Effect of Boric Acid on Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Grapevine Rootstocks

Effect of Boric Acid on Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Grapevine Rootstocks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Boric Acid on Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Grapevine Rootstocks Nazlı Solmazgül Seyfi, Hatice Bilir Ekbic This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract ‘41B’ and ‘1103 P rootstock wood cuttings were used as materials. The cuttings were planted in a perlite filled planting tray and reached the 9th developmental stage, foliar applications of H 3 BO 3 at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) were carried out by spraying. After applying boric acid, some cuttings were cultivated in saline conditions (5120 ppm NaCl). After 8 weeks of application, shoot, root and some physiological parameters were measured in plants. 1103 P rootstock showed better shoot development compared to the 41 B rootstock. 1103 P rootstock benefited more from the supportive effect of boron in terms of its efficacy in salt resistance. Even in saline conditions, the application of 0.5 mM boron, in the instance of rootstock 41B, improved shoot development with increased fresh and dry shoot weights, indicating that this may be the optimal boron dose for this rootstock. In particular at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM, boron has been shown to have a positive impact on supporting root development against salt stress. Salinity with the application of 0.5 mM and 1 mM boron was significantly reduced in ion flux and harmful levels. 1103 P rootstock maintained its water and physiological balance better than the 41 B rootstock. Boron 41 B 1103 P Salinity Introduction It is known that 2 million hectares of the world's 954 million hectares of salty soil are located in Turkey (Anonim, 2021 ). Salinity adversely influences plant growth and development by causing low osmotic potential, nutritional imbalance, and ion toxicity (Marschner, 2012 ). The high salinity in the soil's root zone restricts the plant's water absorption, resulting in physiological drought (Dolarslan and Gül, 2012). Plant reactions to salinity vary based on the plant species and variety, as well as the duration and severity of the stress (Dajic, 2006 ). There are known to be differences among grapevine cultivars and that grapevines have a moderate tolerance to salinity. American grapevine species have become crucial in vineyards due to the phylloxera pest. It is known that these species are more resistant to the root form of phylloxera, while Vitis vinifera L. is more resistant to the leaf form of the pest. Although the salt tolerance of American grapevine rootstocks varies among varieties, it is known to be significantly lower compared to the varieties belonging to the Vitis vinifera species (Bakır, 2012 ). 41B rootstock is favored for table grape cultivars because it promotes early ripening, particularly in highly calcareous soil (Çetin et al., 2011 ; Karimi and Yusef-Zadeh, 2013 ). According to Warington (1923), boron is essential for plants. It is additionally related to significant physiological and biochemical impacts, as well as how plants react to abiotic stresses (Aydın et al., 2019). Due to its antioxidant qualities, boron helps plants recover from oxidative damage brought on by abiotic stress (Yousefi et al., 2019 ; Mahmoud et al., 2020 ). An essential part of the cell wall's pectin, boron gives the wall structural stability and affects its ability to withstand stress (Lu et al., 2023 ). Although being necessary, too much boron can be toxic to plants (Riaz ve ark.,2019). Plants may experience a boron deficit as a result of the reduction in boron availability caused by salts in the soil, especially those that contain chloride (Yermiyahu ve ark., 2008; Smith ve ark., 2010). As a result, keeping a sufficient amount of boron in the soil is crucial for plant health and resistance to abiotic stress. The effects of foliar boric acid applications at varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) on plant growth and salt tolerance enhancement were examined in this study in both salty and salt free conditions using two grapevine rootstocks: 1103P, which is known for its salt tolerance, and 41B, which has very low salt tolerance. Materials Methods The wood cuttings of 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks used in the study were acquired from the Manisa Viticulture Research Institute during the vineyard pruning season. Prior to planting, they were kept in plastic bags in a cold storage chamber at + 4°C and 90% relative humidity. The cuttings were taken out of cold storage and soaked in water the day before planting and were planted in a perlite (Metaper, 0.5-2.0 mm)-filled planting tray on April 16, 2024. When the cuttings reached the 9th developmental stage defined by Eichhorn and Lorenz ( 1977 ), foliar applications of H 3 BO 3 (1.00165 Merck) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) were carried out by spraying on May 26, 2024. Pure water was used to treat the cuttings in the control group with 0 mM boric acid. In this study, the upper limit value of 8 ds/m (5120 ppm), which is the upper limit value of salinity that reduces the crop yield of plants in soils where many plant species grow, was taken into consideration (Kök 2012 ; Bilir Ekbic et al. 2020 ). After applying boric acid, some cuttings were cultivated in saline (NaCl + ) conditions (5120 ppm NaCl), whereas the remaining cuttings were cultivated in non-saline (NaCl − ) conditions. Salt (NaCl, MERCK 7647-14-5) treatment began one week after the boron application. The cuttings subjected to salt treatment were irrigated with saline water for one week, followed by irrigation with non-saline water in the subsequent week. The experiment was planned to last for 8 weeks and following the removal of the cuttings, several parameters were measured: plant viability (%), shoot and root length (cm), shoot and root fresh weight (g) using a precision balance with ± 0.001 g sensitivity (Radwag WTB200), shoot and root dry weight (g) after drying at 65°C in an oven (Memmert UN55) for 72 hours, as well as the number of nodes and leaves (n). To estimate the leaf area, the leaves from the middle sections of the shoots were employed. It was scanned in the scanner and then computed in cm 2 using the "Digimizer 4.0" program. A chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used to determine the chlorophyll content in the leaves. The degree of damage was based on the scale created by Martinez Barroso and Alvarez (1997) for strawberry plants and modified by Bilir Ekbic (2017) for grapevine. This scale assigned a degree of '0' to plants that had no necrotic tissue from salt stress, a degree of '1' for mild drying and necrosis at the leaf tips, a degree of '2' for necrosis affecting more than 50% of the leaf area and the stem, and a degree of '3' for necrosis that resulted in plant death. Shoot and root tolerance ratios have been determined for each rootstock and boric acid dose based on shoot and root dry weight (g). TR = Tx / To, where Tx is the shoot or root dry weight (g) of the cutting treated with boric acid, and To is the shoot or root dry weight (g) of the cutting without boric acid treatment. Leaf samples weighing 0.3 g were taken from the plants, divided into equal parts, and put into glass tubes measuring 25 mm x 150 mm. 15 ml of distilled water were then added to the tubes. For one day, the samples were shaken at 100 rpm in a shaker. Following the shaking procedure, an EC meter (HANNA HI 99300) was used to calculate the EC value, which was assigned as EC1. The EC2 value was then calculated when the same samples were allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours. Ion flux (%) was determined using the method described by Ozden et al. (2009) and calculated with the formula EC1/EC2 × 100. Based on ion flux, the cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) (%) was calculated using the formula: CMDR (%) = [(Ion flux of treatment (%) – Ion flux of control (%)) / (100 – Ion flux of control (%))] × 100 (Arora et al.,1998). After measuring the fresh weights of the leaves, the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves was determined based on the method of Yamasaki and Dillenburg (1999) and calculated using the formula: RWC (%) = [(FW – DW) / (TW – DW)] × 100, where FW is fresh weight, DW is dry weight, and TW is turgor weight. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications, using 10 cuttings per replication. Differences between groups were determined at a 5% significance level using the LSD test and statistical analyses were performed with the JMP 13.0.2 software package (SAS Institute, NC, USA). Percentage (%) values were analyzed by applying the data angular transformation. Results Shoot Growth Parameters Effects of different H 3 BO 3 doses applied to rootstock cuttings grown in salty and salt-free conditions on shoot growth characteristics are presented in Table 1. It was determined that 41B (9.17 cm) produced a greater shoot length compared to 1103P (5.09 cm) and that the salt-free condition (8.19 cm) resulted in longer shoot growth than the salty condition (6.09 cm). Among the applied H 3 BO 3 doses, the highest shoot length was obtained with the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 treatment, reaching a value of 8.30 cm. In terms of rootstock (R) × boron (B) interaction, longer shoots were obtained from the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 treatment in both rootstocks. According to the three-way interaction of the experimental factors, the longest shoots (11.27 cm) were obtained from the 1103 P × NaCl⁻ × 0.5 mM treatment. According to the R × B interaction findings, the 0.5 mM H 3 BO 3 application in 41 B and the 0.5 and 1 mM H 3 BO 3 applications in 1103 P resulted in higher shoot fresh and dry weights. The RxSxB interaction results showed that, in saline conditions, 1 mM and 2 mM H 3 BO 3 applications produced highest shoot fresh weight in 41 B and1103 P rootstock (1.849 g and 2.027 g, respectively), the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 produced the highest shoot fresh weight (1.754 g). The RxSxB interaction results for shoot dry weight also showed similarities to the shoot fresh weight results. The overall mean results of H 3 BO 3 application did not lead to a significant difference in leaf number; however, higher node numbers were obtained from the 0.5 mM (5.7) and 1 mM (5.6) H 3 BO 3 treatments. RxS interaction results showed that the 1103 P x NaCl + combination produced the greatest number of nodes (7.0) and leaves (6.9). According to the R x B interaction, 1103 P rootstock produced higher node and leaf numbers in all H 3 BO 3 doses compared to all H 3 BO 3 applications of 41 B. The Sx B interaction indicated that the NaCl + × 1 mM (5.7) and NaCl − × 0.5 mM (5.8) combinations produced higher node numbers. 41 B, which is known to be susceptible to salinity, had the largest node number (4.7) from the 1 mM and 2 mM H 3 BO 3 applications in saline conditions, per the triple interaction results. Based on the leaf area results, the study showed that, according to the overall means of the single factors, superior outcomes were obtained from 41 B, salt free conditions, and 0.5 mM H 3 BO 3 application. 41 B rootstock produced bigger leaves, measuring 26.55 cm², in saline conditions. According to the triple interaction results, the highest leaf area value of 30.18 cm² was obtained with the 41 B × NaCl + × 2 mM treatment in saline conditions. Root Growth Parameters All the examined root development parameters were statistically affected by the individual application factors and their combinations (Table 2). It was determined that 41 B rootstock exhibited higher values in terms of root number, fresh weight, and dry weight. All root characteristics showed more positive effects in salt free condition compared to saline growing conditions. Among the applied H 3 BO 3 doses, 1 mM dose was found to produce the highest values for root number as well as root fresh and dry weight, while for root length, all H 3 BO 3 doses except the control were grouped statistically together, indicating longer roots compared to the control. In terms of the Rx B interaction, the highest values for root number, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were observed in the 41 B × 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application. Additionally, 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application on 1103 P produced the maximum root length value, followed by 0.5 and 1 mM H 3 BO 3 applications on 41 B rootstock, all of which were included in the same statistical group. The highest root length in saline conditions was determined in the NaCl + x 1 mM H 3 BO 3 combination, with a value of 15.82 cm. According to the same interaction, it was determined that root fresh weight and root dry weight were also obtained from the NaCl + x1 mM H 3 BO 3 combination, with values of 2.802 g and 0.700 g, respectively. When the triple interaction on root number was evaluated, roots with high numbers were obtained from the application combinations of 41 B x NaCl − x 0.5 mM H 3 BO 3 , 41 B x NaCl − x 1 mM H 3 BO 3 and 41 B x NaCl + x 1 mM H 3 BO 3 , all of which had 7 roots and were included in the same statistical group. It was determined that 41 B x NaCl + x 1 mM H 3 BO 3 and 41 B x NaCl − x 1 mM H 3 BO 3 combinations, which were in the same statistical group, showed the highest root fresh weight values, with 3.513 g and 3.530 g, respectively. The combination of 41 B × NaCl + + 2 mM H 3 BO 3 combination yielded the highest root dry weight (0.816 g), while the combination of 1103 P × NaCl + + 2 mM H 3 BO 3 combination yielded the lowest value (0.301 g). Physiological Parameters The findings of some physiological parameters of the study are presented in Table 3. It was shown that every factor, with the exception of the rootstock factor, had a statistically significant impact on the traits of both shoot and root tolerance, which are important indicators of stress resistance. The highest tolerance values for shoot tolerance among the rootstocks were obtained from 41 B with a value of 1.234. In terms of the salt factor, the highest shoot and root tolerance values were recorded in the salt free medium, with values of 1.253 and 1.090, respectively. Regarding H 3 BO 3 applications, the highest shoot tolerance values were obtained from 0.5 mM and 1 mM H 3 BO 3 applications, with values of 1.331 and 1.250, respectively, while the highest root tolerance value was 1.218, observed in 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application. 