Study of Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of synthesised CaB2O4 nanoparticles doped with copper

Study of Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of synthesised CaB2O4 nanoparticles doped with copper | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of synthesised CaB2O4 nanoparticles doped with copper Ritesh Hemam, L Robindro Singh, Sh Dorendrajit Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract CaB 2 O 4 nanorods doped with different concentrations of Cu were prepared by using co-precipitation method. The recorded Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of CaB 2 O 4 :Cu samples for different concentrations of Cu irradiated with 6 Gy of X-Ray shows that 0.05 at.wt% of Cu concentrations have higher sensitivity. The TL and OSL kinetic parameters of glow curves were evaluated using “tgcd” and conventional fitting methods. The TL glow curve of the CaB 2 O 4 :Cu have three individual glow peaks with maximum peak temperatures at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively. The OSL glow curves of the CaB 2 O 4 :Cu nanoparticles follow non-first order kinetics which can be fitted with the sum of two first order decay curves. Nanorods Glow Curve Thermoluminescence Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Kinetic parameters Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction The uses of ultraviolet and other ionizing radiations such as X-rays and ϒ-rays in industrial, medical and agricultural applications have increased rapidly in recent years. Therefore, the need of researches on the search of new host materials with ideal dosimetric properties is of utmost importance. In this regard, the borate compounds are one of the most promising materials for radiation dosimetry applications[ 1 ]. One of the main advantage of these materials is the nearly tissue equivalent effective atomic number (Z eff = 7.42), which makes it ideal materials for medical and personnel dosimeters [ 2 ]. At present, the researches mainly focus on the thermermoluminescence (TL) properties of lithium borates among the borate compounds. But in some reports, the CaB 2 O 4 (CMB) materials are found to show important dosimeter characteristics such as high stability, good dose linearity and low fading etc.,[ 3 – 5 ]. The effective atomic number of this compound is also found to be about 13.07 which nearly equivalent to Z eff of the bone tissue [ 6 ]. As of earlier reports, radiation interactive characteristics of mixture or compounds which are similar to bone, soft tissue or any other body constituents can be used for dosimetric purposes [ 7 ]. Moreover, the nanocrystalline CaB 2 O 4 shows dose linearity over a wide range, which is an important property for an ideal dosimeter[ 4 , 8 ]. But research in nano-regime of this compound is very much rare as of present. These characteristics of CaB 2 O 4 material motivated the study in TL and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties. Moreover the kinetic parameters of TL as well as OSL are of importance to understand the dosimetric properties of these materials in depth. So, in this paper, we have studied the effect of concentration of Cu on the TL and OSL glow curves and evaluated the TL and OSL kinetic parameters of CaB 2 O 4 nanoparticles doped with Cu. 2. Synthesis Calcium metaborate (CaB 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles doped with different concentrations of copper (Cu) were synthesised using co-precipitation method[ 9 ]. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was used as the capping agent for the synthesis. In the process 1 gram of PVP was dissolved in 100 ml of doubled distilled (DD) water and heated at 60 o C with continuous stirring to get a homogenous solution. Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) and boric acid (HBO 3 ) were used as the starting materials. All the chemicals used were of high purity sigma Aldrich chemicals. 1 gram of CaCl 2 with appropriate amount of CuCl 2 were mixed in the PVP solution. HBO 3 was dissolved separately and then added slowly to the solution drop wise. A white precipitate was obtained and it was filter out and washed several times with distilled water. After washing properly the precipitate were first dried at 100 o C for 24 hours in an hot air oven. The dried samples were given heat treatment at different temperatures such as at 500 o C for 2 hours and then 700 o C for 2 hours and lastly at 850 o C for 2 hours. In this method CaB 2 O 4 nanoparticles doped with 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 at.wt.% of Cu were synthesised. These samples were used for characterization and TL as well as OSL studies. 3. Characterization The crystalline phase and particle size of the synthesized samples of CaB 2 O 4 (CMB) nanoparticles was investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) using GNR Explorer of resolution 0.0001°. The particle shape, size and morphology of the CMB nanoparticles were also investigated using TEM images and SAED patterns by JEOL 2100. The stability and formation of the nanoparticle were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravime-try analysis (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The measurements were carried out using NETZSCH STA 449F3 instrument in argon environment at heating rate of 10 o C/min from room temperature to 800 o C. The bonding nature and structure of the synthesized nanoparticle were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) using Bruker Eco-Alpha T FTIR instrument. The synthesised nanoparticles were irradiated with 6 Gy of X-ray using Faxitron CP-160 model which uses self-rectifying thermionic X-ray tube as the X-ray source. The TL and OSL measurements of the X-ray irradiated CMB nanoparticles were recorded using PC controlled Nucleonix TL/OSL 1008 reader system with appropriate filters and focusing lenses. 