Root Rot Disease in Association with Common Bean Stem Maggot (Ophyiomia phaseoli) and Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Stem Maggot on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at West Hararghe, Ethiopia

Root Rot Disease in Association with Common Bean Stem Maggot (Ophyiomia phaseoli) and Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Stem Maggot on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at West Hararghe, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Root Rot Disease in Association with Common Bean Stem Maggot (Ophyiomia phaseoli) and Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Stem Maggot on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at West Hararghe, Ethiopia Gelana Keno Beyene, Ahmed Beyan Heji, Tilahun Tsegaye This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Bean stem maggot (BSM) and root rot disease are economically important pests of common beans. The wounds caused by BSM feeding act as entry points for root rot-causing pathogens. The objective of this paper was to assess root rot disease associated with stem maggots and evaluate insecticides for managing stem maggots on common beans in west Hararghe, Ethiopia. This study included a two-part survey and field experiment. The survey was conducted at different common bean growing agro-ecologies of the west Hararghe zone, namely, the Oda Bultum, Habro, and Chiro districts, while the field experiment was conducted at the Habro district, Bareda, Oda bultum University farm site. Twenty farms in four kebeles were randomly selected for each district to determine the occurrence and incidence of bean root rot and bean stem maggot alone and their interactions. Each bean root was examined for the presence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease-causing pathogens. The results showed that the occurrence and incidence of bean root rot diseases and bean stem maggots were significant (p<0.05) in the surveyed areas. Rhizoctonia solani , Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp . were the major root rot pathogens isolated. Ophyiomia phaseoli was the dominant bean stem maggot in the surveyed districts. The incidence of common bean fly and root rot computed was significantly different (P< 0.05) among the surveyed districts. The highest disease and bean fly interaction incidence (50.85%) was obtained from the Chiro district, followed by the Habro district (36.04%). The lowest incidence of disease and bean fly interaction (26.97%) was recorded in the Oda Bultum district. For the field experiment, six different insecticides, namely, confidor SL 200, Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC, Alpha guard, Apron star 42 WS, and Bravo 5% EC (W/V), were evaluated and compared to the control, which was not sprayed to determine the differences among insecticides. Common bean agronomic parameters showed significant differences (P< 0.0001 to 0.05) among the treatments compared to those of the control. The grain yield ranged from 1095 to 2950 kg/ha among the treatments. The addition of Confidor SL 200, followed by Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate (40%) significantly reduced the number of bean stem maggots and increased common bean agronomic yield and yield component parameters. Bean stem maggot common beans insecticides management root rot disease Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION Common bean is the most important legume crop and a vital source of nutrition worldwide, including in Ethiopia. However, the decline in the productivity of common bean is attributed to several biotic and abiotic constraints. Biotic constraints include fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases and insect pests. The most common bean diseases are foliar diseases, which include bean root rot complex ( Fusarium sp., Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and sclerotium rolfsii ), angular leaf spot ( Pseudocercospora griseola ), anthracnose, common bacterial blight (CBB), bean common mosaic, and insect pests of beans, including bean stem maggot (BSM) ( Ophiomyia phaseoli , O. spencerella, O. centrosematis ; Diptera: Agromyzidae), pod sucking bugs ( Clavigralla sp., Anoplocenemis curvipei , Nezara viridula , Piptortus dentipes ), bean bruchids ( Acanthoscelides obtectus , Zabrotes subfaciatus ), and aphids ( Aphis fabae ; Homoptera: Aphididae) (Abate and Ampofo, 1996 ). Among insect pests, Bean Stem Maggot (BSM) is a devastating pest of common beans since it bores into the bean stem and pupates at the stem base. BSM is severe under drought conditions and exacerbates root rot disease damage. Due to its concealed life cycle, it is difficult to control. Damage caused by Bean stem maggot infestation leads to 50–100% yield loss, whereas the synergistic interaction between BSM and root rot can lead to 100% yield loss, especially when plants are attacked (Spence, 2003 ). BSM tunnels through the phloem and xylem vessels, causing poor plant growth, leaf chlorosis, premature defoliation and death (Njuki, 2014 ). The wounds caused by BSM feeding act as entry points for root rot pathogens, whereas drought exacerbates BSM and root rot damage (Ochilo et al ., 2013). To increase common bean production and productivity, controlling BSM is very important. Several BSM control measures include cultural control practices such as adjusting the planting date (Muleke et al., 2013 ), earthing or hilling up soil around the stem of seedlings (Forbes et al., 2009), crop rotation, associated cropping (Amoabeng et al., 2014 ), mulching and fertilizer applications (Gogo et al., 2012 ), cultivating resistant crop varieties (Kiptoo et al., 2016 ) and using seed dressing insecticides (Williamson et al., 2008 ; Uburyo, 2016 ). To control BSM, the majority of users rely heavily upon insecticides either as a seed treatment or foliar application since cultural approaches could be limited. Insecticides are considered to be reliable because of their quick and effective action (Adejumo, 2005 ; Seal et al., 2006 ). The use of insecticides as a control measure is advisable in the evaluation of pesticide efficacy. However, no research has been reported on the use of these insecticides as both a seed treatment and early foliar application for the control of BSM on common beans in the study area. There is a need for an immediate response to the use of insecticides as a seed treatment and foliar application during the early emergence of plants for the control of BSM because the severe death of bean plants or damage caused by BSM is more serious during the seedling stage. Thus, this study was conducted to survey the distributions, incidence, and severity of stem maggot insect pests and root rot disease and to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides for the control of bean stem maggots on common beans under field conditions. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Activity 1: Survey of Bean stem maggot in relation to root rot disease on common bean 2.1.1 Description of the survey Areas The survey was conducted in the west Hararghe zone, Ethiopia, in three districts purposively selected to represent different common bean-growing agroecosystems, namely, the Oda bultum, Habro and Chiro districts, during the 2021 planting season. The districts differed in their ecological features, geographical locations and mean weather variables. The Habro district is geographically located between 8.57°N and 8.91°N and 40.34°E to 40.69°E in the West Harerghe zone in the eastern part of Ethiopia. The capital town of the district is Gelemso, which is located 404 km from the capital city of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia and 79 km to the south of the zonal town of Chiro (Asebe Tefere). The Habro district is found at an average altitude of 1814 m.a.s.l., and its temperature ranges from a maximum of 30°C to a minimum of 7°C, while the annual rainfall ranges from 650 to 1000 mm (HDoANRO, 2021). The Oda Bultum district is located at altitudes ranging from 1600–2400 m.a.s.l., and the annual rainfall is 900 to 1100 mm. The district is located at longitudes and latitudes of 8.0 30’0’’ to 9.0 0’0’’N and 40.020’0’’- 40.0 40’00’’E. It is located in the eastern part of the country, 362 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 38 km from Chiro (Asebe Tefere). It has a mean maximum temperature of 28°C and a mean minimum temperature of 25°C. The Chiro district is also located in the West Hararghe Zone 324 km east of Adis Abeba. The Chiro district is located between 9°05' longitude and 40°52'E latitude, with an average altitude of 1800 m.a.s.l. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures of the Chiro district are 27.87 and 12.72°C, respectively, and the maximum and minimum rainfall are 1800 mm and 900 mm, respectively. 2.1.2 Survey and Sampling method Field surveys were conducted in the Oda Bultum, Habro, and Chiro districts of the west Hararghe zone (Fig. 1 ) during the main cropping season to determine the incidence and prevalence of bean root rot disease in association with bean stem maggot. Twenty farmer fields from four kebeles in each of the three districts were studied through discussion with the DAs and district experts along with information on accessibility to the main roads. The fields with common bean plants at different stages of growth and development were randomly selected at intervals of 2 to 3 km. From each farm, five m 2 quadrants were drawn randomly and walked in a zigzag pattern. In each quadrant, the number of common bean plants showing symptoms such as poor plant growth, stunting, leaf chlorosis, premature defoliation and death were assessed for the presence and percentage of total plants in the drowning quadrant. The means will be taken as the percentage incidence of that field. From each of the five quadrants per farm, three infected bean plants were carefully uprooted using a shovel, kept in paper bags and transported in a cool box to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the presence of bean root rot pathogens and bean stem maggot and the same pathogens were used to isolate the fungi causing root rot. To observe and identify the bean stem maggots, the plant samples were carefully dissected from the hypocotyls to the roots using a scalpel blade to expose the pupae and larvae. The percentage of plants with pupae or larvae of bean stem maggot was taken as the percentage incidence of the farm. Using a hand lens, the number and species of Ophiomyia sp. were determined and recorded. To isolate the pathogens causing bean root rot, one-centimeter portions were sliced from each plant and washed in running tap water, and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was used to surface sterilize the tissues for 3 to 5 min. The plants were rinsed 5 times in sterile distilled water and then plated aseptically onto PDA media and incubated at room temperature for 3 days, after which hyphal tip transfer was performed on fresh PDA media, followed by incubation at room temperature for 7 days. The pathogens were then identified using culture and morphological characteristics under a compound microscope. Activity 2: Evaluation of insecticides to manage Bean stem maggot on common bean 2.2.1 Description of study area The study was conducted at the Habro District Bareda Farmer Training Center of the Oda Bultum University Research Site, Ethiopia, during the 2021 main cropping season. This area is among the major common bean-growing areas and a hot spot for bean stem maggots. The site is geographically located at a latitude of 8.67° N, a longitude of 40.34°E and an average elevation of 2000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). It is located 404 km east of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 79 km south of Chiro, the town of the West Hararghe Zone. The annual temperature range is 16 to 20°C, with annual rainfall ranging from 650 mm to 1000 mm. The landform of the experimental site is characterized by regular flats, and the soil type of the area is black sandy and loamy soil (HDoANRO, 2021). 