0.5 mM and 1 mM H 3 BO 3 applications also often produced the highest shoot and root tolerance ratio values in 1103 P for RXB interaction. According to the results of the SxB interaction, 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application was found to be the most effective dose in achieving the highest shoot and root tolerance values in saline conditions. According to the RxSxB triple interaction, the highest shoot and root tolerance values for both 41 B and 1103 P were generally obtained from the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application in saline conditions. Chlorophyll content measured in SPAD units showed statistically significant results for the interactions of single, double, and triple factors. According to the overall average results of the single factors, 41 B showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content with a value of 24.54, while the saline medium had a value of 20.91 and all H 3 BO 3 doses except the control exhibited higher leaf chlorophyll contents. According to the RxS interaction, the highest chlorophyll content was obtained from the saline medium of 41 B rootstock, with a SPAD value of 25.26. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was determined at 16.86 with the 0.5 mM H 3 BO 3 application in 1103 P. When examining the SxB interaction, all H 3 BO 3 doses except the control showed higher chlorophyll content compared to the control. 41 B rootstock in saline conditions had the highest leaf chlorophyll content (27.06) when the RxSxB triple interaction was evaluated, with a 2 mM H 3 BO 3 application; 1103 P rootstock in saline conditions had the highest values from boron applications at 0.5 mM and 2 mM doses. When evaluating the findings on leaf relative water content, it was determined that all factors except for the individual effect of the salt factor and their interactions with each other had significant effects (Table 3). According to the overall rootstock averages, the leaf relative water content of 1103 P, with a value of 88.83%, was found to be higher than that of 41 B. When evaluated based on overall averages of H 3 BO 3 applications, the highest leaf relative water content, at 88.67%, was obtained from 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application. Regarding the interaction between the salt applications and rootstock, 1103 P, which is in the same statistical group, had the highest relative water content in the leaves in both salt applications (%82.67). With a leaf relative water content of 90.60%, 1103 P with a 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application had the highest value for RXB interaction. In terms of the interaction, the best result in 41 B, as in 1103 P, was obtained from the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application, with a value of 86.73%. 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application produced higher values for SxB interaction in both salinity conditions (NaCl - × 1 mM B: 88.62%; NaCl + × 1 mM B: 88.72%). According to the findings on the degree of damage in the study, all factors and interactions except for the rootstock resulted in statistically significant outcomes. According to the overall mean results for salinity, a higher level of damage was observed in saline conditions, with a value of 0.99. While all boron treatments were within the same statistical group and significantly reduced damage levels, the control treatment, which did not receive any boron application, showed higher damage in the overall average of boron application. When evaluating the interaction between rootstock and salinity, the highest damage level (1.16) was observed in 41 B in salt conditions, while the lowest damage (0.53) was recorded in 1103 P grown in salt free conditions. Control treatments without H 3 BO 3 application for both rootstocks showed the highest amounts of damage when R×B interaction was analyzed, and these were determined to be in the same statistical group. A reduction in damage compared to the control was observed with H 3 BO 3 applications for both rootstocks. When the degree of damage was examined in terms of SxB interaction, NaCl + × 0 (Control) interaction showed the highest level of damage, with a value of 1.64. All H 3 BO 3 doses applied in salt free conditions were included in the statistical group with the lowest level of damage. According to the three-way interaction of the factors examined, the highest damage was obtained from 41 B × NaCl + × 0 mM application, with a damage level of 2, followed by the 1103 P × NaCl + × 0 mM application, which showed a damage level of 1.28. For 41 B in salt condition, the lowest damage level of 0.63 was obtained with the 2 mM H 3 BO 3 application, while for 1103 P in salt condition, the lowest damage level of 0.5 was also achieved with the 2 mM H 3 BO 3 applications. The treatments were followed by 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application, which showed a similar damage level. It was determined that the rootstocks alone did not have a significant effect when evaluating the ion flux values, which were supposed to increase due to the effect of salt. However, factors other than the rootstock, whether individually, in pairs, or in triple interactions, caused significant differences. A higher ion flux effect was observed in salty conditions, with an ion flux value of 60.6%, as opposed to the 37.5% recorded in salt free conditions. According to the overall means of H 3 BO 3 applications, the highest ion flux value was obtained from the 2 mM boron application with 65.8%, while the lowest ion flux values were recorded in the same statistical group as 35.6% for the 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application and 45.8% for the control treatment. According to RxS interaction results, lower ion flux values were obtained when both rootstocks were grown in salt conditions. The most favorable results in RxB interaction were obtained from 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application for both rootstocks with lower ion flux values. In terms of SXB interaction, lower ion flux values were obtained from all H 3 BO 3 doses in salt free conditions, except for 2 mM H 3 BO 3 application. 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application produced the highest effective boric acid dose in salty condition, with the lowest ion flux value (37.72%). Lower ion flow values from 1 mM H 3 BO 3 application in both rootstocks produced better outcomes in salty condition when the triple interaction findings were assessed in terms of ion flux (41 B x NaCl + x 1 mM: 48.7%; 1103 P x NaCl + x 1 mM: 45.67%). Discussion In this study, the plant features and appearance responses of the effective 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks were compared under various boron doses and salt conditions. The findings show that both rootstock and environmental stresses have significant effects on plant development and physiological responses. Salt stress is known to cause problems with the ion balance in plant cells, lower the uptake of potassium, nitrate, phosphate, and calcium, lower metabolic activity, and finally restrict and restrict growth of plants through osmotic stress (Batool ve Sahzad, 2014; Jogaiah, 2015 ; Gajjar et al., 2023 ). In this study, all shoot growth indices decreased under saline conditions which generally had a negative impact on plant development. However, it was determined that this effect varied depending on the interaction between the rootstock and boron application. In this study, 1103 P, which has been reported in various studies (Martin et al., 2020 ; Zhou-Tsang et al., 2021 ; Abdullateef et al., 2025 ) as having a high salt tolerance in terms of shoot length, was found to maintain this trait, and the longest shoot length was obtained with the application of 1 mM H 3 BO 3 under salt-free conditions. The study observed that under both saline and non-saline conditions, 1103 P showed better shoot development compared to 41 B, forming longer shoots, a greater number of nodes, and more leaves. 1103 P rootstock's low leaf number and limited leaf area seem to show salt tolerance adaptation. 41B produced larger leaves though having smaller leaves overall. Evaluating the growth of both rootstocks under saline conditions reveals that photosynthetic capacity can be supported by different adaptation mechanisms. It was considered that 1103 P benefited more from the supportive effect of boron in terms of its efficacy in salt resistance. Even in saline conditions, the application of 0.5 mM boron, in the instance of 41B, improved shoot development with increased fresh and dry shoot weights, indicating that this may be the optimal boron dose for this rootstock. It also results in the experiment that boron is effective in the antioxidant defense mechanism and can increase cellular salt stress tolerance, even at low doses (Alharby et al., 2021 ; Rahman et al., 2021 ). In Ersöz's (2009) study, which used stress-related physiological parameters and antioxidant enzymes to determine the tolerance mechanisms to boron and salt stress in vivo in six grapevine rootstocks, including 41 B and 1103 P, they observed an increase in shoot dry weight in 110 R when boron and salt were utilized. Salim ( 2014 ) observed an increase in shoot dry weight when 100 ppm B and 500 ppm Si were applied to maize plants. According to Akden et al. ( 2024 ), using 0.5 mM boron was appropriate for encouraging shoot development and reducing the detrimental effects of salt in their in vitro study on fox genotype. Studies by Sotiropoulos et al. ( 2005 ) and Neocleous and Vasilakakis ( 2008 ) also emphasized that B has a positive effect on shoot development under high salt conditions. Root development was adversely affected by salt stress as well. Significant reductions in root development characteristics were generally noted in salty conditions. 1103 P with 0 mM boron application had the lowest values for all root parameters examined, especially in saline conditions. The concentration of chloride ions (Cl) and the nitrogen absorption potential of an environment are known to be inversely related. Plant roots tend to respond by absorbing less nitrate when salt concentrations increases. As a result, there is an increase in the amount of chloride that plant roots absorb (Hasana and Mayake, 2017 ; Kanagaraj and Desingh, 2017 ). The findings, combined with those of some other studies, suggest that salt limits growth by causing osmotic stress and ionic toxicity in the root system (Karimi and Yusef-Zadeh, 2013 ; Bilir Ekbic et al., 2021 ; Bilir Ekbic et al., 2022). These effective boron applications have generally had a positive effect on root development. Boron plays a role in cell structure stability and lignin synthesis, thereby positively impacting root development (Barut et. al., 2018 ). According to this study, a boron dose of 1 mM produced the most root development. At the applied dose, both fresh and dry root dry weights reached their highest values. The situation was observed particularly in the application of 1 mM boron to 41 B under both salty and salt-free conditions. When the rootstocks' root development was evaluated, it was found that 41 B usually showed greater root development than 1103 P. Specifically, 41 B responded more positively to boron treatments in terms of root development, and a significant increase in root weights was noted. This study reveals that 41B can develop a more resistant root structure under salt stress conditions with boron applications. In particular at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM, boron has been shown to have a positive impact on supporting root development against salt stress. Boron's role in enhancing membrane stability and antioxidant defense systems helps to explain this result (Brdar-Jokanovic´, 2020 ; Alharby et al., 2021 ; Rahman et al., 2021 ). However, this protective effect decreases and may even result in adverse effects if the boron dose is too high. The study found that a 2 mM boron treatment significantly reduced shoot and root growth features in both rootstocks, suggesting that boron's damaging impact is only effective at high concentrations. In particular, root development was observed to decrease significantly with the application of 2 mM boron to 1103 P rootstock. This indicates that the effective and applicable dose range of boron is narrow and that it can have toxic effects at high doses (Fujiyama et al., 2019 ; Brdar-Jokanovic´, 2020 ). 