4. Results and discussion 4.1 XRD studies The XRD pattern of the prepared nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures are shown in Fig. 1 . The XRD pattern indicates that the as prepared samples without any annealing and the sample annealed at 500 o C are not crystallized properly. The XRD pattern of the sample annealed at 700 o C shows perfect crystallization and matches with the JCPDS card no. 01-076-0747. The pure phase of CMB nanoparticle was obtained after annealing of the samples at 700 o C which do not have any extra peaks in the XRD pattern. But the XRD pattern of the sample annealed at 850 o C have many prominent extra peaks which are indicated as (*) in the Fig. 1 . The extra peaks belong to the CaB 4 O 7 crystalline phase which shows phase transition from CaB 2 O 4 to CaB 4 O 7 at this annealing temperature. So the optimum annealing temperature to obtained pure phase CMB nanoparticle in this method is found to be at 700 o C. The CMB nanoparticles were found to have orthorhombic structure with space group pnca60. The grain size of the synthesised CMB nanoparticles were calculated using Scherrer’s method[ 10 ] and found to be around 50 nm. 4.2 TEM studies The crystalline nature and particle size of the synthesised nanoparticles are also investigated using TEM. Figure 2 shows the TEM images of the CMB nanoparticles annealed at 700 o C. The image shows that the nanoparticles are in the shape of rods of diameter around 40 nm and length of around 200 nm. The SAED image in the Fig. 2 (b) shows the pure crystalline nature of the CMB nanoparticles. The observations are in agreement of with the results obtained from the XRD. These observations confirm that the CMB nanocrystallines were successfully synthesised using co-precipitation method with proper heat treatment. 4.3 TGA, DTG, and DSC studies Figure 3 shows the TGA, DTG and DSC curve of the as prepared sample before any annealing. The TGA curve shows a sharp loss of mass of 25.5% from around 100 o C to 210 o C. This may be attributed to the loss of water as well as the PVP which was used as the capping agent. The DTG curve also show a downward peak supporting the sharp loss of mass at this temperature range. After 210 o C there is gradual loss of mass up to around 53.6% at 800 o C. the DSC curve shows four exothermic peaks with peak temperature at around 100 o C, 280 o C, 400 o C and 756 o C. the exothermic peaks at around 100 o C may be due to the loss of water. The overlapping peaks at around 280 o C and 400 o C may be attributed to the loss of PVP and crystallization of the nanoparticles which is completed at around 700 o C. This is also in agreement with the XRD observation which we get a pure phase CMB for the 700 o C annealing samples. The exothermic peaks at around 760 o C may be attributed to the decomposition and phase transformation from the CaB 2 O 4 phase to CaB 4 O 7 phase which is also evident from the XRD which we get CaB 4 O 7 crystalline phase after annealing at 850 o C. The TGA, DTG and DSC results are in agreement with the observations from the XRD studies, which also confirms the successful synthesis of CMB nanoparticles. 4.4 FTIR studies Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis was used to further investigate the coordination environment of B–O in the phosphors. Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectrum of synthesised CaB 2 O 4 nanoparticle in which, the absorption peak observed at 1497 cm -1 and 1444 cm -1 can be assigned to the B–O stretching mode involving the external O-atoms, whereas the peak at about 1175 cm -1 may be attributed to the B–O stretching modes in the triangular BO 3 units, and the remaining bands in the range of 640–800 cm -1 are originated from different bending modes. The above observations are in agreement with the previous reports[ 11 – 13 ], which further confirm that the coordination environment of B–O was not remarkably influenced by dopants. 4.5 TL studies To study the thermoluminescence properties, the CMB nanoparticles with different concentrations of Cu are irradiated with X-ray dose of 6 Gy. Figure 5 shows the recorded TL glow curves of the irradiated samples measured at a heating rate 5 K/s. The TL glow curves for all the different concentrations of Cu show a prominent peak at around 455 K and two shoulder peaks one at the lower temperature range at around 410 K and the other at the higher temperature end at around 500 K. From recorded TL glow curves, it was observed that the CMB nanoparticles doped with 0.05% at. Wt. of Cu has the higher TL intensity than the other concentration of Cu doping. To study and evaluate the TL kinetic parameters of the recorded TL glow curves of the synthesised CMB nanoparticles, TL glow curve deconvolution method was used. The deconvolution of the TL glow curve was performed by using “tcgd” package in the r programming software[ 14 ]. The general order kinetics was used for the deconvolution in which the TL glow curve of the CMB:(0.05%)Cu was deconvoluted into three individual glow peaks with maximum peak temperatures at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively[ 15 ]. The experimental observed TL glow curve, deconvoluted individual TL glow curves and the total fitted TL curve of the CMB:(0.05%)Cu sample is shown in Fig. 6 . The FOM of deconvolution is 1.03% which indicates that the TL glow curve was well deconvoluted and fitted into its individual TL glow peaks. The