The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical properties of P3DOT

The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical properties of P3DOT | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical properties of P3DOT Asim Mantarci This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The influence of solvents on the essential optical characteristics of P3DOT was thoroughly examined. The PhCI solvent yields the highest refractive index (1.90) for the P3DOT at 306 nm, whereas the lowest refractive index (1.54) at 323 nm wavelength is observed with the CH 3 OH solvent. Single oscillator energy of P3DOT in methanol (CH 3 OH) as the solvent is measured at 1.35 eV, while the dispersion energy of the material in the same solvent is 0.096 eV. The contrast of P3DOT fluctuates based on the solvent employed, with values varying significantly between 3.85 and 4.0 eV. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The findings indicate the electrical conductance of the material can be regulated using different solvents. The electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH 3 OH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α j ) was determined to be 1.334×10 -25 cm -3 for CH 3 OH. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C 4 H 9 NO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH 3 OH (3.47 eV). Consequently, essential optical and certain electrical characteristics of P3DOT were acquired and analyzed based on the various solvents used. Conducting Polymer P3DOT Optoelectronics dispersion energy Solar cell Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Poly(3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl), known as P3DOT, is a polythiophene derivative of conducting polymer notable for its electrical conductivity that possesses a range of fascinating characteristics that make it appropriate for use in optoelectronic applications, such as organic photovoltaics [Krinichnyi et al. 2022 , Krinichnyi et al. 2020 , Krinichnyi et al. 2024], sensors [Benatia et al. 2018], and temperature sensing applications [Polena et al. 2022], organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [Huynh et al. 2002], solar cell [Zellmeier et al. 2018 , Zellmeier et al. 2015 ]. In solar cells, P3DOT functions as an active material that enhances photovoltaic efficiency owing to its conjugated structure, which facilitates efficient charge transport. Additionally, the optical and electronic characteristics of P3DOT are affected by property of molecular weight and regioregularity, both which play a vital role in influencing material's efficiency in electronic applications [Yanfang et al. 2009 ]. Oztemiz et al. studied that electrochemical synthesis was employed to produce conductive polymer that is soluble in solvents specifically 3-octylthiophene, 3-decylthiophene, 3-hexylthiophene, 3-dodecylthiophene. They have showed that the properties of molecular weights, conductivities, and polymerization degree of these polymers exhibit a significant dependence on the length of the side chains. Their results have suggested that the introduction of alkyl side chains results in a reduction of reactivity of the growing polymer chain, and as the length of the side chains increases, a corresponding decline in all three properties is observed. Their main result have said that the conductivity in these polymers is primarily attributed to charge transport via hopping between the polymer chains, rather than along single chain [Oztemiz et al. 2004 ]. In another significant article, Shi et al. 2006 studied that a series of novel conjugated polymers has been synthesized utilizing alkoxy-thiophene as foundational component. The copolymer POcoDOT exhibits a high degree of head-to-tail regioregularity, comparable to that of homopolymer Poly(3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl). Similarly, alternating copolymer PFcoDTB demonstrates regio-regularity due to the symmetric nature of its comonomers. Through optical and electrochemical analyses, it has been established that they possess low band gaps, and significant regioregularity, indicating their potential as effective materials for electron donors, photosensitizers, hole transporters in polymer solar cell. Bulk heterojunction solar cell created from blends of these polymers with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have shown varying performance levels, influenced by factors such as, environmental stability, and material' film-forming capabilities, HOMO energy levels. The optimal solar cell performance was achieved with layered configuration of ITO/PEDOT-PSS/PFcoDTB:PCBM(1:4) / LiF / Al. Measured short-circuit current density (Jsc) under white light illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm²), reached 4.3 mA/cm², the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 0.76 V, the fill factor (FF) was 48.6%, power conversion efficiency was 1.6%. Their results were adjusted to account for the spectral mismatch inherent in their measurement system [Shi et al. 2006 ]. To the best of our knowledge, there has yet to be a documented research of the controlling detail optoelectronics properties of P3DOT material using solution processing techniques. Consequently, it is essential to explore the variations in opto-electronics properties of the P3DOT material to assess its potential application in advanced technological devices such as solar cell, sensor etc. Furthermore, the investigation of optical parameters of P3DOT through solution processing techniques offers numerous advantages, including the attainment of highly precise results and cost-effectiveness. The investigation into the optical and certain electrical characteristics of P3DOT revealed variations influenced by solvent effects. The primary objective was to examine and understand how these solvent effects impact the optical and selected electrical properties of the P3DOT. The properties under consideration include optical and electrical conductivity, incidence and refraction angles, optical oscillator strengths, molar polarizability, and dispersion energy, single oscillator energy associated with electronic transitions, and among others. 2. Experimental N,N-Dimethylacetamide (C 4 H 9 NO), methanol (CH 3 OH), and chlorobenzene (PhCl) were acquired from the company of Sigma-Aldrich. This research employed these solutions. The supplementary file ( Figure S1 ) has provided a structural representation of the P3DOT material. In the research, two primary procedures were implemented. The first involved preparation of solutions using various solvents, which was carried out in our laboratory. The final procedure entailed conducting optical measurements of solution of P3DOTs, which were subsequently recorded in the spectroscopy laboratory. The formulation of P3DOT solutions for a range of solvents. The initial measurement of the material's weight was determined to be 0.040 M for three distinct groups of materials, utilizing an AND-GR-200 Series Analytical Balance. The glass sample tubes were individually filled. Prior to this process, each tube was meticulously cleaned and dried using nitrogen gas. Three solutions were prepared: one was dissolved in 18 mL of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (C 4 H 9 NO), another in 18 mL of methanol (CH 3 OH), and the final solution was dissolved in 18 mL of chlorobenzene (PhCl). The solutions were subjected to shaking for approximately 60 minutes to ensure homogeneity, utilizing an RS-VA 10 vortex mixer. Subsequently, the P3DOT solutions were filtered through a PTFE membrane filter to prepare them for optical measurement procedures. Optical evaluation and analysis of P3DOT material in relation to different solvents. The cylindrical bathtub utilized for all measurements was the Hellma QS-100 model, featuring and a volume capacity of 3.5 mililitre (a 10 mm optical path length). The UV/1800 Spectrophotometer, a model produced by Shimadzu, was utilized to conduct optical measurements of all solutions across different solvents at room temperature, within the wavelength range of 190 to 1100 nm. The optical data for all materials were successfully recorded in our laboratory's computer system. Ultimately, based on certain models, opto-electronics characteristics of the P3DOT material were derived from the experimental findings. 3. Results and Discussion The values of electrical conductance and optical conductance [Jameel et al. 2024 ] are crucial and in optoelectronic research, and they can be calculated using the following formulas. $$\:{{{\sigma\:}}_{\text{e}\text{l}\text{e}\text{c}\text{t}\text{r}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}}}_{\:}=\left(\frac{2{\lambda\:}}{{\alpha\:}}\right).{{\sigma\:}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\:}$$ 1 $$\:{{\sigma\:}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\:}=\left({\alpha\:}\text{n}\text{c}\right).