2.2.2 Treatments, Experimental Design and procedures The study was conducted in a field where plots were subjected to natural bean stem maggot infestation. The experimental treatments consisted of six different insecticides and a control (untreated plot). A total of seven common bean treatments, including the control treatment, were evaluated, and the plants were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each treatment was assigned to random experimental plots within a block. The levels of six chemicals, namely, confidor SL 200 (imidacloprid), Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC (Dimethoate), alpha guard, Apron star 42 WS and Bravo 5% EC (W/V), were compared to those of the control, which were untreated plots, to determine the differences among insecticides. Chemical treatment with Apron star 42 WS was applied to the haricot bean seeds just before planting at a rate of 2.5 g kg − 1 seed. The seeds and chemicals were placed in a clear polythene bag, a few drops of water were added, and the mixture was shaken continuously until the seeds were fully coated with the red chemical. The seeds were then dried in newspapers for three hours under shade and planted on the same day. Confidor SL 200 (imidacloprid), Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC (Dimethoate), Alpha Guard and Bravo 5% EC (W/V) were each applied as early foliar application alternatives to seed dressing. The plants were foliar sprayed two times via a low-pressure sprayer at fourteen and twenty-one days after emergence. The application rates of the chemicals are listed in Table 1 . Emabendox 90 SC at a rate of 2.0 L ha − 1 was applied for the management of the legume pod borer, including the control plots. Table 1 Details of insecticides and rates used in the study during the 2021 main cropping seasons Trade name Chemical name Active ingredient Mode of action Application rate Agro-Thoate 40% SC Dimethoate Dimethoate 400 g/L Systemic 75 mL/100 L of water Karate 5% EC Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L Contact 2 ml/L of water Apron Star 42 WS Thiamethoxam 20% w/w Thiamethoxam + 20% w/w Metalaxyl-m + 2% w/w Difenoconazole Systemic 2.5g kg − 1 seed Alpha guard Alphamethrin 10% EC 2.5 g Polyhexamethylene Biguanidehydrochloride, 8.0 gm, Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Systemic 1ml/5 L of water Bravo 5% EC (W/V) lambda-cyhalothrin lambda-cyhalothrin2.5% Lambda- cyhalothrin Contact 4ml/2.5 L of water Confidor WG70 Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 700 g/kg Systemic 5g in 20 L of water Source: Product labels The common bean cultivar Awash-1 was used in the experiment. Seeds of common bean cultivars were obtained from Melkasa Agricultural Research Center Institute. Fifteen (15) common bean seeds were sown 0.1 m apart per row. There were 4 rows per plot, so there were 60 plants per plot. A plot size of 1.6 m × 1.5 m (2.4 m2 ) was used with spacings of 0.4 m and 0.1 m between rows and plants, respectively. The space between plots was 0.2 m, and the area of one plot was 2.4 m2. The spacings between plots and blocks were 0.2 m and 1 m, respectively. Seed sowing was carried out on the 10th of August 2021 cropping season. The seeds were sown at a soil depth of approximately 4 cm. Both the treated and untreated control plots were sown within 24 hrs. All agronomic practices were performed as per the recommendations for common bean. The bean stem maggot pests on the plants were photographed. Upon maturity of the bean pods, the beans were harvested by hand. For this study, all observations and measurements were made on the initial harvest of marketable pods. A sample of 10 plants from the two middle rows of each plot was pre-tagged randomly for evaluation. 2.2.3 Data Collection For both survey and field data on common bean crop were collected as follow: - Pest incidence (%) were assessed $$percentage of incidence=\frac{Total number of infected plant}{Total number of sampled plants }*100$$ The altitude (m) of surveyed districts was recorded by a global positioning system (GPS). Meteorological data on rainfall and temperature were obtained from the meteorological station of the zonal agricultural office. Plant height was measured as the average value of ten randomly selected plants per plot at the maturity stage. The number of bean stem maggots per plant was determined as the average number of bean stem maggots on 10 randomly pretagged plants per plot of each treatment. The number of pods per plant was determined as the average number of pods of 10 randomly pretagged plants per plot of each treatment. The number of seeds per pod was determined as the average number of seeds of 10 randomly selected pods from pre-tagged plants. Seed yield (kg/ha): Yield per plot was converted to yield per hectare on a plot basis. 100-seed weight: calculated from the number of seeds after harvest on a plot basis 2.2.4 Economic analysis Cost-Benefit-Analysis: Prices of common bean (Birr/ton) from local market and total sale from one hectare were computed. Prices of common bean were collected from local market. Price of insecticides and total price incurred to spray one hectare of common bean fields were calculated. Labor cost for land preparation, different agronomic practices and to spray chemicals were computed. Cost of spray and spray equipment to spray one time per hectare were calculated. Cost benefit analysis was performed based on the data obtained from the recorded field using partial budget analysis (CIMMYT, 1988 ). The following formula were used to determine the marginal rate of return. MRR = \(\frac{DNI}{DIC}\) Where, MRR is marginal rate of returns, DNI, difference in net income compared with control, DIC, difference in input cost compared with control. To determine the most effective and economical treatment, the net profit and benefit-cost ratio were worked out by taking the expenditure on the individual insecticidal treatment and the corresponding yield into account. 2.2.5 Data analysis Survey data for pests of bean stem maggot and root rot diseases distribution and incidence and severity were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). For field experiments data to determine the treatment effects on common bean plant parameters, yield components as well as yield of common beans were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS, 2014). The treatment means were compared using fisher Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSION 3.1 Survey Part 3.1.1 Distribution and symptoms of stem bean maggot in relation to root rot disease on common bean Farmers in west Hararghe zone practiced either bean monoculture or mixed cropping systems with cereal crops. During the study a total of 60 farmers’ sole common bean fields were surveyed in three districts of West Hararghe zone. The pest is widely distributed and attacks haricot beans plants throughout the surveyed sites in the study areas. The crop growth stage during field assessment were done at early growth stage of common bean because of the infestation of stem fly maggot occurs at seedling stage. The affected plants in the early-stage show thickening or cracking of the stem at or just above the ground level. The heavily infested area can easily be distinguished by the rusty red appearance of the basal portion of the stem. The plant becomes stunted and yellow and finally dries. Wilting in several instances was caused by the bean stem maggot ( Ophiomyia phaseoli ). The maggots feed by boring into the stem. Severe damage was observed by wilting and dying of seedlings. They attack and disrupts nutrient transportation, causing the tap root to die. The plant attempts to recover by forming adventitious roots above the damaged area. Young seedlings under stress wilt and die within a short time. Older and more vigorous plants may tolerate the damage but become stunted and will have reduced yield. Among a total of 60 farmers’ fields were surveyed, 100% prevalence of bean steam maggot and root rot disease in the surveyed areas. Symptoms of root rot infection that formed were general stunting of the beans coupled with the yellowing of the vegetative parts of the crop. The presence of bean stem maggot pupa was embedded in the base of the stem. The presence of the larvae in the stem was identified by split of base of the stem. The adult bean fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli is metallic black and having hyaline wings a distinct notch in the coastal regions. They lay eggs in the leaf tissue or directly in the stem. Early signs of attack are egg laying punctures on the primary leaves which tend to be concentrated around the leaf base. Eggs hatch into small white maggots which migrate down the stem to the root zone. where they pupate into brown or black puparia. In early-stage maggots are initially white, but later they turn into yellowish brownish color. Pupae are barrel shaped and brown in color. The results after culturing in the laboratory and identification showed that the major pathogen causing root rot in association bean stem maggot in three districts of west Hararghe Zone were Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Phythium spp . It was confirmed field observations by isolating the pathogens from collected samples wilting plants. The level of incidence of these organisms were different across survey areas. It is similar with the finding Paparu et al., ( 2018 ) that explained the prevalence of Pythium, Fusarium and Sclerotium root rots was different across agro ecologies. 3.1.2 Occurrence and incidence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease infestation The survey results showed that disease and bean stem maggot were observed in all assessed fields but, their incidences were varied among districts. The highest bean fly pest incidence was recorded in the Chiro district (16.33%), followed by the Habro (11.66%) and Oda Bultum (6.33%) districts (Table 2 ). The incidence of Bean Stem Maggot pest was observed in the field from seedling to vegetative stage of crop. As Table 2 blew the results from the survey carried out indicated that the incidence percentage of root rot alone and bean fly alone was less than combination of root rot and bean fly. It is similar with the finding Paparu et al., ( 2018 ) stated that synergistic interaction between Fusarium solani . O. phaseoli and Pythium ultimum results in greater damage than the action of each pathogen alone The incidence of common bean fly and root rot computed was significant difference (P < 0.05) among surveyed districts. The highest disease and bean fly interaction incidence (50.85%) was obtained from chiro district followed by Habro (36.04%). The least disease and bean fly interaction incidence (26.97%) was recorded from Oda Bultum district (Table 2 ). The incidence of common bean root rot computed was significant difference (P < 0.001) among the districts. The highest root rot disease incidence (30.38%) was obtained from Oda Bultum district followed by Habro district (19.9%). The least root rot disease incidence (14.18%) was recorded from chiro district (Table 2 ). Like disease incidence, severity of root rot computed was highly significant difference (P < 0.001) among the surveyed distinct. The highest mean disease alone severity was recorded in Oda Bultum district (12.40%) followed by Habro district (10.80%) while lowest disease severity was observed in chiro district (4.72%) (Table 2 ). The high disease incidence and severity obtained in this study may be due to difference in geographical location, crop management practices, type of cultivars grown, conduciveness of the environmental conditions and possibly occurrence of high spore load in the atmosphere in the areas. Table 2 Mean percentage incidence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease and disease severity during 2021 main cropping season in West Hararghe Districts Number of fields observed BSMI (%) RRDI (%) RRDS (%) RRDI*BSMI (%) Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Chiro 20 16.33 a ± 0.33 14.18 c ± 0.33 4.72 b ± 0.79 50.85 a ± 4.82 Oda Bultum 20 6.33 c ± 0.33 30.38 a ± 0.57 12.40 a ± 2.37 26.97 b ± 4.46 Habro 20 11.66 b ± 0.88 19.92 b ± 0.33 10.80 a ± 1.52 36.04 b ± 3.43 CV 8.73 4.65 10.7 19.53 LSD 1.99 1.99 1.96 14.8 P value < .0001 < .0001 0.0002 0.0207 Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different and the same letters are not significant at P < 0.05. BSMI (%) = Percentage of Bean stem Maggot incidence, RRDI (%) = Root rot disease incidence percentage, RRDS (%) = Root rot Disease Severity, RRDI*BSMI (%) = Percentage of Root rot disease incidence association with Bean stem Maggot incidence. 3.2 Field Experiment part 3.2.1 Effect of Insecticide on bean stem maggot on common bean Bean stem maggot ( Ophyiomia phaseoli ) was observed that attacks both stem and fresh leaves of the haricot bean in the study area. The Bean stem maggot infestations were observed immediately within some days after germination at early stage of the haricot bean plant. The results of the insecticides application showed significant differences at (P < 0.05). Bean stem maggot were reported in most of haricot bean growing areas as the major insect pest of haricot bean (Mengesha,et al, 2022 ). In the current study, the effects of six insecticides, one seed treatment and five foliar applications against bean stem maggot infestation were evaluated under field conditions at Habro district, west Hararghe, Ethiopia. The insecticide seed treatments and early foliar application attained significantly varying levels of effectiveness against bean stem maggot management. Table 3 Mean effects of insecticidal treatments on bean stem maggot on common bean during main cropping season of 2021 in west Hararghe Treatments NSMBA BSMAS %SMRed Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Apron Star 42 WS - - - dimethoate 40% 17.33 a ± 8.1 1.0 b ± 1.0 94.2 a ± 3.3 Alpha guard 9.33 a ± 0.6 2.66 b ± 0.8 82.2 b ± 9. 2 Bravo 5% EC (W/V) 11.66 a ± 5.8 1.0 b ± 0.5 91.4 ab ± 2.9 Karate 5% EC 19.0 a ± 6.1 1.66 b ± 1.6 86.0 ab ± 3.8 Confidor SL 200 16.0 a ± 4.0 0.0 b ± .0 100 a ± 0.0 Control 16.66 a ± 2.0 17.0 a ± 1.7 0.0 c ± 0.0 LSD (0.05) 14.46 3.22 12.6 P value 0.14 < .0001 < .0001 CV (%) 64.2 25.0 10.9 Means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at p < 0.05. NSMBA = Number of stem maggot before application, BSMAS = bean stem maggot after spray of insecticide, %SMRed = percentage of bean stem maggot reduction, LSD = Least significant difference at 5% probability level; and CV = Coefficient of variation (%). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that mortality percentage were significantly affected by the application of insecticide (P 0.05) among plots before treatment application (Table 3 ). For Apron Star 42 WS insecticide number of the pest before application was not recorded, because it was used as seed treatment, but agronomic parameters were recorded. BSM pest also reduced significantly while number of BSM on control plot slightly increases (Table 3 ). The data showed that the highest number of stem maggot recoded on un sprayed plots followed by Alpha guard sprayed plots whereas, the lowest number of stem maggot population recorded on Confidor followed by dimethoate 40% treated plots. However, there were no significant difference among insecticide treatments sprayed plots after seven days application. Besides, all insecticide were effective in reducing the number of stem maggot population as compared to untreated (control) plots. The data also revealed Seed treatments (Apron Star 42 WS) also effective in managing bean stem maggot number significantly as compared to untreated plots. This result is in line with (Koch et al., 2005 ; Rahaman and Prodhan, 2007 ; Otim et al., 2016 ; James et al., 2018 ; Labrie et al., 2020 ) who reports that using seed treatment chemicals could not only reduce the bean steam maggot population but also reduce damage caused by bean steam maggot. In this regard, the inclination of the year after year production of common bean in Ethiopia asked for a BSM control strategy mainly towards the use of insecticides either as a seed treatment or foliar application since cultural approaches could merely control BSM to a limited extent. The results obtained in this study were similar to the work that had been done on susceptible bean, which showed the applied insecticide seed treatments were effective against soil-dwelling insect pests by reducing bean plant mortality and damage worldwide (Otim et al., 2016 ; James et al., 2018 ; Labrie et al., 2020 ). The number of bean stem maggot in all plot were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another during the initial insect population sampling before chemical application. Thereafter, the treated plots were significantly different (P < 0.05) when compared with untreated plots. The mean number for the untreated control (T7) was 17.0, while the mean number for the treated plots ranged from 0.0 to 2.66. Insecticide seed treatment and early foliar application of chemicals are an effective management approach for bean stem maggot. Because the pest had significantly cause bean plant mortality during the early stage of the crop, and subsequently reduces bean plant population and associated grain yield of legume crops. 3.2.2 Effects of insecticides on agronomic parameters of common bean Analysis of variance for the study common bean agronomic parameters showed significant variations among the treatments compared to control. Various levels of significant (P < 0.0001 to 0.05) exhibited a considerable variation of agronomic parameters of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, hundred seed weight, grain yield was observed among the treatments (Table 4 ). Various previous studies also confirmed the existence of the evaluated insecticide in reducing bean stem maggot pressure and enhancing growth and yield-related parameters (Koch et al., 2005 ; Otim et al., 2016 ; James et al., 2018 ; Labrie et al., 2020 ). Among the insecticides evaluated, Confidor SL 200, Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% were effective and showed consistent results in controlling bean stem maggot, gave high yield advantage (Table 4 ). Table 4 Mean Effect of Bean stem maggot on haricot bean plant parameters under different insecticides spray at Habro district during the 2021 main cropping season Treatments PH (cm) NPP HSW (g) NSPP GY (kg ha -1 ) Mean ± SE Mean ± SD Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Apron Star 42 WS 42.5 a ± 1.7 18.6 a ± 4.0 18.28 a ± 0.29 6.33 a ± 0.8 2885.8 a ± 60.68 dimethoate 40% 39.93 a ± 4.3 17.3 a ± 2.1 18.08 a ± 0.09 6.66 a ± 0.8 2626 b ± 117.77 Alpha guard 35.6 a ± 3.6 15.0 ab ± 2.0 17.08 b ± 0.27 6.0 a ± 0.5 1750 d ± 60.62 Bravo 5% EC (W/V) 39.1 a ± 5.0 16.3 a ± 1.2 17.83 a ± 0.05 6.33 a ± 0.3 2144 c ± 61.19 Karate 5% EC 38.8 a ± 2.5 15.6 a ± 2.7 17.82 a ± 0.05 6.0 a ± 0.5 1854.7 d ± 58.94 Confidor SL 200 44.8 a ± 2.3 20.6 a ± 1.2 18.28 a ± 0.02 6.66 a ± 0.6 2950 a ± 60.62 Control 22.6 b ± 1.4 8.6 b ± 0.8 16.6 b ± 0.25 5.66 a ± 0.6 1095 e ± 60.04 LSD (0.05) 9.93 6.91 0.56 2.05 216.7 P value 0.0071 0.050 < .0001 0.92 < .0001 CV (%) 15.0 24.5 1.82 18.8 5.65 Means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at p < 0.05. PH = Plant height measured in cm, NPP = Number of productive pods per plant; HSW = Hundred seed weight measured in gram; NSPP = Number of seed per Pod, GY = Grain yield measured in kg ha − 1 , LSD = Least significant difference at 5% probability level; and CV = Coefficient of variation (%). 3.2.2.1 Plant height (cm) Plant height is usually a good index of plant vigor, which may contribute towards greater production of yield in haricot bean. Haricot bean plant height (cm) was assessed from the ground to the tip of the plant during physiological maturity. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that plant height was found to be highly significant (p < 0.01) affected by different insecticide when compared to control (Table 4 ). Plant height ranged from 22.6cm to 44.8cm (Table 4 ). The longest plant lengths (cm) were observed in treatments treated by Confidor SL 200, Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% with mean values 44.8 , 42.5 and 39.93 respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference among insecticide sprayed plots due to plant height. Besides, all insecticides were effective in increasing plant height. Whereas the shortest plant lengths were observed in control that plots untreated having 22.6 cm (Table 4 ). This finding agrees with the work reported by (Mengesha,et al, 2022 ) using insecticide for management of steam maggot could increase plant height, growth and yield-related parameters had positive and significant associations between and among themselves. 3.2.2.2 Number of Pods Per Plant The result of the analysis of variance revealed that number of pods per plant was found to be highly significant (p < 0.01) affected by different insecticide (Table 4 ). The common bean which had highest number of pods were observed in plants treated with Confidor SL 200 with mean of 20.6 pods per plant and the least number of pods were observed in control untreated plots with mean of 8.6 pods per plant. The data also clearly revealed that all insecticide were effective for management bean stem maggot and increase number of pods per plant as compared to untreated plots. This may be because severe defoliation and damage that resulted in a higher reduction in the photosynthetic assimilations. This result is in line with the following scholars Mengesha et al, ( 2022 ) who reported that managing bean stem maggot through seed treatment insecticide could increase yield components such as number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pods. Analysis of data showed that there is the difference among insecticides treatments on number of pods per plant. 3.2.2.3 Number of Seed Per Pod The result of the analysis of variance revealed that number of seed per pods was found to be not significant (p > 0.05) affected by different insecticide (Table 4 ). The large number of seeds were recorded on Confidor SL 200 and dimethoate 40% treated plots followed by Apron Star 42 WS and Bravo and all insecticide were effective increasing number of seeds per pods. Even though, statistically insecticide doesn’t show significant difference with untreated plots. The lowest number of seed per pod were counted on untreated plots that failure to take measure any BSM control strategy can lead to uneconomic growth and yield-related trait performance of bean crops. It shows that high population of stem maggot due to lack of appropriate management of leads to decrease in yield and yield attributes of common bean. 3.2.2.4 Hundred Seed Weight Hundred grain weight is an important yield determining component of common bean. The effect of insecticide on 100 seed weight was statistically highly significant at (p < 0.01). The current data exhibited that 100-grain weight was affected by insecticide application. Plants treated with Confidor SL 200 and Apron Star 42 WS had the highest 100 seed weight of mean values of 18.28 whereas, the lowest hundred seed weight was recorded on untreated control plots with mean value of 16.6 (Table 4 ). This result is in agreement with (Rahaman and Prodhan, 2007 and Allah, 2010 ) who reports the growth and yield-related parameters of various plots reduced with increased maggot/pupae infestation on bean crops. The data also revealed that all insecticide were effective in increasing hundred seed weight. But there was no statically significant difference among some of insecticides such as apronstar, bravo, Confidor, Karate and Dimethote, but Alpha guard was no significant different with control. 3.2.2.5 Grain Yield The results of the experiment indicated that insecticides used have a significant effect (P < 0.01) on the haricot bean plant in its production and productivity. The data shows that application plots that were treated with Confidor SL 200 resulted in high grain yield (2950 kg/ha) and followed by the plots that were treated with Apron Star 42 WS in yield (2885.8 kg/ha) which were statistically no difference to each other. Whereas, the lowest grain yield was recorded on untreated plots (1095kg/ha). Different results among treatments also recorded. The plots that were treated with dimethoate 40% gave grain yield of 2626 kg/ha, the plots that were treated with Bravo 5% EC (W/V) gave grain yield of 2626 kg/ha, the plots that were treated with Karate 5% EC gave grain yield of 1854.7 kg/ha and the plots that were treated with Alpha guard gave grain yield of 1750 kg/ha that were statistically differ from one another (Table 4 ). The data also shows that all insecticide were effective in boosting grain yield of common bean by reducing bean stem maggot population. Therefore, this chemical is recommended for small holder farmers to improve haricot bean production in their farms. The above result in agreement with Kato et al., ( 2021 ) who reports use of seed dressing insecticides for management of bean steam maggot is effective in order to increase grain yield of beans. Related findings regarding the effect of insecticide seed treatments on BSM intensity and yield loss indicated that the best performing insecticides among various treatments showed the lowest BSM intensity and yield loss on bean crops in the major growth of the world (Ochilo and Nyamasyo, 2011 ). These authors also reported that the highest yield losses in bean crops had been recorded from the plots left as untreated control. Under severe conditions, the BSM could cause 70 to 100% losses in grain yield, and the magnitude of loss depends on the stage of crop growth susceptibility of the cultivars, and favorable environmental conditions for the insect (MoANR and EATA, 2018). It also confirmed with the study it was observed that percentage reduction of plant destruction by bean stem maggots was reduced to 3% on treated plants compared with 30% in untreated (Karangwa et al ., 2012). 3.3 Association between the study parameters The associations between, PH, HSW, GY, NSPP, NPPP, Mort% and BSMAS parameters were studied using simple correlation analysis, and correlation coefficients (r) are presented in (Table 5 ). Table 5 Correlation between parameters as influenced insecticides PH HSW GY NSPP NPPP Mort% BSMAS PH 1 HSW 0.64** 1 GY 0.54* 0.61** 1 NSPP 0.6* 0.4** 0.67* 1 NPPP 053* 0.2ns 0.72* 0.23ns 1 %SMRed -0.73** -0.41* -0.6** -0.52** -0.46** 1 BSMAS -0.52** -0.51** -0.7** -0.601** -0.51** 0.47** 1 Note *and** significant at (p < 0.05), significant at (p < 0.01) respectively ns non-significant. GY = grain yield, HSW = Hundred seed weight, NSPP = number of seed per pod, PH = plant height, %SMRed Percentage of bean stem maggot reduction, NPPP = number of pods per plant, BSMAS = bean stem maggot after spray of insecticide The grain yield of common bean was positively correlated with the plant height (p < 0.05) and hundred seed weight (p < 0.05); whereas, it was negatively correlated with bean stem maggot population intensity and bean stem maggot reduction percentage. The negative correlation of grain yield with the bean stem maggot population indicates effect of bean stem maggot attack on the grain yield of common bean (Table 5 ). The correlation analysis indicates as increasing in pest population could result in decreasing in grain yield and other yield components of common bean. Similar results were reported by Peter et al. ( 2009 ) that the BSM pressure of various plots increased with increased BSM maggot as well as pupae infestation on common bean plants. Thus, failure to take any measure to BSM control strategy can lead to high infestation by BSM and uneconomic of the bean crop (Seif et al., 2001 ). A study reported by Kamneria ( 2007 ) and Kiptoo et al. ( 2016 ) positive and high correlations between and among BSM monitoring parameters and negative and high associations between and among BSM monitoring, growth, and yield-related parameters had observed in their studies and could result in recognizable yield reductions. However, growth and yield-related parameters also had positive and significant associations between and among themselves. The positive associations among growth and yield related parameters could indicate the vital contributions of yield traits to the grain yield of common bean. In line with this asseveration, Panagiota et al. ( 2018 ), and Simon et al. ( 2020 ) showed that positive correlations between and among growth and yield-related traits could indicate the significance of the parameters in determining the final grain yield of common bean. Number of seed per pod was negatively correlated with the bean stem maggot population and mortality percentage of bean stem maggot. Population of BSM also affected the weight of seeds negatively. This result is in agreement with authors (Srivastava et al., 1990 ; Koch et al., 2005 ; Rahaman and Prodhan, 2007 ; Peter et al., 2009 ; Allah, 2010 ; James et al., 2018 ; Labrie et al., 2020 ) reported that growth and yield-related parameters of various plots reduced with increased bean maggot/pupae infestation on bean crops. Thus, failure to take measure any BSM control strategy can lead to uneconomic growth and yield-related trait performance of bean crops (Seif et al., 2001 ; Ogecha et al., 2019 ; Labrie et al., 2020 ). As these high r values indicate, there is strong evidence that yield and yield components are highly linearly associated and that an increase in yield components also increase the grain yield of common bean. The negative and highly significant r values indicate the importance of the damage caused by BSM on the grain yield and yield components of common bean. According to Mengesha,et al, ( 2022 ) it also showed that positive correlations between and among growth and yield-related traits could indicate the significance of the parameters in determining the final grain yield of common bean 3. 