calculated kinetic parameters of the individual glow curves of each individual peaks by using this method are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Evaluated Kinetic parameters of 6 Gy X-Ray irradiated CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticle using “tgcd” method. Tm (K) E (eV) b (Order of kinetics) s (s -1 ) (Frequency factor) FOM(%) Peak 1 404.50 0.89 2.00 3.87 x 10 10 1.03 Peak 2 453.04 1.11 1.18 7.69 x 10 11 Peak 3 484.02 1.47 2.00 6.63 x 10 14 4.6 OSL studies The Continuous wave OSL (CW-OSL) readings of all the 6 Gy X-ray irradiated samples are recorded with stimulation light of wavelength 465 nm (blue LED light) for stimulation time of 200 seconds. Proper care had been taken starting from the irradiation of the samples to the measurement of the samples which were done in a dark room with room temperature at 19 0 C. The recorded CW-OSL decay curves of the CMB nanoparticles with different concentrations of Cu are shown in Fig. 7 . The CW-OSL intensity of the glow curves of CMB doped with 0.05% Cu was found to be higher than the rest, which is similar with above observations in case of TL studies. In order to understand the CW-OSL properties, the recorded CW-OSL decays curves were tried to be fitted using exponential decay curves starting from a single first order exponential decay and the sum of two or more first order exponential decay curves. The CW-OSL glow curve of the synthesised sample could not be fitted by a single exponential decay curve which suggest that the CW-OSL decay curves of the CTB nanoparticles did not follow first order kinetics[ 16 ]. So the CW-OSL decay curves of the CTB nanoparticles were tried to be fitted with the sum of multiple first order exponential decay curves as suggested in the literature[ 17 ]. In this method the CW-OSL decay curve was fitted with the sum of two first orders exponential decay curves. The fitting of the CW-OSL decay curve for with its individual components (fast and slow) for the CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 8 with R-square value 0.998 which shows that the decay curve was well fitted. The R-square value decreases when tried to be fitted with sum of three or more first order exponential decay curves, which confirms that the CW-OSL consisting of only two first orders exponential decay curves. The decay constants of each components of the CW-OSL decay curve are given in table 2. Table 2: Decay constants of the components of fitted CW-OSL decay curve of CMB:(0.05%)Cu. Components Decay constant R 2 Fast 20.75 0.998 Slow 1.565 5. Conclusion and future aspects Nanoparticles of CaB 2 O 4 :Cu were successfully synthesized using co-precipitation method with proper thermal annealing treatment. The shape of the CaB 2 O 4 :Cu nanoparticles were in the form of rods with diameter of about 50 nm and length of around 200 nm after the thermal annealing at 700 o C for 2 hours. The 0.05 at.wt% of Cu in CaB 2 O 4 was found to have the higher TL intensity and CW-OSL intensity among other concentrations. The TL glow curve of CaB 2 O 4 :Cu have three individual glow peaks at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively. The OSL decay curve of CaB 2 O 4 :Cu nanoparticles consists of two superimposed first order signals (Fast and Slow) with three different trap levels. The TL peak at around 453.04 K may be useful for dosimetric applications in which futher studies are required to be established as a dosimeter[ 18 , 19 ]. The CaB 2 O 4 nanoparticles doped with Cu may also be useful in the field of OSL dosimetry. Further studies such as dose linearity, reusability, stability of the TL glow curves as well as the OSL decay curves are needed to be studied in depth in order to establish this sample as a dosimeter. In this study the kinetic parameters of TL and OSL curves are studied, which are important to properly understand the phenomenon of TL and OSL. Declarations Author Contribution R.H. wrote the main manuscript text, conceptualized, experiments and analysis.L.R.S. provided the facility and help in the data collection and writing of the manuscript.S.D.S. helps in the analysis of XRD and OSL properties. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Prof. R. N. Sharan, Department of Biochemistry, NEHU, Shillong for providing x-ray irradiation facility. References Santiago M, Grasseli C, Caselli E, Lester M, Lavat A, Spano F (2001) Thermoluminescence of SrB4O7: Dy. Phys Status Solidi 185:285–289 Rao GV, Reddy PY, Veeraiah N (2002) Thermoluminescence studies on Li2O–CaF2–B2O3 glasses doped with manganese ions. Mater Lett 57:403–408 Tengku Kamarul Bahri TNH, Wagiran H, Hussin R, Hossain I, Kadni T (2014) Thermoluminescence properties of CaO-B 2 O 3 glass system doped with GeO 2. 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Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect B Beam Interact Mater Atoms 269:1849–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.05.010 Rawat NS, Kulkarni MS, Tyagi M, Ratna P, Mishra DR, Singh SG, Tiwari B, Soni A, Gadkari SC, Gupta SK (2012) TL and OSL studies on lithium borate single crystals doped with Cu and Ag. J Lumin 132:1969–1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.03.008 Pekpak E, Yilmaz A, Ozbayoglu G (2010) An overview on preparation and TL characterization of lithium borates for dosimetric use. Open Min Process J 3 McKeever SWS, Moscovitch M, (Peter PD, Townsend D (1995) Thermoluminescence dosimetry materials: properties and uses, Nuclear Technology Pub, https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:28037727 (accessed August 17, 2017) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 17 