\left({4{\pi\:}}^{-1}\right)$$ 2 The optical and electrical conductance of P3DOT was assessed across different solvents, as illustrated in Figs. 1 a and 1 b. The optical conductivity of our material exhibits three peaks at 3.84 eV, 3.97 eV, and 4.07 eV (C 4 H 9 NO solvent). The optical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:4.67\times\:{10}^{9},\:\:3.74\times\:{10}^{9}\:,\:3.53\times\:{10}^{9}\:\text{S}/\text{m}\) , respectively. For PhCI solvent, the optical conductivity exhibits three peaks at 3.84 eV, 3.96 eV, and 4.07 eV. The optical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:1.91\times\:{10}^{9},\:\:1.49\times\:{10}^{9}\:,\:1.45\times\:{10}^{9}\:\text{S}/\text{m}\) , respectively. For CH 3 OH solvent, the optical conductivity exhibits two peaks at 3.84 and 4.07 eV. The optical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:2.49\times\:{10}^{8},\:\:1.85\times\:{10}^{8}\:\text{S}/\text{m}\) , respectively. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum optical conductivity when dissolved in the C 4 H 9 NO solvent, whereas its minimum optical conductance is observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The optical conductance of P3DOT is believed to vary depending on the type of solvent used. The electrical conductivity of P3DOT exhibits two peaks at 3.85 eV, 4.08 eV (PhCI solvent). The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:2.85\times\:{10}^{10},\:\:2.74\times\:{10}^{10}\:\text{S}\) , respectively. For C 4 H 9 NO solvent, the electrical conductivity exhibits two peaks at 3.85 eV, 4.07 eV. The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:2.74\times\:{10}^{10},\:\:2.69\times\:{10}^{10}\:\text{S}\) , respectively. For CH 3 OH solvent, the electrical conductivity exhibits three peaks at 3.83 eV, 3.95 eV, and 4.07 eV. The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \(\:2.36\times\:{10}^{10},\:\:2.49\times\:{10}^{10}\:,\:2.45\times\:{10}^{10}\:\text{S}\) , respectively. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The findings indicate the electrical conductance of the material can be regulated using different solvents. One additional conclusion is that electrical conductivity of P3DOT surpasses the optical conductance of material. The refractive index of P3DOT has emerged as a crucial characteristic for photonic research and is calculated using formula [Kajari et al. 2024]; $$\:\text{n}=\{\:{\left(\left(4\text{R}\right).{\left(\text{R}-1\right)}^{-2}-{\text{k}}^{2}\right)}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/\:\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}-\left(\left(\text{R}+1\right).{\left(\text{R}-1\right)}^{-1}\right)\}$$ 3 R is reflectance of P3DOT where k = αλ/4π. The relationship between the refractive index of P3DOT and wavelength across different solvents are illustrated (Fig. 2 ). The refractive index of P3DOT decreases as the wavelength increases within normal dispersion region across all solvents. For PhCI solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.90 and 1.85 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. For C 4 H 9 NO solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.86 and 1.78 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. For CH 3 OH solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.69 and 1.54 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. The PhCI solvent yields the highest refractive index (1.90) for the P3DOT at 306 nm, whereas the lowest refractive index (1.54) at 323 nm wavelength is observed with the CH 3 OH solvent. The dispersion energy (E d ) and single oscillator energy for electronic transitions, denoted as (E 0 ), are calculated from experimental results utilizing the single oscillator theory (as outlined by [Hui et al. ( 2024 )]); $$\:\left({\text{n}}^{2}-1\right).\left({{\text{E}}_{\text{o}}}^{2}-{\text{E}}^{2}\right)={\text{E}}_{\text{d}}.{\text{E}}_{\text{o}}$$ 4 The plot of 1/(n²-1) against E² for P3DOT in the CH 3 OH as solvent is presented in Fig. 3 a. The linear fitting procedure was effectively implemented using Origin Pro software. The intercept provides values of E o and E d , while slope is represented as 1 divided by product of E o and E d . Single oscillator energy of P3DOT in methanol (CH 3 OH) as the solvent is measured at 1.35 eV, while the dispersion energy of the material in the same solvent is 0.096 eV. Furthermore, \(\:{M}_{-3}\) and \(\:{M}_{-1}\) moments are calculated using the following relations; $$\:{{(\text{E}}_{\text{o}}}^{2}).\:\left({\text{M}}_{-3}\right)={{\text{M}}_{-1}}^{\:}$$ 5 $$\:{{(\text{E}}_{\text{d}}}^{2}).\:\left({\text{M}}_{-3}\right)={{\text{M}}_{-1}}^{3\:}$$ 6 \(\:{M}_{-3}\) and \(\:{M}_{-1}\) moments of P3DOT in CH 3 OH are measured at 0.039 eV (−2) and 0.071 eV (−2) , respectively. For carbon-nanotube, study reported in reference [Hamze 2012 ] identified elevated values of \(\:{M}_{-3}\) and \(\:{M}_{-1}\) . The optical oscillator strengths (f) are another important optical property related to optical transitions, as \(\:{f}^{2}\) is dependent on these transitions. It can be determined using the following equation; $$\:\text{f}=\:{\text{E}}_{\text{o}}{.\text{E}}_{\text{d}}$$ 7 The optical oscillator strength of the P3DOT material is measured at 0.129 eV (−2) when dissolved in CH 3 OH. The molar polarizability of P3DOT, denoted as (α j ) can be calculated based on the local field polarizability theory proposed by Clausius Mossotti; $$\:{{\alpha\:}}^{\text{j}}=\left({\text{n}}^{2}-1\right).(3.{\text{M}}_{\text{A}})/\left({\text{n}}^{2}+2\right).({\rho\:}.{\text{N}}_{\text{A}})$$ 8 \(\:{M}_{A}\) ; moleculer weight of the material, \(\:\rho\:\) ; density, \(\:{N}_{A}\) ; constant of avogadro. The plot illustrating (n 2 -1)/ (n 2 + 2) against the energy (E) of P3DOT when dissolved in CH 3 OH is presented in Fig. 3 b. The linear fitting process was conducted using Origin Pro computer programming. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α j ) was determined to be \(\:1.334\times\:{10}^{-25}\:{\text{c}\text{m}}^{-3}\) for CH 3 OH, based on the slope of the curve. The contrast value of material plays a crucial role in assessing sensitivity of materials. \(\:{\alpha\:}_{c}\) contrast for our material has been calculated as such; $$\:{{\alpha\:}}_{\text{c}}=1-{({\text{n}}_{1}/{\text{n}}_{2})}^{2}$$ 9 \(\:{n}_{2}\) ; refractive index of P3DOT, \(\:{n}_{1}\) ; refractive index of medium. An initial energy range of about 3.85 eV to 4.0 eV, it is clear that the contrast of P3DOT increases notably, rising from 0.59 to 0.65 for CH 3 OH and from 0.68 to 0.71 for C 4 H 9 NO. However, for PhCl, the contrast value shows a modest increase from 0.71 to 0.72. After around 4.0 eV, the contrast of P3DOT across all solvents appears to stabilize and shows minimal variation. The examination of Fig. 4 reveals that the contrast of P3DOT fluctuates based on the solvent employed, with values varying significantly between 3.85 and 4.0 eV. The properties of the refraction angle ( \(\:{\varphi\:}_{2}\) ) and incidence angle ( \(\:{\varphi\:}_{1}\) ) of optical materials are crucial for optoelectronic [Shuhua et al. 2024 ] and photonic research. Formulas (10) and (11) provide the values for ( \(\:{\varphi\:}_{2}\) ) and ( \(\:{\varphi\:}_{1}\) ) of the P3DOT; $$\:{{\upvarphi\:}}_{2}={\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}}^{-1}\left(\left(\frac{{\text{n}}_{1}}{{\text{n}}_{2}}\right)\text{sin}{{\upvarphi\:}}_{1\:}\right)$$ 10 $$\:{{\upvarphi\:}}_{1}={\text{t}\text{a}\text{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{{\text{n}}_{2}}{{\text{n}}_{1}}\right)$$ 11 The relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction in relation to energy is illustrated in Fig. 5 . In the energy range of 3.6-4.0 eV, the incidence angle of P3DOT shows a slight increase from approximately \(\:61.2\:^\circ\:\) to around \(\:62.3\:^\circ\:\) for PhCI. Similarly, within the same energy range, the incidence angle for P3DOT rises slightly from about \(\:59.7\:^\circ\:\) to approximately \(\:61.6\:^\circ\:\) for C 4 H 9 NO. In contrast, for CH 3 OH, the incidence angle of P3DOT experiences a significant increase from roughly \(\:43.4\:^\circ\:\) to \(\:\sim59.4\:^\circ\:\) within the same energy range. The refraction angle of P3DOT shows a slight decrease from approximately \(\:28.8\:^\circ\:\) to around \(\:27.8\:^\circ\:\) for PhCI in the range of 3.6-4.0 eV. Similarly, within the same energy range, the refraction angle for P3DOT decreases slightly from about \(\:30.1\:^\circ\:\) to approximately \(\:28.4\:^\circ\:\) for C 4 H 9 NO. In contrast, for CH 3 OH, the refraction angle of P3DOT experiences a significant decrease from roughly \(\:46.7\:^\circ\:\) to \(\:\sim30.4\:^\circ\:\) within the same energy range. The findings indicate that the refraction angle and the incident angle of P3DOT can be effectively regulated through the use of CH 3 OH solvent. The