Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination in Roasted Peanut Samples from Gondar City, Ethiopia: Risk Evaluation and Health Implications

Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination in Roasted Peanut Samples from Gondar City, Ethiopia: Risk Evaluation and Health Implications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination in Roasted Peanut Samples from Gondar City, Ethiopia: Risk Evaluation and Health Implications Dessie Tibebe, Moges Kassaw, Marye Mulugeta, Yezbie Kassa, Zerubabel Moges, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169323/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study aimed to detect the level of aflatoxin contamination and risk assessment of aflatoxins. A total of eighteen roasted peanut samples were collected and analyses in different area of Gondar City. The aflatoxin was extracted from peanut with (Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (15: 25: 60) and the analyses were performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography detector method. From the result, A good linearity of standard calibration was found for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 at a range of 0.2–50 ppb. Regression coefficient (R 2 ) values were >0.996. The average recoveries for spiked sample were ranged from 81.83 to 108.16% and Limit of detection and quantification ranged from (0.138 - 0.6 ppb), (0.46 - 2.0 ppb), respectively. The determined aflatoxin contamination levels in roasted peanut samples ranged from 2.6± 0.081-246.42± 0.082, 0.64± 0.012-23.41±0.016, 9.02± 0.008-156.10± 0.041, 1.49± 0.048 -19.25± 0.04 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, respectively. Moreover, the total amount of aflatoxin detected ranged from 14.05μg/Kg to 445.18μg/Kg. All the analyzed samples exceeded tolerance limit of European Union,(recommended maximum limit of 4μg/kg. Hence, US Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization tolerance limit 20 μg/kg of aflatoxin total. The Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) of the total aflatoxins in the peanut samples was 0.531, 0.299 and 0.229μg/Kgbw/day for children, adolescents, and adults respectively. For the Margin of Exposure (MOE), values of 753.3, 1337.8 and 1746.7 were recorded respectively. The average potency of the aflatoxins was 0.00825 ng Aflatoxins/kgbw/day and produced a population risk of 4.4 × 10 -3 , 2.5 × 10 -3 and 1.9 × 10 -3 respectively. In this study, a probable menace for cancer was projected at 0.0019− 0.0044 cancers per year per 100,000 person’s health among some community in Gondar, Ethiopia that could be harmed by aflatoxins in toxication via consumption of peanuts and products with an estimated daily intake (EDI) of 0.087 ng/kg bw/day of peanuts in a Gondar, Ethiopia population. Roasted peanut Aflatoxins Risk Assessment HPLC Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The fourth most important oilseed crop in the world is groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea ), is called peanut. In Ethiopia, it was introduced in the early 1920s (Guchi, 2015b ) and mainly produced in Oromia, Amhara, Gambella, and Benishanul Gumuz (Sori, 2021 ). Peanut seeds are utilized as a snack food, direct human consumption or are processed to make peanut butter, oil, roasted, and other products (Kurt and Arioglu, 2018 and Okello, Biruma, and Deom, 2010 ). Aflatoxins have commonly been found to contaminate a wide variety of food stuffs such as peanuts, rice, wheat, barley, cereal, and some other crops. Aflatoxin contamination occurred pre and post-harvest of the crops. Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins and secondary metabolites of food products produced by fungi in the genus Aspergillus . Different types of aflatoxins have been recorded including B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The levels of toxicity is B1 > G1 > B2 > G2. Aflatoxins B1 known as a powerful hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxigenic substance and has been classified as group one carcinogen. Aflatoxins can be both acute and chronic toxins; acute poisoning is usually rare and exceptional, while chronic toxicity is of serious international concern (Nigussie, et al, 2018 , Tahavori, et al 2012 , Hunduma, et al, 2020 , Waliyar et al., 2015 , Oliveira, et al, 2009 , Gizachew et al, 2016 and Chun, et al, 2007 ). Optimal temperature and humidity conditions for mold growth and production of aflatoxins are found in many tropical and subtropical countries (Lien et al., 2019 ). Aflatoxins cannot be destroyed by heat treatment or during processing since they are small and stable molecules (Scudamore et al., 2009 , Lien et al., 2019 ). But, the major global concern is removing, reducing or inactivating aflatoxins in food and feedstuffs. Hence, the presence of aflatoxin in the food chain can cause adverse health effects to humans, livestock, impair trade and also pose a significant economic burden. Due to these effects worldwide countries including Ethiopia and international organization set own standards. (Tahavori et al., 2012 and Hunduma et al., 2020 ). As Fuffa and Urga ( 2001 ) disclosed the growth and generation of aflatoxigenic fungi depends on several factors such as high temperature and humidity under which natural substrates are stored. In Ethiopia, aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is a great severe among commonly visualized problems (Fuffa and Urga, 2001 ). Studies in Aflatoxins contamination of consumable roasted peanut in Gondar city, Ethiopia is very limited. Therefore, this study was aimed detect the levels of aflatoxin contamination of roasted peanut sample processed in Gondar city by using HPLC and human health risk assessment. Materials and Method Study area description Gondar city is located in North-western parts of Ethiopia. It covers a total area of 192.3 km 2 with rising and falling mountainous topography. It is the center of political and economic activities of the North Amhara region. The city is classified into 12 administrative sub-cites, which have their own legislative, executive and judiciary organs. According to the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) population projection (2013), Gondar is one of the largest urban populous city in Ethiopia, the population estimated to be 323,875 by 2015 and to be increased to 360,600 in 2017, and recently 850,000 in 2021. The major North West Ethiopia urban-rural migrants were destined at Gondar city. Migration has a great role to population increase of the city. The city is a major tourist and business hub in North-West Ethiopia (Alemu et al., 2012 ). It is at 1203’N latitude and 370 28’E and located at 727 km from Addis Ababa (Fig. 1 ), Sample collection A total of eighteen roasted peanuts samples were collected from commercially available from different market retailers in Gondar city. Roasted peanuts samples were randomly collected from different sites and homogenized by the location in to three clusters such as Arada (kidamie Gebeya,, Paisa, Zoble, Shwadabo, Collage, Maraki and Hamlie 5) , Azezo ( Abasamual, Bulketsefer, Sisaygaraj, kamp, kondomineum and Awragodana ) and Tseda ( Gebiasefer, Tenasefer, Gomata, Gebrial and ketena3 ). Sample Extraction and analysis The dried and ground powdered roasted peanut sample (20 g) was extracted with 100 mL methanol/water (4/1, v/v) and 50 mL n-Hexane by maceration using an orbital shaker at room temperature for 45 minutes. Next, Whatman No. 41 filter paper was used to filter the extract, and its volume adjusted 7 mL of filtered extract and to 50ml with PBS (1x) Buffer Solution (pH 7.2) (AOAC, 2005). 2g of sodium chloride was also added during extraction. Any precipitation during mixed the buffer solution were filtered by means of a syringe filter. The extracted samples were injected in to HPLC for analyses. Extraction and Cleanup with Immunoaffinity Column : Open the Immunoaffinity column just before used. After opened the column, the storage buffer is drained until the level reaches the upper frit. Take 50 ml of the diluted extract and pass it through the column. A complete dry column must be avoided, washed the column with 10ml of distilled water. Residual water is now removed by a gentle gas stream or vacuum. Eluted with at least 2 times 1ml of Methanol; the first added of Methanol act on the gel for 5 minutes to break the analyte-antibody bond. Calibration Standard Solutions Prepared Aflatoxin Standard Solution containing 100 µg/L of total aflatoxin (10 µg/L Aflatoxin G2, 40 µg/L aflatoxin G1, 10 µg/L aflatoxin B2, and 40 µg/L aflatoxin B1) from the stock aflatoxin analytical standard solution purchased using HPLC grade methanol. The desired analytical standard solutions were prepared in to a 25 ml volumetric flask (Table 1 ). Table 1 The series of standard solution of aflatoxin Standard Concentration Aflatoxin G2 (µg/l) Aflatoxin G1 (µg/l) Aflatoxin B2 (µg/l) Aflatoxin B1 (µg/l) 1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8 2 0.5 2 0.5 2 3 1 4 1 4 4 2 8 2 8 5 3 12 3 12 6 4 16 4 16 7 5 20 5 20 Method Validation: Limit of detection (LOD) is the minimum amount of analyte detected in a sample, but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) is the lowest concentration of analyte in a sample that can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy under the stated experimental conditions of the test. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated by using equation given below (Kortei et al., 2021 ). LOD = 3.3 SE/slope and LOQ = 10sd (1) Where, SE means standard error of the interference Evaluation of matrix effect (Recovery) Recovery is expressed as the percentage of analyte experimentally determined after fortification of sample material at a known concentration and should be assessed over concentrations which cover the analytical range of the method. The percent recovery can be determined based on equ. 2 as follows Whereas, A is the concentration of the spiked sample, B is the concentration of non -spiked sample and C is the concentration standard added Assessment of Human health risk of aflatoxin via consumption of roasted peanuts Exposure estimation As Shephard ( 2008 ) found that the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of biological, chemical or physical agents via food, as well as exposures from other sources is exposure assessment. By using the average quantities of aflatoxins in groundnut products, the daily ingestion of the same samples, and the average body weight are basic values to calculate Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by Eq. (2). The calculation of EDI as described as µg/kg of body weight/day (µg/kg b.w/day) (Kortei et al., 2021 ). Where Ec is the average concentration of AF total (µg /kg), C is the daily average consumption of the peanut (kg per day), and bw is the body weight for the male and female populations (kg). According to Kortei et al., 2021 , the recommended Daily intake of peanuts is, 0.087 kg/day in Ghana (Table 2 ). Table 2 Characteristic age of different studies sample Age Weight (kg) References (weight) Children (5 − 11 years) 26 (Kortei et al., 2022 ) Adolescents (12 − 18 years) 46 (Kortei et al., 2021 ) Adults (18 − 60 years) 60 (Shephard, 2008 ) Risk characterization for aflatoxins The risk assessment of aflatoxins as genotoxic and carcinogenic compound appropriately computed based on the Margin of Exposure (MOEs) approach. It was determined when the Benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL 10 ) for aflatoxins 400 ng/kg bw/day divided by toxin exposure. The Margin of Exposures (MOEs) is the most appropriate method for the evaluation of health risk for aflatoxins (genotoxic and oncogenic biomolecules) (Kortei et al., 2022 ). Where BMDL 10 is the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 10 ) for 10% increased cancer risk. Assessment of Liver Cancer Risk-The Carcinogenic Potency The ingestion of aflatoxins have been directly linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development especially individuals infected with hepatitis virus. Since, aflatoxins most health concern are related to primary liver cancer burden. AFM1 risk of cancer posed by dietary exposure was estimated by using Eq. (5) (Milićević et al., 2021 ). The population cancer risk per 10,000 was calculated as a product of the EDI and the mean hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) potency number from individual potencies of HBsAg-positive and for HBsAg negative groups (Kortei et al., 2021 ). The Joint Expert Committee for Food and Agriculture (JECFA) predictable potency values for AFB1 was estimated to be 0.03/100,000 per year per ng/kg bw per day in HBsAg-positive individuals and 0.001/100,000 person-years per ng/kg bw per day in HBsAg negative individuals(Chain et al., 2020 ; Kortei et al., 2021 ). HBsAg + prevalence rate was assumed to be 25% for developing countries (WHO 1998). Results and Discussion The analyses of Aflatoxin was performed using HPLC based on the following conditions: Mobile solvent :(Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (15: 25: 60)), Flow Rate:1.2 mL/min, Column: Stainless Steel,5µm Reversed Phase C-18, Column Oven Temperature:(39 o C ), Detector: (Fluorescence detector with Excitation wavelength of 365 nm, emission wavelength of 440 nm, Integrator: derivatization is achieved by hydroxylation from water of the mobile phase under UV light at 265 nm wave length when the HPLC conditions are fulfilled, directly inject prepared standard aflatoxin solutions. The calibration curve is constructed by plotting peak area of a series of calibration standards against the concentration of the standards as shown Table 3 . The concentration of the unknown samples is derived from interpolation of the curve. Table 3 The series standard solutions of aflatoxin and peak area responses standards ppm Peak area Standard ppm Peak area AFB1 AFG1 AFB2 AFG2 0.8 183663 34619 0.2 149588 39968 2 313752 120859 0.5 197234 82237 4 561920 221159 1 380472 169735 8 1120292 390339 2 744677 300249 16 2053828 763272 4 1353906 565174 20 2399730 917051 5 1578128 670691 The calibration curves for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) as shown in Fig. 2 . The analyzed working solution gives excellent values of regression coefficient for each aflatoxin. Goodness of fit (R 2 ) values was ˃0.996. This value gives as evidence of an acceptable fit of the data to the regression line. Higher regression coefficient shows high correlation between concentration of aflatoxin standard and their responses (peak area). The optimized analytical methods were validated in terms of LOD, LOQ, recoveries, and linearity for aflatoxin (AFG2, AFG1, AFB1 and AFB2) in peanut sample. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimized in order to increase sample sensitivity. Table 4 Parameters of linear regression measured for Aflatoxins in HPLC, LOD and LOQ AFs Linear equations R 2 LOD n LOQ n B1 8e − 06 x − 0.8623 0.9967 0.06 2 B2 3e- 06 x − 0.255 0.9960 0.148 0.46 G1 2e- 05 x − 0.4916 0.9979 0.312 1.34 G2 8e- 06 x – 01837 0.9975 0.2 0.5 As shown in Table 4 , Limit of detection of the aflatoxin were, 0.2 µg/kg for aflatoxin G2, 0.312 µg/kg for aflatoxin G1, 0.148 µg/kg for aflatoxin B2 and 0.06 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1 respectively, and LOQ for aflatoxin range from 0.46 to 2 µg/kg, respectively. The average percentage recoveries of aflatoxin ranged from 81.83–108.16% (Table 5 ). A reasonably high recovery of the most important method used is efficient and can be employed successfully for the reliable analysis of aflatoxin in peanut sample. Table 5 Recovery test of aflatoxins in peanut samples Afs AF levels added µg/kg Result found µg/kg Recovery % RSD % B1 8.00 8.65 108.16 0.743 B2 2.00 1.93 96.5 2.547 G1 8.00 7.31 91.45 3.507 G2 2.00 1.63 81.83 2.905 The average percentage recoveries of the methods ranged from 108.16, 96.5, 91.45 and 81.83%, for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2), respectively. The recoveries obtained from this study were within the range between 70 and 125%, which were acceptable according to (AOAC,2005) as cited in (Kortei et al., 2021 ). Percent relative standards deviation (%RSD) values were obtained from the analysis of each sample four times in the same day. The %RSD ranged from 0.743 to 3.507.These values indicate that good precision of the data of analytical method was used. As shown in Fig. 3 , HPLC chromatogram of the method blank, counts versus retention time showed that, clear chromatogram and doesn’t have any specified visible chromatographic peaks. Which means that free of any aflatoxin cross contamination from extraction solvents and equipment’s, so, this describes that the quality of the employed method. The chromatogram also demonstrated that the procedure was suitable for the determination of aflatoxins in the sample. In Fig. 4 , the mixture of aflatoxin standards have clear and excellent chromatographic peaks for aflatoxin G2, G1, B2 and B1 with almost the same retention time (min) at various standard aflatoxin concentrations 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 50 ppb with A, B, C, D, E, and F chromatograms, respectively. The retention time for all different types of concentration of aflatoxin standards were slightly vary at 7.9, 9.7, 11.5 and greater than 12 min for aflatoxin G2, G1, B2 and B1, respectively. The concentration of each Aflatoxin was obtained by using the peak-area integration of chromatogram of peanut sample. All the samples were determined and the results indicated those roasted peanut samples are contaminated by total aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 14.05 µg/kg to 445.18 µg/kg. For each mean aflatoxin contamination levels in roasted peanut samples ranged from 2.6 ± 0.081–246.42 ± 0.082, 0.64 ± 0.012–23.41 ± 0.016, 9.02 ± 0.008–156.10 ± 0.041,1.49 ± 0.048–19.25 ± 0.04 µg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, respectively (Table 6 ). Table 6 HPLC result of mean ± sd µg/kg aflatoxins in roasted peanut samples. Aflatoxins Arada Azezo Tseda AFB1 246.42± 0.082 2.60 ± 0.081 4.29 ± 0.007 AFB2 23.41 ± 0.016 0.66 ± 0.008 0.64 ± 0.012 AFG1 156.10 ± 0.041 9.02 ± 0.008 10.17 ± 0.016 AFG2 19.25 ± 0.04 1.77 ± 0.012 1.49 ± 0.048 Total Mean aflatoxins 445.18 ± 0.012 14.05 ± 0.028 16.59 ± 0.008 The result of roasted peanut sample of Arada AFB1 is the highest 246.42µg/kg) and AFG2 is the lowest 19.25µg/kg, in Azezo sampling sites, AFG1 is the highest 9.02µg/kg and AFB2 is the lowest 2.60µg/kg and for Tseda AFG1 is the highest 10.17µg/kg while AFB2 is the lowest 4.29µg/kg. In all aflatoxin types of Arada roasted peanut determined sample have highest than Azezo and Tseda as shown in Table 6 . The amount of AFB1 is the highest (246.42µg/kg) in all sample site and other aflatoxins, while that of the AFG2 is the lower (19.25µg/kg). According to European Union, the maximum level of AFB1 and aflatoxin total was 2 and 4 µg/kg, respectively as cited by (Kumar et al ., 2021). All the analyzed samples exceeded tolerance limit of European Union. moreover, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance limit of aflatoxin total was 20 µg/kg (Joint, Organization, and Additives, 2017). In this case, Azezo (14.05 µg/kg) and Tseda (16.59 µg/kg) roasted peanut sample results are acceptable, whereas Arada (445.18 µg/kg) roasted peanut samples are extremely exceeded recommended maximum permissible and highly contaminated by aflatoxin. Therefore, Arada sampling area needs great attention. The chromatogram Fig. 6, shows aflatoxin were detected in all peanut samples and counts versus retention time of peanut samples as shows that there were large chromatographic peak areas observed in Arada site than Azezo and Tseda. The acquisition times of all Aflatoxins in peanut sample were approximately between (6.7 to 10.6 min). Comparison of AFs results of the current study with other