstrum processing of a water-hammer signal. Subsequently, the water-hammer pressure within the wellbore is calculated by solving the continuity and momentum equations for the fluid. Wellbore and hydraulic fractures are considered as a hydraulic system. To estimate the fracture dimension, flow boundary conditions are imposed to the fluid leak-off, interactions between natural and hydraulic fractures, and multifracture stress shadows. Based on the results, (1) the fracturing shut-in method can be appropriately adjusted to avoid large pressure pulsations, which damage well integrity, and to obtain a clear water-hammer signal for fracture diagnosis. (2) As the perforation cluster spacing increases, the fractures on both sides first decrease and then increase, whereas the centre fracture increases consistently. (3) Natural fractures reduce the hydraulic fracture dimensions but facilitate the creation of complex fracture networks; however, this complexity cannot be increased indefinitely. (4) The minimum horizontal stress decreases the fracture dimension and a greater difference in the horizontal stress renders it easier for hydraulic fractures to cross natural fractures to create larger dimensions. 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