The Stress-Strain Analysis of the Entire Construction Process of Underground Diaphragm Wall Based on Self-Sensing FRP Bar Monitoring

The Stress-Strain Analysis of the Entire Construction Process of Underground Diaphragm Wall Based on Self-Sensing FRP Bar Monitoring | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Stress-Strain Analysis of the Entire Construction Process of Underground Diaphragm Wall Based on Self-Sensing FRP Bar Monitoring Jian Li, Qilong Shi, Shanchang Xu, Kangxin Sun, Yue Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The diaphragm wall, as a key supporting structure in bridge anchorage projects, faces complex and variable stress conditions during construction. Therefore, ensuring structural safety and performance monitoring is crucial. Traditional rebar monitoring methods, due to poor corrosion resistance, insufficient real-time capabilities, and maintenance difficulties, cannot meet the high precision and reliability requirements of modern underground engineering. This study applies self-sensing technology to fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials by embedding optical fiber sensors within the FRP, enhancing real-time monitoring of stress and strain during the construction of diaphragm walls. This technology has been successfully implemented in the Shiziyang Bridge project, enabling real-time monitoring of stress and strain in the anchor diaphragm wall. The study adopts a quasi-distributed optical fiber monitoring scheme, combined with wireless transmission and a cloud platform for remote data acquisition and analysis. The results indicate that the self-sensing FRP bar shows excellent stress and strain monitoring capabilities at various stages of diaphragm wall construction. In stages 1–3, the stress curve transitions from tensile stress to alternating tensile and compressive stress. The shallow and mid-layers exhibit tensile stress, while the deep layers experience compressive stress. The maximum tensile stress recorded is 35.8 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is -20.3 MPa, mainly due to pressure imbalance caused by soil excavation and the decreasing groundwater level. In stage 4, the upper stress gradually decreases, while the lower stress transitions from tensile to compressive, with the maximum tensile stress at 13.9 MPa and the maximum compressive stress at -37.7 MPa. These changes are attributed to the completion of the liner and bottom slab construction, backfilling of the soil, and the increased self-weight of the upper structure. In stage 5, as construction progresses, the stress curve forms an M-shape, with compressive stress gradually decreasing. The maximum tensile stress is 2.3 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is -11.8 MPa, mainly influenced by the increasing tensile force applied by the stay cables. As of November 14, 2024, the monitoring data show that the tensile strain in the shallow layers remains unchanged, while the compressive strain in the middle and deep layers is gradually decreasing. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Underground Diaphragm Wall Self-Sensing FRP Bar Real-Time Monitoring Stress Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7266501","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500214727,"identity":"38e29643-ebe6-4021-9b62-b0df5f944d2d","order_by":0,"name":"Jian Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangdong Provincial Highway Construction Co.,Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jian","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":500214728,"identity":"e012c427-e44e-412e-89ce-5291c2532af4","order_by":1,"name":"Qilong Shi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CCCC Bridge Construction National Engineering Research Center Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qilong","middleName":"","lastName":"Shi","suffix":""},{"id":500214730,"identity":"e57a01b6-0a0a-42ba-9dbd-75c5af1bdb94","order_by":2,"name":"Shanchang Xu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhCRAGbyMNjw8PM3kKYlTUZyxgHStBy2MWhIwK/e4Eb6swc/d9jl8c9uv/jgbdt5HgOGA4wfPubg1iI5I8fcsPdMcrHEnTPFhnPbbvOYMzcwS87chlsLv0QOmwRv24HEhhs5adK8QC2WDQfYmHnxaGGTSH8m+ReoZf6NnPTfvG3neAwOJODXwi+RYCYNsmXDjfRjzEAGYS2SPW/MpGXbkhM33shhlpxzLplHcsbBZrx+MTgOdNjbNrvEeTfSH354U2Znz8/ffPDDRzxakAAweCGAsYEo9UDA/oBYlaNgFIyCUTDCAABrmlTNwAQMzgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Renai College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shanchang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":500214733,"identity":"55fd5165-33b9-4fcb-9e0a-8d61dbcf023f","order_by":3,"name":"Kangxin Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kangxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":500214737,"identity":"ac6337f1-ffd0-448d-8281-1daa631eef2d","order_by":4,"name":"Yue Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yue","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-01 02:08:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31080-4","type":"published","date":"2025-12-18T15:57:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98813849,"identity":"8355b820-3d1b-4a78-a204-de933cb95f64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:05:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2306107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SubmitpaperV1.1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7266501/v1_covered_15e695c6-20df-4695-90b5-d6640370e77a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Stress-Strain Analysis of the Entire Construction Process of Underground Diaphragm Wall Based on Self-Sensing FRP Bar Monitoring","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Underground Diaphragm Wall, Self-Sensing FRP Bar, Real-Time Monitoring, Stress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe diaphragm wall, as a key supporting structure in bridge anchorage projects, faces complex and variable stress conditions during construction. Therefore, ensuring structural safety and performance monitoring is crucial. Traditional rebar monitoring methods, due to poor corrosion resistance, insufficient real-time capabilities, and maintenance difficulties, cannot meet the high precision and reliability requirements of modern underground engineering. This study applies self-sensing technology to fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials by embedding optical fiber sensors within the FRP, enhancing real-time monitoring of stress and strain during the construction of diaphragm walls. This technology has been successfully implemented in the Shiziyang Bridge project, enabling real-time monitoring of stress and strain in the anchor diaphragm wall. The study adopts a quasi-distributed optical fiber monitoring scheme, combined with wireless transmission and a cloud platform for remote data acquisition and analysis. The results indicate that the self-sensing FRP bar shows excellent stress and strain monitoring capabilities at various stages of diaphragm wall construction. In stages 1\u0026ndash;3, the stress curve transitions from tensile stress to alternating tensile and compressive stress. The shallow and mid-layers exhibit tensile stress, while the deep layers experience compressive stress. The maximum tensile stress recorded is 35.8 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is -20.3 MPa, mainly due to pressure imbalance caused by soil excavation and the decreasing groundwater level. In stage 4, the upper stress gradually decreases, while the lower stress transitions from tensile to compressive, with the maximum tensile stress at 13.9 MPa and the maximum compressive stress at -37.7 MPa. These changes are attributed to the completion of the liner and bottom slab construction, backfilling of the soil, and the increased self-weight of the upper structure. In stage 5, as construction progresses, the stress curve forms an M-shape, with compressive stress gradually decreasing. The maximum tensile stress is 2.3 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is -11.8 MPa, mainly influenced by the increasing tensile force applied by the stay cables. As of November 14, 2024, the monitoring data show that the tensile strain in the shallow layers remains unchanged, while the compressive strain in the middle and deep layers is gradually decreasing.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Stress-Strain Analysis of the Entire Construction Process of Underground Diaphragm Wall Based on Self-Sensing FRP Bar Monitoring","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 14:18:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266501/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-15T14:08:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T08:24:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"326753303521225538367767544200384978341","date":"2025-10-06T15:34:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-24T16:38:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"57169725769603584812450865530403326729","date":"2025-08-14T00:43:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T04:39:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T04:22:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T10:27:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-09T08:38:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-09T08:34:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e685eb79-e33c-46f4-907f-9c0b5e5a6f39","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":53137491,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53137492,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T15:59:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7266501","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31080-4","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-18 15:57:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 18th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 14:18:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-31080-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31080-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7266501","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7266501","identity":"rs-7266501","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}