An exploratory study of mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning in infants in Damascus: A cross-sectional

An exploratory study of mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning in infants in Damascus: A cross-sectional | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An exploratory study of mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning in infants in Damascus: A cross-sectional Shamail Alomar, Nawar Pharaon This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6653566/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Weaning is a critical transition phase in a child's development, directly affecting their physical and mental health. This research aims to evaluate the level of knowledge among mothers and unmarried females regarding weaning, which will help address misconceptions and improve child health in the Damascus community. Methods and Materials: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed at the Maternal and Child Health Center in Damascus, where data was collected using an electronic questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first included demographic information, while the second contained 36 questions related to weaning practices. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, applying various statistical techniques such as the Chi-square test to assess differences in knowledge levels. Results The findings indicate that the average knowledge score among participants was 44.2%, with a standard deviation of 21.7%. The analysis revealed that 35.4% of participants had poor knowledge, while 44.2% had moderate knowledge and 20.4% had good knowledge. The relationship between age and knowledge level showed that the group under 20 years had a significant knowledge deficit, while the group aged 20–25 years exhibited a marked improvement. Additionally, families without children had the highest percentage of poor knowledge. Educational level significantly influenced knowledge scores, with participants possessing a university education showing the highest percentages of good knowledge. Lastly, housewives demonstrated the highest knowledge scores, compared to lower scores in other categories. Conclusion The study in Damascus highlights a low level of knowledge regarding weaning among females, despite a high educational level, necessitating targeted health education programs. The results demonstrated a clear impact of demographic factors on knowledge, with a heavy reliance on unofficial information sources. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the role of health personnel and implement community awareness campaigns to correct misconceptions and improve awareness regarding weaning practices. Pediatrics Infant weaning maternal practices perceptions descriptive study Introduction Weaning represents a crucial phase in infants' lives, as the transition from breastfeeding or formula feeding to solid foods is a fundamental step in the child's growth and development. The weaning process is complex and influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, social environment, and traditional dietary practices (1). In Damascus, as in many Arab cities, mothers face multiple challenges related to this stage, necessitating a thorough study to understand their perceptions and practices (2). Research indicates that weaning can have long-term effects on a child's health, including physical and cognitive growth (3). Moreover, early or late weaning is linked to health issues such as malnutrition or obesity (4). Therefore, understanding mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning can aid in improving nutrition strategies and enhancing children's health. The methods and practices employed during the weaning process vary from one mother to another, depending on their cultural and educational backgrounds (5). It is important to comprehend how these practices influence weaning and what prevailing perceptions exist about it, particularly in different social and economic contexts. Thus, this descriptive study will be extremely valuable in highlighting how social and environmental factors impact mothers' decisions (6). The results of this study will contribute to guiding health awareness programs for mothers, helping them better understand healthy weaning practices. Consequently, these findings could serve as a starting point for developing more effective health policies concerning childcare in Damascus (7). Importance of the Study: Weaning is a critical and sensitive phase in a child's life, as it directly affects their physical and cognitive development. Given the variations in knowledge and practices related to weaning among mothers and unmarried females, this study highlights the importance of assessing the level of knowledge, correcting misconceptions, which contributes to improving child health and supporting health education programs in the Damascus community. Objectives of the Study: Evaluate the level of knowledge among mothers and unmarried females regarding weaning practices and perceptions for infants. Identify common sources of information related to weaning. Analyze differences in knowledge levels based on the demographic characteristics of the participants. Highlight misconceptions and unhealthy practices regarding weaning. Research Tool A questionnaire was used, designed based on a review of recent scientific literature on weaning. Components of the Questionnaire Part One Demographic Information, including Age of the mother. Number of children in the family. Educational level. Profession. Economic status of the family. Prior knowledge about weaning and the source of this information. Part Two Knowledge Questions about Weaning (36 true/false questions), distributed across the following topics Definition of weaning, its timing, and types of foods offered. The appropriate age to start weaning. Signs indicating the child's readiness for weaning. Suitable foods during weaning. Incorrect habits associated with weaning. Risks of early and late weaning. Reliability of the Questionnaire The reliability of the questionnaire was verified using Cronbach's alpha, with a value of (0.81), indicating good internal consistency. Methods and Materials Study Design Descriptive cross-sectional study. Study Location Maternal and Child Care Center in Damascus. Target Group Females (mothers and unmarried females). Data Collection Method An electronic questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, which was filled either by the participants themselves or with the researcher’s assistance when clarification was needed, ensuring the neutrality of responses. The purpose of the study was explained to each participant, and consent was obtained before starting the questionnaire. Inclusion Criteria: Females aged 18 years and older. Mothers and unmarried females who have knowledge or perception about weaning. Willingness to participate after being fully informed about the study's purpose. Exclusion Criteria: Males. Females who refuse to fill out the questionnaire or withdraw their consent. Females who do not complete the questionnaire adequately. Individuals with mental or cognitive disabilities that hinder comprehension of the questions. Ethical Approval: Ethical approval for conducting this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee at the Private University of Al-Sham, in accordance with ethical standards for scientific research, ensuring the confidentiality of participant information and the use of data solely for research purposes. Statistical Methods: Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 26. Descriptive statistical analysis was used: Frequencies and percentages were calculated for demographic characteristics and responses to the questionnaire. The level of knowledge was compared among different