1103 P under saline conditions with 2 mM boron application showed the lowest root dry weight, indicating that boron toxicity may have a synergistic adverse effect with salt. It is well known that salt stress increases ion flux and decreases stomatal resistance in plants. It also reduces intracellular water potential, disrupting cell turgor and negatively impacting membrane stability (Sevgi and Leblebici, 2023 ). This was observed by measuring the highest degree of damage and ion flux in control plants that were not treated with boron under saline conditions. The study noted that salinity levels were significantly reduced in ion flux and harmful levels with the application of 0.5 mM and 1 mM boron. These results demonstrate that boron is effective in maintaining cell membrane integrity by reducing the level of damage and limiting the entry of harmful ions. These findings indicate that by decreasing the degree of damage and limiting the flow of dangerous ions, boron effectively maintains the integrity of cell membranes (Akden et al., ( 2024 ). The study also revealed significant differences among the rootstocks. It was found that 1103 P maintained its water and physiological balance better than 41 B, with a higher relative water content and less damage. In contrast, it was determined that 41B showed a higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) under saline conditions. In contrast, it was determined that 41B showed a higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) under salty conditions. In particular, the highest chlorophyll content (27.06) was detected in this rootstock under saline conditions with the application of 2 mM boron. The fact that 41 B, which is known to be sensitive to salinity, exhibits this phenomenon indicates that boron increases the stability of photosynthetic pigments. The significant rate of ion flux (72.24%) in the same application, however, increases the possibility that large boron doses could also be toxic (Günes et al., 2003; Fujiyama et al., 2019 ; Brdar-Jokanovic´, 2020 ). Among the boron doses applied in the study, 1 mM boron application provided the most positive effect in terms of stress parameters in both rootstocks, increasing shoot tolerance rate, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, while decreasing damage degree and ion flux values. These physiological findings demonstrated that the use of 1 mM boron was effective in preserving plants' stomatal openness and photosynthetic capacity while reducing the negative effects of stress. This effect was determined in 1103 P rootstock plants treated with 1 mM boron under saline conditions, with the highest relative water content (91.5%) and a low damage level (0.69). However, the highest boron dose used in the study, 2 mM, caused a decrease in shoot and root tolerance rates of 1103 P plants, especially under saline conditions. This suggests that high doses of boron have a reducing effect on photosynthetic area, chlorophyll content, and ultimately photosynthetic activity (Naeem ve ark., 2018; Huo ve ark., 2022). Conclusion Salt stress causes several physiological problems in grapevine rootstocks, including morphological and cell membrane integrity issues, as well as disruptions in water balance. This study found that under saline conditions, 0.5 and 1 mM boron application to both rootstocks had a positive effect on stomatal opening, chlorophyll content, and water-holding capacity, thus increasing salt stress tolerance. However, the highest dose of 2 mM boron in this study was observed to have a toxic effect on some of the parameters examined. The study determined that rootstock 1103 P showed better resistance to salt stress, while rootstock 41 B showed a significant increase in chlorophyll content with boron applications. All these results indicate that in studies investigating the effects of boron application on salt stress in viticulture, the boron dose should be evaluated separately for each rootstock. Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contribution H.B.E wrote the main manuscript text and N.S.S. prepared figures 1-3. 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Effects of different H 3 BO 3 doses applied to 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks in varying salinity conditions on shoot development parameters Rootstock (R) SL (cm) SFW (g) SDW (g) NN (n) LN (n) LA (cm 2 ) 41 B 9.17 a 1.722 0.555 a 4.0 b 4.5 b 29.41 a 1103 P 5.09 b 1.707 0.495 b 6.8 a 6.9 a 20.06 b LSD %5 0.20 N.S. 0.046 0.3 4.1 0.95 NaCl (S) NaCl + 6.09 b 1.797 a 0.484 b 5.4 5.7 22.54 b NaCl - (Control) 8.19 a 1.633 b 0.567 a 5.4 5.7 26.93 a LSD %5 0.20 0.081 0.046 N.S. N.S. 1.00 H 3 BO 3 (B) 0 (Control) 6.67 c 1.571 b 0.440 b 5.3 ab 5.5 24.29 bc 0.5 mM 7.99 b 1.910 a 0.616 a 5.7 a 5.9 26.12 a 1 mM 8.30 a 1.814 a 0.585 a 5.6 a 5.8 26.37 ab 2 mM 5.55 d 1.564 b 0.459 b 5.0 b 5.5 23.17 c LSD %5 0.28 0.115 0.066 0.4 N.S. 1.27 R x S 41 B x NaCl - 6.30 c 1.723 b 0.599 a 4.3 c 4.5 b 32.26 a 41 B x NaCl + 3.87 d 1.721 b 0.512 bc 3.8 d 4.4 b 26.55 b 1103 P x NaCl - 10.03 a 1.870 a 0.534 ab 6.5 b 6.8 a 21.60 c 1103 P x NaCl + 8.30 b 1.545 c 0.456 c 7.0 a 6.9 a 18.53 d LSD %5 0.28 0.115 0.066 0.4 0.6 1.27 A x B 41 B x 0 (Control) 4.52 de 1.444 d 0.407 d 3.5 d 4.0 b 28.9 b 41 B X 0.5 mM 5.80 cd 1.959 a 0.679 a 4.3 c 4.7 b 31.0 a 41 B X 1 mM 6.09 c 1.751 bc 0.613 ab 4.3 c 4.7 b 29.4 ab 41 B X 2 mM 3.92 e 1.734 bc 0.523 bc 4.0 cd 4.5 b 28.5 b 1103 P x 0 (Control) 8.82 b 1.698 c 0.473 cd 7.2 a 7.0 a 19.7 c 1103 P X 0.5 mM 10.17 ab 1.861 ab 0.554 bc 7.0 a 7.2 a 21.3 c 1103 P X 1 mM 10.50 a 1.876 ab 0.558 bc 6.8 a 6.8 a 21.4 c 1103 P X 2 mM 7.19 c 1.394 d 0.395 d 6.0 b 6.5 a 17.9 d LSD %5 1.57 0.163 0.093 0.6 0.8 4.03 Sx B NaCl - X 0 (Control) 7.60 c 1.646 cd 0.483 cd 5.3 ab 5.5 28.37 ab NaCl - X 0.5 mM 9.40 a 2.170 a 0.744 a 5.8 a 6.0 29.74 a NaCl - X 1 mM 8.80 b 1.826 b 0.596 b 5.5 ab 5.7 26.89 b NaCl- X 2 mM 6.86 d 1.544 d 0.445 d 5.0 b 5.5 22.73 c NaCl + X 0 (Control) 5.73 e 1.497 d 0.397 d 5.3 ab 5.5 20.20 d NaCl + X 0.5 mM 6.57 d 1.650 cd 0.489 cd 5.5 ab 5.8 22.49 c NaCl + X 1 mM 7.79 c 1.801 bc 0.575 bc 5.7 a 5.8 23.84 c NaCl + X 2 mM 4.25 f 1.584 d 0.473 d 5.0 b 5.5 23.62 c LSD %5 0.40 0.163 0.093 0.6 N.S 1.79 R x S x B 41 B x NaCl - x 0 mM 5.71 f 1.521 ef 0.450 def 4.0 e 4.0 b 33.34 a 41 B x NaCl - x 0.5 mM 7.53 e 2.276 a 0.894 a 5.0 d 5.0 b 33.68 a 41 B x NaCl- x 1 mM 7.25 e 1.653 de 0.619 b 4.3 de 4.7 b 33.41 a 41 B x NaCl- x 2 Mm 4.71 h 1.442 ef 0.433 ef 4.0 e 4.3 b 28.63 bc 41 B x NaCl + x 0 mM 3.33 j 1.367 fg 0.364 f 3.0 f 4.0 b 25.47 d 41 B x NaCl + x 0.5 mM 4.08 ı 1.643 de 0.464 cdef 3.7 ef 4.3 b 25.13 d 41 B x NaCl + x 1 mM 4.94 gh 1.849 bcd 0.607 b 4.3 de 4.7 b 25.41 d 41 B x NaCl + x 2 mM 3.13 j 2.027 b 0.613 b 4.0 e 4.7 b 30.18 b 1103 P x NaCl - x 0 mM 9.49 c 1.770 cd 0.515 bcde 6.7 bc 7.0 a 20.53 e 1103 P x NaCl - x 0.5 mM 11.27 a 2.065 ab 0.594 bc 6.7 bc 7.0 a 20.18 e 1103 P x NaCl - x 1 mM 10.35 b 1.999 bc 0.572 bcd 6.7 bc 6.7 a 20.46 e 1103 P x NaCl - x 2 mM 9.01 c 1.647 de 0.457 def 6.0 c 6.7 a 25.24 cd 1103 P x NaCl + x 0 mM 8.14 d 1.627 de 0.431 ef 7.7 a 7.0 a 19.60 e 1103 P x NaCl + x 0.5 mM 9.07 c 1.658 de 0.514 bcde 7.3 ab 7.3 a 19.95 e 1103 P x NaCl + x 1 mM 10.65 b 1.754 d 0.544 bcde 7.0 ab 7.0 a 19.67 e 1103 P x NaCl + x 2 mM 5.36 fg 1.140 g 0.334 f 6.0 c 6.3 a 14.89 f LSD %5 0.57 0.230 0.132 0.8 1.1 2.73 SL: Shoot length, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, SDW: Shoot dry weight, NN: Number of nodes, LN: Number of leaves, LA: Leaf area, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P<0.05) level by LSD Table 2. Effects of different H 3 BO 3 doses on root development parameters of 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks in different salt conditions Rootstock (R) RN (n) RL (cm) RFW (g) RDW (g) 41 B 6.0 a 14.41 b 2.855 a 0.695 a 1103 P 5.1 b 14.87 a 1.728 b 0.450 b LSD 5% 0.3 0.39 0.106 0.024 NaCl (S) NaCl + 5.3 b 13.89 b 2.197 b 0.559 b NaCl - (Control) 5.8 a 15.39 a 2.386 a 0.590 a LSD 5% 0.3 0.39 0.106 0.024 H 3 BO 3 (B) 0 (Control) 4.6 d 12.77 b 1.859 d 0.475 d 0.5 mM 5.9 b 15.21 a 2.441 b 0.610 b 1 mM 6.6 a 15.51 a 2.805 a 0.664 a 2 mM 5.2 c 15.07 a 2.060 c 0.549 c LSD 5% 0.4 0.55 0.151 0.034 R x S 41 B x NaCl - 6.2 a 14.93 b 2.883 a 0.687 a 41 B x NaCl + 5.8 a 13.89 c 2.827 a 0.710 a 1103 P x NaCl - 5.4 b 15.86 a 1.889 b 0.493 b 1103 P x NaCl + 4.8 c 13.89 c 1.566 c 0.407 c LSD 5% 0.4 0.55 0.151 0.034 R x B 41 B x 0 (Control) 4.7 ef 12.47 c 2.555 c 0.613 c 41 B X 0.5 mM 6.7 ab 14.96 ab 2.775 b 0.710 b 41 B X 1 mM 7.0 a 15.34 ab 3.522 a 0.791 a 41 B X 2 mM 5.7 cd 14.86 b 2.569 bc 0.679 b 1103 P x 0 (Control) 4.5 f 13.08 c 1.164 f 0.336 f 1103 P X 0.5 mM 5.2 de 15.46 ab 2.108 d 0.509 d 1103 P X 1 mM 6.2 bc 15.68 a 2.088 d 0.536 d 1103 P X 2 mM 4.7 ef 15.27 ab 1.552 e 0.420 e LSD 5% 0.7 0.77 0.213 0.048 S x B NaCl - X 0 (Control) 5.2 c 15.05 bc 2.252 cd 0.548 de NaCl - X 0.5 mM 6.0 b 16.31 a 2.482 b 0.669 ab NaCl - X 1 mM 6.8 a 15.20 bc 2.807 a 0.628 bc NaCl - X 2 mM 5.2 c 15.01 c 2.004 e 0.516 e NaCl + X 0 (Kontrol) 4.0 d 10.50 e 1.467 f 0.401 f NaCl + X 0.5 mM 5.8 b 14.10 d 2.400 bc 0.551 de NaCl + X 1 mM 6.3 ab 15.82 ab 2.802 a 0.700 a NaCl + X 2 mM 5.2 c 15.13 bc 2.117 de 0.583 cd LSD 5% 0.5 0.77 0.213 0.048 R x S x B 41 B x NaCl - x 0 mM 5.3 de 15.09 cde 2.835 bc 0.694 cd 41 B x NaCl - x 0.5 mM 7.0 a 15.44 bcd 2.960 b 0.784 ab 41 B x NaCl - x 1 mM 7.0 a 15.56 bcd 3.513 a 0.687 cd 41 B x NaCl - x 2 mM 5.3 de 13.61 f 2.225 d 0.581 ef 41 B x NaCl + x 0 mM 4.0 g 9.84 h 2.274 d 0.703 bc 41 B x NaCl + x 0.5 mM 6.3 abc 14.47 def 2.589 c 0.613 de 41 B x NaCl + x 1 mM 7.0 a 15.12 cde 3.530 a 0.710 bc 41 B x NaCl + x 2 mM 6.0 bcd 16.11 abc 2.913 b 0.816 a 1103 P x NaCl - x 0 mM 5.0 ef 15.00 de 1.668 f 0.486 fgh 1103 P x NaCl - x 0.5 mM 5.0 ef 17.18 a 2.004 de 0.396 ghıj 1103 P x NaCl - x 1 mM 6.7 ab 14.84 de 2.101 d 0.493 fgh 1103 P x NaCl - x 2 mM 5.0 ef 16.40 ab 1.782 ef 0.599 cde 1103 P x NaCl + x 0 mM 4.0 g 11.15 g 0.660 h 0.414 hi 1103 P x NaCl + x 0.5 mM 5.3 de 13.74 f 2.211 d 0.504 efg 1103 P x NaCl + x 1 mM 5.7 cde 16.52 ab 2.075 de 0.407 hi 1103 P x NaCl + x 2 mM 4.3 fg 14.14 ef 1.321 g 0.301 j LSD 5% 0.8 1.09 0.301 0.084 RN: Root Number, RL: Root length, RFW, Root Fresh Weight, RDW: Root Dry Weight, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P<0.05) level by LSD Table 3. The effects of different boron doses applied to 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks under varying salt conditions on certain physiological parameters. Factors STR RTR CC (SPAD) RWC (%) DD (0-3) İF (%) Rootstock (R) 41 B 1.234 a 1.049 24.54 a 83.90 b 0.71 47.3 1103 P 1.030 b 1.049 16.29 b 88.83 a 0.67 50.9 LSD 5% 0.118 Ö.D. 0.51 1.45 Ö.D. Ö.D. NaCl ( S) NaCl + 1.011 b 1.007 b 20.91 a 85.69 0.99 a 60.6 a NaCl - (Control) 1.253 a 1.090 a 19.91 b 87.04 0.40 b 37.5 b LSD 5% 0.118 0.042 0.51 Ö.D. 0.06 13.1 Bor (B) 0 (Control) 0.911 b 0.851 d 19.37 b 85.3 b 1.01 a 45.8 b 0.5 mM 1.331 a 1.126 b 20.93 a 85.18 b 0.59 b 49.1 ab 1 mM 1.250 a 1.218 a 20.38 a 88.67 a 0.61 b 35.6 b 2 mM 1.035 b 0.999 c 20.95 a 86.32 b 0.55 b 65.8 a LSD 5% 0.167 0.060 0.73 2.05 0.09 18.6 R x S 41 BxNaCl - 1.331 a 1.150 a 23.81 b 85.13 b 0.26 d 34.2 b 41 BxNaCl + 1.137 b 1.066 b 25.26 a 82.67 c 1.16 a 60.3 a 1103 PxNaCl - 1.174 ab 1.150 a 16.01 c 88.94 a 0.53 c 40.8 b 1103 PxNaCl + 0.885 c 0.948 c 16.57 c 88.72 a 0.81 b 60.9 a LSD 5% 0.167 0.060 0.73 2.05 0.09 18.6 R x B 41 B x 0 (Control) 0.904 d 0.920 d 23.17 c 81.97 d 1.07 a 46.80 ab 41 B X 0.5 mM 1.509 a 1.066 b 25.01 ab 82.62 d 0.57 b 42.47 ab 41 B X 1 mM 1.362 ab 1.188 a 24.41 b 86.73 bc 0.66 b 35.77 b 41 B X 2 mM 1.161 b 1.020 bc 25.55 a 84.28 cd 0.56 b 64.02 a 1103 P x 0 (Control) 0.919 cd 0.782 e 15.58 e 88.63 ab 0.95 a 44.72 ab 1103 P X 0.5 mM 1.152 bc 1.187 a 16.86 d 87.73 ab 0.62 b 55.79 ab 1103 P X 1 mM 1.138 b-d 1.249 a 16.36 de 90.60 a 0.57 b 35.48 b 1103 P X 2 mM 0.909 d 0.979 cd 16.35 de 88.35 ab 0.54 b 67.54 a LSD 5% 0.237 0.085 1.03 2.90 0.12 26.56 S x B NaCl - X 0 (Control) 1.000 cd 1.000 c 19.96 c 86.37 a-c 0.37 d 21.26 c NaCl - X 0.5 mM 1.646 a 1.210 ab 20.35 bc 84.73 c 0.37 d 34.52 c NaCl- X 1 mM 1.298 b 1.160 b 19.56 cd 88.62 a 0.37 d 33.52 c NaCl- X 2 mM 1.066 bc 0.991 c 19.77 cd 88.43 ab 0.47 d 60.79 ab NaCl + X 0 (Control) 0.823 d 0.703 d 18.79 d 84.23 c 1.64 a 70.26 a NaCl + X 0.5 mM 1.015 cd 1.042 c 21.51 a 85.62 bc 0.82 b 63.74 ab NaCl + X 1 mM 1.202 bc 1.276 a 21.21 ab 88.72 a 0.86 b 37.72 bc NaCl + X 2 mM 1.005 cd 1.007 c 22.13 a 84.20 c 0.63 c 70.76 a LSD 5% 0.237 0.085 1.03 2.90 0.12 26.28 R x S x B 41BxNaCl - x0 mM 1.000 d-g 1.000 d 23.77 d-f 82.33 ef 0.13 h 28.78 ı-n 41BxNaCl - x0.5 mM 1.986 a 1.260 ab 24.54 b-d 83.00 d-f 0.14 h 33.44 e-n 41BxNaCl - x1 mM 1.376 b 1.093 cd 22.91 ef 87.53 a-c 0.29 gh 18.95 n 41BxNaCl - x2 mM 0.961 e-h 0.769 ef 24.04 c-e 87.67 a-c 0.49 ef 55.71 b-k 41BxNaCl + x0 mM 0.808 gh 0.841 ef 22.57 f 81.60 f 2.00 a 59.13 a-j 41BxNaCl + x0.5 mM 1.032 c-g 0.872 e 25.48 bc 82.23 ef 0.99 c 61.20 a-k 41BxNaCl+x1 mM 1.348 bc 1.282 a 25.91 ab 85.93 c-e 1.02 c 48.7 b-n 41BxNaCl+x2 mM 1.361 bc 1.270 ab 27.06 a 80.90 f 0.63 de 72.24 a-f 1103PxNaCl - x0 mM 1.000 d-g 1.000 d 16.14 g-i 90.40 ab 0.61 def 39.65 f-n 1103PxNaCl - x0.5 mM 1.306 b-d 1.161 bc 16.17 g-i 86.47 b-d 0.60 def 41.71 d-n 1103PxNaCl - x1 mM 1.221 b-e 1.227 ab 16.21 g-i 89.70 a-c 0.45 fg 29.19 g-m 1103PxNaCl - x2 mM 1.171 b-f 1.212 a-c 15.51 hi 89.20 a-c 0.45 fg 52.75 c-m 1103PxNaCl + x0 mM 0.837 f-h 0.564 g 15.01 i 86.87 b-d 1.28 b 55.49 b-k 1103PxNaCl + x0.5 mM 0.998 d-g 1.212 a-c 17.55 g 89.00 a-c 0.64 de 60.16 a-ı 1103PxNaCl + x1 mM 1.056 b-g 1.270 ab 16.51 gh 91.50 a 0.69 d 45.67 b-m 1103PxNaCl + x2 mM 0.648 h 0.745 f 17.20 g 87.50 a-c 0.63 de 82.42 ac LSD 5% 0.335 0.120 1.45 4.11 0.17 30.06 STR: Shoot Tolerance Rate, RTR: Root Tolerance Rate, CC: Chlorophyll content, RWC: Relative water content, DD: Damage Degree, IF: Ion flux, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P<0.05) level by LSD Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9148310","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":609340680,"identity":"88f88e16-950a-4a10-a6a5-b2a96d52214b","order_by":0,"name":"Nazlı