study published by [Jianbo et al. 2024 ] reported a higher incidence angle value for silicon carbide ceramics compared to our findings. The molar extinction coefficient for P3DOT when dissolves at different solvents is illustrated in Fig. 6 . The graph indicates that peaks occur at 3.48 eV for C 4 H 9 NO, 3.41 eV for PhCI, and 3.50 eV for CH 3 OH. The molar extinction coefficients associated with these peaks are \(\:3.45\times\:{10}^{-5}\) , \(\:1.48\times\:{10}^{-5}\) , and \(\:2.03\times\:{10}^{-6}\:\text{L}\:{\text{m}\text{o}\text{l}}^{-1}{\text{c}\text{m}}^{-1}\) when dissolves C 4 H 9 NO, PhCI, and CH 3 OH, respectively. A declining trend in the molar extinction coefficients of P3DOT has been observed across various solvents, specifically from C 4 H 9 NO to PhCl and from PhCl to CH 3 OH. Supplementary Figure S2 displays the characteristics of the absorbance coefficient for P3DOT. For the solvents CH 3 OH, C 4 H 9 NO and PhCI, three distinct peaks in the absorbance coefficient are observed at 3.48, 3.43, and 3.40 eV, respectively. The findings suggest that the absorption coefficient of P3DOT can be influenced by modifying the solvents utilized. Supplementary Figure S3 illustrates the percentage transmission of the P3DOT as a function of energy. The results of our study reveal that T % of the material demonstrates 73.57% at 3.47 eV for CH 3 OH, 11.18% at 3.40 eV for PhCl, and 0.56% at 3.43 eV for C 4 H 9 NO. The percentage transmission of P3DOT shows a decreasing trend from CH 3 OH to PhCl, and subsequently from PhCl to C 4 H 9 NO. Supplementary Figure S4 illustrates the graph of dT/d𝜆 in relation to the energy of the material. A crucial characteristic of optic science, known as the absorption band edge energy, is derived from dT/d𝜆 values. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH 3 OH, PhCl, and C 4 H 9 NO, respectively. The electric susceptibility characteristics of P3DOT are illustrated in supplementary Figure S5 . This can be determined using the following equation [Abouhaswa et al. 2024]. $$\:{{\chi\:}}_{\text{c}}=\left({\text{n}}^{2}-{\text{k}}^{2}-{{\epsilon\:}}_{\text{o}}\right).({4{\pi\:})}^{-1}$$ 13 The electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. Similarly, in C 4 H 9 NO, the electric susceptibility experiences a slight increase from 0.25 to 0.27, with energy shifting from 3.85 to 4.05 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH 3 OH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. The electric susceptibility of P3DOT is observed to change depending on the solvent used. Supplementary Figure S6 illustrates the percentage reflectance in relation to the energy of P3DOT. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C 4 H 9 NO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH 3 OH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C 4 H 9 NO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The capability to manipulate the optical band gap energy for materials is essential for opto-electronic research. By conducting absorbance measurements on P3DOT, it is determined the optical band gap energy for P3DOT utilizing the Tauc relation [Pedro et al. 2024 ]; $$\:{\left({\alpha\:}\text{h}{\nu\:}\right)}^{\text{n}}=\text{T}\left(\text{h}{\nu\:}-{\text{E}}_{\text{g}}\right)\:\:$$ 12 n ; band gap type. T ; constant. The graph depicting \(\:{\alpha\:}^{2}{E}^{2}\) in relation to E is presented in Figure S7 as supplementary material. Selecting n = 1/2 and applying linear fitted results in an intercept value that indicates the direct-allowed optical band gap energy for P3DOT in the Figure. For the P3DOT, the optical band gap (direct-allowed) energies are 3.16 eV when dissolves in PhCI, 3.17 eV when dissolves in C 4 H 9 NO. The findings indicated that the change in optical band gap energy of P3DOT when subjected to different solvents is quite minor. 4. Conclusions The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical/electrical properties of P3DOT was deeply investigated. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH 3 OH, PhCl, and C 4 H 9 NO, respectively. A declining trend in the molar extinction coefficients of P3DOT has been observed across various solvents, specifically from C 4 H 9 NO to PhCl and from PhCl to CH 3 OH. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum optical conductivity when dissolved in the C 4 H 9 NO solvent, whereas its minimum optical conductance is observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The optical conductance of P3DOT is believed to vary depending on the type of solvent used. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. Another conclusion is that electrical conductivity of P3DOT surpasses the optical conductance of material. The findings indicated that the change in optical band gap energy of P3DOT when subjected to different solvents is quite minor. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C 4 H 9 NO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH 3 OH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C 4 H 9 NO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. The electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH 3 OH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. For CH 3 OH, the refraction angle of P3DOT experiences a significant decrease from roughly \(\:46.7\:^\circ\:\) to \(\:\sim30.4\:^\circ\:\) within the same energy range (3.6-4.0 eV). The findings indicate that the refraction angle and the incident angle of P3DOT can be effectively regulated through the use of CH 3 OH solvent. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH 3 OH, PhCl, and C 4 H 9 NO, respectively. The molar extinction coefficients associated with these peaks (3.48, 3.41 and 3.50 eV) are \(\:3.45\times\:{10}^{-5}\) , \(\:1.48\times\:{10}^{-5}\) , and \(\:2.03\times\:{10}^{-6}\:\text{L}\:{\text{m}\text{o}\text{l}}^{-1}{\text{c}\text{m}}^{-1}\) when dissolves C 4 H 9 NO, PhCI, and CH 3 OH, respectively. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C 4 H 9 NO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH 3 OH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C 4 H 9 NO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH 3 OH solvent. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α j ) was determined to be \(\:1.334\times\:{10}^{-25}\:{\text{c}\text{m}}^{-3}\) for CH 3 OH. Evidence points to the conclusion that P3DOT may serve as a highly efficient option for various photonic applications, such as solar cells. Declarations The authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding This research did not receive any financial support from institutions, organizations, or individuals. Author Contributions Asim Mantarci undertook all aspects of this study, from its initial planning and experimental execution to the analysis of results and the writing and editing of the final article. References Abouhaswa, A.S., Abomostafa, H.M.: Linear and nonlinear optical properties of FeCl3/PVA composite flexible films for optoelectronic applications. Polym. Bull. 81 , 3127–3147 (2024). Benatia, K., Telia, A.: Electrical and optical numerical modeling of DP-PPV based polymer light emitting diode. J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. 17( 2), 229-245 (2018). Hamze, M.: Optical conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Opt. Commun. 285 : (13–14), 3137-3139 (2012). 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Shi, C., Yao, Y., Yang, Pei, Q.: Regioregular copolymers of 3-alkoxythiophene and their photovoltaic application. JACS. 128 (27), 8980-8986 (2006). Shuhua C., Nan C., Yanjun J.: Angle insensitive filters based on Fabry–Pérot resonance structures . J. Appl. Phys. 136 (19), 193102 (2024). Pedro H.M.A., Christophe V., Thierry L., Antonio T., Matthieu H., Alain M.: Band gap analysis in MOF materials: Distinguishing direct and indirect transitions using UV–vis spectroscopy, Appl. Mater. Today 37 , 102094 (2024). Polena, J.: Hemi-Isoindigo Polymers and Oligomers for Temperature Sensing Applications (Master's thesis,). pp. 62-90. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (2022). https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/items/ed8a65f0-8ca0-4ebb-bf55-2662e2426667 Accessed 10 November 2024. Yanfang, H., Zhengjian, Q., Jing, Y., Xuemei, W., Bin, W., & Yueming, S.: Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of a novel alternating 3-dodecyloxythiophene-co-pyridine copolymer. Polym. Bull. 62 , 139-149 (2009). Zellmeier, M., Rappich, J., Klaus, M., Genzel, C., Janietz, S., Frisch, J., Nickel, N. H.: Side chain engineering of poly-thiophene and its impact on crystalline silicon based hybrid solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 , 203301 (2015). Zellmeier, M., Brenner, T. J. K., Janietz, S., Nickel, N. H., Rappich, J.: Polythiophenes as emitter layers for crystalline silicon solar cells: parasitic absorption, interface passivation, and open circuit voltage. J. Appl. Phys. 123 , 033102 (2018). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Dec, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5708927","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431476007,"identity":"1a027976-bc0a-4252-8ffd-f4c0224f1fbb","order_by":0,"name":"Asim Mantarci","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADNvYGAwjrADHKQYrYeA6QqoVBIoFILfzTDj97/KHmnjyf5OOND3+2Mcjx3UjAr0Xidpq5wYFjxYZt0mnFxrxtDMaShLQw3E4wkzjAlpDAJp1jJs3YxpC4gZAW+dvp3yQO/ANqkTxj/hPosHqCWgxu55hJHGwDapHgMWMAOizBgJAWw9s5ZRJn+xIM23jSiqV5zkkYzjzzAL8Wudvp2yQqviXIy7cf3vjxR5mNPN9xAragAwnSlI+CUTAKRsEowA4AXmZEPXLijDcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Delaware State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asim","middleName":"","lastName":"Mantarci","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-25 03:53:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08408-5","type":"published","date":"2025-08-11T15:57:49+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78940049,"identity":"ee521543-385e-491e-9423-09ca9c015854","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:28:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":199248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) \u003c/strong\u003eOptical conductivity \u003cstrong\u003eb)\u003c/strong\u003e Electrical conductivity of P3DOT at different solvents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/dbe389a843f227cb01beaf54.png"},{"id":78940051,"identity":"7326e1f2-ea67-4e4b-8092-19fdeec0b260","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:28:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2350392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDispersion of the refractive index for P3DOT.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/25eca64c46ba8c957c65d042.jpg"},{"id":78940456,"identity":"59b3224f-5405-42b7-96c5-4d106cc85d89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:36:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) \u003c/strong\u003eThe comparison of the (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1) curve against the E\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e curve,\u003cstrong\u003e b) \u003c/strong\u003eas well as the (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)/ (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e+2) curve in relation to the E curve of P3DOT for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/b8c51133300945fc6cb32e7a.png"},{"id":78940052,"identity":"c7d2745b-4b6b-4266-97db-24f7c90e703a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:28:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2436442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustrates contrast values of the P3DOT across different solvents.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/ee5ca10750e66e3f7d5ca91a.jpg"},{"id":78940459,"identity":"ae3d3a29-c363-49fb-b99b-d7d6a72e10cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:36:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3749090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpectra of incidence and refraction angles for different solvents.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/dc218f49f79c573054adb81c.jpg"},{"id":78940062,"identity":"18a33577-2735-46fb-84e5-de30764421a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:28:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3729551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe molar extinction coefficient of P3DOT\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/cbf13e645f70e54999b05cb1.jpg"},{"id":89311627,"identity":"47ed03c5-39f6-4970-9860-cf3bd5aadc95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 16:11:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":13126877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/b77c4195-71f5-4e94-8e38-2c4f14ac0322.pdf"},{"id":78940925,"identity":"82b0cfa8-a69c-4d63-a0df-9c2ed16a8d59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-21 06:44:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1469115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5708927/v1/9550e70ad4f6c83170bbea56.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical properties of P3DOT","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePoly(3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl), known as P3DOT, is a polythiophene derivative of conducting polymer notable for its electrical conductivity that possesses a range of fascinating characteristics that make it appropriate for use in optoelectronic applications, such as organic photovoltaics [Krinichnyi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Krinichnyi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Krinichnyi et al. 2024], sensors [Benatia et al. 2018], and temperature sensing applications [Polena et al. 2022], organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [Huynh et al. 2002], solar cell [Zellmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Zellmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e]. In solar cells, P3DOT functions as an active material that enhances photovoltaic efficiency owing to its conjugated structure, which facilitates efficient charge transport. Additionally, the optical and electronic characteristics of P3DOT are affected by property of molecular weight and regioregularity, both which play a vital role in influencing material's efficiency in electronic applications [Yanfang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e]. Oztemiz et al. studied that electrochemical synthesis was employed to produce conductive polymer that is soluble in solvents specifically 3-octylthiophene, 3-decylthiophene, 3-hexylthiophene, 3-dodecylthiophene. They have showed that the properties of molecular weights, conductivities, and polymerization degree of these polymers exhibit a significant dependence on the length of the side chains. Their results have suggested that the introduction of alkyl side chains results in a reduction of reactivity of the growing polymer chain, and as the length of the side chains increases, a corresponding decline in all three properties is observed. Their main result have said that the conductivity in these polymers is primarily attributed to charge transport via hopping between the polymer chains, rather than along single chain [Oztemiz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e]. In another significant article, Shi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e studied that a series of novel conjugated polymers has been synthesized utilizing alkoxy-thiophene as foundational component. The copolymer POcoDOT exhibits a high degree of head-to-tail regioregularity, comparable to that of homopolymer Poly(3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl). Similarly, alternating copolymer PFcoDTB demonstrates regio-regularity due to the symmetric nature of its comonomers. Through optical and electrochemical analyses, it has been established that they possess low band gaps, and significant regioregularity, indicating their potential as effective materials for electron donors, photosensitizers, hole transporters in polymer solar cell. Bulk heterojunction solar cell created from blends of these polymers with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have shown varying performance levels, influenced by factors such as, environmental stability, and material' film-forming capabilities, HOMO energy levels. The optimal solar cell performance was achieved with layered configuration of ITO/PEDOT-PSS/PFcoDTB:PCBM(1:4) / LiF / Al. Measured short-circuit current density (Jsc) under white light illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm\u0026sup2;), reached 4.3 mA/cm\u0026sup2;, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 0.76 V, the fill factor (FF) was 48.6%, power conversion efficiency was 1.6%. Their results were adjusted to account for the spectral mismatch inherent in their measurement system [Shi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e]. To the best of our knowledge, there has yet to be a documented research of the controlling detail optoelectronics properties of P3DOT material using solution processing techniques. Consequently, it is essential to explore the variations in opto-electronics properties of the P3DOT material to assess its potential application in advanced technological devices such as solar cell, sensor etc. Furthermore, the investigation of optical parameters of P3DOT through solution processing techniques offers numerous advantages, including the attainment of highly precise results and cost-effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigation into the optical and certain electrical characteristics of P3DOT revealed variations influenced by solvent effects. The primary objective was to examine and understand how these solvent effects impact the optical and selected electrical properties of the P3DOT. The properties under consideration include optical and electrical conductivity, incidence and refraction angles, optical oscillator strengths, molar polarizability, and dispersion energy, single oscillator energy associated with electronic transitions, and among others.