groups (by age, education, marital status, etc.) using the Chi-square test, with a significance level considered at P < 0.05. Knowledge score was calculated using the following formula: Total Knowledge Score = Number of correct answers / Total number of answers × 100 Results Demographic Information of Participants: Data analysis reveals an interesting distribution across age groups, number of children, educational level, occupation, economic status, and knowledge about weaning. (Table 1) Age Group: The majority of participants (36.9%) are over 35 years old, indicating that the sample is skewed toward older adults, while only 3.3% of participants are under 20 years old. (Table 1) Number of Children: The data shows that 46% of families have three children, which may indicate a preference for having more children in the studied population. (Table 1) Educational Level: 60.6% of participants have a university education, reflecting a high level of education that may influence health awareness and care. (Table 1) Occupation: The results indicate that 60.2% of participants are homemakers, indicating their pivotal role in raising children. (Table 1) Economic Status: The data show that 52.6% of participants consider their economic status to be poor, which may influence their health choices. Knowledge about weaning: 70.4% of participants had prior knowledge about weaning, indicating the importance of information on this topic. (Table 1) Sources of information: Friends and family remained the primary source of information for 29.2% of participants, while healthcare workers and social media were less common sources. (Table 1) Table 1 Demographic Information of Participants: Age Group N (%) Illiteracy 6 (2.2) Good 47 (17.2) Under 20 9 (3.3) Primary 17 (6.2) Excellent 7 (2.6) 20-25 74 (27) Preparatory 26 (9.5) Do you know weaning? N (%) 26-30 45 (16.5) Secondary 59 (21.5) Yes 193 (70.4) 31-35 45 (16.5) University 166 (66.6) No 81 (29.6) Over 35 101 (36.9) Occupation N (%) Information Sources N (%) Number of Children N (%) Housewife 165 (60.2) Friends and Family 80 (29.2) None 43 (15.7) Self-employed 28 (10.2) Healthcare Staff 34 (12.4%) One 31 (11.3) Employee 81 (29.6) Social Media 41 (15%) Two 74 (27) Economic situation N (%) Previous Experiences 38 (13.9%) Three Children 126 (46) Weak 144 (52.6) No 81 (29.6) Educational Level N (%) Average 76 (27.7) Weaning Information: The results regarding weaning showed that 43.4% of participants knew that weaning begins with the introduction of complementary foods alongside breastfeeding after 6 months of age, while 24.8% believed it did not mean immediate cessation of breastfeeding. Regarding the appropriate age to begin weaning, 49.3% of respondents confirmed that the World Health Organization recommends starting weaning at 6 months, while 63.9% did not believe delaying weaning until 1 year of age is safe. Regarding signs that a child is ready to wean, 66.4% indicated that sitting still is a good sign, and 65% considered showing interest in food an indicator of readiness. However, 34.7% believed that not crying does not indicate a lack of readiness. Regarding appropriate foods, 45.3% confirmed that boiled and mashed vegetables are appropriate at the beginning of weaning, but 34.3% did not believe that honey is appropriate for children during the first year. Regarding bad habits, 47.4% did not believe that suddenly reducing the number of feedings was right, while 60.6% acknowledged that applying a bitter or spicy substance to the breast to force weaning is a bad habit. Regarding the risks of early weaning, 52.6% believed it could lead to a child's immune system deficiency, and 48.5% believed it could cause digestive problems. Regarding the risks of late weaning, 46.7% confirmed that it could lead to poor nutrition, while 50% believed that a child who begins weaning before the age of one year is less susceptible to disease. 38.5% of participants believed that delaying the introduction of solid foods could negatively impact a child's motor development. (Table 2) Table 2 Percentage of healthy responses about weaning Definition of weaning, timing, and food types Correct Answer Weaning starts with complementary foods after 6 months of breastfeeding. (True) 119 (43.4%) Weaning means immediately stopping breastfeeding (False) 68 (24.8%) It is best to start with fruits and juices as the baby's first food (False) 121 (44.2%) Adequate age to start weaning Correct Answer Weaning can begin at 3 months if the baby seems hungry (False) 32 (11.7%) The World Health Organization recommends starting weaning at 6 months of age (True) 135 (49.3%) Delaying weaning until 1 year of age is safe and does not affect the baby's nutrition (False) 175 (63.9%) Signs that indicate a baby is ready to wean Correct Answer Sitting firmly is a sign of readiness (True) 182 (66.4%) Showing interest in food is a good sign that the baby is ready to wean (True) 178 (65%) Not crying is a sign that the baby is not ready to wean (False) 95 (34.7%) Appropriate foods during weaning Correct Answer Honey is suitable for babies during the first year (False) 94 (34.3%) Boiled and mashed vegetables are appropriate foods when starting weaning (True) 124 (45.3%) Whole nuts can be introduced to babies from the first months of weaning (False) 75 (27.4%) Wrong Weaning Habits Correct Answer Suddenly reducing the number of feedings is a good weaning method (False) 130 (47.4%) Offering spicy or salty foods frequently helps the child get used to the foods (False) 81 (29.6%) A bad habit is placing a bitter or spicy substance on the breast to force the child to wean (True) 166 (60.6%) Risks of Early Weaning Correct Answer Early weaning can cause digestive problems in the child (True) 133 (48.5%) Weaning before four months may weaken a child's immunity. (True) 144 (52.6%) Risks of Late Weaning Correct Answer Delayed weaning can lead to poor nutrition (True) 128 (46.7%) Child weaning at one year doesn’t reduce illness risk. (False) 137 (50%) Delayed solid food introduction harms child motor development. (True) 104 (38.5%) Participants' Knowledge Level: The results indicate that the average knowledge level of participants was 44.2%, with a standard deviation of 21.7%. Knowledge levels ranged from 5% to 85%. Knowledge categories showed that 35.4% of participants had weak knowledge, 44.2% had an average level, and only 20.4% had good knowledge. (Table 3) Mean Knowledge ± SD 44.2% ± 21.7% Knowledge Score Range 5%-85% Knowledge Score Categories N (%) Poor 97 (35.4%) Average 121 (44.2%) Good 56 (20.4%) The Relationship Between Age and Knowledge Level: The results indicate that the under-20 age group has very low levels of weak, intermediate, and good knowledge (0.4%, 1.5%, and 1.5%, respectively), indicating a lack of knowledge in this group. Meanwhile, the 20-25 age group saw a significant increase in intermediate knowledge (12.4%), indicating a gradual improvement. The 26-30 age group showed a decline in good knowledge, achieving only 1.5%. The 31-35 age group showed a balance between weak and intermediate knowledge, while the over-35 age group had the highest percentages of weak knowledge (15%) and intermediate knowledge (17.9%). The X2 value (31.682) and the P value (0.000) indicate strong statistical significance in the differences between age groups and knowledge levels. The Relationship Between the Number of Children in a Family and Knowledge Level The results indicate that childless families have the highest percentage of poor knowledge (3.6%), while families with one child show an average knowledge level (6.2%). Families with more children (two and three) show varying levels of knowledge, with poor knowledge reaching 8.8% for families with two children. In contrast, families with three children show the same percentage of poor knowledge (3.6%) and