Primary ileal myeloid sarcoma presenting with bowel obstruction: a case report

A 33 year-old female with no specific medical history presented with recurrent abdominal pain over the past year. She had abdominal pain with little improvement and was referred to our hospital after a computed tomography (CT) scan showed thickening of the ileal wall and bowel obstruction. A contrast-enhanced CT scan performed at our hospital showed wall thickening with a contrast effect in the ileum, and an ileal tumor was first suspected (Fig.  1 a). The lesion could not be detected by double-balloon endoscopy. Subsequently, ectopic endometriosis was suspected because of abdominal pain associated with menstruation and changes observed on a follow-up CT scan (Fig.  1 b). As bowel obstruction did not improve with nonoperative trea tment, laparoscopic surgery was performed. Fig. 1 Images of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). a CT images showing ileum with severe wall thickening and increase in surrounding fat concentration around the lesion at previous hospital (yellow triangle). b Follow-up CT images showing morphological changes of lumpy ileum at our hospital (yellow triangle) Images of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). a CT images showing ileum with severe wall thickening and increase in surrounding fat concentration around the lesion at previous hospital (yellow triangle). b Follow-up CT images showing morphological changes of lumpy ileum at our hospital (yellow triangle) Laparoscopic examination revealed a lumpy ileum, and the nearby mesentery was sclerotic and thickened (Fig.  2 a). The lesion extended beyond the main locus into the abdominal cavity, primarily into the Douglas fossa. Laparoscopic partial ileal resection with an intracorporeal anastomosis (functional end-to-end anastomosis) was performed. The ileum was almost completely occluded by the tumor, and the nearby mesentery was extensively involved (Fig.  2 b). The patient was discharged 10 days after surgery without any complications. Fig. 2 Intraoperative images for bowel obstruction. a Laparoscopic finding of endometriosis like diffuse small nodules in the Douglas fossa. b Main ileum lesion of bowel obstruction showing severe chronic inflammation. c Thickened mesentery at resected ileum. d Imaging showing functional end-to-end anastomosis (ileum to ileum) using linear cutter under the laparoscopic operation Intraoperative images for bowel obstruction. a Laparoscopic finding of endometriosis like diffuse small nodules in the Douglas fossa. b Main ileum lesion of bowel obstruction showing severe chronic inflammation. c Thickened mesentery at resected ileum. d Imaging showing functional end-to-end anastomosis (ileum to ileum) using linear cutter under the laparoscopic operation Histologically, tumor cells with nuclear atypia and acidophilic cytoplasm proliferated densely across the entire ileal wall and extended into the adipose tissue of the mesentery (Fig.  3 a, b). Fig. 3 Resected specimen of primary ileal myeloid sarcoma. a , b Gross appearance. c , d Hematoxylin and eosin staining. e – g Immunofluorescence analysis of e Ki-67, f lysozyme, g MPO. h Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NASDCA)—Giemsa staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. MPO: myeloperoxidase Resected specimen of primary ileal myeloid sarcoma. a , b Gross appearance. c , d Hematoxylin and eosin staining. e – g Immunofluorescence analysis of e Ki-67, f lysozyme, g MPO. h Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NASDCA)—Giemsa staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. MPO: myeloperoxidase Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the entire wall of the small bowel was densely occupied by medium-sized tumor cells with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (Fig.  3 c, d). Immunochemical staining revealed that Ki-67 was 40% positive, and the cells were positive for myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme, and Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NASDCA)Giemsa staining, leading to a diagnosis of ileal MS (Fig.  3 e–h). The bone marrow aspirate obtained postoperatively was composed of normal cells with no atypical cells detected in the ileum, leading to a final diagnosis of primary ileal MS. The patient is currently admitted to another hospital for systemic chemotherapy tailored to AML.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary tumor formed by myeloid blasts or immature myeloid cells [ 1 ]. It is defined by the World Health Organization as a tumor mass consisting of myeloid blasts, with or without maturation, occurring at an anatomical site other than the bone marrow [ 2 ]. It can present anywhere in the body in a variety of ways, including as a primary lesion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and as a relapse after AML treatment. In the largest study using a US registry, 0.8% of patients with AML were diagnosed with MS, of which 10.3% developed MS in the gastrointestinal tract. This frequency is comparable between the synchronous and isolated MS [ 3 ]. There are relatively few reported cases of MS of the small bowel and even fewer primary cases without bone marrow involvement. This case report is significant as it presents the rarity of primary ileal MS and the difficulty of differential diagnosis from other malignancies and clarifies the clinical features of the disease based on a literature review. Herein, we describe a rare case of primary ileal MS presenting with bowel obstruction.