Solmazgül Seyfi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ordu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nazlı","middleName":"Solmazgül","lastName":"Seyfi","suffix":""},{"id":609340681,"identity":"6709be9c-fd02-4cbe-a248-7e303833dee0","order_by":1,"name":"Hatice Bilir Ekbic","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABE0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+AEQ8fMwMDIyNDRIM/CDhhAJ8WpghWthgWiQbQFoM8GsBW8TGANYCFDkAsx0HMGc/f/DAj4o7MmzsvA8fztxhIW98fnXihwcGDPL8YgewarHsSWY42HPmGdBh7MaGG89IGG678XazBNBhhjNnJ2B32IFkhsOMbYeBWtjYJB+2SSSY3Ti7AaQlweA2Di3nHwO1/ANrYf8J0mI84+zmH3i13ADZ0gCxhXEjUIsBf+82/LbceGxwsOcYyC9szJIzgX6ZcYN3m0WCgQRuv5xPfPzhR80de37+Y4wfe3fUyfP3n91880eFjTy/NHYtWIAEWKUEscpBgP8AKapHwSgYBaNgBAAAYtRhJfKuvNEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ordu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hatice","middleName":"Bilir","lastName":"Ekbic","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-17 11:38:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105394015,"identity":"588dca47-751c-463a-8b25-6bc96ae22ee0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-25 13:57:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1293908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9148310/v1/862ab3b7-ec4b-4f9a-bbfd-d5bf35a27eb4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Boric Acid on Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Grapevine Rootstocks\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is known that 2\u0026nbsp;million hectares of the world's 954\u0026nbsp;million hectares of salty soil are located in Turkey (Anonim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Salinity adversely influences plant growth and development by causing low osmotic potential, nutritional imbalance, and ion toxicity (Marschner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The high salinity in the soil's root zone restricts the plant's water absorption, resulting in physiological drought (Dolarslan and G\u0026uuml;l, 2012). Plant reactions to salinity vary based on the plant species and variety, as well as the duration and severity of the stress (Dajic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). There are known to be differences among grapevine cultivars and that grapevines have a moderate tolerance to salinity. American grapevine species have become crucial in vineyards due to the phylloxera pest. It is known that these species are more resistant to the root form of phylloxera, while \u003cem\u003eVitis vinifera\u003c/em\u003e L. is more resistant to the leaf form of the pest. Although the salt tolerance of American grapevine rootstocks varies among varieties, it is known to be significantly lower compared to the varieties belonging to the \u003cem\u003eVitis vinifera\u003c/em\u003e species (Bakır, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). 41B rootstock is favored for table grape cultivars because it promotes early ripening, particularly in highly calcareous soil (\u0026Ccedil;etin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Karimi and Yusef-Zadeh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). According to Warington (1923), boron is essential for plants. It is additionally related to significant physiological and biochemical impacts, as well as how plants react to abiotic stresses (Aydın et al., 2019). Due to its antioxidant qualities, boron helps plants recover from oxidative damage brought on by abiotic stress (Yousefi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mahmoud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). An essential part of the cell wall's pectin, boron gives the wall structural stability and affects its ability to withstand stress (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Although being necessary, too much boron can be toxic to plants (Riaz ve ark.,2019). Plants may experience a boron deficit as a result of the reduction in boron availability caused by salts in the soil, especially those that contain chloride (Yermiyahu ve ark., 2008; Smith ve ark., 2010). As a result, keeping a sufficient amount of boron in the soil is crucial for plant health and resistance to abiotic stress. The effects of foliar boric acid applications at varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) on plant growth and salt tolerance enhancement were examined in this study in both salty and salt free conditions using two grapevine rootstocks: 1103P, which is known for its salt tolerance, and 41B, which has very low salt tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe wood cuttings of 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks used in the study were acquired from the Manisa Viticulture Research Institute during the vineyard pruning season. Prior to planting, they were kept in plastic bags in a cold storage chamber at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C and 90% relative humidity. The cuttings were taken out of cold storage and soaked in water the day before planting and were planted in a perlite (Metaper, 0.5-2.0 mm)-filled planting tray on April 16, 2024. When the cuttings reached the 9th developmental stage defined by Eichhorn and Lorenz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e), foliar applications of H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (1.00165 Merck) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) were carried out by spraying on May 26, 2024. Pure water was used to treat the cuttings in the control group with 0 mM boric acid. In this study, the upper limit value of 8 ds/m (5120 ppm), which is the upper limit value of salinity that reduces the crop yield of plants in soils where many plant species grow, was taken into consideration (K\u0026ouml;k \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Bilir Ekbic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). After applying boric acid, some cuttings were cultivated in saline (NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e) conditions (5120 ppm NaCl), whereas the remaining cuttings were cultivated in non-saline (NaCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) conditions. Salt (NaCl, MERCK 7647-14-5) treatment began one week after the boron application. The cuttings subjected to salt treatment were irrigated with saline water for one week, followed by irrigation with non-saline water in the subsequent week. The experiment was planned to last for 8 weeks and following the removal of the cuttings, several parameters were measured: plant viability (%), shoot and root length (cm), shoot and root fresh weight (g) using a precision balance with \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001 g sensitivity (Radwag WTB200), shoot and root dry weight (g) after drying at 65\u0026deg;C in an oven (Memmert UN55) for 72 hours, as well as the number of nodes and leaves (n). To estimate the leaf area, the leaves from the middle sections of the shoots were employed. It was scanned in the scanner and then computed in cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e using the \"Digimizer 4.0\" program. A chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used to determine the chlorophyll content in the leaves. The degree of damage was based on the scale created by Martinez Barroso and Alvarez (1997) for strawberry plants and modified by Bilir Ekbic (2017) for grapevine. This scale assigned a degree of '0' to plants that had no necrotic tissue from salt stress, a degree of '1' for mild drying and necrosis at the leaf tips, a degree of '2' for necrosis affecting more than 50% of the leaf area and the stem, and a degree of '3' for necrosis that resulted in plant death. Shoot and root tolerance ratios have been determined for each rootstock and boric acid dose based on shoot and root dry weight (g). TR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Tx / To, where Tx is the shoot or root dry weight (g) of the cutting treated with boric acid, and To is the shoot or root dry weight (g) of the cutting without boric acid treatment. Leaf samples weighing 0.3 g were taken from the plants, divided into equal parts, and put into glass tubes measuring 25 mm x 150 mm. 15 ml of distilled water were then added to the tubes. For one day, the samples were shaken at 100 rpm in a shaker. Following the shaking procedure, an EC meter (HANNA HI 99300) was used to calculate the EC value, which was assigned as EC1. The EC2 value was then calculated when the same samples were allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours. Ion flux (%) was determined using the method described by Ozden et al. (2009) and calculated with the formula EC1/EC2 \u0026times; 100. Based on ion flux, the cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) (%) was calculated using the formula: CMDR (%) = [(Ion flux of treatment (%) \u0026ndash; Ion flux of control (%)) / (100 \u0026ndash; Ion flux of control (%))] \u0026times; 100 (Arora et al.,1998). After measuring the fresh weights of the leaves, the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves was determined based on the method of Yamasaki and Dillenburg (1999) and calculated using the formula: RWC (%) = [(FW \u0026ndash; DW) / (TW \u0026ndash; DW)] \u0026times; 100, where FW is fresh weight, DW is dry weight, and TW is turgor weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design and Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications, using 10 cuttings per replication. Differences between groups were determined at a 5% significance level using the LSD test and statistical analyses were performed with the JMP 13.0.2 software package (SAS Institute, NC, USA). Percentage (%) values were analyzed by applying the data angular transformation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShoot Growth Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects of different H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses applied to rootstock cuttings grown in salty and salt-free conditions on shoot growth characteristics are presented in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;It was determined that 41B (9.17 cm) produced a greater shoot length compared to 1103P (5.09 cm) and that the salt-free condition (8.19 cm) resulted in longer shoot growth than the salty condition (6.09 cm). Among the applied H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses, the highest shoot length was obtained with the 1 mM H\u003cs\u003e\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/s\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treatment, reaching a value of 8.30 cm. In terms of rootstock (R) \u0026times; boron (B) interaction, longer shoots were obtained from the 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treatment in both rootstocks. According to the three-way interaction of the experimental factors, the longest shoots (11.27 cm) were obtained from the 1103 P \u0026times; NaCl⁻\u0026nbsp;\u0026times; 0.5 mM treatment.\u0026nbsp;According to the R \u0026times; B interaction findings, the 0.5 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application in 41 B and the 0.5 and 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications in 1103 P resulted in higher shoot fresh and dry weights. The RxSxB interaction results showed that, in saline conditions, 1 mM and 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications produced highest shoot fresh weight in 41 B and1103 P rootstock (1.849 g and 2.027 g, respectively), the 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e produced the highest shoot fresh weight (1.754 g).\u0026nbsp;The RxSxB interaction results for shoot dry weight also showed similarities to the shoot fresh weight results. The overall mean results of H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application did not lead to a significant difference in leaf number; however, higher node numbers were obtained from the 0.5 mM (5.7) and 1 mM (5.6) H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treatments.\u0026nbsp;RxS interaction results showed that the 1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e combination produced the greatest number of nodes (7.0) and leaves (6.9).\u0026nbsp;According to the R x B interaction, 1103 P rootstock produced higher node and leaf numbers in all H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses compared to all H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications of 41 B. The Sx B interaction indicated that the NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 1 mM (5.7) and NaCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 0.5 mM (5.8) combinations produced higher node numbers.\u0026nbsp;41 B, which is known to be susceptible to salinity, had the largest node number (4.7) from the 1 mM and 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eapplications in saline conditions, per the triple interaction results.\u0026nbsp;Based on the leaf area results, the study showed that, according to the overall means of the single factors, superior outcomes were obtained from 41 B, salt free conditions, and 0.5 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application.\u0026nbsp;41 B rootstock produced bigger leaves, measuring 26.55 cm\u0026sup2;, in saline conditions. According to the triple interaction results, the highest leaf area value of 30.18 cm\u0026sup2; was obtained with the 41 B \u0026times; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 2 mM treatment in saline conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot Growth Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the examined root development parameters were statistically affected by the individual application factors and their combinations (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;It was determined that 41 B rootstock exhibited higher values in terms of root number, fresh weight, and dry weight.