similar levels of average and good knowledge. The P value (0.002) indicates a statistically significant association between the number of children and knowledge level. The Relationship Between Educational Level and Knowledge Level: The results indicate a significant relationship between educational level and knowledge level, with the X2 value (18.49) being less than the 0.05 significance level (P=0.018), indicating that there are statistically significant differences. Looking at the data, it appears that participants with a university education had the highest percentage of good knowledge (14.6%), while no participants with an illiterate or primary education recorded good knowledge. Regarding intermediate knowledge, secondary education was the most prevalent (10.2%), indicating the importance of education in enhancing knowledge. Overall, the results confirm that education level clearly influences participants' knowledge levels. The Relationship Between Occupation and Knowledge Level: The results indicate that housewives had the highest level of knowledge, with 63 (23%) of the "weak" category, while the percentages in the "average" and "good" categories were 80 (29.2%) and 22 (8%), respectively, indicating that most housewives had intermediate knowledge. In contrast, other categories, such as self-employed and employed, showed much lower percentages, with 6 (2.2%) of self-employed women having "weak" knowledge and 28 (10.2%) of employed women having "weak" knowledge. The X2 value (24.51) and P value (0.000) indicate a statistically significant relationship between occupation and knowledge level. The relationship between economic status and knowledge level: The results show that the largest percentage of individuals with "poor" economic status were in the "average" knowledge category, at 25.9%. In contrast, in the "average" economic performance category, the highest percentage was in the "poor" knowledge category, at 10.6%. "Good" knowledge status also recorded the highest percentage in the "poor" economic status, while the "excellent" knowledge category was very weak across all economic statuses, indicating a negative relationship between high economic status and high knowledge. Discussion This study is the first of its kind in Damascus, aiming to assess the level of knowledge among women (mothers and unmarried women) about weaning and to analyze the extent to which demographic characteristics influence that knowledge. The results showed that the average level of knowledge was relatively low (44.2%), indicating a knowledge gap that requires health and educational attention at the community level. It is noteworthy that a large percentage of participants (60.6%) had a university education, reflecting the high educational level of the sample studied. However, the percentage of participants who had a "good" level of knowledge did not exceed 20.4%, indicating that education alone is not sufficient to ensure health awareness about weaning unless accompanied by targeted and appropriate health education (8). Regarding age, it was noted that those over 35 years old constituted the largest percentage of the sample (36.9%), but they showed a high percentage of poor knowledge. In contrast, the 20-25 age group showed the best representation of the "average" level of knowledge, which may reflect the influence of digital information circulating among younger populations (9). Comparing these results with a study conducted in Egypt, it was found that 62% of mothers initiated weaning at 6 months of age, while in our study, only 49.3% were aware of the global recommendation to initiate weaning at this age, according to the World Health Organization (10). This indicates a lower awareness of best practices in Damascus compared to some other Arab countries. In terms of information sources, 29.2% of participants relied on friends and family as their primary source, while healthcare professionals were the source for only 12.4%. These results are consistent with a Jordanian study that reported that 33% of mothers acquired weaning information from relatives, indicating the continued role of informal sources in influencing health decisions (11). As for the wrong habits associated with weaning, the study showed that 60.6% of participants considered applying a bitter substance to the breast to force the child to wean as a wrong practice, which is in line with international recommendations that reject coercive weaning methods (12). Regarding foods, the results showed that 34.3% of participants did not believe that honey was unsuitable for the child's first year of life, which is worrying given the risk of botulism in infants. American studies show that 45% of mothers engage in this wrong practice despite official warnings (13). Regarding knowledge of the risks of early weaning, 52.6% of participants knew that it leads to weakened immunity, and 48.5% to digestive problems, a percentage considered moderate, but still below the desired level. This is compared to an Indian study, where 72% of participants were aware of these risks (14). Regarding the impact of demographic factors, the results showed a significant relationship between educational level and knowledge level (P = 0.018). A significant relationship was also found with occupation (P = 0.000), with housewives being more aware of weaning than working women, in contrast to a Lebanese study that showed that health sector workers were the most aware (15). The number of children in the family was also an indicator of knowledge level, with families with two or three children being better able to distinguish correct concepts. This is consistent with a Saudi study that demonstrated that repeated experience in raising children is positively associated with increased awareness (16). Regarding economic status, the study did not show any statistically significant differences. This finding differs from a Nigerian study that showed that a good economic status contributes to enhanced knowledge due to easier access to information and healthcare (17). These results confirm the urgent need for targeted health education programs, especially for the less educated and less experienced groups. The role of health workers in providing accurate information should also be strengthened, and community awareness campaigns should be activated. Global recommendations clearly indicate that the quality of weaning depends not only on timing, but also on the method, nutritional content, and accompanying behaviors (18). Finally, this study highlights the importance of enhancing women's awareness in Damascus society about weaning and directing efforts toward developing scientifically based educational and awareness policies to support the long-term health of children and families. Conclusions This study is the first of its kind in Damascus to shed light on the level of knowledge among women regarding weaning. The results showed that the average level of knowledge regarding weaning is low (44.2%), indicating a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. There is a clear influence of age, education, and the number of children on knowledge levels, reflecting the role of demographic factors. While a university education does not necessarily guarantee adequate awareness of weaning practices, this indicates a lack of specialized health education. Most participants rely on informal sources such as family and friends, with a weak role of health professionals as a source of information. Some misconceptions and customs about weaning are widespread, such as the use of honey or bitter substances, which may negatively impact children's health. Knowledge of the risks of early and late weaning is moderate and requires further strengthening through awareness campaigns. Economic status did not appear to have a significant impact on knowledge, contrary to what some international studies have shown. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating weaning into health education programs at the community and healthcare center levels. There is a pressing need to intensify health and media efforts to raise awareness of healthy eating practices during the weaning phase. Declarations Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material. For any further inquiries, please contact the corresponding author. Ethical Statement Informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the objectives of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of the information, and clarifying that the data would be used solely for scientific purposes. Participation was entirely voluntary and free of any pressure. Acknowledgments: The researcher extends sincere thanks to all participants for their valuable time and contributions, as well as to everyone who supported and facilitated the completion of this study. Conflict of Interest: The researchers declare that the study was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Al-Sheikh, M., Al-Saadi, M., & Al-Mahmoud, M. (2020). Maternal perceptions of weaning: A qualitative study from Damascus. Journal of Child Health Care, 24(3), 345-357. World Health Organization. (2021). Infant and young child feeding. Retrieved from [WHO website](https://www.who.int/news -room/fact-sheets /detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding). Kramer, M. S., & Kakuma, R. (2012). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(8). Al-Madani, A. (2019). Cultural influences on breastfeeding and weaning practices in the Arab world. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(1), 1-10. . Rizk, N., & Ghandour, R. (2021). Dietary practices in early childhood: A qualitative study in Lebanon and Syria. Nutrients, 13(2), 123-135. UNICEF. (2020). The state of the world's children 2020. https://www.unicef.org/reports/ state -worlds-children-2020. Brown A, Lee M. Early influences on child satiety-responsiveness: the role of weaning style. Pediatr Obes. 2015 Feb;10(1):57-66. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00207. x. PMID: 24293694. Al-Qurashi M, Al-Malki M, Al-Dossary A, et al. Maternal Education and Infant Feeding Practices in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: Saudi Journal of Family and Community Medicine; 2020. Farah R, El-Khatib Z, Noureddine D, et al. Social Media and Health Knowledge among Young Arab Women. Beirut: Journal of Health Education Research; 2018. World Health Organization (WHO). Complementary feeding: report of the global consultation and summary of guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Geneva: WHO Press; 2023. Badran I. Sources of Infant Care Information among Jordanian Mothers. Amman: Journal of Pediatric Health Care; 2017. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Early Childhood Development and Safe Weaning Practices. New York: UNICEF; 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Botulism in Infants and the Risk of Honey Consumption. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2022. Sharma N, Kaur A, Bansal V. Knowledge of Infant Weaning Practices among Indian Mothers. New Delhi: Indian Journal of Child Nutrition; 2019. El Hajj F, Dagher H, Abi-Habib R. Working Women and Maternal Knowledge in Lebanon. Beirut: Middle East Journal of Public Health; 2020. Al-Bassam A, Al-Mutairi S, Al-Saleh M. Effect of Parity on Infant Nutrition Knowledge. Jeddah: Saudi Nutrition Journal; 2021. Adepoju O, Abiola A, Owolabi A. Socioeconomic Status and Health Awareness in Nigeria. Lagos: African Journal of Health Promotion; 2019. World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Feeding and Nutrition of Infants and Young Children: Guidelines for the WHO European Region. Geneva: WHO; 2021. Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: The researchers declare that the study was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 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The weaning process is complex and influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, social environment, and traditional dietary practices (1). In Damascus, as in many Arab cities, mothers face multiple challenges related to this stage, necessitating a thorough study to understand their perceptions and practices (2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch indicates that weaning can have long-term effects on a child's health, including physical and cognitive growth (3). Moreover, early or late weaning is linked to health issues such as malnutrition or obesity (4). Therefore, understanding mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning can aid in improving nutrition strategies and enhancing children's health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe methods and practices employed during the weaning process vary from one mother to another, depending on their cultural and educational backgrounds (5). It is important to comprehend how these practices influence weaning and what prevailing perceptions exist about it, particularly in different social and economic contexts. Thus, this descriptive study will be extremely valuable in highlighting how social and environmental factors impact mothers' decisions (6).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study will contribute to guiding health awareness programs for mothers, helping them better understand healthy weaning practices. Consequently, these findings could serve as a starting point for developing more effective health policies concerning childcare in Damascus (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eImportance of the Study:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeaning is a critical and sensitive phase in a child's life, as it directly affects their physical and cognitive development. Given the variations in knowledge and practices related to weaning among mothers and unmarried females, this study highlights the importance of assessing the level of knowledge, correcting misconceptions, which contributes to improving child health and supporting health education programs in the Damascus community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eObjectives of the Study:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluate the level of knowledge among mothers and unmarried females regarding weaning practices and perceptions for infants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentify common sources of information related to weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyze differences in knowledge levels based on the demographic characteristics of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighlight misconceptions and unhealthy practices regarding weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Tool\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eA questionnaire was used, designed based on a review of recent scientific literature on weaning. \u003cb\u003eComponents of the Questionnaire\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePart One\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Information, including\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of the mother.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of children in the family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfession.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic status of the family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior knowledge about weaning and the source of this information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePart Two\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Questions about Weaning (36 true/false questions), distributed across the following topics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of weaning, its timing, and types of foods offered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe appropriate age to start weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns indicating the child's readiness for weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuitable foods during weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncorrect habits associated with weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks of early and late weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eReliability of the Questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reliability of the questionnaire was verified using Cronbach's alpha, with a value of (0.81), indicating good internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive cross-sectional study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Location\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal and Child Care Center in Damascus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTarget Group\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales (mothers and unmarried females).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Method\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e An electronic questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, which was filled either by the participants themselves or with the researcher\u0026rsquo;s assistance when clarification was needed, ensuring the neutrality of responses. The purpose of the study was explained to each participant, and consent was obtained before starting the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales aged 18 years and older.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers and unmarried females who have knowledge or perception about weaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWillingness to participate after being fully informed about the study's purpose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales who refuse to fill out the questionnaire or withdraw their consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales who do not complete the questionnaire adequately.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with mental or cognitive disabilities that hinder comprehension of the questions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval for conducting this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee at the Private University of Al-Sham, in accordance with ethical standards for scientific research, ensuring the confidentiality of participant information and the use of data solely for research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Methods:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 26. Descriptive statistical analysis was used:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequencies and percentages were calculated for demographic characteristics and responses to the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe level of knowledge was compared among different groups (by age, education, marital status, etc.) using the Chi-square test, with a significance level considered at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge score was calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Knowledge Score\u003c/strong\u003e = Number of correct answers / Total number of answers \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Information of Participants:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis reveals an interesting distribution across age groups, number of children, educational level, occupation, economic status, and knowledge about weaning. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge Group: The majority of participants (36.9%) are over 35 years old, indicating that the sample is skewed toward older adults, while only 3.3% of participants are under 20 years old. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of Children: The data shows that 46% of families have three children, which may indicate a preference for having more children in the studied population. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational Level: 60.6% of participants have a university education, reflecting a high level of education that may influence health awareness and care. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation: The results indicate that 60.2% of participants are homemakers, indicating their pivotal role in raising children. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Status: The data show that 52.6% of participants consider their economic status to be poor, which may influence their health choices. Knowledge about weaning: 70.4% of participants had prior knowledge about weaning, indicating the importance of information on this topic. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSources of information: Friends and family remained the primary source of information for 29.2% of participants, while healthcare workers and social media were less common sources. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Demographic Information of Participants:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliteracy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreparatory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you know weaning?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193 (70.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (66.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOver 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation Sources\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriends and Family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Staff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Media\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic situation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious Experiences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.7115%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (27.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1795%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeaning Information:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results regarding weaning showed that 43.4% of participants knew that weaning begins with the introduction of complementary foods alongside breastfeeding after 6 months of age, while 24.8% believed it did not mean immediate cessation of breastfeeding. Regarding the appropriate age to begin weaning, 49.3% of respondents confirmed that the World Health Organization recommends starting weaning at 6 months, while 63.9% did not believe delaying weaning until 1 year of age is safe. Regarding signs that a child is ready to wean, 66.4% indicated that sitting still is a good sign, and 65% considered showing interest in food an indicator of readiness. However, 34.7% believed that not crying does not indicate a lack of readiness. Regarding appropriate foods, 45.3% confirmed that boiled and mashed vegetables are appropriate at the beginning of weaning, but 34.3% did not believe that honey is appropriate for children during the first year. Regarding bad habits, 47.4% did not believe that suddenly reducing the number of feedings was right, while 60.6% acknowledged that applying a bitter or spicy substance to the breast to force weaning is a bad habit. Regarding the risks of early weaning, 52.6% believed it could lead to a child\u0026apos;s immune system deficiency, and 48.5% believed it could cause digestive problems. Regarding the risks of late weaning, 46.7% confirmed that it could lead to poor nutrition, while 50% believed that a child who begins weaning before the age of one year is less susceptible to disease. 