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cp\u003eN,N-Dimethylacetamide (C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO), methanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH), and chlorobenzene (PhCl) were acquired from the company of Sigma-Aldrich. This research employed these solutions. The supplementary file (\u003cb\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e) has provided a structural representation of the P3DOT material. In the research, two primary procedures were implemented. The first involved preparation of solutions using various solvents, which was carried out in our laboratory. The final procedure entailed conducting optical measurements of solution of P3DOTs, which were subsequently recorded in the spectroscopy laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe formulation of P3DOT solutions for a range of solvents.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial measurement of the material's weight was determined to be 0.040 M for three distinct groups of materials, utilizing an AND-GR-200 Series Analytical Balance. The glass sample tubes were individually filled. Prior to this process, each tube was meticulously cleaned and dried using nitrogen gas. Three solutions were prepared: one was dissolved in 18 mL of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO), another in 18 mL of methanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH), and the final solution was dissolved in 18 mL of chlorobenzene (PhCl). The solutions were subjected to shaking for approximately 60 minutes to ensure homogeneity, utilizing an RS-VA 10 vortex mixer. Subsequently, the P3DOT solutions were filtered through a PTFE membrane filter to prepare them for optical measurement procedures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOptical evaluation and analysis of P3DOT material in relation to different solvents.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cylindrical bathtub utilized for all measurements was the Hellma QS-100 model, featuring and a volume capacity of 3.5 mililitre (a 10 mm optical path length). The UV/1800 Spectrophotometer, a model produced by Shimadzu, was utilized to conduct optical measurements of all solutions across different solvents at room temperature, within the wavelength range of 190 to 1100 nm. The optical data for all materials were successfully recorded in our laboratory's computer system. Ultimately, based on certain models, opto-electronics characteristics of the P3DOT material were derived from the experimental findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe values of electrical conductance and optical conductance [Jameel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e] are crucial and in optoelectronic research, and they can be calculated using the following formulas.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{{\\sigma\\:}}_{\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}}}_{\\:}=\\left(\\frac{2{\\lambda\\:}}{{\\alpha\\:}}\\right).{{\\sigma\\:}}_{\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\sigma\\:}}_{\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:}=\\left({\\alpha\\:}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\right).\\left({4{\\pi\\:}}^{-1}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optical and electrical conductance of P3DOT was assessed across different solvents, as illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb. The optical conductivity of our material exhibits three peaks at 3.84 eV, 3.97 eV, and 4.07 eV (C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent). The optical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:4.67\\times\\:{10}^{9},\\:\\:3.74\\times\\:{10}^{9}\\:,\\:3.53\\times\\:{10}^{9}\\:\\text{S}/\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. For PhCI solvent, the optical conductivity exhibits three peaks at 3.84 eV, 3.96 eV, and 4.07 eV. The optical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:1.91\\times\\:{10}^{9},\\:\\:1.49\\times\\:{10}^{9}\\:,\\:1.45\\times\\:{10}^{9}\\:\\text{S}/\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. For CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent, the optical conductivity exhibits two peaks at 3.84 and 4.07 eV. The optical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.49\\times\\:{10}^{8},\\:\\:1.85\\times\\:{10}^{8}\\:\\text{S}/\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum optical conductivity when dissolved in the C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, whereas its minimum optical conductance is observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The optical conductance of P3DOT is believed to vary depending on the type of solvent used. The electrical conductivity of P3DOT exhibits two peaks at 3.85 eV, 4.08 eV (PhCI solvent). The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.85\\times\\:{10}^{10},\\:\\:2.74\\times\\:{10}^{10}\\:\\text{S}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. For C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, the electrical conductivity exhibits two peaks at 3.85 eV, 4.07 eV. The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.74\\times\\:{10}^{10},\\:\\:2.69\\times\\:{10}^{10}\\:\\text{S}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. For CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent, the electrical conductivity exhibits three peaks at 3.83 eV, 3.95 eV, and 4.07 eV. The electrical conductivity values for these materials are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.36\\times\\:{10}^{10},\\:\\:2.49\\times\\:{10}^{10}\\:,\\:2.45\\times\\:{10}^{10}\\:\\text{S}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The findings indicate the electrical conductance of the material can be regulated using different solvents. One additional conclusion is that electrical conductivity of P3DOT surpasses the optical conductance of material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe refractive index of P3DOT has emerged as a crucial characteristic for photonic research and is calculated using formula [Kajari et al. 2024];\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{n}=\\{\\:{\\left(\\left(4\\text{R}\\right).{\\left(\\text{R}-1\\right)}^{-2}-{\\text{k}}^{2}\\right)}^{\\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\\!\\left/\\:\\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\\right.}-\\left(\\left(\\text{R}+1\\right).{\\left(\\text{R}-1\\right)}^{-1}\\right)\\}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR is reflectance of P3DOT where k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;αλ/4π. The relationship between the refractive index of P3DOT and wavelength across different solvents are illustrated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The refractive index of P3DOT decreases as the wavelength increases within normal dispersion region across all solvents. For PhCI solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.90 and 1.85 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. For C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.86 and 1.78 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. For CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent, refractive index values of P3DOT are 1.69 and 1.54 at 306 and 323 nm, respectivey. The PhCI solvent yields the highest refractive index (1.90) for the P3DOT at 306 nm, whereas the lowest refractive index (1.54) at 323 nm wavelength is observed with the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dispersion energy (E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e) and single oscillator energy for electronic transitions, denoted as (E\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), are calculated from experimental results utilizing the single oscillator theory (as outlined by [Hui et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)]);\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\left({\\text{n}}^{2}-1\\right).\\left({{\\text{E}}_{\\text{o}}}^{2}-{\\text{E}}^{2}\\right)={\\text{E}}_{\\text{d}}.{\\text{E}}_{\\text{o}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plot of 1/(n\u0026sup2;-1) against E\u0026sup2; for P3DOT in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH as solvent is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea. The linear fitting procedure was effectively implemented using Origin Pro software. The intercept provides values of E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e, while slope is represented as 1 divided by product of E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e. Single oscillator energy of P3DOT in methanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH) as the solvent is measured at 1.35 eV, while the dispersion energy of the material in the same solvent is 0.096 eV. Furthermore, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e moments are calculated using the following relations;\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{(\\text{E}}_{\\text{o}}}^{2}).