\u0026nbsp;All root characteristics showed more positive effects in salt free condition compared to saline growing conditions.\u0026nbsp;Among the applied\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003edoses, 1 mM dose was found to produce the highest values for root number as well as root fresh and dry weight, while for root length, all\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses except the control were grouped statistically together, indicating longer roots compared to the control.\u0026nbsp;In terms of the Rx B interaction, the highest values for root number, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were observed in the 41 B \u0026times; 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application.\u0026nbsp;Additionally, 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eapplication on 1103 P produced the maximum root length value, followed by 0.5 and 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications on 41 B rootstock, all of which were included in the same statistical group.\u0026nbsp;The highest root length in saline conditions was determined in the NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combination, with a value of 15.82 cm.\u0026nbsp;According to the same interaction, it was determined that root fresh weight and root dry weight were also obtained from the NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ex1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combination, with values of 2.802 g and 0.700 g, respectively. When the triple interaction on root number was evaluated, roots with high numbers were obtained from the application combinations of 41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex 0.5 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand 41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, all of which had 7 roots and were included in the same statistical group.\u0026nbsp;It was determined that 41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and 41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combinations, which were in the same statistical group, showed the highest root fresh weight values, with 3.513 g and 3.530 g, respectively.\u0026nbsp;The combination of 41 B \u0026times; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e + 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combination yielded the highest root dry weight (0.816 g), while the combination of 1103 P \u0026times; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e + 2 mM\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combination yielded the lowest value (0.301 g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of some physiological parameters of the study are presented in Table 3.\u0026nbsp;It was shown that every factor, with the exception of the rootstock factor, had a statistically significant impact on the traits of both shoot and root tolerance, which are important indicators of stress resistance.\u0026nbsp;The highest tolerance values for shoot tolerance among the rootstocks were obtained from 41 B with a value of 1.234. In terms of the salt factor, the highest shoot and root tolerance values were recorded in the salt free medium, with values of 1.253 and 1.090, respectively. Regarding H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications, the highest shoot tolerance values were obtained from 0.5 mM and 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications, with values of 1.331 and 1.250, respectively, while the highest root tolerance value was 1.218, observed in 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application. 0.5 mM and 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications also often produced the highest shoot and root tolerance ratio values in 1103 P for RXB interaction. According to the results of the SxB interaction, 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application was found to be the most effective dose in achieving the highest shoot and root tolerance values in saline conditions. According to the RxSxB triple interaction, the highest shoot and root tolerance values for both 41 B and 1103 P were generally obtained from the 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application in saline conditions. Chlorophyll content measured in SPAD units showed statistically significant results for the interactions of single, double, and triple factors.\u0026nbsp;According to the overall average results of the single factors, 41 B showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content with a value of 24.54, while the saline medium had a value of 20.91 and all H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses except the control exhibited higher leaf chlorophyll contents.\u0026nbsp;According to the RxS interaction, the highest chlorophyll content was obtained from the saline medium of 41 B rootstock, with a SPAD value of 25.26.\u0026nbsp;The highest leaf chlorophyll content was determined at 16.86 with the 0.5 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application in 1103 P.\u0026nbsp;When examining the SxB interaction, all H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses except the control showed higher chlorophyll content compared to the control.\u0026nbsp;41 B rootstock in saline conditions had the highest leaf chlorophyll content (27.06) when the RxSxB triple interaction was evaluated, with a 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application; 1103 P rootstock in saline conditions had the highest values from boron applications at 0.5 mM and 2 mM doses.\u0026nbsp;When evaluating the findings on leaf relative water content, it was determined that all factors except for the individual effect of the salt factor and their interactions with each other had significant effects (Table 3).\u0026nbsp;According to the overall rootstock averages, the leaf relative water content of 1103 P, with a value of 88.83%, was found to be higher than that of 41 B. When evaluated based on overall averages of H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications, the highest leaf relative water content, at 88.67%, was obtained from 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application.\u0026nbsp;Regarding the interaction between the salt applications and rootstock, 1103 P, which is in the same statistical group, had the highest relative water content in the leaves in both salt applications (%82.67). With a leaf relative water content of 90.60%, 1103 P with a 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application had the highest value for RXB interaction.\u0026nbsp;In terms of the interaction, the best result in 41 B, as in 1103 P, was obtained from the 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application, with a value of 86.73%. 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application produced higher values for SxB interaction in both salinity conditions (NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 1 mM B: 88.62%; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 1 mM B: 88.72%). According to the findings on the degree of damage in the study, all factors and interactions except for the rootstock resulted in statistically significant outcomes.\u0026nbsp;According to the overall mean results for salinity, a higher level of damage was observed in saline conditions, with a value of 0.99.\u0026nbsp;While all boron treatments were within the same statistical group and significantly reduced damage levels, the control treatment, which did not receive any boron application, showed higher damage in the overall average of boron application. When evaluating the interaction between rootstock and salinity, the highest damage level (1.16) was observed in 41 B in salt conditions, while the lowest damage (0.53) was recorded in 1103 P grown in salt free conditions. Control treatments without H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application for both rootstocks showed the highest amounts of damage when R\u0026times;B interaction was analyzed, and these were determined to be in the same statistical group.\u0026nbsp;A reduction in damage compared to the control was observed with H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications for both rootstocks. When the degree of damage was examined in terms of SxB interaction, NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 0 (Control) interaction showed the highest level of damage, with a value of 1.64.\u0026nbsp;All H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses applied in salt free conditions were included in the statistical group with the lowest level of damage.\u0026nbsp;According to the three-way interaction of the factors examined, the highest damage was obtained from 41 B \u0026times; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 0 mM application, with a damage level of 2, followed by the 1103 P \u0026times; NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; 0 mM application, which showed a damage level of 1.28. For 41 B in salt condition, the lowest damage level of 0.63 was obtained with the 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eapplication, while for 1103 P in salt condition, the lowest damage level of 0.5 was also achieved with the 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eapplications. The treatments were followed by 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application, which showed a similar damage level.\u0026nbsp;It was determined that the rootstocks alone did not have a significant effect when evaluating the ion flux values, which were supposed to increase due to the effect of salt. However, factors other than the rootstock, whether individually, in pairs, or in triple interactions, caused significant differences.\u0026nbsp;A higher ion flux effect was observed in salty conditions, with an ion flux value of 60.6%, as opposed to the 37.5% recorded in salt free conditions.\u0026nbsp;According to the overall means of H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e applications, the highest ion flux value was obtained from the 2 mM boron application with 65.8%, while the lowest ion flux values were recorded in the same statistical group as 35.6% for the 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application and 45.8% for the control treatment.\u0026nbsp;According to RxS interaction results, lower ion flux values were obtained when both rootstocks were grown in salt conditions.\u0026nbsp;The most favorable results in RxB interaction were obtained from 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application for both rootstocks with lower ion flux values.\u0026nbsp;In terms of SXB interaction, lower ion flux values were obtained from all H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses in salt free conditions, except for 2 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eapplication.\u0026nbsp;1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application produced the highest effective boric acid dose in salty condition, with the lowest ion flux value (37.72%). Lower ion flow values from 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application in both rootstocks produced better outcomes in salty condition when the triple interaction findings were assessed in terms of ion flux\u0026nbsp;(41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM: 48.7%; 1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM: 45.67%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the plant features and appearance responses of the effective 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks were compared under various boron doses and salt conditions. The findings show that both rootstock and environmental stresses have significant effects on plant development and physiological responses. Salt stress is known to cause problems with the ion balance in plant cells, lower the uptake of potassium, nitrate, phosphate, and calcium, lower metabolic activity, and finally restrict and restrict growth of plants through osmotic stress (Batool ve Sahzad, 2014; Jogaiah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Gajjar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, all shoot growth indices decreased under saline conditions which generally had a negative impact on plant development. However, it was determined that this effect varied depending on the interaction between the rootstock and boron application. In this study, 1103 P, which has been reported in various studies (Martin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou-Tsang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Abdullateef et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) as having a high salt tolerance in terms of shoot length, was found to maintain this trait, and the longest shoot length was obtained with the application of 1 mM H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e under salt-free conditions. The study observed that under both saline and non-saline conditions, 1103 P showed better shoot development compared to 41 B, forming longer shoots, a greater number of nodes, and more leaves. 1103 P rootstock's low leaf number and limited leaf area seem to show salt tolerance adaptation. 