38.5% of participants believed that delaying the introduction of solid foods could negatively impact a child\u0026apos;s motor development. (Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percentage of healthy responses about weaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"642\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefinition of weaning, timing, and food types\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaning starts with complementary foods after 6 months of breastfeeding. (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (43.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaning means immediately stopping breastfeeding (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (24.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is best to start with fruits and juices as the baby\u0026apos;s first food (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdequate age to start weaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaning can begin at 3 months if the baby seems hungry (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization recommends starting weaning at 6 months of age (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (49.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelaying weaning until 1 year of age is safe and does not affect the baby\u0026apos;s nutrition (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (63.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSigns that indicate a baby is ready to wean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting firmly is a sign of readiness (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (66.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShowing interest in food is a good sign that the baby is ready to wean (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot crying is a sign that the baby is not ready to wean (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (34.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppropriate foods during weaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHoney is suitable for babies during the first year (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (34.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoiled and mashed vegetables are appropriate foods when starting weaning (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (45.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole nuts can be introduced to babies from the first months of weaning (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (27.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWrong Weaning Habits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuddenly reducing the number of feedings is a good weaning method (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (47.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOffering spicy or salty foods frequently helps the child get used to the foods (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (29.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA bad habit is placing a bitter or spicy substance on the breast to force the child to wean (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisks of Early Weaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly weaning can cause digestive problems in the child (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (48.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeaning before four months may weaken a child\u0026apos;s immunity. (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (52.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisks of Late Weaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect Answer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelayed weaning can lead to poor nutrition (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild weaning at one year doesn\u0026rsquo;t reduce illness risk. (False)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelayed solid food introduction harms child motor development. (True)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6012%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u0026apos; Knowledge Level:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that the average knowledge level of participants was 44.2%, with a standard deviation of 21.7%. Knowledge levels ranged from 5% to 85%. Knowledge categories showed that 35.4% of participants had weak knowledge, 44.2% had an average level, and only 20.4% had good knowledge. (Table 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"642\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Knowledge \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2% \u0026plusmn; 21.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Score Range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%-85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Score Categories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (35.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82.3713%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6287%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship Between Age and Knowledge Level:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that the under-20 age group has very low levels of weak, intermediate, and good knowledge (0.4%, 1.5%, and 1.5%, respectively), indicating a lack of knowledge in this group. Meanwhile, the 20-25 age group saw a significant increase in intermediate knowledge (12.4%), indicating a gradual improvement. The 26-30 age group showed a decline in good knowledge, achieving only 1.5%. The 31-35 age group showed a balance between weak and intermediate knowledge, while the over-35 age group had the highest percentages of weak knowledge (15%) and intermediate knowledge (17.9%). The X2 value (31.682) and the P value (0.000) indicate strong statistical significance in the differences between age groups and knowledge levels. The Relationship Between the Number of Children in a Family and Knowledge Level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that childless families have the highest percentage of poor knowledge (3.6%), while families with one child show an average knowledge level (6.2%). Families with more children (two and three) show varying levels of knowledge, with poor knowledge reaching 8.8% for families with two children. In contrast, families with three children show the same percentage of poor knowledge (3.6%) and similar levels of average and good knowledge. The P value (0.002) indicates a statistically significant association between the number of children and knowledge level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship Between Educational Level and Knowledge Level:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate a significant relationship between educational level and knowledge level, with the X2 value (18.49) being less than the 0.05 significance level (P=0.018), indicating that there are statistically significant differences. Looking at the data, it appears that participants with a university education had the highest percentage of good knowledge (14.6%), while no participants with an illiterate or primary education recorded good knowledge. Regarding intermediate knowledge, secondary education was the most prevalent (10.2%), indicating the importance of education in enhancing knowledge. Overall, the results confirm that education level clearly influences participants\u0026apos; knowledge levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship Between Occupation and Knowledge Level:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that housewives had the highest level of knowledge, with 63 (23%) of the \u0026quot;weak\u0026quot; category, while the percentages in the \u0026quot;average\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;good\u0026quot; categories were 80 (29.2%) and 22 (8%), respectively, indicating that most housewives had intermediate knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, other categories, such as self-employed and