studies When comparing this research finding with other similar studies conducted in different countries on peanut sample, almost all peanut samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Studies from other parts of world have shown high levels of aflatoxin contamination in peanut samples. Greater quantities of aflatoxin have been reported for groundnut samples from Kenya (250 µg/kg), Nigeria (216.1 µg/Kg), and Brazil (103.8 µg/kg) ( Nii et al ., 2021) and Oliveira et al., 2009 ). Many countries now regulate that aflatoxin of human health concern, by setting maximum tolerable levels for these toxins in food. In Ethiopia, the current maximum residue levels for aflatoxins set by Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) is 10µg/kg (Mamo et al., 2020 ). Peanut are crops for the bulk of the population in Ethiopia. According to Ethiopian Standard Agency, the determined total aflatoxins in roasted peanut samples values in this study ranged from 14.05-445.18 µg/kg which were above the permissible limits. The results obtained in this study were higher than the values reported in Amare et al 5-250 µg/kg and lower than Alemayehu et al 15 − 11,865 µg/kg and Mamo et al., 2020 which is 4 µg/kg. The study done by Fuffa and Urga pointed to a surge in aflatoxin levels in cereals obtained in the Southern Peoples Nations and Nationalities, Oromia and Harari Regional States were total of 595 cereal food samples collected and determined also screened for aflatoxin contamination. The highest levels of aflatoxin B1and G1 were observed in peanut samples 738µg/kg and 201µg/kg respectively (Fuffa and Urga, 2001 ). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which is known the determine concentration is acceptable in Azezo site (2.60 µg/kg) and comparable with Tseda site (4.29 µg/kg), but Arada site (246.42 µg/kg) was extremely high as compared to the Ethiopian Standard Agency (4 µg/kg) as reported by Mamo et al., 2020 ). In South Korea, the levels of peanuts aflatoxin B1, was detected in the range of 0.2–28.0 µg/kg (Chun et al., 2007 ) which was comparable with Azezo and Tseda. However, the aflatoxinB1 concentration in Arada sampling site was exceeding. This variation of total aflatoxin contamination observed in this study may be by the use of low improper processing that allows cross contamination, storage and preservation practices. A research done by Mutegi et al ., (2013), storage and packaging materials for roasted peanuts contribute to the higher level of aflatoxins due to poor ventilation resulting in the humidity increase that favors fungal growth. The other reason may be due to once the crop becomes infected under field conditions, the fungal growth continues with increasing at post-harvest and storage conditions (Wagacha et al ., 2008). Omer et al, (2001), reported the correlation between humid local storage conditions and high levels of aflatoxins concentrations in peanut products. Risk assessment of Total Aflatoxins via consumption of peanuts Due to genotoxic carcinogenic potential, there was no established safe level for exposure of aflatoxins (EFSA, 2007). Therefore, the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) of the total aflatoxins in the peanut samples was 0.531, 0.299 and 0.229µg/Kgbw/day for children, adolescents, and adults respectively. For the Margin of Exposure (MOE), values of 753.3, 1337.8 and 1746.7 were recorded respectively (Table 7 ). The average potency of the aflatoxin was 0.00825 ng Aflatoxins/kgbw/day and produced a population risk of 4.4 × 10 − 3 , 2.5 × 10 − 3 and 1.9 × 10 − 3 respectively (Table 6 ) which was estimated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) based on carcinogenicity data in rats exposed to aflatoxins. In Table 7 , MOE was used to consider possible safety concerns arising from the presence of roasted peanut in different in human ages. According to European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA, 2007 ), when MOE is < 10,000 indicates occurrence of a larger human risk. Even in the consumer only scenario, the MOE of aflatoxins in this study was above this safe lower limit. In MOE approach possible safety concerns that arise from the existence of genotoxic and carcinogenic substances in food are used by risk assessors at the EFSA. When the calculated MOE is ≤ 10,000, the EFSA estimates the existing carcinogenic risk as low and suggests that these substances be treated with low priority (Barlow et al., 2006 ). Table 7 Evaluation of risk for total aflatoxin via consumption of peanut samples Sample Age Ave.AF total(µg/kg) Body weight(kg) EDI(µg/kg.bw/day) MoE Ave.potency(ng/kg bw/day) Cancer risk peanut Childrens (5–11 years) 158.60 26 0.531 753.3 0.00825 0.0044 Adolescents (12–18 years) 158.60 46 0.299 1337.8 0.00825 0.0025 Adults (19–60 years) 158.60 60 0.229 1746.7 0.00825 0.0019 Daily average consumption of the peanut is 0.087kg/day Risk Management Advice We suggest that Ethiopian’s government needs to continue efforts to reduce dietary exposure of aflatoxins. On the basis of the risk assessment results, the Ethiopian government should control dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Based on EU when the higher levels of total aflatoxins were changed from 15 to 4 ppb, aflatoxins exposure risk reduced and increase the MOE of aflatoxins beyond the safe lower limit. Hence, aflatoxins exposure risk will not create a health problem. The most effective way of controlling aflatoxin is to monitor food and its raw ingredients. In addition, contamination reduced in susceptible commodities to an acceptable level by strengthening border control, carrying out strict periodic monitoring, and imposing fines on noncompliant products, and accumulation, while preventing significant health and economic losses. The results of this assessment may be useful to the Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) to improve supervision of product improvement by peanut product manufacturers, ensure border inspections are carried out, and realize effective imported food control. When production activities improved and appropriate storage conditions sustained, aflatoxins in peanut foodstuffs can be managed. The government organization give direction and controlling mechanism in food companies in testing aflatoxins. As a result, by creating the awareness/education of producers and consumers the health risk potential of aflatoxin may be reduced. Conclusion The present study investigated the persistence of aflatoxins in roasted peanut and its product sold on some local markets across Gondar, Ethiopia. All samples were determined total aflatoxins 14.05 to 445.18 µg/Kg. Samples taken from Arada was above the permissible limits of the Ethiopian Standard Agency, Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization but samples collected from Azezo and Tseda was comparable with permissible limit of WHO. Human health risk valuation from aflatoxin contact via roasted peanuts and its paste consumption from the markets by children, adolescents, and adults showed a significant adverse health risk to humans since all calculated values were below 10,000. In Ethiopia, nearly 90% of peanuts and peanut products are produce from the different areas of the country. These peanut food products, as high-risk during pre and post harvesting, preparation and storage, should be actively monitored. Therefore, consumers should be aware of aflatoxin contamination. Declarations Ethical approval and guidelines : “All methods are carried out according to the institution's guidelines and regulations" Consent for publication: “Not Applicable (NA)” Availability of data and materials: All data generated and analyzed are included within this research article. Sample collection permission: during sample collection our institute gave support letter to give permission for sample collection from the different markets and the market owners also gave permission for sample collection and in situ measurements. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: Funding is not applicable for this study Acknowledgment: The authors gratefully acknowledge Gondar University support the work Author Contribution D.T., M. K., T. F., M. M. writing the research, Y.K., Z. M., D. Y., doing lab work and conducted the analysis. D.T., A. A., H. S. finalized and edited the manuscript. References Alemu, A., Moges, F., Shiferaw, Y., Tafess, K., Kassu, A., Anagaw, B., & Agegn, A. (2012). Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 5(1), 1-7. Arya, S. S., Salve, A. R., & Chauhan, S. (2016). 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Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 58(4), 540-547. Gizachew, D., Szonyi, B., Tegegne, A., Hanson, J., & Grace, D. (2016). Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed, Ethiopia. Food Control, 59, 773-779. Guchi, E. (2015b). Stakeholders’ perception about aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (arachis hypogaea L.) along the value chain actors in eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Food Contamination, 2(1), 1-7. Hunduma, T., Tesfaye, A., & Alemu, M. (2020). Aflatoxin Contamination of Ethiopian Hot Red Pepper and Risk Characterization: Dietary Exposure Assessment and Estimated Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(4), 63-81. Joint, F., Organization, W. H., & Additives, W. E. C. o. F. (2017). Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: eighty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives: World Health Organization. Keng-Wen Lien, Xin Wang, Min-Hsiung Pan; Min-Pei Ling, 2019. Assessing Aflatoxin Exposure Risk from Peanuts and Peanut Products Imported to Taiwan, Toxins 2019, 11, 80; doi: 10.3390/toxins11020080 Kortei, N. K., Annan, T., Akonor, P. T., Richard, S. A., Annan, H. A., Wiafe-Kwagyan, M., . . . Akpaloo, P. G. (2021). Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and its products from some local markets across Ghana: Human risk assessment and monitoring. Toxicology reports, 8, 186-195. Kortei, N. K., Annan, T., Kyei-Baffour, V., Essuman, E. K., Boakye, A. A., Tettey, C. O., & Boadi, N. O. (2022). Exposure assessment and cancer risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) through ingestion of raw cow milk in southern Ghana. Toxicology reports, 9, 1189-1197. Kumar, V. V. (2018). Aflatoxins: properties, toxicity and detoxification. Nutr. Food Sci. Int. J, 6, 555696. Kurt, C., & Arioglu, H. (2018). Physical and mechanical properties of some peanut varieties grown in Mediterranean environment. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 51(2), 27-34. Mamo, F. T., Abate, B. A., Tesfaye, K., Nie, C., Wang, G., & Liu, Y. (2020). Mycotoxins in Ethiopia: a review on prevalence, economic and health impacts. Toxins, 12(10), 648. Milićević, D. R., Milešević, J., Gurinović, M., Janković, S., Đinović-Stojanović, J., Zeković, M., & Glibetić, M. (2021). Dietary exposure and risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 for children aged 1 to 9 years old in Serbia. Nutrients, 13(12), 4450. Nazhand, A., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Souto, E. B., & Santini, A. (2020). Characteristics, occurrence, detection and detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds. Foods, 9(5), 644. Nigussie, A., Bekele, T., Fekadu Gemede, H., & Zewdu Woldegiorgis, A. (2018). Level of aflatoxins in industrially brewed local and imported beers collected from Ethiopia market. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 4(1), 1453317. Okello, D., Biruma, M., & Deom, C. (2010). Overview of groundnuts research in Uganda: Past, present and future. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(39), 6448-6459. Oliveira, C. A., Gonçalves, N. B., Rosim, R. E., & Fernandes, A. M. (2009). Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products in the northeast region of São Paulo, Brazil. International journal of molecular sciences, 10(1), 174-183. Patel, S. V., Bosamia, T. C., Bhalani, H. N., Singh, P., & Kumar, A. (2015). Aflatoxins: causes & effects. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 13(9), 140-141. Roila, R., Branciari, R., Verdini, E., Ranucci, D., Valiani, A., Pelliccia, A., . . . Pecorelli, I. (2021). A Study of the Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Supply Chain over a Seven-Year Period (2014–2020): Human Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization in the Population of Central Italy. Foods, 10(7), 1529. Scudamore, K.A.; Hazel, C.M.; Patel, S.; Scriven, F. Deoxynivalenol and other Fusarium mycotoxins in bread, cake, and biscuits produced from UK-grown wheat under commercial and pilot scale conditions. Food Addit. Contam. 2009 , 26, 1191–1198. Shephard, G. S. (2008). Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(10), 1246-1256. Sori, O. (2021). Factors affecting groundnut market supply in Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 7(1), e05892. Tahavori, A., Ghaderi, F., & Nemati, M. (2012). Determination of aflatoxins in nuts of Tabriz confectionaries by ELISA and HPLC methods. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2(1), 123. Waliyar, F., Umeh, V., Traore, A., Osiru, M., Ntare, B., Diarra, B., . . . Sudini, H. (2015). Prevalence and distribution of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Mali, West Africa. Crop Protection, 70, 1-7. Nii Korley Kortei, Theophilus Annan, Papa Toah Akonor, Seidu A. Richard, Helen Ama Annan, Michael Wiafe- Kwagyan, Matilda Ayim-Akonorf, Princess Golda Akpaloo. (2021) Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and its products from some local markets across Ghana: Human risk assessment and monitoring. Toxicology Reports 8, 186–195 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4169323","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":289349117,"identity":"01fcc467-f922-47d6-a82c-28bb9ee263b2","order_by":0,"name":"Dessie 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description\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/27086304420a8fad4d38de23.png"},{"id":54453969,"identity":"4154c13a-b457-460c-b0db-b84ff1ff2b2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-10 18:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe calibration curve for aflatoxin standard (a, b, c, d)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/ba69a117479cb99754a08ff9.png"},{"id":54453968,"identity":"8d6c859b-9ab4-4a09-9584-2466e3820cf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-10 18:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHPLC chromatogram of method blank\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/7f491049453f09b74f8ae173.png"},{"id":54453971,"identity":"d502a2da-e6b0-4ad2-9fbc-dbe76847829d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-10 18:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":260445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHPLC chromatogram, count vs. retention time, for mixture of aflatoxin standards\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/d1088cbb8aea6bd79baefdf7.png"},{"id":54453970,"identity":"b5b01f82-f55b-4b3b-a161-15156d2abd4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-10 18:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHPLC Chromatogram for peanut samples of Arada, Azezo, and Tseda.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/554f291bc78a352fcf53e1c9.png"},{"id":56087040,"identity":"b9c76862-04ca-4bee-93b8-7c12ee899301","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-08 11:19:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1488615,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4169323/v1/66142d6d-4994-4a14-8cc4-1057393ff0b7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination in Roasted Peanut Samples from Gondar City, Ethiopia: Risk Evaluation and Health Implications","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe fourth most important oilseed crop in the world is groundnut (\u003cem\u003eArachis hypogaea\u003c/em\u003e), is called peanut. In Ethiopia, it was introduced in the early 1920s (Guchi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015b\u003c/span\u003e) and mainly produced in Oromia, Amhara, Gambella, and Benishanul Gumuz (Sori, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Peanut seeds are utilized as a snack food, direct human consumption or are processed to make peanut butter, oil, roasted, and other products (Kurt and Arioglu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e and Okello, Biruma, and Deom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAflatoxins have commonly been found to contaminate a wide variety of food stuffs such as peanuts, rice, wheat, barley, cereal, and some other crops. Aflatoxin contamination occurred pre and post-harvest of the crops. Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins and secondary metabolites of food products produced by fungi in the \u003cem\u003egenus Aspergillus\u003c/em\u003e. Different types of aflatoxins have been recorded including B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The levels of toxicity is B1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;B2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G2. Aflatoxins B1 known as a powerful hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxigenic substance and has been classified as group one carcinogen. Aflatoxins can be both acute and chronic toxins; acute poisoning is usually rare and exceptional, while chronic toxicity is of serious international concern (Nigussie, et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Tahavori, et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Hunduma, et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Waliyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Oliveira, et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Gizachew et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e and Chun, et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Optimal temperature and humidity conditions for mold growth and production of aflatoxins are found in many tropical and subtropical countries (Lien et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Aflatoxins cannot be destroyed by heat treatment or during processing since they are small and stable molecules (Scudamore et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Lien et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). But, the major global concern is removing, reducing or inactivating aflatoxins in food and feedstuffs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence, the presence of aflatoxin in the food chain can cause adverse health effects to humans, livestock, impair trade and also pose a significant economic burden. Due to these effects worldwide countries including Ethiopia and international organization set own standards. (Tahavori et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e and Hunduma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs Fuffa and Urga (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) disclosed the growth and generation of aflatoxigenic fungi depends on several factors such as high temperature and humidity under which natural substrates are stored. In Ethiopia, aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is a great severe among commonly visualized problems (Fuffa and Urga, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Studies in Aflatoxins contamination of consumable roasted peanut in Gondar city, Ethiopia is very limited. Therefore, this study was aimed detect the levels of aflatoxin contamination of roasted peanut sample processed in Gondar city by using HPLC and human health risk assessment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy area description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar city is located in North-western parts of Ethiopia. It covers a total area of 192.3 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with rising and falling mountainous topography. It is