4 Cost benefit Analysis Partial budget analysis indicated that variation in net benefit and marginal rate of return was observed between and among the evaluated treatments (Table 6 ). The pooled results revealed that the highest net benefit of 195960 ETB/ha was obtained from Confidor SL 200, followed by 189156 ETB ha − 1 from Apron Star 42 WS. Similarly, the highest marginal rate of return of 18.07 was calculated from Confidor SL 200, followed by 14.72 and 13.47 from Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% respectively (Table 6 ). Net benefits and marginal rate of returns computed from the planting of common bean) showed economically feasible when use of Confidor SL 200 insecticide was resulted profitable for bean production. The high net benefits and marginal rate of returns from the above-mentioned treatments could be attributed to high yield, and the low net benefit and marginal rate of returns were attributed to low yield (Table 6 ). Bean stem maggot has caused considerable quantitative and qualitative yield losses (30 to 100%) of common beans worldwide (MoANR and EATA, 2018). Yield losses had significantly associated with higher damage/severity, bean plant mortality, stunting, interference with water and mineral translocation due to oviposit of BSM with plant tissue and allowing for root rot diseases (Kiptoo et al., 2016 ; MoANR and EATA, 2018). Evaluation of insecticide seed treatment performance is best when BSM pressure is high and when environmental conditions are variable, especially rainfall and temperature (Abate et al., 2011 ). Table 6 Mean economic feasibility analysis for the management of bean stem maggot using insecticidal management Insecticide A GY (kg/ha) AY Total TVC (Eth.birr) Net benefit MRR (%) gross benefit Apron Star 42 WS 2885.8 1790.8 202006 12850 189156 14.72031128 Dimethoate 40 EC 2626 1531 183820 12700 171120 13.47401575 Alpha guard 1750 655 122500 11704 110796 9.466507177 Bravo 2144 1049 150080 12780 137300 10.74334898 Karate 5 EC 1854.7 759.7 129829 13800 116029 8.407898551 Confidor SL 200 2950 1855 206500 10540 195960 18.59203036 Control 1095 0 76650 0 76650 0 GY = Grain yield; AGY = Adjustable grain yield; TVC = Total variable cost; and MRR = Marginal rate of return. 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Synergistic interaction between BSM and root rots serious problem for common beans especially when seedlings are attacked. The organisms causing root rot disease on common bean in West Hararghe Zone were identified as, Rhizoctonia solani , Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. It was revealed that the root rot problem is complicated by the presence of bean fly. Bean stem maggot ( Ophiomyia phaseoli ) is one of the insect pests that most seriously affect production of common bean since it bores into the bean stem and pupates at the stem base. The pests were occurred in all surveyed areas of selected districts of west Hararghe zone, but their level of occurrences was differed across agro ecology. The pest infestation poses major threat from early seedling stage in haricot bean cultivation, causing reduction plant height, number of pods per plant, grain weight and marketable yield. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the insecticides of Apron Star 42 WS, dimethoate 40%, Alpha guard, Bravo 5% EC (W/V), Karate 5% EC and Confidor SL 200 in suppressing bean stem maggot infestation and improve haricot bean yield. Result shows that there is significant difference in the insect infestation prior to application of treatments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P < 0.05) differences among chemical treatments. Grain yield ranged from 1095 to 2950kg/ha. All treatment chemicals contributions were high for yield per plot converted to hectare. Synthetic insecticides were effective in reducing pest densities and improving haricot bean yield. In this regard, Confidor SL 200 followed by Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% were significantly reduced number of bean stem maggot and increase common bean agronomic yield and yield component parameters. Further investigations to determine the biology and dissemination mechanisms of the pest in relation to agroecology will be needed. In addition, it is possible to recommend scaling up the mechanism that gave promising results by combining different control methods as integrated pest management rather than use of insecticides alone. Further investigations also needed to determine the effect of the observed root rot occurrences on crop losses, and to develop root rot management practices that can reduce losses on-farm. Declarations Data Availability The authors declare that the materials and data presented in this manuscript can be made available on reasonable request. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Acknowledgments The authors deeply acknowledge Oda Bultum University for providing us with overall laboratory instruments, vehicles, encouragement, and financial support for this finding. 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Crop Prot 27(10):1327–1334 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 02 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Jul, 2024 Editorial decision: Major revisions 30 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3937989","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321344924,"identity":"3425c079-43e1-4dc8-8005-74ac42bf6ca3","order_by":0,"name":"Gelana Keno Beyene","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYgkQBiHAASEjJEaGGEaWEDERI8pGjhMQBxCWuRd29s/FxQkyZnzt7z+dWNGgseBvbDRzfg02J45mCz9IxjOcaWPWe3WeccAzqMJy3tBl4tMxIbpHnYKhI33MjdZpzDBtQiwWOGX8v8h82/ef5V1G+4kfPMOOcfEVrkJRjbpHnbchIMbuQwP85tI0KLAU9imzVvX5rhhjPHzJhz+yR42Aj5Rb798OHbPN+S5Q2ONz/+nPOtTo6f/fAx/LYcQLDZJMAkPuVgWxoQbOYPhFSPglEwCkbByAQA5C9InqSVIB0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-4162","institution":"Oda Bultum University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gelana","middleName":"Keno","lastName":"Beyene","suffix":""},{"id":321344925,"identity":"cdaab56f-bc0e-495b-bcc5-3f22c8881963","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed Beyan Heji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Oda Bultum University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Beyan","lastName":"Heji","suffix":""},{"id":321344926,"identity":"70586615-0b3d-47c5-b2f5-b37f1a7ecc85","order_by":2,"name":"Tilahun Tsegaye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Oda Bultum University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tilahun","middleName":"","lastName":"Tsegaye","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-07 20:51:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59461816,"identity":"81d9e4ee-cc7d-41bf-850f-31638cb7e04f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 05:23:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Study areas in west Hararghe zone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3937989/v1/3cf47fc6ac78f2a0dd3f3dec.png"},{"id":59462174,"identity":"07334b4c-9522-476e-98c9-372635506336","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 05:31:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1053635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3937989/v1/8a2a5a3a-4b87-4c8e-b433-2208f2d414fe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Root Rot Disease in Association with Common Bean Stem Maggot (Ophyiomia phaseoli) and Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Stem Maggot on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at West Hararghe, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eCommon bean is the most important legume crop and a vital source of nutrition worldwide, including in Ethiopia. However, the decline in the productivity of common bean is attributed to several biotic and abiotic constraints. Biotic constraints include fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases and insect pests. The most common bean diseases are foliar diseases, which include bean root rot complex (\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003ePythium\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003esclerotium rolfsii\u003c/em\u003e), angular leaf spot (\u003cem\u003ePseudocercospora griseola\u003c/em\u003e), anthracnose, common bacterial blight (CBB), bean common mosaic, and insect pests of beans, including bean stem maggot (BSM) (\u003cem\u003eOphiomyia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. spencerella, O. centrosematis\u003c/em\u003e; Diptera: Agromyzidae), pod sucking bugs (\u003cem\u003eClavigralla\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eAnoplocenemis curvipei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNezara viridula\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiptortus dentipes\u003c/em\u003e), bean bruchids (\u003cem\u003eAcanthoscelides obtectus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eZabrotes subfaciatus\u003c/em\u003e), and aphids (\u003cem\u003eAphis fabae\u003c/em\u003e; Homoptera: Aphididae) (Abate and Ampofo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Among insect pests, Bean Stem Maggot (BSM) is a devastating pest of common beans since it bores into the bean stem and pupates at the stem base. BSM is severe under drought conditions and exacerbates root rot disease damage. Due to its concealed life cycle, it is difficult to control. Damage caused by Bean stem maggot infestation leads to 50\u0026ndash;100% yield loss, whereas the synergistic interaction between BSM and root rot can lead to 100% yield loss, especially when plants are attacked (Spence, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). BSM tunnels through the phloem and xylem vessels, causing poor plant growth, leaf chlorosis, premature defoliation and death (Njuki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The wounds caused by BSM feeding act as entry points for root rot pathogens, whereas drought exacerbates BSM and root rot damage (Ochilo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013). To increase common bean production and productivity, controlling BSM is very important. Several BSM control measures include cultural control practices such as adjusting the planting date (Muleke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), earthing or hilling up soil around the stem of seedlings (Forbes et al., 2009), crop rotation, associated cropping (Amoabeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), mulching and fertilizer applications (Gogo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), cultivating resistant crop varieties (Kiptoo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and using seed dressing insecticides (Williamson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Uburyo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). To control BSM, the majority of users rely heavily upon insecticides either as a seed treatment or foliar application since cultural approaches could be limited. Insecticides are considered to be reliable because of their quick and effective action (Adejumo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Seal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The use of insecticides as a control measure is advisable in the evaluation of pesticide efficacy. However, no research has been reported on the use of these insecticides as both a seed treatment and early foliar application for the control of BSM on common beans in the study area. There is a need for an immediate response to the use of insecticides as a seed treatment and foliar application during the early emergence of plants for the control of BSM because the severe death of bean plants or damage caused by BSM is more serious during the seedling stage. Thus, this study was conducted to survey the distributions, incidence, and severity of stem maggot insect pests and root rot disease and to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides for the control of bean stem maggots on common beans under field conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eActivity 1: Survey of Bean stem maggot in relation to root rot disease on common bean\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 Description of the survey Areas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey was conducted in the west Hararghe zone, Ethiopia, in three districts purposively selected to represent different common bean-growing agroecosystems, namely, the Oda bultum, Habro and Chiro districts, during the 2021 planting season. The districts differed in their ecological features, geographical locations and mean weather variables. The Habro district is geographically located between 8.57\u0026deg;N and 8.91\u0026deg;N and 40.34\u0026deg;E to 40.69\u0026deg;E in the West Harerghe zone in the eastern part of Ethiopia. The capital town of the district is Gelemso, which is located 404 km from the capital city of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia and 79 km to the south of the zonal town of Chiro (Asebe Tefere). The Habro district is found at an average altitude of 1814 m.a.s.l., and its temperature ranges from a maximum of 30\u0026deg;C to a minimum of 7\u0026deg;C, while the annual rainfall ranges from 650 to 1000 mm (HDoANRO, 2021). The Oda Bultum district is located at altitudes ranging from 1600\u0026ndash;2400 m.a.s.l., and the annual rainfall is 900 to 1100 mm. The district is located at longitudes and latitudes of 8.0 30\u0026rsquo;0\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; to 9.0 0\u0026rsquo;0\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N and 40.020\u0026rsquo;0\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;- 40.0 40\u0026rsquo;00\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E. It is located in the eastern part of the country, 362 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 38 km from Chiro (Asebe Tefere). It has a mean maximum temperature of 28\u0026deg;C and a mean minimum temperature of 25\u0026deg;C. The Chiro district is also located in the West Hararghe Zone 324 km east of Adis Abeba. The Chiro district is located between 9\u0026deg;05' longitude and 40\u0026deg;52'E latitude, with an average altitude of 1800 m.a.s.l. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures of the Chiro district are 27.87 and 12.72\u0026deg;C, respectively, and the maximum and minimum rainfall are 1800 mm and 900 mm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 Survey and Sampling method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField surveys were conducted in the Oda Bultum, Habro, and Chiro districts of the west Hararghe zone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) during the main cropping season to determine the incidence and prevalence of bean root rot disease in association with bean stem maggot. Twenty farmer fields from four kebeles in each of the three districts were studied through discussion with the DAs and district experts along with information on accessibility to the main roads. The fields with common bean plants at different stages of growth and development were randomly selected at intervals of 2 to 3 km. From each farm, five m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e quadrants were drawn randomly and walked in a zigzag pattern. In each quadrant, the number of common bean plants showing symptoms such as poor plant growth, stunting, leaf chlorosis, premature defoliation and death were assessed for the presence and percentage of total plants in the drowning quadrant. The means will be taken as the percentage incidence of that field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom each of the five quadrants per farm, three infected bean plants were carefully uprooted using a shovel, kept in paper bags and transported in a cool box to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the presence of bean root rot pathogens and bean stem maggot and the same pathogens were used to isolate the fungi causing root rot. To observe and identify the bean stem maggots, the plant samples were carefully dissected from the hypocotyls to the roots using a scalpel blade to expose the pupae and larvae. The percentage of plants with pupae or larvae of bean stem maggot was taken as the percentage incidence of the farm. Using a hand lens, the number and species of Ophiomyia sp. were determined and recorded. To isolate the pathogens causing bean root rot, one-centimeter portions were sliced from each plant and washed in running tap water, and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was used to surface sterilize the tissues for 3 to 5 min. The plants were rinsed 5 times in sterile distilled water and then plated aseptically onto PDA media and incubated at room temperature for 3 days, after which hyphal tip transfer was performed on fresh PDA media, followed by incubation at room temperature for 7 days. The pathogens were then identified using culture and morphological characteristics under a compound microscope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eActivity 2: Evaluation of insecticides to manage Bean stem maggot on common bean\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Description of study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the Habro District Bareda Farmer Training Center of the Oda Bultum University Research Site, Ethiopia, during the 2021 main cropping season. This area is among the major common bean-growing areas and a hot spot for bean stem maggots. The site is geographically located at a latitude of 8.67\u0026deg; N, a longitude of 40.34\u0026deg;E and an average elevation of 2000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). It is located 404 km east of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 79 km south of Chiro, the town of the West Hararghe Zone. The annual temperature range is 16 to 20\u0026deg;C, with annual rainfall ranging from 650 mm to 1000 mm. The landform of the experimental site is characterized by regular flats, and the soil type of the area is black sandy and loamy soil (HDoANRO, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Treatments, Experimental Design and procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in a field where plots were subjected to natural bean stem maggot infestation. The experimental treatments consisted of six different insecticides and a control (untreated plot). A total of seven common bean treatments, including the control treatment, were evaluated, and the plants were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each treatment was assigned to random experimental plots within a block. The levels of six chemicals, namely, confidor SL 200 (imidacloprid), Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC (Dimethoate), alpha guard, Apron star 42 WS and Bravo 5% EC (W/V), were compared to those of the control, which were untreated plots, to determine the differences among insecticides. Chemical treatment with Apron star 42 WS was applied to the haricot bean seeds just before planting at a rate of 2.5 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e seed. The seeds and chemicals were placed in a clear polythene bag, a few drops of water were added, and the mixture was shaken continuously until the seeds were fully coated with the red chemical. The seeds were then dried in newspapers for three hours under shade and planted on the same day. Confidor SL 200 (imidacloprid), Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC (Dimethoate), Alpha Guard and Bravo 5% EC (W/V) were each applied as early foliar application alternatives to seed dressing. The plants were foliar sprayed two times via a low-pressure sprayer at fourteen and twenty-one days after emergence. The application rates of the chemicals are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Emabendox 90 SC at a rate of 2.0 L ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was applied for the management of the legume pod borer, including the control plots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetails of insecticides and rates used in the study during the 2021 main cropping seasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of action\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgro-Thoate 40% SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimethoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimethoate 400 g/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 mL/100 L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarate 5% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLambda-cyhalothrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 ml/L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApron Star 42 WS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThiamethoxam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% w/w Thiamethoxam\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% w/w Metalaxyl-m\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2% w/w Difenoconazole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e seed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha guard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlphamethrin 10% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 g\u0026nbsp;Polyhexamethylene Biguanidehydrochloride, 8.0\u0026nbsp;gm,\u0026nbsp;Didecyldimethylammonium chloride\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1ml/5 L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBravo 5% EC (W/V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elambda-cyhalothrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elambda-cyhalothrin2.5% Lambda- cyhalothrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4ml/2.5\u0026nbsp;L\u0026nbsp;of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor WG70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 700 g/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5g in 20 L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSource: Product labels\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe common bean cultivar Awash-1 was used in the experiment. Seeds of common bean cultivars were obtained from Melkasa Agricultural Research Center Institute. Fifteen (15) common bean seeds were sown 0.1 m apart per row. There were 4 rows per plot, so there were 60 plants per plot. A plot size of 1.6 m \u0026times; 1.5 m (2.4 \u003csup\u003em2\u003c/sup\u003e) was used with spacings of 0.4 m and 0.1 m between rows and plants, respectively. The space between plots was 0.2 m, and the area of one plot was 2.4 m2. The spacings between plots and blocks were 0.2 m and 1 m, respectively. Seed sowing was carried out on the 10th of August 2021 cropping season. The seeds were sown at a soil depth of approximately 4 cm. Both the treated and untreated control plots were sown within 24 hrs. All agronomic practices were performed as per the recommendations for common bean. The bean stem maggot pests on the plants were photographed. Upon maturity of the bean pods, the beans were harvested by hand. For this study, all observations and measurements were made on the initial harvest of marketable pods. A sample of 10 plants from the two middle rows of each plot was pre-tagged randomly for evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor both survey and field data on common bean crop were collected as follow: -\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePest incidence (%) were assessed\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$percentage of incidence=\\frac{Total number of infected plant}{Total number of sampled plants }*100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe altitude (m) of surveyed districts was recorded by a global positioning system (GPS). Meteorological data on rainfall and temperature were obtained from the meteorological station of the zonal agricultural office. Plant height was measured as the average value of ten randomly selected plants per plot at the maturity stage. The number of bean stem maggots per plant was determined as the average number of bean stem maggots on 10 randomly pretagged plants per plot of each treatment. The number of pods per plant was determined as the average number of pods of 10 randomly pretagged plants per plot of each treatment. The number of seeds per pod was determined as the average number of seeds of 10 randomly selected pods from pre-tagged plants. Seed yield (kg/ha): Yield per plot was converted to yield per hectare on a plot basis. 100-seed weight: calculated from the number of seeds after harvest on a plot basis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 Economic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost-Benefit-Analysis: Prices of common bean (Birr/ton) from local market and total sale from one hectare were computed. Prices of common bean were collected from local market. Price of insecticides and total price incurred to spray one hectare of common bean fields were calculated. Labor cost for land preparation, different agronomic practices and to spray chemicals were computed. Cost of spray and spray equipment to spray one time per hectare were calculated. Cost benefit analysis was performed based on the data obtained from the recorded field using partial budget analysis (CIMMYT, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following formula were used to determine the marginal rate of return. MRR =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{DNI}{DIC}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, MRR is marginal rate of returns, DNI, difference in net income compared with control, DIC, difference in input cost compared with control. To determine the most effective and economical treatment, the net profit and benefit-cost ratio were worked out by taking the expenditure on the individual insecticidal treatment and the corresponding yield into account.