41B produced larger leaves though having smaller leaves overall. Evaluating the growth of both rootstocks under saline conditions reveals that photosynthetic capacity can be supported by different adaptation mechanisms. It was considered that 1103 P benefited more from the supportive effect of boron in terms of its efficacy in salt resistance. Even in saline conditions, the application of 0.5 mM boron, in the instance of 41B, improved shoot development with increased fresh and dry shoot weights, indicating that this may be the optimal boron dose for this rootstock. It also results in the experiment that boron is effective in the antioxidant defense mechanism and can increase cellular salt stress tolerance, even at low doses (Alharby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In Ers\u0026ouml;z's (2009) study, which used stress-related physiological parameters and antioxidant enzymes to determine the tolerance mechanisms to boron and salt stress \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e in six grapevine rootstocks, including 41 B and 1103 P, they observed an increase in shoot dry weight in 110 R when boron and salt were utilized. Salim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) observed an increase in shoot dry weight when 100 ppm B and 500 ppm Si were applied to maize plants. According to Akden et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), using 0.5 mM boron was appropriate for encouraging shoot development and reducing the detrimental effects of salt in their \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e study on fox genotype. Studies by Sotiropoulos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) and Neocleous and Vasilakakis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) also emphasized that B has a positive effect on shoot development under high salt conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot development was adversely affected by salt stress as well. Significant reductions in root development characteristics were generally noted in salty conditions. 1103 P with 0 mM boron application had the lowest values for all root parameters examined, especially in saline conditions. The concentration of chloride ions (Cl) and the nitrogen absorption potential of an environment are known to be inversely related. Plant roots tend to respond by absorbing less nitrate when salt concentrations increases. As a result, there is an increase in the amount of chloride that plant roots absorb (Hasana and Mayake, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kanagaraj and Desingh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The findings, combined with those of some other studies, suggest that salt limits growth by causing osmotic stress and ionic toxicity in the root system (Karimi and Yusef-Zadeh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Bilir Ekbic et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bilir Ekbic et al., 2022). These effective boron applications have generally had a positive effect on root development. Boron plays a role in cell structure stability and lignin synthesis, thereby positively impacting root development (Barut et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). According to this study, a boron dose of 1 mM produced the most root development. At the applied dose, both fresh and dry root dry weights reached their highest values. The situation was observed particularly in the application of 1 mM boron to 41 B under both salty and salt-free conditions. When the rootstocks' root development was evaluated, it was found that 41 B usually showed greater root development than 1103 P. Specifically, 41 B responded more positively to boron treatments in terms of root development, and a significant increase in root weights was noted. This study reveals that 41B can develop a more resistant root structure under salt stress conditions with boron applications. In particular at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM, boron has been shown to have a positive impact on supporting root development against salt stress. Boron's role in enhancing membrane stability and antioxidant defense systems helps to explain this result (Brdar-Jokanovic\u0026acute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Alharby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, this protective effect decreases and may even result in adverse effects if the boron dose is too high. The study found that a 2 mM boron treatment significantly reduced shoot and root growth features in both rootstocks, suggesting that boron's damaging impact is only effective at high concentrations. In particular, root development was observed to decrease significantly with the application of 2 mM boron to 1103 P rootstock. This indicates that the effective and applicable dose range of boron is narrow and that it can have toxic effects at high doses (Fujiyama et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Brdar-Jokanovic\u0026acute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). 1103 P under saline conditions with 2 mM boron application showed the lowest root dry weight, indicating that boron toxicity may have a synergistic adverse effect with salt. It is well known that salt stress increases ion flux and decreases stomatal resistance in plants. It also reduces intracellular water potential, disrupting cell turgor and negatively impacting membrane stability (Sevgi and Leblebici, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This was observed by measuring the highest degree of damage and ion flux in control plants that were not treated with boron under saline conditions. The study noted that salinity levels were significantly reduced in ion flux and harmful levels with the application of 0.5 mM and 1 mM boron. These results demonstrate that boron is effective in maintaining cell membrane integrity by reducing the level of damage and limiting the entry of harmful ions. These findings indicate that by decreasing the degree of damage and limiting the flow of dangerous ions, boron effectively maintains the integrity of cell membranes (Akden et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The study also revealed significant differences among the rootstocks. It was found that 1103 P maintained its water and physiological balance better than 41 B, with a higher relative water content and less damage. In contrast, it was determined that 41B showed a higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) under saline conditions. In contrast, it was determined that 41B showed a higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) under salty conditions. In particular, the highest chlorophyll content (27.06) was detected in this rootstock under saline conditions with the application of 2 mM boron. The fact that 41 B, which is known to be sensitive to salinity, exhibits this phenomenon indicates that boron increases the stability of photosynthetic pigments. The significant rate of ion flux (72.24%) in the same application, however, increases the possibility that large boron doses could also be toxic (G\u0026uuml;nes et al., 2003; Fujiyama et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Brdar-Jokanovic\u0026acute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among the boron doses applied in the study, 1 mM boron application provided the most positive effect in terms of stress parameters in both rootstocks, increasing shoot tolerance rate, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, while decreasing damage degree and ion flux values. These physiological findings demonstrated that the use of 1 mM boron was effective in preserving plants' stomatal openness and photosynthetic capacity while reducing the negative effects of stress. This effect was determined in 1103 P rootstock plants treated with 1 mM boron under saline conditions, with the highest relative water content (91.5%) and a low damage level (0.69). However, the highest boron dose used in the study, 2 mM, caused a decrease in shoot and root tolerance rates of 1103 P plants, especially under saline conditions. This suggests that high doses of boron have a reducing effect on photosynthetic area, chlorophyll content, and ultimately photosynthetic activity (Naeem ve ark., 2018; Huo ve ark., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSalt stress causes several physiological problems in grapevine rootstocks, including morphological and cell membrane integrity issues, as well as disruptions in water balance. This study found that under saline conditions, 0.5 and 1 mM boron application to both rootstocks had a positive effect on stomatal opening, chlorophyll content, and water-holding capacity, thus increasing salt stress tolerance. However, the highest dose of 2 mM boron in this study was observed to have a toxic effect on some of the parameters examined. The study determined that rootstock 1103 P showed better resistance to salt stress, while rootstock 41 B showed a significant increase in chlorophyll content with boron applications. All these results indicate that in studies investigating the effects of boron application on salt stress in viticulture, the boron dose should be evaluated separately for each rootstock.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.B.E wrote the main manuscript text and N.S.S. prepared figures 1-3. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted within the scope of T\u0026Uuml;BITAK Project No. 1919B012314300, Project No. 2209-A.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdullateef, M, Abdul, H, Shaonan, L, Ghulam, M, Essam, E, Jinggui, F, Cunshan, Z (2025) Grapevine Rootstocks and Salt Stress Tolerance: Mechanisms, Omics Insights, and Implications for Sustainable Viticulture. Int. J. Plant Biol., 16, 129. DOI:10.3390/ijpb16040129. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkden, S, Bilir Ekbic, H, İlhan, M (2024) Effect of Boric Acid in In Vitro Conditions on the Salt Tolerance of Fox Grapes (Vitis Labrusca L.). 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Tekirdağ Ziraat Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Dergisi, 9 (2): 32-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, K, Yan, L, Riaz, M, Babar, S, Hou, J, Zhang, Y, Cuncang, J (2023) Exogenous boron alleviates salt stress in cotton by maintaining cell wall structure and ion homeostasis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 201:107858. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107858. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahmoud, AWM, Abdeldaym, EA, Abdelaziz, SM, El-Sawy, MBI, Mottaleb, SA (2020) Synergetic effects of zinc, boron, silicon, and zeolite nanoparticles on confer tolerance in potato plants subjected to salinity. Agronomy-Basel, 10 (1): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarschner, P (2012) Marschner\u0026rsquo;s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd Edition, Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, London, 651 s.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartin, L, Vila, H, Bottini, R, Berli, F (2020) Rootstocks increase grapevine tolerance to NaCl through ion compartmentalization and exclusion. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42:145. DOI: 10.1007/s11738-020-03136-7. Martinez- Barroso, MC, Alvarez, CE (1997) Toxicity symptomps and tolerance of strawberry to salinity in the irrigation water. Scientia Horticulturae, 71: 177-188.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaeem, M, Naeem, M, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, R, Ashraf, M, Ihsan, M, Nawaz, F., Athar, HR, Ashraf, M, Abbas, HT, Abdullah, M (2018) Improving drought tolerance in maize by foliar application of boron: water status, antioxidative defense and photosynthetic capacity. Archieves in Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(5): 626-639. DOI:10.1080/03650340.2017.1370541. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeocleous, D, Vasilakakis, M (2008) Effects of boric acid and salinity on red raspberry in vitro. Int J Fruit Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538360802529807.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahman, M, Rahman, K, Sathi, K, Alam, M, Nahar, K, Fujita, M, Hasanuzzaman, M (2021) Supplemental Selenium and Boron Mitigate Salt-Induced Oxidative Damages in Glycine max L. Plants, 10, 2224. DOI: 10.3390/plants10102224.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiaz, M, Yan, L, Wu, XW, Hussain, S, Aziz, O, El-Desouki, Z, Jiang, CC (2019) Excess boron inhibited the trifoliate orange growth by inducing oxidative stress, alterations in cell wall structure, and accumulation of free boron. Plant Physiol. Biochem, 141: 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalim, BB (2014) Effect of boron and silicon on alleviating salt stress in maize. Middle East J Agric Res 3(4):1196\u0026ndash;1204. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSevgi, B, Leblebici, S (2023) Tuz Stresinin Bitkiler \u0026Uuml;zerindeki Etkileri ve Geliştirilen Tolerans Mekanizmaları. D\u0026uuml;zce \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 11 (2023), 1498-1516. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith, TE, Grattan, SR, Grieve, CM, Poss, JA, Suarez, DL (2010) Salinity\u0026rsquo;s influence on boron toxicity in broccoli: II. Impacts on boron uptake, uptake mechanisms and tissue ion relations. Agric. Water Manag., 97: 783-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.015. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSotiropoulos, TE, Therios, IN, Dimassi, KN (2005) Uptake of boron by kiwifruit plants under various levels of shading and salinity. J Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200030091.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarrington, K (1923) The effeet of borie acid and borax on the broad bean and eertain other plants. Annals of Botany,37,457-466.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAydın, M, Tombuloglu, G, Sakcali, M, Hakeem, KR, Tombuloglu, H (2019) Boron Alleviates Drought Stress by Enhancing Gene Expressionand Antioxidant Enzyme Activity. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00053-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYermiyahu, U, Ben-Gal, A, Keren, R, Reid, RJ (2008) Combined effect of salinity and excess boron on plant growth and yield. Plant Soil, 304: 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9522-z. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYousefi, H, Dalir, N, Rahnemaie, R, Babaei, A (2019) The alleviation of salinity-induced stress by using boric acid in soilless grown rose. J Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1685103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou-Tsang, A, Wu, Y, Henderson, SW, Walker, AR, Borneman, AR, Walker, RR, Gıllıham, M (2021) Grapevine salt tolerance. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 27, 149\u0026ndash;168. DOI: 10.1111/ajgw.12487.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Effects of different\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses applied to 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks in varying salinity conditions on shoot development parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRootstock (R)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(cm)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSFW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(g)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSDW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.555 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.41 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.495 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.06 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaCl (S)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.797 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.484 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.54 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.19 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.633 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.93 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.571 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.440 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.29 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.99 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.910 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.616 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.12 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.814 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.37 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.564 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.17 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.30 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.723 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.599 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.26 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.721 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.512 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.55 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.870 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.534 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.60 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.545 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.456 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.53 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.444 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.9 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.959 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.751 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.734 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.698 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.17 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.861 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.554 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.876 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.558 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.394 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSx B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.646 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.37 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.170 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.74 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.80 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.826 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.596 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.89 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl- X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.86 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.544 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.445 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.73 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.497 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.20 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003eX 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.57 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.650 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.49 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.801 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.575 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.84 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.584 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.62 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x S x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.521 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450 def\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.34 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.276 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.894 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.68 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl- x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.653 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.619 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.41 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl- x 2 Mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.442 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.63 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33 j\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.367 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.47 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08 ı\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.643 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.464 cdef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.13 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94 gh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.849 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.607 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.41 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13 j\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.027 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.18 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.49 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.770 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.515 bcde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.53 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.27 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.065 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.594 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.18 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.35 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.46 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.01 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.647 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.457 def\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.24 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.14 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.627 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.60 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.07 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.658 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.514 bcde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.95 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.65 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.754 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544 bcde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.67 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.36 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.140 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.89 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSL: Shoot length, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, SDW: Shoot dry weight, NN: Number of nodes, LN: Number of leaves, LA: Leaf area, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P\u0026lt;0.05) level by LSD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffects of different\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e doses on root development parameters of 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks in different salt conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"86%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRootstock (R)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(cm)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRFW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(g)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRDW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.41 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.855 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.695 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.87 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.728 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaCl (S)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.89 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.197 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.39 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.386 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.77 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.859 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.475 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.21 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.441 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.610 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.51 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.805 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.07 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.060 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.93 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.883 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.89 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.827 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.86 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.889 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.89 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.566 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.47 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.555 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.96 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.775 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.34 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.522 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.791 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.86 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.569 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.08 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.164 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.46 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.108 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.509 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.68 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.088 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.27 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.552 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.420 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.05 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.252 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.548 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.31 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.482 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.807 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.01 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.004 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 0 (Kontrol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.467 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.401 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.10 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.400 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.551 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.82 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.802 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.13 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.117 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x S x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.09 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.835 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.694 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.44 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.960 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.56 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.513 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.61 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.225 