the center of political and economic activities of the North Amhara region. The city is classified into 12 administrative sub-cites, which have their own legislative, executive and judiciary organs. According to the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) population projection (2013), Gondar is one of the largest urban populous city in Ethiopia, the population estimated to be 323,875 by 2015 and to be increased to 360,600 in 2017, and recently 850,000 in 2021. The major North West Ethiopia urban-rural migrants were destined at Gondar city. Migration has a great role to population increase of the city. The city is a major tourist and business hub in North-West Ethiopia (Alemu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It is at 1203\u0026rsquo;N latitude and 370 28\u0026rsquo;E and located at 727 km from Addis Ababa (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of eighteen roasted peanuts samples were collected from commercially available from different market retailers in Gondar city. Roasted peanuts samples were randomly collected from different sites and homogenized by the location in to three clusters such as Arada \u003cem\u003e(kidamie Gebeya,, Paisa, Zoble, Shwadabo, Collage, Maraki and Hamlie 5)\u003c/em\u003e, Azezo (\u003cem\u003eAbasamual, Bulketsefer, Sisaygaraj, kamp, kondomineum and Awragodana\u003c/em\u003e) and Tseda (\u003cem\u003eGebiasefer, Tenasefer, Gomata, Gebrial and ketena3\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample Extraction and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe dried and ground powdered roasted peanut sample (20 g) was extracted with 100 mL methanol/water (4/1, v/v) and 50 mL n-Hexane by maceration using an orbital shaker at room temperature for 45 minutes. Next, Whatman No. 41 filter paper was used to filter the extract, and its volume adjusted 7 mL of filtered extract and to 50ml with PBS (1x) Buffer Solution (pH 7.2) (AOAC, 2005). 2g of sodium chloride was also added during extraction. Any precipitation during mixed the buffer solution were filtered by means of a syringe filter. The extracted samples were injected in to HPLC for analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction and Cleanup with Immunoaffinity Column\u003c/strong\u003e: Open the Immunoaffinity column just before used. After opened the column, the storage buffer is drained until the level reaches the upper frit. Take 50 ml of the diluted extract and pass it through the column. A complete dry column must be avoided, washed the column with 10ml of distilled water. Residual water is now removed by a gentle gas stream or vacuum. Eluted with at least 2 times 1ml of Methanol; the first added of Methanol act on the gel for 5 minutes to break the analyte-antibody bond.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalibration Standard Solutions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrepared Aflatoxin Standard Solution containing 100 \u0026micro;g/L of total aflatoxin (10 \u0026micro;g/L Aflatoxin G2, 40 \u0026micro;g/L aflatoxin G1, 10 \u0026micro;g/L aflatoxin B2, and 40 \u0026micro;g/L aflatoxin B1) from the stock aflatoxin analytical standard solution purchased using HPLC grade methanol. The desired analytical standard solutions were prepared in to a 25 ml volumetric flask (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe series of standard solution of aflatoxin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAflatoxin G2 (\u0026micro;g/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAflatoxin G1 (\u0026micro;g/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAflatoxin B2 (\u0026micro;g/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAflatoxin B1 (\u0026micro;g/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethod Validation:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimit of detection (LOD) is the minimum amount of analyte detected in a sample, but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) is the lowest concentration of analyte in a sample that can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy under the stated experimental conditions of the test. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated by using equation given below (Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.3 SE/slope and LOQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10sd (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, SE means standard error of the interference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of matrix effect (Recovery)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecovery is expressed as the percentage of analyte experimentally determined after fortification of sample material at a known concentration and should be assessed over concentrations which cover the analytical range of the method. The percent recovery can be determined based on equ. 2 as follows\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"497\" height=\"48\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhereas, A is the concentration of the spiked sample, B is the concentration of non -spiked sample and C is the concentration standard added\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of Human health risk of aflatoxin via consumption of roasted peanuts\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExposure estimation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs Shephard (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) found that the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of biological, chemical or physical agents via food, as well as exposures from other sources is exposure assessment. By using the average quantities of aflatoxins in groundnut products, the daily ingestion of the same samples, and the average body weight are basic values to calculate Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by Eq. (2). The calculation of EDI as described as \u0026micro;g/kg of body weight/day (\u0026micro;g/kg b.w/day) (Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAVEAAAAuCAYAAACRdSriAAAG1UlEQVR4Ae2dTTIsTRSG7cEODOzAChgYGzAzswFhARYgbIC5MBYWwAIswAJYgAXUF4/4XnGce7K6srlU334zoqP+8q+f4nEys7ptDE4mYAImYAJLE9hYuqQLmoAJmIAJDJaofwhMwARM4AsELNEvwHNREzABE7BE/TNgAiZgAl8gYIl+AZ6LmoAJmMDaS/T4+HjY2NgYfd3d3f3IT8rT09Owv7//0ZednZ3h/v5+oP2f6sOPvFE3YgL/EIG1lyj3EkFtbm4OSCym5+fnAZHl8zHPd+y/vb0NJycn7324ubkZOCbR/u7ubtm372jXdZiACXydgCU6DMPFxcWwtbU1vLy8/EH09va2PP9HxiVP0Caipn2kmRMCPzw8/BBrvu5jEzCB3yVgiQ7DwJCelxLiQp4/kWi3ioLVNpI9Pz/XobcmYAIzI7D2EkVSRIGac2QofXp62hzCM0dJ5Mg8ajXUb5Wl/qurq0+3n3PUEwX+KYMPTMAEZk9g7SUqkcXFpdbQHkESNSJSEtMAvGJCwmdnZ5+G5kS2RJOa61T+RVGo8nlrAiYwXwJrL9E8H4rwkGVOOV+OYGN+rh0dHb3PpbbmNBEqi0YtYcf6vG8CJjBfAmstUYksDqcRYJ4PlTBz1Dl2WynD40qtRSHViUhzhDpWr6+ZgAnMi8BaS1QiWyRHhvxjiz/VLZVEeXSpkqQE7ki0oudzJrA6BNZaoovkyEIQw/E8lOf2IsHHx8fyTiPQRcN5ClIvc7EtifPIU46KywZ90gRM4NcIrK1EFQlWw2nESQSpa1p8kuyQW1480h2k3nyN+qqFJfUBkcbrnOehez/aJKremsD3EuD3Kz8tU7VAHvKOpW6JMn8YV7KrfaRDauXd3t5+l1T1cHku8zeGu5Ji1fd4Tu+D9wJMhvRcbw3RydfziBP5Eebl5eUAE7XN/qIbR1knEzCBfgIEQ/ye8runFH+/eXSR0SRJgY4CKOWP226JUhi5VHOESDE/O0njOS+RGfk4H0WljklyYx1XXm9NwARMYCoBnBIXkin38PDwEbTgMAK3mEcirVxF+aUkSkdaEWL+mCSd0bA4vlF1rKpnrP5Yh/dNwARMYCoBossc5OGhvO5Q+UeBnyLU2OZSEkWM0dQ0kDtCIxJlzBsbb0Wcuf5YxvsmYAImsAyBKgqt6mn5h/PUkVO3RDEx0aNCW0TZmgdErq0hOx3R9ShZ1V91NnfexyZgAiYwhYACujGvvL6+vrssz5eqfspWo+puiSp61CII22pITsPkzfOh6hDbSqKcY2GF7VhCvLEP1f4YsLG6fc0ETODfIiDXKPjL7y56LQ/5lbfls26JIqYoTTqHuauE6CpzK686HmWX61deb03ABExgWQItAeb6+F4MAr8q+GuJuEuiConz8LuaD9WwPObNHeZa7GxVfy7jYxMwARPoJTBVotSr4I5tTN8iUYkxRo6xkbjfalB5dD1Ktqd+ylVD+Hiu6me8vor74uetCZjAdAI9EpWH/opEF3WEB1aRIwmBxSgzvl09i5WH+ovqj3V43wRMwASmElDQlsVYlUei1bxoy0+Th/Maamfx0Qk6GD8mWUmS8sqHXPMKmOqn87wJJxMwARP4LgLySx6d4iQWsvnUIHl44aacj35wrvLfJIli4ClDX/KNDbPpLLJFsjHRuVz/lL8YsQ7vm4AJmMAYATwTpw/JS8CGGOUfgjh96Xqui7KVXCdJNFfmYxMwARNYNQKtYfqU90HE2holW6JTCP6fR0MC/mrFx7w6qnBWEzCBXyTACLf1Relj3WpFoZSxRMfINa5Vw4JGVp82AROYGQF+f6u5zaqbmiNtPQtPGUu0IjdyjiEBUWg1NzJSzJdMwARmROBXv090Rhx+pStazWPrZAImYAKORDt/BnqGAp1VO7sJmMAKErBEO28aE8y84jdhI9axRSeiVs2paDrA//qjE7yzm8BMCViiHTdGAmR1T8+6ItD4ySxW/+Ix1SPdOJHNfIyk2tG8s5qACcyQgCXacVOq+VDOIU19OECi1THX9/b2PkmUf0fAy8kETGD1CViiHfewmg/NYpVENcTn3yqzr+dKGfZfX193tOqsJmACcyZgiXbcneqB2yxWzY1yHoFyHCWa/wdVR/POagImMEMClujEm6IIU8N0iuWhPOck0YODg495U8oQifKZXA/jJwJ3NhNYEQKW6MQbhTDjZ2cRIsdEmTlpBV/nkSgfFa3yKo+3JmACq0nAEp1434gw+bosFpEQ4ti3vfD4EpGrEgJe5vO6Ku+tCZjAfAlYovO9N+6ZCZjAChCwRFfgJrmLJmAC8yVgic733rhnJmACK0DgPxfVhfQzt6HjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"337\" height=\"46\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere Ec is the average concentration of AF total (\u0026micro;g /kg), C is the daily average consumption of the peanut (kg per day), and bw is the body weight for the male and female populations (kg). According to Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, the recommended Daily intake of peanuts is, 0.087 kg/day in Ghana (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic age of different studies sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReferences (weight)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren (5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdolescents (12\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;18 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdults (18\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;60 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Shephard, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRisk characterization for aflatoxins\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe risk assessment of aflatoxins as genotoxic and carcinogenic compound appropriately computed based on the Margin of Exposure (MOEs) approach. It was determined when the Benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e) for aflatoxins 400 ng/kg bw/day divided by toxin exposure. The Margin of Exposures (MOEs) is the most appropriate method for the evaluation of health risk for aflatoxins (genotoxic and oncogenic