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.5 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvey data for pests of bean stem maggot and root rot diseases distribution and incidence and severity were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). For field experiments data to determine the treatment effects on common bean plant parameters, yield components as well as yield of common beans were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS, 2014). The treatment means were compared using fisher Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULT AND DISCUSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Survey Part\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.1.1 Distribution and symptoms of stem bean maggot in relation to root rot disease on common bean\u003c/b\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers in west Hararghe zone practiced either bean monoculture or mixed cropping systems with cereal crops. During the study a total of 60 farmers\u0026rsquo; sole common bean fields were surveyed in three districts of West Hararghe zone. The pest is widely distributed and attacks haricot beans plants throughout the surveyed sites in the study areas. The crop growth stage during field assessment were done at early growth stage of common bean because of the infestation of stem fly maggot occurs at seedling stage. The affected plants in the early-stage show thickening or cracking of the stem at or just above the ground level. The heavily infested area can easily be distinguished by the rusty red appearance of the basal portion of the stem. The plant becomes stunted and yellow and finally dries. Wilting in several instances was caused by the bean stem maggot (\u003cem\u003eOphiomyia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e). The maggots feed by boring into the stem. Severe damage was observed by wilting and dying of seedlings. They attack and disrupts nutrient transportation, causing the tap root to die. The plant attempts to recover by forming adventitious roots above the damaged area. Young seedlings under stress wilt and die within a short time. Older and more vigorous plants may tolerate the damage but become stunted and will have reduced yield. Among a total of 60 farmers\u0026rsquo; fields were surveyed, 100% prevalence of bean steam maggot and root rot disease in the surveyed areas. Symptoms of root rot infection that formed were general stunting of the beans coupled with the yellowing of the vegetative parts of the crop. The presence of bean stem maggot pupa was embedded in the base of the stem. The presence of the larvae in the stem was identified by split of base of the stem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adult bean fly, \u003cem\u003eOphiomyia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e is metallic black and having hyaline wings a distinct notch in the coastal regions. They lay eggs in the leaf tissue or directly in the stem. Early signs of attack are egg laying punctures on the primary leaves which tend to be concentrated around the leaf base. Eggs hatch into small white maggots which migrate down the stem to the root zone. where they pupate into brown or black puparia. In early-stage maggots are initially white, but later they turn into yellowish brownish color. Pupae are barrel shaped and brown in color.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results after culturing in the laboratory and identification showed that the major pathogen causing root rot in association bean stem maggot in three districts of west Hararghe Zone were Fusarium spp, \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePhythium spp\u003c/em\u003e. It was confirmed field observations by isolating the pathogens from collected samples wilting plants. The level of incidence of these organisms were different across survey areas. It is similar with the finding Paparu et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) that explained the prevalence of Pythium, Fusarium and Sclerotium root rots was different across agro ecologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 Occurrence and incidence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease infestation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey results showed that disease and bean stem maggot were observed in all assessed fields but, their incidences were varied among districts. The highest bean fly pest incidence was recorded in the Chiro district (16.33%), followed by the Habro (11.66%) and Oda Bultum (6.33%) districts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The incidence of Bean Stem Maggot pest was observed in the field from seedling to vegetative stage of crop. As Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e blew the results from the survey carried out indicated that the incidence percentage of root rot alone and bean fly alone was less than combination of root rot and bean fly. It is similar with the finding Paparu et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) stated that synergistic interaction between \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eO. phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePythium ultimum\u003c/em\u003e results in greater damage than the action of each pathogen alone\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of common bean fly and root rot computed was significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among surveyed districts. The highest disease and bean fly interaction incidence (50.85%) was obtained from chiro district followed by Habro (36.04%). The least disease and bean fly interaction incidence (26.97%) was recorded from Oda Bultum district (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The incidence of common bean root rot computed was significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) among the districts. The highest root rot disease incidence (30.38%) was obtained from Oda Bultum district followed by Habro district (19.9%). The least root rot disease incidence (14.18%) was recorded from chiro district (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Like disease incidence, severity of root rot computed was highly significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) among the surveyed distinct. The highest mean disease alone severity was recorded in Oda Bultum district (12.40%) followed by Habro district (10.80%) while lowest disease severity was observed in chiro district (4.72%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The high disease incidence and severity obtained in this study may be due to difference in geographical location, crop management practices, type of cultivars grown, conduciveness of the environmental conditions and possibly occurrence of high spore load in the atmosphere in the areas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean percentage incidence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease and disease severity during 2021 main cropping season in West Hararghe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fields observed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSMI (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRRDI\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRRDS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRRDI*BSMI (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChiro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOda Bultum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.97\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within a column followed by different letters are significantly different and the same letters are not significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. BSMI (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Percentage of Bean stem Maggot incidence, RRDI (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Root rot disease incidence percentage, RRDS (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Root rot Disease Severity, RRDI*BSMI (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Percentage of Root rot disease incidence association with Bean stem Maggot incidence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Field Experiment part\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Effect of Insecticide on bean stem maggot on common bean\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBean stem maggot (\u003cem\u003eOphyiomia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e) was observed that attacks both stem and fresh leaves of the haricot bean in the study area. The Bean stem maggot infestations were observed immediately within some days after germination at early stage of the haricot bean plant. The results of the insecticides application showed significant differences at (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Bean stem maggot were reported in most of haricot bean growing areas as the major insect pest of haricot bean (Mengesha,et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the effects of six insecticides, one seed treatment and five foliar applications against bean stem maggot infestation were evaluated under field conditions at Habro district, west Hararghe, Ethiopia. The insecticide seed treatments and early foliar application attained significantly varying levels of effectiveness against bean stem maggot management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean effects of insecticidal treatments on bean stem maggot on common bean during main cropping season of 2021 in west Hararghe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSMBA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%SMRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApron Star 42 WS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edimethoate 40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha guard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9. 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBravo 5% EC (W/V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarate 5% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor SL 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NSMBA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of stem maggot before application, BSMAS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bean stem maggot after spray of insecticide, %SMRed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;percentage of bean stem maggot reduction, LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least significant difference at 5% probability level; and CV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Coefficient of variation (%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that mortality percentage were significantly affected by the application of insecticide (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The number of bean stem maggot not significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among plots before treatment application (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For Apron Star 42 WS insecticide number of the pest before application was not recorded, because it was used as seed treatment, but agronomic parameters were recorded. BSM pest also reduced significantly while number of BSM on control plot slightly increases (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The data showed that the highest number of stem maggot recoded on un sprayed plots followed by Alpha guard sprayed plots whereas, the lowest number of stem maggot population recorded on Confidor followed by dimethoate 40% treated plots. However, there were no significant difference among insecticide treatments sprayed plots after seven days application. Besides, all insecticide were effective in reducing the number of stem maggot population as compared to untreated (control) plots. The data also revealed Seed treatments (Apron Star 42 WS) also effective in managing bean stem maggot number significantly as compared to untreated plots. This result is in line with (Koch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rahaman and Prodhan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Otim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; James et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Labrie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) who reports that using seed treatment chemicals could not only reduce the bean steam maggot population but also reduce damage caused by bean steam maggot. In this regard, the inclination of the year after year production of common bean in Ethiopia asked for a BSM control strategy mainly towards the use of insecticides either as a seed treatment or foliar application since cultural approaches could merely control BSM to a limited extent. The results obtained in this study were similar to the work that had been done on susceptible bean, which showed the applied insecticide seed treatments were effective against soil-dwelling insect pests by reducing bean plant mortality and damage worldwide (Otim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; James et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Labrie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of bean stem maggot in all plot were not significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from one another during the initial insect population sampling before chemical application. Thereafter, the treated plots were significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) when compared with untreated plots. The mean number for the untreated control (T7) was 17.0, while the mean number for the treated plots ranged from 0.0 to 2.66.