employed, showed much lower percentages, with 6 (2.2%) of self-employed women having \u0026quot;weak\u0026quot; knowledge and 28 (10.2%) of employed women having \u0026quot;weak\u0026quot; knowledge. The X2 value (24.51) and P value (0.000) indicate a statistically significant relationship between occupation and knowledge level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe relationship between economic status and knowledge level:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results show that the largest percentage of individuals with \u0026quot;poor\u0026quot; economic status were in the \u0026quot;average\u0026quot; knowledge category, at 25.9%. In contrast, in the \u0026quot;average\u0026quot; economic performance category, the highest percentage was in the \u0026quot;poor\u0026quot; knowledge category, at 10.6%. \u0026quot;Good\u0026quot; knowledge status also recorded the highest percentage in the \u0026quot;poor\u0026quot; economic status, while the \u0026quot;excellent\u0026quot; knowledge category was very weak across all economic statuses, indicating a negative relationship between high economic status and high knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first of its kind in Damascus, aiming to assess the level of knowledge among women (mothers and unmarried women) about weaning and to analyze the extent to which demographic characteristics influence that knowledge. The results showed that the average level of knowledge was relatively low (44.2%), indicating a knowledge gap that requires health and educational attention at the community level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that a large percentage of participants (60.6%) had a university education, reflecting the high educational level of the sample studied. However, the percentage of participants who had a \u0026quot;good\u0026quot; level of knowledge did not exceed 20.4%, indicating that education alone is not sufficient to ensure health awareness about weaning unless accompanied by targeted and appropriate health education (8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding age, it was noted that those over 35 years old constituted the largest percentage of the sample (36.9%), but they showed a high percentage of poor knowledge. In contrast, the 20-25 age group showed the best representation of the \u0026quot;average\u0026quot; level of knowledge, which may reflect the influence of digital information circulating among younger populations (9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparing these results with a study conducted in Egypt, it was found that 62% of mothers initiated weaning at 6 months of age, while in our study, only 49.3% were aware of the global recommendation to initiate weaning at this age, according to the World Health Organization (10). This indicates a lower awareness of best practices in Damascus compared to some other Arab countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of information sources, 29.2% of participants relied on friends and family as their primary source, while healthcare professionals were the source for only 12.4%. These results are consistent with a Jordanian study that reported that 33% of mothers acquired weaning information from relatives, indicating the continued role of informal sources in influencing health decisions (11). As for the wrong habits associated with weaning, the study showed that 60.6% of participants considered applying a bitter substance to the breast to force the child to wean as a wrong practice, which is in line with international recommendations that reject coercive weaning methods (12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding foods, the results showed that 34.3% of participants did not believe that honey was unsuitable for the child\u0026apos;s first year of life, which is worrying given the risk of botulism in infants. American studies show that 45% of mothers engage in this wrong practice despite official warnings (13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding knowledge of the risks of early weaning, 52.6% of participants knew that it leads to weakened immunity, and 48.5% to digestive problems, a percentage considered moderate, but still below the desired level. This is compared to an Indian study, where 72% of participants were aware of these risks (14). Regarding the impact of demographic factors, the results showed a significant relationship between educational level and knowledge level (P = 0.018). A significant relationship was also found with occupation (P = 0.000), with housewives being more aware of weaning than working women, in contrast to a Lebanese study that showed that health sector workers were the most aware (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of children in the family was also an indicator of knowledge level, with families with two or three children being better able to distinguish correct concepts. This is consistent with a Saudi study that demonstrated that repeated experience in raising children is positively associated with increased awareness (16).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding economic status, the study did not show any statistically significant differences. This finding differs from a Nigerian study that showed that a good economic status contributes to enhanced knowledge due to easier access to information and healthcare (17).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results confirm the urgent need for targeted health education programs, especially for the less educated and less experienced groups. The role of health workers in providing accurate information should also be strengthened, and community awareness campaigns should be activated. Global recommendations clearly indicate that the quality of weaning depends not only on timing, but also on the method, nutritional content, and accompanying behaviors (18).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, this study highlights the importance of enhancing women\u0026apos;s awareness in Damascus society about weaning and directing efforts toward developing scientifically based educational and awareness policies to support the long-term health of children and families.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first of its kind in Damascus to shed light on the level of knowledge among women regarding weaning. The results showed that the average level of knowledge regarding weaning is low (44.2%), indicating a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. There is a clear influence of age, education, and the number of children on knowledge levels, reflecting the role of demographic factors. While a university education does not necessarily guarantee adequate awareness of weaning practices, this indicates a lack of specialized health education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants rely on informal sources such as family and friends, with a weak role of health professionals as a source of information. Some misconceptions and customs about weaning are widespread, such as the use of honey or bitter substances, which may negatively impact children\u0026apos;s health. Knowledge of the risks of early and late weaning is moderate and requires further strengthening through awareness campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic status did not appear to have a significant impact on knowledge, contrary to what some international studies have shown. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating weaning into health education programs at the community and healthcare center levels. There is a pressing need to intensify health and media efforts to raise awareness of healthy eating practices during the weaning phase.