biomolecules) (Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"522\" height=\"48\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere BMDL\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e is the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e) for 10% increased cancer risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of Liver Cancer Risk-The Carcinogenic Potency\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ingestion of aflatoxins have been directly linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development especially individuals infected with hepatitis virus. Since, aflatoxins most health concern are related to primary liver cancer burden. AFM1 risk of cancer posed by dietary exposure was estimated by using Eq. (5) (Milićević et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The population cancer risk per 10,000 was calculated as a product of the EDI and the mean hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) potency number from individual potencies of HBsAg-positive and for HBsAg negative groups (Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAfcAAAAjCAYAAACJrUOqAAALHElEQVR4Ae2bvY0UTRCGyYEMMMgABxeHCMDDIwEgAISNSAB8hI3AhwAIgAAgAALYT89Jz6ei6J6Zu2NZ7dzb0mpmuuv37a6q6Z67W4e0IBAEgkAQCAJBYFcI3NqVN3EmCASBIBAEgkAQOKS4ZxEEgSAQBIJAENgZAinuO5vQuBMEgkAQCAJBIMU9ayAIBIEgEASCwM4QSHHf2YTGnSAQBIJAEAgCKe5ZA0EgCASBIBAEdoZAivvOJjTuBIEgEASCQBA42+L+69evw4MHDw63bt06PHny5MbOZHC4sVMfx4NAENgRAu/fvz+8fft2k0fQQb/UNhV3iidFtP9u3759ePny5YECc6r2+vXrA7+b3Czwx8Rhtgbqmvj48ePFNMxo7969e3j69Onh+/fvf0xX57lz587hx48ff9BdtwMbtfO6ssIfBIJAEPgbCJC7nz179kct7XnRHL8l528q7hjPmwKJvCZG3hwo8BhwiqaD1abr2EExoaicyh9tv6wd0N+7d+/w7ds3RRzlCs7Md9dDse76WYSdFj7o6B/NGX2sMRfw33YC/bxgdPv/tp7ICwJBIAhsRYB8N6o55ClypRuonk/X6t/m4o4Bo90URo36tzp2HTqLxVV2eLys7CXJUxT/xRzM1gBz+OHDh9922qwLPpuwAGtzQY7sXZJfZVzlXr09QK4i6ybx7ClObtK8xdfzQGBpY0YOHW2CqmdLNXBzcZ8l61MWd4rBqIBU50f3nDiMisuI9hz6rorDZX1jrvnZWFgU9d4spJW20sx26F1+5bnuPUdejx8/3tW8XxeTNf69xcmavxkPAv8aAXL3KE96estm5M2bN39skqqd8COnt03FXUVdAMkd5d04kgLHnxwnMO7bh/QevXqcyzPHte7Aoe9y4e1HqjOnPn36dCEPuc+fP79I6NiOfP8IjzF+6LLY8Dx6WZj5Iy7wiQ202M7LQ/+2XP1HJ0WQouOLxpId0Glz1WchRX+VP/OlL4Ctz/qKjTRtR2dv2iHtbLyuG+WLY+XB95Ee5LOzXGvQIQPZdX7RD07Ml/LFkzHubXVNuab1ExnoEBPnc8Rb16PjrJOHDx/+Nr/I5FfxGNmgDK7VHvhm8SXP0roexYl8Izucv2rzUixUGX7SGc0HOvu8aUeuQeCcETDX1BjXH/rMAVxrjpLG6yw+NhV3EpcJTYEEJ321KJvc6LOwobgmO5PAq1ev/n8jgRYagpsERcLmnp8NG2piVg79taFPILAHGT5DNwPUxAi/bYs/ysMO7CahIau/iCgTu01mnz9/vqCvfo3sqPKqPmR2HChi2ACdDQzqQhndV7/lq1f863x1XjttxbyOca+PdX6rj50eX168ePH/mlLGlj/mRO6jR48u8EBfxVo52Fr9x1d5oGGsr2nlrM0nvGKBH309igXzxrg0HdslGyperodZfEGLDvR1n6pOaPCx4rKGhTxrsYBuMCGHKFM94IEdPjNOHy8/+JYWBPaCgLFPvIwa8eTaJ/fW+Kz08Jtjav+m4k6gwcyxpgme535cIB0G2boDGIKMGrwmBZO9Cao6zZjjyEYuyakG/MhJ9FRQ4BsV3pHto76RP8gHC4oqDTuqTrFwjKT57t2732yXZqaz2ly/g6qLFySKHfYdo41wJEmPGvNk8RuNY3NfA11+52OeWX9c8bEW307rM+sKOuj7Gqs02NrXlicC4us648rcYi+N8dl8MtaDrvs5woq+un7WbNAX7enYdt+xodvV1zXPdc0pu9o1woLxpVjo/isDH2ndVvqgIV7SgsCeEBjlh5l/xA1xbZxUuh67jq0W91GwyVyvBilG1NYdYLwn/s4LzyiJVMe6nC5DG3ry7Hwzupm8kT8kwVro0Mlv1OinSH358mU0fMHX8YEQu3tCth/9vOhUzIbCr9g5WgPgM/reLm4z/zGBserLSP7IVGSzg9tS2NVDQNTfyC76KuYUJ3TpCy9tP3/+vCha2M1c2OAdzae8lVabqi74mTdPutBVi7NylmzQFq6j9a0Mxup95Rut62qnfEt2IH8pFpTRMal2jNZC/2PNSp/7IHCuCPSYW/LDuBjFzpWL+5aAxKiZoSYv5MwM7Lw92bKL6rsIaKqjyOjFbWQ7fPxqG9F1m6SHVz364zM09lXb5HWs63d8ZIdjXJE50kUSZoIZw+7e0FcL3Oh+ZK9y1uySjutsoUnjeMVgq3zoKO78rzxYLjVwqC9cSzrw3ULGSxc20pAhVvfv378o7hR529J8wlvnCp6RDcjAH/WwzimgtjUbpOOqPX0ukeHLVL2vvHVd089znaM1O9RdfbZPe2a6qx3qdj6YC09ROl2eg8A5I7A1HvSReISnN3NqH1vduW81gACugY0BKjW4TW7VCPuk6QnB4DbYkSsPcr5+/XqR1HC80kCHTJKm+ipfBWjk42X80XZ97i8i6hIP7bHf68gOjtqxm9btr88dN2X+jevIriq3fiYACwtJpeHev63o87QmH1583XosD859d7+EvXPNN+BaSGa+uJNckrllPYoPOv3+bJ/XNRuk41rXg/32IYemr/Tb9EMaeeo6XbNDHmUgG7k1Fka6WbfEcG3QsUZ4kcpxfEUm93tCwLircTbzjzjh745q3Eo7y5+Lxd2C0Yu2QutVQ911+Ad3dfekETpDsuc4ue4QakLgnp0U4/yQCQ/98HH1aJhx7GQcu0kKHK/SJ5/6SSaMQ0eryYQ/RKIf2RSpNX86NsrCLmTUhv5OX8flJalhB1eSHP00bRI//VGP/DxX/6qOy967BnpB1h52nY6NirdYQgeerAdxR4by+99PVDuh2foHdczXSBYFlBe9WrzVIY68SNUm3v7hHnZwrw9L87llPaJLGc5h1c/9mg2VXj+40mbxtWVdQ1PjZM0O/ajJx/VoLEDDHLiesa/PK3YzTpzMkln1OfdB4FwRMPcZD/pBP7WL+KDxTM4xrqXzapxBV9u0uMPgUSFXgn2WgBRIYoUOehJs342MZFo8lWGB4PhVfSRKdgB+pzZJ1EQNLTrRbfJFX01k8PFsAVcn8ukH0ArQFn8sbF2WttrPFT38Zq3b4W7IecDG6nOfVBOw/s/0bO0XZ/XPrtBh+2ycuaO4u1jV39cD/MjqDX9cC3UMWvHQd21wXjqGjDumLO33uV6RD+7w9TW9NJ9b1iN6ut3g1H1dsqHa2vHE7h5f0K+ta/CAt8fJkh19LaLH9VxjocrA1xpv+qL+joPjuQaBvSBA3BAntRETxIa5jFrYc2elhx85vU2Leye87jMGk1RHRlxXdviDwDkiwEtLLb7slA3qy8bJnuKL4s4vLQjsHQE2H2warvoiCx/89cRMzP5ZcXcHlaAV+lxvMgLEwewTzehtfg2rvcQXyaqf+K35nvEgcM4IkAv63wht9We2a4f/nxV3juNmyWyrI6ELAntBgIDm2M3v+fpFYeMv8y/7Jn/O8QUWnOpxcoEfaUHgpiHAC33/XLiEASd1nPzxm7WjF3ePC/1+wJVgTgsCNx0BjuT5ewRjg+/cHMsvfV/rmO0hvkhs+J7C3mc3zzcJAfLB1hiArn7SG+F09OI+Upq+IBAEgkAQCAJB4HgIpLgfD9tIDgJBIAgEgSBwEgRS3E8Ce5QGgSAQBIJAEDgeAinux8M2koNAEAgCQSAInASBFPeTwB6lQSAIBIEgEASOh0CK+/GwjeQgEASCQBAIAidBIMX9JLBHaRAIAkEgCASB4yGQ4n48bCM5CASBIBAEgsBJEEhxPwnsURoEgkAQCAJB4HgIpLgfD9tIDgJBIAgEgSBwEgT+AxEipQiQmZI4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"503\" height=\"35\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Joint Expert Committee for Food and Agriculture (JECFA) predictable potency values for AFB1 was estimated to be 0.03/100,000 per year per ng/kg bw per day in HBsAg-positive individuals and 0.001/100,000 person-years per ng/kg bw per day in HBsAg negative individuals(Chain et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kortei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). HBsAg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;prevalence rate was assumed to be 25% for developing countries (WHO 1998).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"491\" height=\"78\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analyses of Aflatoxin was performed using HPLC based on the following conditions: Mobile solvent :(Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (15: 25: 60)), Flow Rate:1.2 mL/min, Column: Stainless Steel,5\u0026micro;m Reversed Phase C-18, Column Oven Temperature:(39 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e), Detector: (Fluorescence detector with Excitation wavelength of 365 nm, emission wavelength of 440 nm, Integrator: derivatization is achieved by hydroxylation from water of the mobile phase under UV light at 265 nm wave length when the HPLC conditions are fulfilled, directly inject prepared standard aflatoxin solutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calibration curve is constructed by plotting peak area of a series of calibration standards against the concentration of the standards as shown Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The concentration of the unknown samples is derived from interpolation of the curve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe series standard solutions of aflatoxin and peak area responses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estandards\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e561920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1120292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e744677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2053828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e763272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1353906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e565174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2399730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e917051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1578128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e670691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calibration curves for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The analyzed working solution gives excellent values of regression coefficient for each aflatoxin. Goodness of fit (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) values was ˃0.996. This value gives as evidence of an acceptable fit of the data to the regression line. Higher regression coefficient shows high correlation between concentration of aflatoxin standard and their responses (peak area).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optimized analytical methods were validated in terms of LOD, LOQ, recoveries, and linearity for aflatoxin (AFG2, AFG1, AFB1 and AFB2) in peanut sample. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimized in order to increase sample sensitivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters of linear regression measured for Aflatoxins in HPLC, LOD and LOQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear equations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOD\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOQ\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;06\u003c/sup\u003ex \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.8623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3e-\u003csup\u003e06\u003c/sup\u003ex \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2e-\u003csup\u003e05\u003c/sup\u003ex \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.4916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8e-\u003csup\u003e06\u003c/sup\u003ex \u0026ndash; 01837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Limit of detection of the aflatoxin were, 0.2 \u0026micro;g/kg for aflatoxin G2, 0.312 \u0026micro;g/kg for aflatoxin G1, 0.148 \u0026micro;g/kg for aflatoxin B2 and 0.06 \u0026micro;g/kg for aflatoxin B1 respectively, and LOQ for aflatoxin range from 0.46 to 2 \u0026micro;g/kg, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average percentage recoveries of aflatoxin ranged from 81.83\u0026ndash;108.16% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). A reasonably high recovery of the most important method used is efficient and can be employed successfully for the reliable analysis of aflatoxin in peanut sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery test of aflatoxins in peanut samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF levels added \u0026micro;g/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult found \u0026micro;g/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSD %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average percentage recoveries of the methods ranged from 108.16, 96.5, 91.45 and 81.83%, for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2), respectively. The recoveries obtained from this study were within the range between 70 and 125%, which were acceptable according to (AOAC,2005) as cited in (Kortei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Percent relative standards deviation (%RSD) values were obtained from the analysis of each sample four times in the same day. The %RSD ranged from 0.743 to 3.507.These values indicate that good precision of the data of analytical method was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, HPLC chromatogram of the method blank, counts versus retention time showed that, clear chromatogram and doesn\u0026rsquo;t have any specified visible chromatographic peaks. Which means that free of any aflatoxin cross contamination from extraction solvents and equipment\u0026rsquo;s, so, this describes that the quality of the employed method. The chromatogram also demonstrated that the procedure was suitable for the determination of aflatoxins in the sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the mixture of aflatoxin standards have clear and excellent chromatographic peaks for aflatoxin G2, G1, B2 and B1 with almost the same retention time (min) at various standard aflatoxin concentrations 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 50 ppb with A, B, C, D, E, and F chromatograms, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe retention time for all different types of concentration of aflatoxin standards were slightly vary at 7.9, 9.7, 11.5 and greater than 12 min for aflatoxin G2, G1, B2 and B1, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of each Aflatoxin was obtained by using the peak-area integration of chromatogram of peanut sample. All the samples were determined and the results indicated those roasted peanut samples are contaminated by total aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 14.05 \u0026micro;g/kg to 445.18 \u0026micro;g/kg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each mean aflatoxin contamination levels in roasted peanut samples ranged from 2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.081\u0026ndash;246.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.082, 0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u0026ndash;23.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016, 9.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u0026ndash;156.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041,1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.048\u0026ndash;19.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 \u0026micro;g/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPLC result of mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd \u0026micro;g/kg aflatoxins in roasted peanut samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAflatoxins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzezo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTseda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.42\u0026plusmn; 0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Mean aflatoxins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of roasted peanut sample of Arada AFB1 is the highest 246.42\u0026micro;g/kg) and AFG2 is the lowest 19.25\u0026micro;g/kg, in Azezo sampling sites, AFG1 is the highest 9.02\u0026micro;g/kg and AFB2 is the lowest 2.60\u0026micro;g/kg and for Tseda AFG1 is the highest 10.17\u0026micro;g/kg while AFB2 is the lowest 4.29\u0026micro;g/kg. In all aflatoxin types of Arada roasted peanut determined sample have highest than Azezo and Tseda as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The amount of AFB1 is the highest (246.42\u0026micro;g/kg) in all sample site and other aflatoxins, while that of the AFG2 is the lower (19.25\u0026micro;g/kg). According to European Union, the maximum level of AFB1 and aflatoxin total was 2 and 4 \u0026micro;g/kg, respectively as cited by (Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). All the analyzed samples exceeded tolerance limit of European Union. moreover, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance limit of aflatoxin total was 20 \u0026micro;g/kg (Joint, Organization, and Additives, 2017). In this case, Azezo (14.05 \u0026micro;g/kg) and Tseda (16.59 \u0026micro;g/kg) roasted peanut sample results are acceptable, whereas Arada (445.18 \u0026micro;g/kg) roasted peanut samples are extremely exceeded recommended maximum permissible and highly contaminated by aflatoxin. Therefore, Arada sampling area needs great attention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram Fig.\u0026nbsp;6, shows aflatoxin were detected in all peanut samples and counts versus retention time of peanut samples as shows that there were large chromatographic peak areas observed in Arada site than Azezo and Tseda. The acquisition times of all Aflatoxins in peanut sample were approximately between (6.7 to 10.6 min).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComparison of AFs results of the current study with other studies\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing this research finding with other similar studies conducted in different countries on peanut sample, almost all peanut samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Studies from other parts of world have shown high levels of aflatoxin contamination in peanut samples. Greater quantities of aflatoxin have been reported for groundnut samples from Kenya (250 \u0026micro;g/kg), Nigeria (216.1 \u0026micro;g/Kg), and Brazil (103.8 \u0026micro;g/kg) ( Nii \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021) and Oliveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany countries now regulate that aflatoxin of human health concern, by setting maximum tolerable levels for these toxins in food. In Ethiopia, the current maximum residue levels for aflatoxins set by Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) is 10\u0026micro;g/kg (Mamo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Peanut are crops for the bulk of the population in Ethiopia. According to Ethiopian Standard Agency, the determined total aflatoxins in roasted peanut samples values in this study ranged from 14.05-445.18 \u0026micro;g/kg which were above the permissible limits. The results obtained in this study were higher than the values reported in Amare \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e 5-250 \u0026micro;g/kg and lower than Alemayehu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e 15\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11,865 \u0026micro;g/kg and Mamo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e which is 4 \u0026micro;g/kg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study done by Fuffa and Urga pointed to a surge in aflatoxin levels in cereals obtained in the Southern Peoples Nations and Nationalities, Oromia and Harari Regional States were total of 595 cereal food samples collected and determined also screened for aflatoxin contamination. The highest levels of aflatoxin B1and G1 were observed in peanut samples 738\u0026micro;g/kg and 201\u0026micro;g/kg respectively (Fuffa and Urga, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which is known the determine concentration is acceptable in Azezo site (2.60 \u0026micro;g/kg) and comparable with Tseda site (4.29 \u0026micro;g/kg), but Arada site (246.42 \u0026micro;g/kg) was extremely high as compared to the Ethiopian Standard Agency (4 \u0026micro;g/kg) as reported by Mamo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In South Korea, the levels of peanuts aflatoxin B1, was detected in the range of 0.2\u0026ndash;28.0 \u0026micro;g/kg (Chun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) which was comparable with Azezo and Tseda. However, the aflatoxinB1 concentration in Arada sampling site was exceeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis variation of total aflatoxin contamination observed in this study may be by the use of low improper processing that allows cross contamination, storage and preservation practices. A research done by Mutegi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2013), storage and packaging materials for roasted peanuts contribute to the higher level of aflatoxins due to poor ventilation resulting in the humidity increase that favors fungal growth. The other reason may be due to once the crop becomes infected under field conditions, the fungal growth continues with increasing at post-harvest and storage conditions (Wagacha \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2008). Omer et al, (2001), reported the correlation between humid local storage conditions and high levels of aflatoxins concentrations in peanut products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk assessment of Total Aflatoxins via consumption of peanuts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to genotoxic carcinogenic potential, there was no established safe level for exposure of aflatoxins (EFSA, 2007). Therefore, the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) of the total aflatoxins in the peanut samples was 0.531, 0.299 and 0.229\u0026micro;g/Kgbw/day for children, adolescents, and adults respectively. For the Margin of Exposure (MOE), values of 753.3, 1337.8 and 1746.7 were recorded respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The average potency of the aflatoxin was 0.00825 ng Aflatoxins/kgbw/day and produced a population risk of 4.4 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.5 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and 1.9 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) which was estimated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) based on carcinogenicity data in rats