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.84 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.274 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.703 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47 def\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.589 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.12 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.530 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.11 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.913 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.668 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.486 fgh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.18 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.004 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396 ghıj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.84 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.101 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493 fgh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.40 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.782 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.599 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.15 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.660 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.414 hi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.74 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.211 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.504 efg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.52 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.075 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407 hi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x NaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e x 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.14 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.321 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301 j\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 99.8613%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRN: Root Number, RL: Root length, RFW, Root Fresh Weight, RDW: Root Dry Weight, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P\u0026lt;0.05) level by LSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e The effects of different boron doses applied to 41 B and 1103 P rootstocks under varying salt conditions on certain physiological parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"89%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSTR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRTR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(SPAD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRWC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0-3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eİF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e(%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRootstock (R)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.234 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.54 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.90 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.030 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.29 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.83 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaCl ( S)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.011 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.91 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.253 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.090 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.91 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBor (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.37 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.331 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.126 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.93 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.18 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.1 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.250 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.218 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.38 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.67 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.6 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.035 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.95 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.32 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 BxNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.331 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.150 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.81 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.13 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 BxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.137 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.066 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.26 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.67 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.174 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.150 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.01 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.94 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53 c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.948 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.57 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.72 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.920 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.17 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.97 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.80 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.509 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.066 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.62 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.47 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.362 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.188 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.41 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.73 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.77 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 B X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.161 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.020 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.55 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.28 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.02 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P x 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.782 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.58 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.63 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.72 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.152 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.187 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.86 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.73 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.79 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.138 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.249 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.36 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.60 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.48 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103 P X 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.909 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.35 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.35 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.54 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS x B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0 (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.96 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.37 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.26 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e X 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.646 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.210 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.35 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.73 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.52 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl- X 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.160 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.56 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41BxNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003ex0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.77 d-f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003ex1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.221 b-e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.227 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.21 g-i\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.70 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.19 g-m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ex2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.171 b-f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.212 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.51 hi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.20 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.75 c-m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ex0 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.837 f-h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.01 i\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.87 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.49 b-k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ex0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.212 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.55 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.00 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.16 a-ı\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ex1 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.056 b-g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.270 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.51 gh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.50 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.67 b-m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103PxNaCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ex2 mM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.20 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.42 ac\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e5%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTR: Shoot Tolerance Rate, RTR: Root Tolerance Rate, CC: Chlorophyll content, RWC: Relative water content, DD: Damage Degree, IF: Ion flux, N.S: Not significant, Means not connected by same letter are significantly different (P\u0026lt;0.05) level by LSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Boron, 41 B, 1103 P, Salinity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;41B\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;1103 P rootstock wood cuttings were used as materials. The cuttings were planted in a perlite filled planting tray and reached the 9th developmental stage, foliar applications of H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) were carried out by spraying. After applying boric acid, some cuttings were cultivated in saline conditions (5120 ppm NaCl). After 8 weeks of application, shoot, root and some physiological parameters were measured in plants. 1103 P rootstock showed better shoot development compared to the 41 B rootstock. 1103 P rootstock benefited more from the supportive effect of boron in terms of its efficacy in salt resistance. Even in saline conditions, the application of 0.5 mM boron, in the instance of rootstock 41B, improved shoot development with increased fresh and dry shoot weights, indicating that this may be the optimal boron dose for this rootstock. In particular at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM, boron has been shown to have a positive impact on supporting root development against salt stress. Salinity with the application of 0.5 mM and 1 mM boron was significantly reduced in ion flux and harmful levels. 1103 P rootstock maintained its water and physiological balance better than the 41 B rootstock.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Boric Acid on Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Grapevine Rootstocks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-25 13:56:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9148310/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-23T08:03:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-19T17:30:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-08T10:52:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254039377834645016890683476787053148661","date":"2026-04-01T07:07:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"129563047983005755169686744998996960858","date":"2026-03-31T17:30:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T08:39:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T04:52:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T04:52:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Fruit Science","date":"2026-03-17T11:24:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"56265caa-021a-4977-9fac-f0a835c8201a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-18T06:54:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-25 13:56:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9148310","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9148310","identity":"rs-9148310","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}