\\:\\left({\\text{M}}_{-3}\\right)={{\\text{M}}_{-1}}^{\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{(\\text{E}}_{\\text{d}}}^{2}).\\:\\left({\\text{M}}_{-3}\\right)={{\\text{M}}_{-1}}^{3\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e moments of P3DOT in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH are measured at 0.039 eV\u003csup\u003e(\u0026minus;2)\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.071 eV\u003csup\u003e(\u0026minus;2)\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. For carbon-nanotube, study reported in reference [Hamze \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e] identified elevated values of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The optical oscillator strengths (f) are another important optical property related to optical transitions, as \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{f}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is dependent on these transitions. It can be determined using the following equation;\u003cdiv id=\"Equ7\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ7\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{f}=\\:{\\text{E}}_{\\text{o}}{.\\text{E}}_{\\text{d}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optical oscillator strength of the P3DOT material is measured at 0.129 eV\u003csup\u003e(\u0026minus;2)\u003c/sup\u003e when dissolved in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe molar polarizability of P3DOT, denoted as (α\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e) can be calculated based on the local field polarizability theory proposed by Clausius Mossotti;\u003cdiv id=\"Equ8\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ8\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\alpha\\:}}^{\\text{j}}=\\left({\\text{n}}^{2}-1\\right).(3.{\\text{M}}_{\\text{A}})/\\left({\\text{n}}^{2}+2\\right).({\\rho\\:}.{\\text{N}}_{\\text{A}})$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{A}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e; moleculer weight of the material, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\rho\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ; density, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{A}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; constant of avogadro. The plot illustrating (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)/ (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2) against the energy (E) of P3DOT when dissolved in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb. The linear fitting process was conducted using Origin Pro computer programming. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e) was determined to be \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:1.334\\times\\:{10}^{-25}\\:{\\text{c}\\text{m}}^{-3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, based on the slope of the curve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contrast value of material plays a crucial role in assessing sensitivity of materials. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\alpha\\:}_{c}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e contrast for our material has been calculated as such;\u003cdiv id=\"Equ9\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ9\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\alpha\\:}}_{\\text{c}}=1-{({\\text{n}}_{1}/{\\text{n}}_{2})}^{2}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e ; refractive index of P3DOT, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ; refractive index of medium.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn initial energy range of about 3.85 eV to 4.0 eV, it is clear that the contrast of P3DOT increases notably, rising from 0.59 to 0.65 for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH and from 0.68 to 0.71 for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO. However, for PhCl, the contrast value shows a modest increase from 0.71 to 0.72. After around 4.0 eV, the contrast of P3DOT across all solvents appears to stabilize and shows minimal variation. The examination of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e reveals that the contrast of P3DOT fluctuates based on the solvent employed, with values varying significantly between 3.85 and 4.0 eV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe properties of the refraction angle (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varphi\\:}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and incidence angle (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varphi\\:}_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) of optical materials are crucial for optoelectronic [Shuhua et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e] and photonic research. Formulas (10) and (11) provide the values for (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varphi\\:}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varphi\\:}_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) of the P3DOT;\u003cdiv id=\"Equ10\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ10\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{2}={\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{n}}^{-1}\\left(\\left(\\frac{{\\text{n}}_{1}}{{\\text{n}}_{2}}\\right)\\text{sin}{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{1\\:}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ11\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ11\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{1}={\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{n}}^{-1}\\left(\\frac{{\\text{n}}_{2}}{{\\text{n}}_{1}}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction in relation to energy is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. In the energy range of 3.6-4.0 eV, the incidence angle of P3DOT shows a slight increase from approximately \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:61.2\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to around \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:62.3\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for PhCI. Similarly, within the same energy range, the incidence angle for P3DOT rises slightly from about \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:59.7\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to approximately \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:61.6\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO. In contrast, for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the incidence angle of P3DOT experiences a significant increase from roughly \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:43.4\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sim59.4\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e within the same energy range. The refraction angle of P3DOT shows a slight decrease from approximately \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:28.8\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to around \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:27.8\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for PhCI in the range of 3.6-4.0 eV. Similarly, within the same energy range, the refraction angle for P3DOT decreases slightly from about \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:30.1\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to approximately \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:28.4\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO. In contrast, for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the refraction angle of P3DOT experiences a significant decrease from roughly \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:46.7\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sim30.4\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e within the same energy range. The findings indicate that the refraction angle and the incident angle of P3DOT can be effectively regulated through the use of CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The study published by [Jianbo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e] reported a higher incidence angle value for silicon carbide ceramics compared to our findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe molar extinction coefficient for P3DOT when dissolves at different solvents is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The graph indicates that peaks occur at 3.48 eV for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, 