exposed to aflatoxins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, MOE was used to consider possible safety concerns arising from the presence of roasted peanut in different in human ages. According to European Food Safety Authority (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eEFSA, 2007\u003c/span\u003e), when MOE is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10,000 indicates occurrence of a larger human risk. Even in the consumer only scenario, the MOE of aflatoxins in this study was above this safe lower limit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn MOE approach possible safety concerns that arise from the existence of genotoxic and carcinogenic substances in food are used by risk assessors at the EFSA. When the calculated MOE is \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;10,000, the EFSA estimates the existing carcinogenic risk as low and suggests that these substances be treated with low priority (Barlow et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of risk for total aflatoxin via consumption of peanut samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAve.AF total(\u0026micro;g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI(\u0026micro;g/kg.bw/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAve.potency(ng/kg bw/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epeanut\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildrens\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5\u0026ndash;11 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e753.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(12\u0026ndash;18 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1337.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(19\u0026ndash;60 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1746.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily average consumption of the peanut is 0.087kg/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk Management Advice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe suggest that Ethiopian\u0026rsquo;s government needs to continue efforts to reduce dietary exposure of aflatoxins. On the basis of the risk assessment results, the Ethiopian government should control dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Based on EU when the higher levels of total aflatoxins were changed from 15 to 4 ppb, aflatoxins exposure risk reduced and increase the MOE of aflatoxins beyond the safe lower limit. Hence, aflatoxins exposure risk will not create a health problem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most effective way of controlling aflatoxin is to monitor food and its raw ingredients. In addition, contamination reduced in susceptible commodities to an acceptable level by strengthening border control, carrying out strict periodic monitoring, and imposing fines on noncompliant products, and accumulation, while preventing significant health and economic losses. The results of this assessment may be useful to the Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) to improve supervision of product improvement by peanut product manufacturers, ensure border inspections are carried out, and realize effective imported food control. When production activities improved and appropriate storage conditions sustained, aflatoxins in peanut foodstuffs can be managed. The government organization give direction and controlling mechanism in food companies in testing aflatoxins. As a result, by creating the awareness/education of producers and consumers the health risk potential of aflatoxin may be reduced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigated the persistence of aflatoxins in roasted peanut and its product sold on some local markets across Gondar, Ethiopia. All samples were determined total aflatoxins 14.05 to 445.18 \u0026micro;g/Kg. Samples taken from Arada was above the permissible limits of the Ethiopian Standard Agency, Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization but samples collected from Azezo and Tseda was comparable with permissible limit of WHO. Human health risk valuation from aflatoxin contact via roasted peanuts and its paste consumption from the markets by children, adolescents, and adults showed a significant adverse health risk to humans since all calculated values were below 10,000. In Ethiopia, nearly 90% of peanuts and peanut products are produce from the different areas of the country. These peanut food products, as high-risk during pre and post harvesting, preparation and storage, should be actively monitored. Therefore, consumers should be aware of aflatoxin contamination.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;All methods are carried out according to the institution\u0026apos;s guidelines and regulations\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Not Applicable (NA)\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated and analyzed are included within this research article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample collection permission:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eduring sample collection our institute gave support letter to give permission for sample collection from the different markets and the market owners also gave permission for sample collection and in situ measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFunding is not applicable for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge Gondar University support the work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.T., M. K., T. F., M. M. writing the research, Y.K., Z. M., D. Y., doing lab work and conducted the analysis. D.T., A. A., H. S. finalized and edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlemu, A., Moges, F., Shiferaw, Y., Tafess, K., Kassu, A., Anagaw, B., \u0026amp; Agegn, A. (2012). Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 5(1), 1-7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArya, S. S., Salve, A. R., \u0026amp; Chauhan, S. (2016). Peanuts as functional food: a review. Journal of food science and technology, 53(1), 31-41. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarlow, S.; Renwick, A.G.; Kleiner, J.; Bridges, J.W.; Busk, L.; Dybing, E.; Edler, L.; Eisenbrand, G.; Fink-Gremmels, J.; Knaap, A. \u003cstrong\u003e2006\u003c/strong\u003e. 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Richard, Helen Ama Annan, Michael Wiafe- Kwagyan, Matilda Ayim-Akonorf, Princess Golda Akpaloo. (2021) Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and its products from some local markets across Ghana: Human risk assessment and monitoring. \u003cem\u003eToxicology Reports\u003c/em\u003e 8, 186\u0026ndash;195 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Roasted peanut, Aflatoxins, Risk Assessment, HPLC","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169323/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169323/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to detect the level of aflatoxin contamination and risk assessment of aflatoxins. A total of eighteen roasted peanut samples were collected and analyses in different area of Gondar City. The aflatoxin was extracted from peanut with (Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (15: 25: 60) and the analyses were performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography detector method. From the result, A good linearity of standard calibration was found for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 at a range of 0.2–50 ppb. Regression coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) values were \u0026gt;0.996. The average recoveries for spiked sample were ranged from 81.83 to 108.16% and Limit of detection and quantification ranged from (0.138 - 0.6 ppb), (0.46 - 2.0 ppb), respectively. The determined aflatoxin contamination levels in roasted peanut samples ranged from 2.6± 0.081-246.42± 0.082, 0.64± 0.012-23.41±0.016, 9.02± 0.008-156.10± 0.041, 1.49± 0.048 -19.25± 0.04 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, respectively. Moreover, the total amount of aflatoxin detected ranged from 14.05μg/Kg to 445.18μg/Kg. All the analyzed samples exceeded tolerance limit of European Union,(recommended maximum limit of 4μg/kg. Hence, US Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization tolerance limit 20 μg/kg of aflatoxin total. The Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) of the total aflatoxins in the peanut samples was 0.531, 0.299 and 0.229μg/Kgbw/day for children, adolescents, and adults respectively. For the Margin of Exposure (MOE), values of 753.3, 1337.8 and 1746.7 were recorded respectively. The average potency of the aflatoxins was 0.00825 ng Aflatoxins/kgbw/day and produced a population risk of 4.4 × 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.5 × 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e and 1.9 × 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. In this study, a probable menace for cancer was projected at 0.0019− 0.0044 cancers per year per 100,000 person’s health among some community in Gondar, Ethiopia that could be harmed by aflatoxins in toxication via consumption of peanuts and products with an estimated daily intake (EDI) of 0.087 ng/kg bw/day of peanuts in a Gondar, Ethiopia population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination in Roasted Peanut Samples from Gondar City, Ethiopia: Risk Evaluation and Health Implications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-10 18:43:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169323/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4e72989-d4dd-48cc-94a8-6901bf70b122","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-08T10:49:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-10 18:43:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4169323","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4169323","identity":"rs-4169323","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}