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecticide seed treatment and early foliar application of chemicals are an effective management approach for bean stem maggot. Because the pest had significantly cause bean plant mortality during the early stage of the crop, and subsequently reduces bean plant population and associated grain yield of legume crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Effects of insecticides on agronomic parameters of common bean\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for the study common bean agronomic parameters showed significant variations among the treatments compared to control. Various levels of significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 to 0.05) exhibited a considerable variation of agronomic parameters of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, hundred seed weight, grain yield was observed among the treatments (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Various previous studies also confirmed the existence of the evaluated insecticide in reducing bean stem maggot pressure and enhancing growth and yield-related parameters (Koch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Otim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; James et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Labrie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among the insecticides evaluated, Confidor SL 200, Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% were effective and showed consistent results in controlling bean stem maggot, gave high yield advantage (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Effect of Bean stem maggot on haricot bean plant parameters under different insecticides spray at Habro district during the 2021 main cropping season\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY (kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApron Star 42 WS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2885.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edimethoate 40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2626\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha guard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1750\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBravo 5% EC (W/V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2144\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarate 5% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1854.7\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor SL 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2950\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1095\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Plant height measured in cm, NPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of productive pods per plant; HSW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hundred seed weight measured in gram; NSPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of seed per Pod, GY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Grain yield measured in kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least significant difference at 5% probability level; and CV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Coefficient of variation (%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.1 Plant height (cm)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height is usually a good index of plant vigor, which may contribute towards greater production of yield in haricot bean. Haricot bean plant height (cm) was assessed from the ground to the tip of the plant during physiological maturity. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that plant height was found to be highly significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) affected by different insecticide when compared to control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Plant height ranged from 22.6cm to 44.8cm (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The longest plant lengths (cm) were observed in treatments treated by Confidor SL 200, Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% with mean values 44.8\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e 42.5 and 39.93 respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference among insecticide sprayed plots due to plant height. Besides, all insecticides were effective in increasing plant height. Whereas the shortest plant lengths were observed in control that plots untreated having 22.6 cm (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This finding agrees with the work reported by (Mengesha,et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) using insecticide for management of steam maggot could increase plant height, growth and yield-related parameters had positive and significant associations between and among themselves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.2 Number of Pods Per Plant\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the analysis of variance revealed that number of pods per plant was found to be highly significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) affected by different insecticide (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The common bean which had highest number of pods were observed in plants treated with Confidor SL 200 with mean of 20.6 pods per plant and the least number of pods were observed in control untreated plots with mean of 8.6 pods per plant. The data also clearly revealed that all insecticide were effective for management bean stem maggot and increase number of pods per plant as compared to untreated plots. This may be because severe defoliation and damage that resulted in a higher reduction in the photosynthetic assimilations. This result is in line with the following scholars Mengesha et al, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) who reported that managing bean stem maggot through seed treatment insecticide could increase yield components such as number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pods. Analysis of data showed that there is the difference among insecticides treatments on number of pods per plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.3 Number of Seed Per Pod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the analysis of variance revealed that number of seed per pods was found to be not significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) affected by different insecticide (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The large number of seeds were recorded on Confidor SL 200 and dimethoate 40% treated plots followed by Apron Star 42 WS and Bravo and all insecticide were effective increasing number of seeds per pods. Even though, statistically insecticide doesn\u0026rsquo;t show significant difference with untreated plots. The lowest number of seed per pod were counted on untreated plots that failure to take measure any BSM control strategy can lead to uneconomic growth and yield-related trait performance of bean crops. It shows that high population of stem maggot due to lack of appropriate management of leads to decrease in yield and yield attributes of common bean.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.4 Hundred Seed Weight\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHundred grain weight is an important yield determining component of common bean. The effect of insecticide on 100 seed weight was statistically highly significant at (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The current data exhibited that 100-grain weight was affected by insecticide application. Plants treated with Confidor SL 200 and Apron Star 42 WS had the highest 100 seed weight of mean values of 18.28 whereas, the lowest hundred seed weight was recorded on untreated control plots with mean value of 16.6 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This result is in agreement with (Rahaman and Prodhan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e and Allah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) who reports the growth and yield-related parameters of various plots reduced with increased maggot/pupae infestation on bean crops. The data also revealed that all insecticide were effective in increasing hundred seed weight. But there was no statically significant difference among some of insecticides such as apronstar, bravo, Confidor, Karate and Dimethote, but Alpha guard was no significant different with control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.5 Grain Yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the experiment indicated that insecticides used have a significant effect (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) on the haricot bean plant in its production and productivity. The data shows that application plots that were treated with Confidor SL 200 resulted in high grain yield (2950 kg/ha) and followed by the plots that were treated with Apron Star 42 WS in yield (2885.8 kg/ha) which were statistically no difference to each other. Whereas, the lowest grain yield was recorded on untreated plots (1095kg/ha). Different results among treatments also recorded. The plots that were treated with dimethoate 40% gave grain yield of 2626 kg/ha, the plots that were treated with Bravo 5% EC (W/V) gave grain yield of 2626 kg/ha, the plots that were treated with Karate 5% EC gave grain yield of 1854.7 kg/ha and the plots that were treated with Alpha guard gave grain yield of 1750 kg/ha that were statistically differ from one another (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The data also shows that all insecticide were effective in boosting grain yield of common bean by reducing bean stem maggot population. Therefore, this chemical is recommended for small holder farmers to improve haricot bean production in their farms. The above result in agreement with Kato et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) who reports use of seed dressing insecticides for management of bean steam maggot is effective in order to increase grain yield of beans. Related findings regarding the effect of insecticide seed treatments on BSM intensity and yield loss indicated that the best performing insecticides among various treatments showed the lowest BSM intensity and yield loss on bean crops in the major growth of the world (Ochilo and Nyamasyo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). These authors also reported that the highest yield losses in bean crops had been recorded from the plots left as untreated control. Under severe conditions, the BSM could cause 70 to 100% losses in grain yield, and the magnitude of loss depends on the stage of crop growth susceptibility of the cultivars, and favorable environmental conditions for the insect (MoANR and EATA, 2018). It also confirmed with the study it was observed that percentage reduction of plant destruction by bean stem maggots was reduced to 3% on treated plants compared with 30% in untreated (Karangwa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Association between the study parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe associations between, PH, HSW, GY, NSPP, NPPP, Mort% and BSMAS parameters were studied using simple correlation analysis, and correlation coefficients (r) are presented in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between parameters as influenced insecticides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMort%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e053*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23ns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%SMRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.73**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.52**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.52**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.7**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.601**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote *and** significant at (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), significant at (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) respectively ns non-significant. GY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain yield, HSW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hundred seed weight, NSPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of seed per pod, PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;plant height, %SMRed Percentage of bean stem maggot reduction, NPPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of pods per plant, BSMAS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bean stem maggot after spray of insecticide\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grain yield of common bean was positively correlated with the plant height (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and hundred seed weight (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); whereas, it was negatively correlated with bean stem maggot population intensity and bean stem maggot reduction percentage. The negative correlation of grain yield with the bean stem maggot population indicates effect of bean stem maggot attack on the grain yield of common bean (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The correlation analysis indicates as increasing in pest population could result in decreasing in grain yield and other yield components of common bean. Similar results were reported by Peter et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) that the BSM pressure of various plots increased with increased BSM maggot as well as pupae infestation on common bean plants. Thus, failure to take any measure to BSM control strategy can lead to high infestation by BSM and uneconomic of the bean crop (Seif et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). A study reported by Kamneria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) and Kiptoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) positive and high correlations between and among BSM monitoring parameters and negative and high associations between and among BSM monitoring, growth, and yield-related parameters had observed in their studies and could result in recognizable yield reductions. However, growth and yield-related parameters also had positive and significant associations between and among themselves. The positive associations among growth and yield related parameters could indicate the vital contributions of yield traits to the grain yield of common bean. In line with this asseveration, Panagiota et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and Simon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) showed that positive correlations between and among growth and yield-related traits could indicate the significance of the parameters in determining the final grain yield of common bean.