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4552949","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321710208,"identity":"4bb98637-159b-4318-b8f0-093e2a0b33a6","order_by":0,"name":"Ritesh Hemam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyjNA8RsDB9AJDuxWoB62BhngLQwE6kFZA0bM8guBkJazNm7Ez/dYLgnY8/e/uyxza9t8nzMDIwfPubg1mLZc3azdA5DMQ8Pzxlz49y+24ZtzAzMkjO34XHYjdwNQC0JPDwSOWzSuT23GYFa2Jh58Wm5/3bzb7AW+efPpC17btsT1nKDdxvUFgYzaYYftxMJazmTu806xwCo5UyOmWRvw+3kNmbGZvx+OX528+2cigRggB1/JvHjz23b+e3NBz98xKMFqhFKM7aByQZC6pHBH1IUj4JRMApGwUgBAGkiSJznzvskAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ritesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Hemam","suffix":""},{"id":321710209,"identity":"c91bc9c3-55e4-4cc2-beaf-59c7a581b242","order_by":1,"name":"L Robindro Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North Eastern Hill University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"L","middleName":"Robindro","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":321710210,"identity":"e55ff0ab-7867-4425-8641-2797e6b189e3","order_by":2,"name":"Sh Dorendrajit Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sh","middleName":"Dorendrajit","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-09 08:06:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-024-03893-5","type":"published","date":"2024-08-14T15:57:11+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60344503,"identity":"4e320679-bfb5-4d53-82df-46b71d846090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of CMB:Cu nanoparticles for as prepared samples and samples annealed at 500 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC, 700 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC and 850 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/9d098c72808cb706b6e3683a.png"},{"id":60344980,"identity":"0aa6885a-ed86-4ec3-8d6d-54051df9029c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:31:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1950795,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-c) TEM images of CMB nanoparticles doped with (0.05 at.%) Cu annealed at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and (d) is the SAED pattern of the sample.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/79f1eced03d6819aaa48b212.png"},{"id":60344509,"identity":"26c383af-cbe6-4f7f-9d26-811affaaa583","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":350822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe TGA, DTG and DSC curve of the as prepared CMB sample from room temperature to 800 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/d270a985a5fa9175bc0e7518.png"},{"id":60344502,"identity":"fdf87cc1-7671-4653-b82e-bd29e9e91103","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":215128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectrum of CMB nanoparticles doped with (0.05 at.%) Cu annealed at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/60f3e8cdf1b30ae036ce23ca.png"},{"id":60344507,"identity":"8037813f-8cf8-4d11-9b28-d647ca6dc3e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312915,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTL glow curves of 6 Gy X-ray irradiated CMB nanoparticles doped with 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% of Cu recorded with heating rate, β = 5 K/s.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/e507481168c0b557823a7ad3.png"},{"id":60344501,"identity":"51de5162-97ba-488b-993d-17516966d18a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:02","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":439966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDeconvulution of TL glow curves of 6 Gy X-Ray irradiated CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticles recorded with heating rate, \u003cem\u003eβ =\u003c/em\u003e 5 K/s\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/6442a8c0e9a9bd352ad7e266.png"},{"id":60344508,"identity":"adeb1da8-d1c3-4ae9-90b2-cf353b4f7cb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:04","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCW-OSL decay curves of 6 Gy X-ray irradiated CMB nanoparticles doped with 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% of Cu recorded with blue light stimulation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/657ba1091fae000e42d9d87a.png"},{"id":60344504,"identity":"0b1336ab-31e5-4054-b5d0-bdfbd2814e40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 19:23:03","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242269,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFitting of CW-OSL curve of CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticles recorded using blue light stimulation as a sum of two first order exponential decay curves (y-scale is shown in log scale).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/617ee9275903dce896757dc4.png"},{"id":63071778,"identity":"980599a1-9c7a-4a38-b876-789837bd3b49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 20:09:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4717482,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4552949/v1/52830811-0e1f-47ae-9018-c5e4de997b22.