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material. For any further inquiries, please contact the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the objectives of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of the information, and clarifying that the data would be used solely for scientific purposes. Participation was entirely voluntary and free of any pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher extends sincere thanks to all participants for their valuable time and contributions, as well as to everyone who supported and facilitated the completion of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers declare that the study was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Sheikh, M., Al-Saadi, M., \u0026amp; Al-Mahmoud, M. (2020). Maternal perceptions of weaning: A qualitative study from Damascus. Journal of Child Health Care, 24(3), 345-357.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2021). Infant and young child feeding. Retrieved from [WHO website](https://www.who.int/news\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e-room/fact-sheets\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKramer, M. S., \u0026amp; Kakuma, R. (2012). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(8).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Madani, A. (2019). Cultural influences on breastfeeding and weaning practices in the Arab world. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(1), 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e. Rizk, N., \u0026amp; Ghandour, R. (2021). Dietary practices in early childhood: A qualitative study in Lebanon and Syria. Nutrients, 13(2), 123-135.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e UNICEF. (2020). The state of the world\u0026apos;s children 2020. \u003c/span\u003ehttps://www.unicef.org/reports/\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003estate\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e-worlds-children-2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown A, Lee M. Early influences on child satiety-responsiveness: the role of weaning style. Pediatr Obes. 2015 Feb;10(1):57-66. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00207. x. PMID: 24293694.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Qurashi M, Al-Malki M, Al-Dossary A, et al. Maternal Education and Infant Feeding Practices in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: Saudi Journal of Family and Community Medicine; 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarah R, El-Khatib Z, Noureddine D, et al. Social Media and Health Knowledge among Young Arab Women. Beirut: Journal of Health Education Research; 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Complementary feeding: report of the global consultation and summary of guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Geneva: WHO Press; 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBadran I. Sources of Infant Care Information among Jordanian Mothers. Amman: Journal of Pediatric Health Care; 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations Children\u0026rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF). Early Childhood Development and Safe Weaning Practices. New York: UNICEF; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Botulism in Infants and the Risk of Honey Consumption. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma N, Kaur A, Bansal V. Knowledge of Infant Weaning Practices among Indian Mothers. New Delhi: Indian Journal of Child Nutrition; 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl Hajj F, Dagher H, Abi-Habib R. Working Women and Maternal Knowledge in Lebanon. Beirut: Middle East Journal of Public Health; 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Bassam A, Al-Mutairi S, Al-Saleh M. Effect of Parity on Infant Nutrition Knowledge. Jeddah: Saudi Nutrition Journal; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdepoju O, Abiola A, Owolabi A. Socioeconomic Status and Health Awareness in Nigeria. Lagos: African Journal of Health Promotion; 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children\u0026rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF). Feeding and Nutrition of Infants and Young Children: Guidelines for the WHO European Region. Geneva: WHO; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"92b382cf-cde7-413b-a376-ed94333d55a2","identifier":"10.13039/100016418","name":"B.K. Kee Foundation","awardNumber":"0507547152","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Al-Sham Private University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Infant weaning, maternal practices, perceptions, descriptive study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6653566/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6653566/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeaning is a critical transition phase in a child's development, directly affecting their physical and mental health. This research aims to evaluate the level of knowledge among mothers and unmarried females regarding weaning, which will help address misconceptions and improve child health in the Damascus community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods and Materials:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study was designed at the Maternal and Child Health Center in Damascus, where data was collected using an electronic questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first included demographic information, while the second contained 36 questions related to weaning practices. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, applying various statistical techniques such as the Chi-square test to assess differences in knowledge levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that the average knowledge score among participants was 44.2%, with a standard deviation of 21.7%. The analysis revealed that 35.4% of participants had poor knowledge, while 44.2% had moderate knowledge and 20.4% had good knowledge. The relationship between age and knowledge level showed that the group under 20 years had a significant knowledge deficit, while the group aged 20\u0026ndash;25 years exhibited a marked improvement. Additionally, families without children had the highest percentage of poor knowledge. Educational level significantly influenced knowledge scores, with participants possessing a university education showing the highest percentages of good knowledge. Lastly, housewives demonstrated the highest knowledge scores, compared to lower scores in other categories.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study in Damascus highlights a low level of knowledge regarding weaning among females, despite a high educational level, necessitating targeted health education programs. The results demonstrated a clear impact of demographic factors on knowledge, with a heavy reliance on unofficial information sources. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the role of health personnel and implement community awareness campaigns to correct misconceptions and improve awareness regarding weaning practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An exploratory study of mothers' practices and perceptions regarding weaning in infants in Damascus: A cross-sectional","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-14 07:32:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6653566/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"406670ee-7c3c-461f-b09f-aeca54822676","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":48453119,"name":"Pediatrics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-14T07:32:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-14 07:32:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6653566","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6653566","identity":"rs-6653566","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}