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of seed per pod was negatively correlated with the bean stem maggot population and mortality percentage of bean stem maggot. Population of BSM also affected the weight of seeds negatively. This result is in agreement with authors (Srivastava et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Koch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rahaman and Prodhan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Peter et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Allah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; James et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Labrie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that growth and yield-related parameters of various plots reduced with increased bean maggot/pupae infestation on bean crops. Thus, failure to take measure any BSM control strategy can lead to uneconomic growth and yield-related trait performance of bean crops (Seif et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Ogecha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Labrie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs these high r values indicate, there is strong evidence that yield and yield components are highly linearly associated and that an increase in yield components also increase the grain yield of common bean. The negative and highly significant r values indicate the importance of the damage caused by BSM on the grain yield and yield components of common bean. According to Mengesha,et al, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) it also showed that positive correlations between and among growth and yield-related traits could indicate the significance of the parameters in determining the final grain yield of common bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. 4 Cost benefit Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartial budget analysis indicated that variation in net benefit and marginal rate of return was observed between and among the evaluated treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The pooled results revealed that the highest net benefit of 195960 ETB/ha was obtained from Confidor SL 200, followed by 189156 ETB ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e from Apron Star 42 WS. Similarly, the highest marginal rate of return of 18.07 was calculated from Confidor SL 200, followed by 14.72 and 13.47 from Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Net benefits and marginal rate of returns computed from the planting of common bean) showed economically feasible when use of Confidor SL 200 insecticide was resulted profitable for bean production. The high net benefits and marginal rate of returns from the above-mentioned treatments could be attributed to high yield, and the low net benefit and marginal rate of returns were attributed to low yield (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Bean stem maggot has caused considerable quantitative and qualitative yield losses (30 to 100%) of common beans worldwide (MoANR and EATA, 2018). Yield losses had significantly associated with higher damage/severity, bean plant mortality, stunting, interference with water and mineral translocation due to oviposit of BSM with plant tissue and allowing for root rot diseases (Kiptoo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; MoANR and EATA, 2018). Evaluation of insecticide seed treatment performance is best when BSM pressure is high and when environmental conditions are variable, especially rainfall and temperature (Abate et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean economic feasibility analysis for the management of bean stem maggot using insecticidal management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA GY (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTVC (Eth.birr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet benefit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egross benefit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApron Star 42 WS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2885.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1790.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.72031128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimethoate 40 EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.47401575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha guard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.466507177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBravo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.74334898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarate 5 EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1854.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e759.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.407898551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor SL 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.59203036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Grain yield; AGY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Adjustable grain yield; TVC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total variable cost; and MRR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Marginal rate of return.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSynergistic interaction between BSM and root rots serious problem for common beans especially when seedlings are attacked. The organisms causing root rot disease on common bean in West Hararghe Zone were identified as, \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFusarium spp.\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePythium spp.\u003c/em\u003e It was revealed that the root rot problem is complicated by the presence of bean fly. Bean stem maggot (\u003cem\u003eOphiomyia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e) is one of the insect pests that most seriously affect production of common bean since it bores into the bean stem and pupates at the stem base. The pests were occurred in all surveyed areas of selected districts of west Hararghe zone, but their level of occurrences was differed across agro ecology. The pest infestation poses major threat from early seedling stage in haricot bean cultivation, causing reduction plant height, number of pods per plant, grain weight and marketable yield. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the insecticides of Apron Star 42 WS, dimethoate 40%, Alpha guard, Bravo 5% EC (W/V), Karate 5% EC and Confidor SL 200 in suppressing bean stem maggot infestation and improve haricot bean yield. Result shows that there is significant difference in the insect infestation prior to application of treatments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) differences among chemical treatments. Grain yield ranged from 1095 to 2950kg/ha. All treatment chemicals contributions were high for yield per plot converted to hectare. Synthetic insecticides were effective in reducing pest densities and improving haricot bean yield. In this regard, Confidor SL 200 followed by Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate 40% were significantly reduced number of bean stem maggot and increase common bean agronomic yield and yield component parameters.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther investigations to determine the biology and dissemination mechanisms of the pest in relation to agroecology will be needed. In addition, it is possible to recommend scaling up the mechanism that gave promising results by combining different control methods as integrated pest management rather than use of insecticides alone. Further investigations also needed to determine the effect of the observed root rot occurrences on crop losses, and to develop root rot management practices that can reduce losses on-farm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the materials and data presented in this manuscript can be made available on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors deeply acknowledge Oda Bultum University for providing us with overall laboratory instruments, vehicles, encouragement, and financial support for this finding. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbate T, Ampofo JK (1996) Insect pests of beans in africa: Their Ecology and Management. 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Crop Prot 27(10):1327\u0026ndash;1334\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bean stem maggot, common beans, insecticides, management, root rot disease","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBean stem maggot (BSM) and root rot disease are economically important pests of common beans. The wounds caused by BSM feeding act as entry points for root rot-causing pathogens. The objective of this paper was to assess root rot disease associated with stem maggots and evaluate insecticides for managing stem maggots on common beans in west Hararghe, Ethiopia. This study included a two-part survey and field experiment. The survey was conducted at different common bean growing agro-ecologies of the west Hararghe zone, namely, the Oda Bultum, Habro, and Chiro districts, while the field experiment was conducted at the Habro district, Bareda, Oda bultum University farm site. Twenty farms in four kebeles were randomly selected for each district to determine the occurrence and incidence of bean root rot and bean stem maggot alone and their interactions. Each bean root was examined for the presence of bean stem maggot and root rot disease-causing pathogens. The results showed that the occurrence and incidence of bean root rot diseases and bean stem maggots were significant (p\u0026lt;0.05) in the surveyed areas. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cem\u003ePythium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003cu\u003e \u003c/u\u003espp.\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cem\u003e Fusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003cu\u003e spp\u003c/u\u003e.\u003cem\u003e were the major root rot pathogens isolated. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cem\u003eOphyiomia phaseoli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003cem\u003e was the dominant bean stem maggot in the surveyed districts. The incidence of common bean fly and root rot computed was significantly different (P\u0026lt; 0.05) among the surveyed districts. The highest disease and bean fly interaction incidence (50.85%) was obtained from the Chiro district, followed by the Habro district (36.04%). The lowest incidence of disease and bean fly interaction (26.97%) was recorded in the Oda Bultum district. For the field experiment, six different insecticides, namely, confidor SL 200, Karate 5% EC, Dimeto 40% EC, Alpha guard, Apron star 42 WS, and Bravo 5% EC (W/V), were evaluated and compared to the control, which was not sprayed to determine the differences among insecticides. Common bean agronomic parameters showed significant differences (P\u0026lt; 0.0001 to 0.05) among the treatments compared to those of the control. The grain yield ranged from 1095 to 2950 kg/ha among the treatments. The addition of Confidor SL 200, followed by Apron Star 42 WS and dimethoate (40%) significantly reduced the number of bean stem maggots and increased common bean agronomic yield and yield component parameters.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Root Rot Disease in Association with Common Bean Stem Maggot (Ophyiomia phaseoli) and Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Stem Maggot on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at West Hararghe, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-02 05:07:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3937989/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-08-26T10:16:18+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-26T08:24:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-02T14:29:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2024-07-01T13:07:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2024-07-01T03:36:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"31c8d508-2597-4b51-9abf-4c7b92044a4f","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-08T17:54:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-02 05:07:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3937989","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3937989","identity":"rs-3937989","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}