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study of Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of synthesised CaB2O4 nanoparticles doped with copper","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe uses of ultraviolet and other ionizing radiations such as X-rays and ϒ-rays in industrial, medical and agricultural applications have increased rapidly in recent years. Therefore, the need of researches on the search of new host materials with ideal dosimetric properties is of utmost importance. In this regard, the borate compounds are one of the most promising materials for radiation dosimetry applications[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the main advantage of these materials is the nearly tissue equivalent effective atomic number (Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e = 7.42), which makes it ideal materials for medical and personnel dosimeters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt present, the researches mainly focus on the thermermoluminescence (TL) properties of lithium borates among the borate compounds. But in some reports, the CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (CMB) materials are found to show important dosimeter characteristics such as high stability, good dose linearity and low fading etc.,[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The effective atomic number of this compound is also found to be about 13.07 which nearly equivalent to Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e of the bone tissue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. As of earlier reports, radiation interactive characteristics of mixture or compounds which are similar to bone, soft tissue or any other body constituents can be used for dosimetric purposes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the nanocrystalline CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e shows dose linearity over a wide range, which is an important property for an ideal dosimeter[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. But research in nano-regime of this compound is very much rare as of present.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese characteristics of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e material motivated the study in TL and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties. Moreover the kinetic parameters of TL as well as OSL are of importance to understand the dosimetric properties of these materials in depth. So, in this paper, we have studied the effect of concentration of Cu on the TL and OSL glow curves and evaluated the TL and OSL kinetic parameters of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles doped with Cu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Synthesis","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium metaborate (CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) nanoparticles doped with different concentrations of copper (Cu) were synthesised using co-precipitation method[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was used as the capping agent for the synthesis. In the process 1 gram of PVP was dissolved in 100 ml of doubled distilled (DD) water and heated at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with continuous stirring to get a homogenous solution. Calcium chloride (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and boric acid (HBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) were used as the starting materials. All the chemicals used were of high purity sigma Aldrich chemicals. 1 gram of CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with appropriate amount of CuCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were mixed in the PVP solution. HBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was dissolved separately and then added slowly to the solution drop wise. A white precipitate was obtained and it was filter out and washed several times with distilled water. After washing properly the precipitate were first dried at 100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 24 hours in an hot air oven. The dried samples were given heat treatment at different temperatures such as at 500 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 hours and then 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 hours and lastly at 850 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 hours. In this method CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles doped with 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 at.wt.% of Cu were synthesised. These samples were used for characterization and TL as well as OSL studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Characterization","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe crystalline phase and particle size of the synthesized samples of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (CMB) nanoparticles was investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) using GNR Explorer of resolution 0.0001\u0026deg;. The particle shape, size and morphology of the CMB nanoparticles were also investigated using TEM images and SAED patterns by JEOL 2100. The stability and formation of the nanoparticle were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravime-try analysis (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The measurements were carried out using NETZSCH STA 449F3 instrument in argon environment at heating rate of 10 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min from room temperature to 800 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The bonding nature and structure of the synthesized nanoparticle were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) using Bruker Eco-Alpha T FTIR instrument. The synthesised nanoparticles were irradiated with 6 Gy of X-ray using Faxitron CP-160 model which uses self-rectifying thermionic X-ray tube as the X-ray source. The TL and OSL measurements of the X-ray irradiated CMB nanoparticles were recorded using PC controlled Nucleonix TL/OSL 1008 reader system with appropriate filters and focusing lenses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 XRD studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe XRD pattern of the prepared nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The XRD pattern indicates that the as prepared samples without any annealing and the sample annealed at 500 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC are not crystallized properly. The XRD pattern of the sample annealed at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC shows perfect crystallization and matches with the JCPDS card no. 01-076-0747. The pure phase of CMB nanoparticle was obtained after annealing of the samples at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC which do not have any extra peaks in the XRD pattern. But the XRD pattern of the sample annealed at 850 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC have many prominent extra peaks which are indicated as (*) in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The extra peaks belong to the CaB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e crystalline phase which shows phase transition from CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e to CaB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e at this annealing temperature. So the optimum annealing temperature to obtained pure phase CMB nanoparticle in this method is found to be at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The CMB nanoparticles were found to have orthorhombic structure with space group pnca60. The grain size of the synthesised CMB nanoparticles were calculated using Scherrer\u0026rsquo;s method[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] and found to be around 50 nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 TEM studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crystalline nature and particle size of the synthesised nanoparticles are also investigated using TEM. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the TEM images of the CMB nanoparticles annealed at 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The image shows that the nanoparticles are in the shape of rods of diameter around 40 nm and length of around 200 nm. The SAED image in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (b) shows the pure crystalline nature of the CMB nanoparticles. The observations are in agreement of with the results obtained from the XRD. These observations confirm that the CMB nanocrystallines were successfully synthesised using co-precipitation method with proper heat treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 TGA, DTG, and DSC studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the TGA, DTG and DSC curve of the as prepared sample before any annealing. The TGA curve shows a sharp loss of mass of 25.5% from around 100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 210 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. This may be attributed to the loss of water as well as the PVP which was used as the capping agent. The DTG curve also show a downward peak supporting the sharp loss of mass at this temperature range. After 210 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC there is gradual loss of mass up to around 53.6% at 800 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. the DSC curve shows four exothermic peaks with peak temperature at around 100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 400 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 756 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. the exothermic peaks at around 100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC may be due to the loss of water. The overlapping peaks at around 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 400 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC may be attributed to the loss of PVP and crystallization of the nanoparticles which is completed at around 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. This is also in agreement with the XRD observation which we get a pure phase CMB for the 700 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC annealing samples. The exothermic peaks at around 760 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC may be attributed to the decomposition and phase transformation from the CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e phase to CaB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e phase which is also evident from the XRD which we get CaB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e crystalline phase after annealing at 850 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The TGA, DTG and DSC results are in agreement with the observations from the XRD studies, which also confirms the successful synthesis of CMB nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 FTIR studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis was used to further investigate the coordination environment of B\u0026ndash;O in the phosphors. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the FTIR spectrum of synthesised CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticle in which, the absorption peak observed at 1497 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1444 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e can be assigned to the B\u0026ndash;O stretching mode involving the external O-atoms, whereas the peak at about 1175 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e may be attributed to the B\u0026ndash;O stretching modes in the triangular BO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e units, and the remaining bands in the range of 640\u0026ndash;800 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e are originated from different bending modes. The above observations are in agreement with the previous reports[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], which further confirm that the coordination environment of B\u0026ndash;O was not remarkably influenced by dopants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 TL studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo study the thermoluminescence properties, the CMB nanoparticles with different concentrations of Cu are irradiated with X-ray dose of 6 Gy. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the recorded TL glow curves of the irradiated samples measured at a heating rate 5 K/s. The TL glow curves for all the different concentrations of Cu show a prominent peak at around 455 K and two shoulder peaks one at the lower temperature range at around 410 K and the other at the higher temperature end at around 500 K. From recorded TL glow curves, it was observed that the CMB nanoparticles doped with 0.05% at. Wt. of Cu has the higher TL intensity than the other concentration of Cu doping. To study and evaluate the TL kinetic parameters of the recorded TL glow curves of the synthesised CMB nanoparticles, TL glow curve deconvolution method was used. The deconvolution of the TL glow curve was performed by using \u0026ldquo;tcgd\u0026rdquo; package in the r programming software[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The general order kinetics was used for the deconvolution in which the TL glow curve of the CMB:(0.05%)Cu was deconvoluted into three individual glow peaks with maximum peak temperatures at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The experimental observed TL glow curve, deconvoluted individual TL glow curves and the total fitted TL curve of the CMB:(0.05%)Cu sample is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The FOM of deconvolution is 1.03% which indicates that the TL glow curve was well deconvoluted and fitted into its individual TL glow peaks. The calculated kinetic parameters of the individual glow curves of each individual peaks by using this method are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluated Kinetic parameters of 6 Gy X-Ray irradiated CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticle using \u0026ldquo;tgcd\u0026rdquo; method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTm (K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Order of kinetics)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e (s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Frequency factor)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFOM(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87 x 10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e453.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69 x 10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63 x 10\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6 OSL studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Continuous wave OSL (CW-OSL) readings of all the 6 Gy X-ray irradiated samples are recorded with stimulation light of wavelength 465 nm (blue LED light) for stimulation time of 200 seconds. Proper care had been taken starting from the irradiation of the samples to the measurement of the samples which were done in a dark room with room temperature at 19\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC. The recorded CW-OSL decay curves of the CMB nanoparticles with different concentrations of Cu are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The CW-OSL intensity of the glow curves of CMB doped with 0.05% Cu was found to be higher than the rest, which is similar with above observations in case of TL studies. In order to understand the CW-OSL properties, the recorded CW-OSL decays curves were tried to be fitted using exponential decay curves starting from a single first order exponential decay and the sum of two or more first order exponential decay curves. The CW-OSL glow curve of the synthesised sample could not be fitted by a single exponential decay curve which suggest that the CW-OSL decay curves of the CTB nanoparticles did not follow first order kinetics[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. So the CW-OSL decay curves of the CTB nanoparticles were tried to be fitted with the sum of multiple first order exponential decay curves as suggested in the literature[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In this method the CW-OSL decay curve was fitted with the sum of two first orders exponential decay curves. The fitting of the CW-OSL decay curve for with its individual components (fast and slow) for the CMB:(0.05%)Cu nanoparticles is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e with R-square value 0.998 which shows that the decay curve was well fitted. The R-square value decreases when tried to be fitted with sum of three or more first order exponential decay curves, which confirms that the CW-OSL consisting of only two first orders exponential decay curves. The decay constants of each components of the CW-OSL decay curve are given in table 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Decay constants of the components of fitted CW-OSL decay curve of CMB:(0.05%)Cu.