3.41 eV for PhCI, and 3.50 eV for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH. The molar extinction coefficients associated with these peaks are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:3.45\\times\\:{10}^{-5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:1.48\\times\\:{10}^{-5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.03\\times\\:{10}^{-6}\\:\\text{L}\\:{\\text{m}\\text{o}\\text{l}}^{-1}{\\text{c}\\text{m}}^{-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e when dissolves C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, PhCI, and CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, respectively. A declining trend in the molar extinction coefficients of P3DOT has been observed across various solvents, specifically from C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO to PhCl and from PhCl to CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary \u003cb\u003eFigure S2\u003c/b\u003e displays the characteristics of the absorbance coefficient for P3DOT. For the solvents CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO and PhCI, three distinct peaks in the absorbance coefficient are observed at 3.48, 3.43, and 3.40 eV, respectively. The findings suggest that the absorption coefficient of P3DOT can be influenced by modifying the solvents utilized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary \u003cb\u003eFigure S3\u003c/b\u003e illustrates the percentage transmission of the P3DOT as a function of energy. The results of our study reveal that T % of the material demonstrates 73.57% at 3.47 eV for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, 11.18% at 3.40 eV for PhCl, and 0.56% at 3.43 eV for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO. The percentage transmission of P3DOT shows a decreasing trend from CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH to PhCl, and subsequently from PhCl to C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary \u003cb\u003eFigure S4\u003c/b\u003e illustrates the graph of dT/d\u0026#120582; in relation to the energy of the material. A crucial characteristic of optic science, known as the absorption band edge energy, is derived from dT/d\u0026#120582; values. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, PhCl, and C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electric susceptibility characteristics of P3DOT are illustrated in supplementary \u003cb\u003eFigure S5\u003c/b\u003e. This can be determined using the following equation [Abouhaswa et al. 2024].\u003cdiv id=\"Equ12\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ12\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{{\\chi\\:}}_{\\text{c}}=\\left({\\text{n}}^{2}-{\\text{k}}^{2}-{{\\epsilon\\:}}_{\\text{o}}\\right).({4{\\pi\\:})}^{-1}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. Similarly, in C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, the electric susceptibility experiences a slight increase from 0.25 to 0.27, with energy shifting from 3.85 to 4.05 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. The electric susceptibility of P3DOT is observed to change depending on the solvent used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary \u003cb\u003eFigure S6\u003c/b\u003e illustrates the percentage reflectance in relation to the energy of P3DOT. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe capability to manipulate the optical band gap energy for materials is essential for opto-electronic research. By conducting absorbance measurements on P3DOT, it is determined the optical band gap energy for P3DOT utilizing the Tauc relation [Pedro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e];\u003cdiv id=\"Equ13\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ13\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{\\left({\\alpha\\:}\\text{h}{\\nu\\:}\\right)}^{\\text{n}}=\\text{T}\\left(\\text{h}{\\nu\\:}-{\\text{E}}_{\\text{g}}\\right)\\:\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en ; band gap type. T ; constant. The graph depicting \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\alpha\\:}^{2}{E}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in relation to E is presented in \u003cb\u003eFigure S7\u003c/b\u003e as supplementary material. Selecting n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/2 and applying linear fitted results in an intercept value that indicates the direct-allowed optical band gap energy for P3DOT in the Figure. For the P3DOT, the optical band gap (direct-allowed) energies are 3.16 eV when dissolves in PhCI, 3.17 eV when dissolves in C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO. The findings indicated that the change in optical band gap energy of P3DOT when subjected to different solvents is quite minor.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of solvents on the fundamental optical/electrical properties of P3DOT was deeply investigated. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, PhCl, and C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, respectively. A declining trend in the molar extinction coefficients of P3DOT has been observed across various solvents, specifically from C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO to PhCl and from PhCl to CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum optical conductivity when dissolved in the C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, whereas its minimum optical conductance is observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The optical conductance of P3DOT is believed to vary depending on the type of solvent used. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. Another conclusion is that electrical conductivity of P3DOT surpasses the optical conductance of material. The findings indicated that the change in optical band gap energy of P3DOT when subjected to different solvents is quite minor. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. For CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the refraction angle of P3DOT experiences a significant decrease from roughly \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:46.7\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sim30.4\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e within the same energy range (3.6-4.0 eV). The findings indicate that the refraction angle and the incident angle of P3DOT can be effectively regulated through the use of CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. For P3DOT, the absorption band edge energies are measured at 3.51, 3.41, and 3.43 eV when using CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, PhCl, and C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, respectively. The molar extinction coefficients associated with these peaks (3.48, 3.41 and 3.50 eV) are \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:3.45\\times\\:{10}^{-5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:1.48\\times\\:{10}^{-5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:2.03\\times\\:{10}^{-6}\\:\\text{L}\\:{\\text{m}\\text{o}\\text{l}}^{-1}{\\text{c}\\text{m}}^{-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e when dissolves C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, PhCI, and CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, respectively. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH (3.47 eV). The maximum R % was recorded in the C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO solvent, whereas the minimum was observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e) was determined to be \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:1.334\\times\\:{10}^{-25}\\:{\\text{c}\\text{m}}^{-3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH. Evidence points to the conclusion that P3DOT may serve as a highly efficient option for various photonic applications, such as solar cells.