Study on the Improvement of Freeze Resistance of Historical Architectural Bricks by Organosilicon Waterproofing Agent

Study on the Improvement of Freeze Resistance of Historical Architectural Bricks by Organosilicon Waterproofing Agent | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Study on the Improvement of Freeze Resistance of Historical Architectural Bricks by Organosilicon Waterproofing Agent Tingting Yue, Xizhi Zhang, Jianwei Yue, Jiangbo Yuan, Jingwen Yue This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6176576/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Historical building bricks in cold regions are prone to chalking and spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles, reducing their durability. This paper examines chalking and spalling on walls in the ancient city of Kaifeng. We tested 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations of organosilicon waterproofing agents, applied to old bricks via vacuum pre-pressing, to evaluate their impact on freeze resistance. The change of durability of the improved brick was analyzed and its microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results show that the organosilicon water repellent agent can change the internal microstructure of bricks, reduce the internal pores, increase the compactness between the skeleton particles, and the water repellent film formed can improve the hydrophobic properties of surface tension, which in turn can effectively improve the water resistance, mechanical properties and durability of bricks.A 3% concentration of the organosilicon water repellent can really help protect against capillary water damage and the effects of freezing and thawing cycles. The findings from this study offer a fresh perspective on how to restore ancient buildings in the Central Plains region. The results of the study provide new ideas for the restoration of ancient buildings in the Central Plains region. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Historic architectural brick Organosilicon water repellent Freeze resistance Vacuum pre-compression Microstructure Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6176576","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":447389401,"identity":"53b9d944-9b7b-4092-9f58-2aa3f7ceeb1d","order_by":0,"name":"Tingting Yue","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC++ONzQ8kKmrk5NkbiNVz5nCbgcWZY8aGPQeI1XIjvUGiso05seFGApE6GHsONhjcbGNLbJz5eOMNhhqbaIJamNkbGx7OOCdj3C6dVmzBcCwtt4GQFjaegw3GEmVsso2zc8wkGBsOE9bCI5HYIP2HjZmx4eYZIrVIALVISLQxKzbc4CFSiwHPwTYDCXAgA/2SQIxfDNjbH0Oj8vDGGx9qbAhrQdEukUCKcogWUnWMglEwCkbByAAAgYxDhUJ5SD8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingting","middleName":"","lastName":"Yue","suffix":""},{"id":447389402,"identity":"ecc96190-92e0-4d9e-84b4-733f7bf2fa64","order_by":1,"name":"Xizhi Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xizhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":447389403,"identity":"17c03cfd-8031-4b2b-a50c-4468129571fd","order_by":2,"name":"Jianwei Yue","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yue","suffix":""},{"id":447389404,"identity":"5959e9b5-6e2f-4ef9-b9d5-ae3c21de50d9","order_by":3,"name":"Jiangbo Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiangbo","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""},{"id":447389405,"identity":"cb3b060c-dd48-47c0-85de-f80442142119","order_by":4,"name":"Jingwen Yue","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Yue","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-07 08:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6176576/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6176576/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08263-0","type":"published","date":"2025-07-01T15:58:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86179899,"identity":"b42a27d7-8a41-4857-aa9c-010144cbf873","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-07 16:20:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1378445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"StudyontheImprovementofFreezeResistanceofHistoricalArchitecturalBricksbyOrganosiliconWaterproofingAgent.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6176576/v1_covered_7f0bbf7a-baa3-4296-9a5a-fcb902f04001.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study on the Improvement of Freeze Resistance of Historical Architectural Bricks by Organosilicon Waterproofing Agent","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Historic architectural brick, Organosilicon water repellent, Freeze resistance, Vacuum pre-compression, Microstructure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6176576/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6176576/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHistorical building bricks in cold regions are prone to chalking and spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles, reducing their durability. This paper examines chalking and spalling on walls in the ancient city of Kaifeng. We tested 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations of organosilicon waterproofing agents, applied to old bricks via vacuum pre-pressing, to evaluate their impact on freeze resistance. The change of durability of the improved brick was analyzed and its microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results show that the organosilicon water repellent agent can change the internal microstructure of bricks, reduce the internal pores, increase the compactness between the skeleton particles, and the water repellent film formed can improve the hydrophobic properties of surface tension, which in turn can effectively improve the water resistance, mechanical properties and durability of bricks.A 3% concentration of the organosilicon water repellent can really help protect against capillary water damage and the effects of freezing and thawing cycles. 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