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Components\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecay constant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion and future aspects","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticles of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu were successfully synthesized using co-precipitation method with proper thermal annealing treatment. The shape of the CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu nanoparticles were in the form of rods with diameter of about 50 nm and length of around 200 nm after the thermal annealing at 700\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 hours. The 0.05 at.wt% of Cu in CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was found to have the higher TL intensity and CW-OSL intensity among other concentrations. The TL glow curve of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu have three individual glow peaks at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively. The OSL decay curve of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu nanoparticles consists of two superimposed first order signals (Fast and Slow) with three different trap levels. The TL peak at around 453.04 K may be useful for dosimetric applications in which futher studies are required to be established as a dosimeter[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles doped with Cu may also be useful in the field of OSL dosimetry. Further studies such as dose linearity, reusability, stability of the TL glow curves as well as the OSL decay curves are needed to be studied in depth in order to establish this sample as a dosimeter. In this study the kinetic parameters of TL and OSL curves are studied, which are important to properly understand the phenomenon of TL and OSL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eR.H. wrote the main manuscript text, conceptualized, experiments and analysis.L.R.S. provided the facility and help in the data collection and writing of the manuscript.S.D.S. helps in the analysis of XRD and OSL properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Prof. R. N. Sharan, Department of Biochemistry, NEHU, Shillong for providing x-ray irradiation facility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSantiago M, Grasseli C, Caselli E, Lester M, Lavat A, Spano F (2001) Thermoluminescence of SrB4O7: Dy. 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Open Min Process J 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcKeever SWS, Moscovitch M, (Peter PD, Townsend D (1995) Thermoluminescence dosimetry materials: properties and uses, Nuclear Technology Pub, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:28037727\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:28037727\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed August 17, 2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Nanorods, Glow Curve, Thermoluminescence, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Kinetic parameters","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanorods doped with different concentrations of Cu were prepared by using co-precipitation method. The recorded Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu samples for different concentrations of Cu irradiated with 6 Gy of X-Ray shows that 0.05 at.wt% of Cu concentrations have higher sensitivity. The TL and OSL kinetic parameters of glow curves were evaluated using “tgcd” and conventional fitting methods. The TL glow curve of the CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu have three individual glow peaks with maximum peak temperatures at 404.50, 453.04 and 484.02 K respectively. The OSL glow curves of the CaB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Cu nanoparticles follow non-first order kinetics which can be fitted with the sum of two first order decay curves.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of synthesised CaB2O4 nanoparticles doped with copper","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-15 19:22:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4552949/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-07-12T14:50:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315527074189191441353589092513393082209","date":"2024-07-11T17:34:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-09T11:53:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-08T07:47:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17650883749416258808058466146795118458","date":"2024-07-05T17:33:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"28748354651674109123969037377271954144","date":"2024-07-05T03:00:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247458081619574824569467804925416607052","date":"2024-07-03T11:09:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"218284903832293445986144849460635495318","date":"2024-07-03T10:04:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54643672339331380461038596696442634416","date":"2024-07-02T12:17:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-02T11:47:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-17T11:30:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-17T11:29:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Fluorescence","date":"2024-06-09T08:05:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2e6845ae-f704-4487-a2a4-456bfcf3c108","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-22T19:49:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4552949","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-024-03893-5","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Fluorescence"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-14 15:57:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 14th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-15 19:22:42","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10895-024-03893-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-024-03893-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4552949","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4552949","identity":"rs-4552949","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}