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any financial support from institutions, organizations, or individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsim Mantarci undertook all aspects of this study, from its initial planning and experimental execution to the analysis of results and the writing and editing of the final article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbouhaswa, A.S., Abomostafa, H.M.: Linear and nonlinear optical properties of FeCl3/PVA composite flexible films for optoelectronic applications. Polym. Bull. \u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e, 3127\u0026ndash;3147 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenatia, K., Telia, A.: Electrical and optical numerical modeling of DP-PPV based polymer light emitting diode. J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. \u003cstrong\u003e17(\u003c/strong\u003e2), 229-245 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamze, M.: Optical conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Opt. Commun. \u003cstrong\u003e285\u003c/strong\u003e: (13\u0026ndash;14), 3137-3139 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHui, S., Heyan G., Yudie, M., Shijie, L., Yating, F., Yasheng, L., Jiayue, X., Jiamin, S., Anhua, W., Shuang, X.: The effect of terbium on the optical dispersion and magneto-optical properties of YIG crystals grown by flux-Bridgman method. Ceram. Int. \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e(2A), 3199-3209 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuynh, WU, Dittmer, JJA.: AP Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells. Science \u003cstrong\u003e295\u003c/strong\u003e:2425\u0026ndash;2427 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKajari, M., Brigitte V., Susanta, B.: Recent Progress in Sulfur-Containing High Refractive Index Polymers for Optical Applications. ACS Omega \u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c/strong\u003e(6), 6253-6279 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrinichnyi, V. I., Yudanova, E. I., Denisov, N. N.: Light-Induced EPR Study of Polymorphic Acene-Stipulated Transition in P3DDT: PC61BM Composite. J. Phys. Chem. C \u003cstrong\u003e126(\u003c/strong\u003e9), 4495-4507 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrinichnyi, V. I., Yudanova, E. I., Denisov, N. N., Bogatyrenko, V. R.: Effects of small-molecule-doping on spin-assisted processes in P3DDT: PC61BM photovoltaics. Synth. Met. \u003cstrong\u003e267\u003c/strong\u003e, 116462 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrinichnyi, V. I.: Spin-Dependent Control of Electronic and Magnetic Properties of 3-Alkylthiophene Oligomers and Their Composites with Aromatic Nanoadditives. High Energy Chem. \u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e(3), 281-294 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJameel, M.H., Tuama, A.N., Yasin, A., Mohd Z.H.B.M., Muhammad S.R., Laith H.A.: First principles study to investigate structural, optical properties and bandgap engineering of XSnI3(X=Rb, K, Tl, Cs) materials for solar cell applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. \u003cstrong\u003e111\u003c/strong\u003e, 966\u0026ndash;978 (2024). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJianbo C., Xiaoxiao C., Xuanhua Z., Wenwu Z.: Effect of laser incidence angle on the femtosecond laser ablation characteristics of silicon carbide ceramics, Opt. Lasers Eng. \u003cstrong\u003e172\u003c/strong\u003e, 107849 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOztemiz, S., Beaucage, G., Ceylan, O., Mark, H. B.: Synthesis, characterization and molecular weight studies of certain soluble poly (3-alkylthiophene) conducting polymers. J. Solid State Electrochem. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, 928-931 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi, C., Yao, Y., Yang, Pei, Q.: Regioregular copolymers of 3-alkoxythiophene and their photovoltaic application. JACS. \u003cstrong\u003e128\u003c/strong\u003e(27), 8980-8986 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShuhua C., Nan C., Yanjun J.: Angle insensitive filters based on Fabry\u0026ndash;P\u0026eacute;rot resonance structures\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003eJ. Appl. Phys. \u003cstrong\u003e136 \u003c/strong\u003e(19), 193102 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePedro H.M.A., Christophe V., Thierry L., Antonio T., Matthieu H., Alain M.: Band gap analysis in MOF materials: Distinguishing direct and indirect transitions using UV\u0026ndash;vis spectroscopy, Appl. Mater. Today \u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e, 102094 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolena, J.: Hemi-Isoindigo Polymers and Oligomers for Temperature Sensing Applications (Master\u0026apos;s thesis,). pp. 62-90. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (2022). https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/items/ed8a65f0-8ca0-4ebb-bf55-2662e2426667 Accessed 10 November 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYanfang, H., Zhengjian, Q., Jing, Y., Xuemei, W., Bin, W., \u0026amp; Yueming, S.: Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of a novel alternating 3-dodecyloxythiophene-co-pyridine copolymer. Polym. Bull. \u003cstrong\u003e62\u003c/strong\u003e, 139-149 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZellmeier, M., Rappich, J., Klaus, M., Genzel, C., Janietz, S., Frisch, J., Nickel, N. H.: Side chain engineering of poly-thiophene and its impact on crystalline silicon based hybrid solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. \u003cstrong\u003e107\u003c/strong\u003e, 203301 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZellmeier, M., Brenner, T. J. K., Janietz, S., Nickel, N. H., Rappich, J.: Polythiophenes as emitter layers for crystalline silicon solar cells: parasitic absorption, interface passivation, and open circuit voltage. J. Appl. Phys. \u003cstrong\u003e123\u003c/strong\u003e, 033102 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Conducting Polymer, P3DOT, Optoelectronics, dispersion energy, Solar cell","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of solvents on the essential optical characteristics of P3DOT was thoroughly examined. The PhCI solvent yields the highest refractive index (1.90) for the P3DOT at 306 nm, whereas the lowest refractive index (1.54) at 323 nm wavelength is observed with the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. Single oscillator energy of P3DOT in methanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH) as the solvent is measured at 1.35 eV, while the dispersion energy of the material in the same solvent is 0.096 eV. The contrast of P3DOT fluctuates based on the solvent employed, with values varying significantly between 3.85 and 4.0 eV. The P3DOT exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity when dissolved in the PhCI solvent, whereas its minimum electrical conductance is observed in the CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH solvent. The findings indicate the electrical conductance of the material can be regulated using different solvents. The electric susceptibility shows a minor increase when dissolved in PhCl, rising from 0.27 to 0.28, corresponding to an energy change from 3.85 to 4.28 eV. In contrast, when dissolved in CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, the electric susceptibility exhibits a more significant increase from 0.19 to 0.22, with energy changing from 3.84 to 4.01 eV. Molar polarizability value of P3DOT, denoted as (α\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e) was determined to be 1.334×10\u003csup\u003e-25\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026nbsp;cm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH. The R % values for P3DOT exhibit three distinct peaks: 97.21% (3.44 eV) for C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO, 87.88% (3.41 eV) for PhCl, and 26.3% for CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH (3.47 eV). Consequently, essential optical and certain electrical characteristics of P3DOT were acquired and analyzed based on the various solvents used.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The impact of solvents on the fundamental optical properties of P3DOT","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-21 06:28:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5708927/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-04T08:10:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-25T16:08:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-24T05:27:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"232301491831236513766489914052663729026","date":"2025-05-06T02:23:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"79892272563460308960539564250489938387","date":"2025-05-05T14:22:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T11:41:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-12-30T02:35:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-12-29T05:30:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2024-12-25T03:48:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12bfc8c5-883b-433f-afd4-4577b834213f","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-18T16:10:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5708927","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08408-5","journal":{"identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-11 15:57:49","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-21 06:28:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11082-025-08408-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08408-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5708927","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5708927","identity":"rs-5708927","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}