We report a rare case of MS that was initially misdiagnosed as intestinal obstruction due to ectopic endometriosis. Bowel obstruction by granuloma-like lesions can be caused by Crohn’s disease, adhesions due to previous surgery, tumors, strictures related to irradiation, and ectopic endometriosis. MS can occur anywhere in the body in various ways, including as a primary lesion of AML or as a relapse after AML treatment. Nearly half of patients with MS are misdiagnosed with primary or metastatic malignancies, particularly malignant lymphomas [ 4 ]. Yamauchi et al. reported that only 53% (39) of 74 MS cases were accurately diagnosed initially. Reports indicate the difficulty of accurately diagnosis MS [ 4 , 5 ]. In our case, ectopic endometriosis was suspected first because of the presence of abdominal pain associated with menstrual cycles, as well as lesions in the Douglas fossa in addition to the small bowel. MS was not included as a differential diagnosis. Although MS is generally treated with systemic chemotherapy tailored to AML, in our case, surgery was performed to diagnose and remove bowel obstruction. Although complete resection was not achievable owing to the extent of the lesions, it might be useful to add an intraoperative pathological diagnosis of small bowel obstruction by granuloma-like lesions to determine the appropriate surgical strategy. When the intraoperative pathological diagnosis reveals a suspected hematological disease, such as MS or lymphoma, it is not necessary to aim for complete resection with a large surgical invasion; but aim for appropriate treatment without complications. A literature search for primary MS of the small bowel between 2001 to 2023 using the keywords “primary” or “isolated” or “nonleukemic,” “myeloid sarcoma” or “chloroma” or “granulocytic sarcoma,” and “small bowel” in PubMed revealed 21 cases of primary MS of the small bowel, including our case (Table  1 ) [ 6 – 16 ]. All patients underwent surgical resection. Of these 21 patients, 16 received chemotherapy tailored to AML. One of the remaining five patients had no mention of postoperative treatment, four were treated with surgery only, and three of the four developed late-phase AML. Patients who received appropriate chemotherapy rarely developed systemic AML, and even those who developed it achieved complete remission. Few cases have been described in detail regarding residual lesions or complete resection, suggesting that it may not be a critical factor. Even with residual lesions at surgery, the disease can be managed effectively with appropriate chemotherapy. Table 1 Summary of reported cases of primary MS of the small bowel Year Author Age Sex Chief complaint Treatment modality Other lesions Outcome Dev elopment of AML or relapse of MS 2004 Mrad et al. 13 F Abdominal mass Surgery and chemotherapy Unknown 27 months (alive) None 2005 Wong et al. 36 M Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy Mesentery, peritoneal fluid 1 year (alive) None 2007 Jung et al. 48 M Abdominal discomfort Surgery (biopsy and bypass), chemotherapy and BMT Multiple nodules in mesentery and peritoneal 6 months (alive) AML (4 weeks) → CR 2008 Lee et al. 45 M Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy Unknown 12 months (alive) None 2008 Kitagawa et al. 33 F Abdominal pain and vomiting Surgery, chemotherapy and BMT Unknown 4 years (alive) None 2009 McKenna et al. 50 F Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy Unknown 2 years (alive) None 2009 Palanivelu et al. 52 M Abdominal distension and pain Surgery Unknown 14 months (alive) None 2009 Kumar et al. 55 F Abdominal pain and vomiting Surgery and chemotherapy Multiple nodules in mesentery and small bowel Not described Not described 2009 Ioannidis et al. 48 M Epigastric pain, distension, vomiting Surgery and chemotherapy Greater omentum 6 months (alive) None 2011 Kwan et al. 39 F Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea Surgery, steroid therapy and chemotherapy Unknown 2 years (alive) None 2012 Kim et al. 49 M Abdominal pain Surgery Unknown 7 months (dead) Lung and liver masses 2013 Hotta and Kunieda 50 M Vomiting Surgery and chemotherapy Unknown 36 months (alive) None 2014 Yoldaş et al. 44 M Abdominal pain, distension, nausea and vomiting Surgery and chemotherapy None (No visible residual lesions at surgery) 9 months (alive) None 2014 Gajendra et al. 35 M Abdominal pain Surgery Multiple bowel lesions (Not resected) Not described AML (1 month) 2016 McCusker et al. 22 F Abdominal pain Surgery, CHOP therapy, chemotherapy and BMT Unknown 13 months (alive) None 2017 Wang et al. 25 M Abdominal distension Surgery Both kidney (Not resected) 10 months (alive) Multiple intra- abdominal masses (3 months) → chemotherapy → CR 2017 Cicilet et al. 45 F Abdominal pain and vomiting Surgery (no description of postoperative treatment) None (No visible residual lesions at surgery) Not described Not described 2018 Nemésio et al. 42 F Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy None (No visible residual lesions at surgery) 2 years (alive) None 2018 He et al. 40 M Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy None (No visible residual lesions at surgery) Not described None 2020 Mizumoto et al. 54 M Abdominal pain and vomiting Surgery and chemotherapy None (No visible residual lesions at surgery) 6 months, alive None 2024 our case 33 F Abdominal pain Surgery and chemotherapy Multiple intra-abdominal masses M: male; F: female; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; MS: myeloid sarcoma; BMT: bone marrow transplantation; CHOP: cyclophosphamide/hydroxydaunomycin/oncovirin/prednisone; CR: complete remission Summary of reported cases of primary MS of the small bowel M: male; F: female; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; MS: myeloid sarcoma; BMT: bone marrow transplantation; CHOP: cyclophosphamide/hydroxydaunomycin/oncovirin/prednisone; CR: complete remission

Even though MS of the small bowel is rare and may not be considered preoperatively, similar surgical treatment to that for sarcomas or lymphomas ensures proper postoperative diagnosis and appropriate chemotherapy, thereby minimizing the impact on patient prognosis. Given the potential need for chemotherapy in small bowel malignancies, ensuring surgical safety that allows for its rapid initiation is critical.