Bayesian modeling of skewed X inactivation in genetically diverse mice identifies a novelXceallele associated with copy number changes

ABSTRACT Female mammals are functional mosaics of their parental X-linked gene expression due to X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This process inactivates one copy of the X chromosome in each cell during embryogenesis and that state is maintained clonally through mitosis. In mice, the choice of which parental X chromosome remains active is determined by the X chromosome controlling element ( Xce ), which has been mapped to a 176 kb candidate interval. A series of functional Xce alleles has been characterized or inferred for classical inbred strains based on biased, or skewed, inactivation of the parental X chromosomes in crosses between strains. To further explore the function-structure basis and location of the Xce , we measured allele-specific expression of X-linked genes in a large population of F1 females generated from Collaborative Cross strains. Using published sequence data and applying a Bayesian “Pólya urn” model of XCI skew, we report two major findings. First, inter-individual variability in XCI suggests mouse epiblasts contain on average 20-30 cells contributing to brain. Second, NOD/ShiLtJ has a novel and unique functional allele, Xce f , that is the weakest in the Xce allelic series. Despite phylogenetic analysis confirming that NOD/ShiLtJ carries a haplotype almost identical to the well-characterized C57BL/6J ( Xce b ), we observed unexpected patterns of XCI skewing in females carrying the NOD/ShiLtJ haplotype within the Xce . Copy number variation is common at the Xce locus and we conclude that the observed allelic series is a product of independent and recurring duplications shared between weak Xce alleles.