The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review

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Digital transformation involves the use of digital technologies to improve an organization’s processes, products, and services. For this transformation to be successful, it is necessary for employees to have knowledge of and skills in digital technologies. Digital literacy allows employees to understand technologies and their applications, know how to use them efficiently and safely, evaluate and select the most appropriate digital tools for each task, and be prepared to deal with problems and challenges that arise in the digital environment. This study investigates the relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy through a Systematic Literature Review conducted in accordance with Kitchenham’s guidelines. A total of 54 articles, published from 2018, were analyzed from databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, IEEE and Springer. The results reveal that digital literacy significantly influences the success of digital transformation, particularly in areas such as employee adaptability, innovation capacity, and digital tool integration. Key mediating and moderating factors identified include organizational learning culture, leadership support, ongoing training programs, and technological infrastructure. Based on these findings, an explanatory model was developed that maps the interaction between these variables and their impact on digital transformation outcomes. The study offers practical implications for organizations seeking to enhance their digital maturity: investing in employee digital literacy development, aligning leadership strategies with digital initiatives, and fostering a supportive culture for digital adoption are crucial steps. Thus, this study is relevant because it seeks to understand how digital literacy can impact Digital Transformation in organizations and, through the construction of an explanatory model, allows the identification of variables that influence this relationship by developing strategies to improve the digital literacy of employees in organizations." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253", "name": "The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy..." } } ] } Home Browse The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Arnaud J, São Mamede H and Branco F. The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Systematic Review Revised The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] José Arnaud https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-3788 1,2 , Henrique São Mamede 2,3 , Frederico Branco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887 2,4 José Arnaud https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-3788 1,2 , Henrique São Mamede 2,3 , Frederico Branco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887 2,4 PUBLISHED 10 Jun 2025 Author details Author details 1 Instituto Politecnico do Cavado e do Ave, Barcelos, Braga, 4750-810, Portugal 2 Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, Porto, Porto District, 4200-465, Portugal 3 Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Lisbon, 1269-001, Portugal 4 Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal José Arnaud Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Henrique São Mamede Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Frederico Branco Roles: Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Digital transformation has been one of the main trends in organizations in recent years, and digital literacy is a critical factor in the success of this transformation. Digital transformation involves the use of digital technologies to improve an organization’s processes, products, and services. For this transformation to be successful, it is necessary for employees to have knowledge of and skills in digital technologies. Digital literacy allows employees to understand technologies and their applications, know how to use them efficiently and safely, evaluate and select the most appropriate digital tools for each task, and be prepared to deal with problems and challenges that arise in the digital environment. This study investigates the relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy through a Systematic Literature Review conducted in accordance with Kitchenham’s guidelines. A total of 54 articles, published from 2018, were analyzed from databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, IEEE and Springer. The results reveal that digital literacy significantly influences the success of digital transformation, particularly in areas such as employee adaptability, innovation capacity, and digital tool integration. Key mediating and moderating factors identified include organizational learning culture, leadership support, ongoing training programs, and technological infrastructure. Based on these findings, an explanatory model was developed that maps the interaction between these variables and their impact on digital transformation outcomes. The study offers practical implications for organizations seeking to enhance their digital maturity: investing in employee digital literacy development, aligning leadership strategies with digital initiatives, and fostering a supportive culture for digital adoption are crucial steps. Thus, this study is relevant because it seeks to understand how digital literacy can impact Digital Transformation in organizations and, through the construction of an explanatory model, allows the identification of variables that influence this relationship by developing strategies to improve the digital literacy of employees in organizations. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Digital Literacy; Digital Transformation; Explanatory Models; Systematic Literature Review Corresponding Author(s) José Arnaud ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: José Arnaud Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: INESC TEC - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Arnaud J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Arnaud J, São Mamede H and Branco F. The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.2 ) First published: 05 Apr 2024, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.1 ) Latest published: 10 Jun 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 This version of the article incorporates substantial improvements based on the reviewer’s feedback. First, the abstract has been revised to include the number of articles analyzed, a clearer presentation of the research findings, and a more explicit outline of theoretical and practical implications. The introduction has been strengthened through the inclusion of recent and relevant literature, enhancing the explanation of the research gap and reinforcing the study’s originality and relevance. The research questions, previously located in the Results section, have been repositioned at the end of the introduction to improve structure and coherence. In the theoretical framework, new content has been added to summarize key topics and methodologies identified in the literature related to digital transformation and digital literacy. The Results and Discussion sections have been better aligned, ensuring a smoother transition and including comparisons with previous research to enrich the analysis. Additionally, elements previously found in the conclusion have been redistributed to reinforce the discussion. The conclusion has been reorganized to distinguish clearly between theoretical and practical implications, and a new Limitations section has been added to acknowledge methodological and contextual constraints. These changes collectively enhance the clarity, academic contribution, and practical relevance of the study. This version of the article incorporates substantial improvements based on the reviewer’s feedback. First, the abstract has been revised to include the number of articles analyzed, a clearer presentation of the research findings, and a more explicit outline of theoretical and practical implications. The introduction has been strengthened through the inclusion of recent and relevant literature, enhancing the explanation of the research gap and reinforcing the study’s originality and relevance. The research questions, previously located in the Results section, have been repositioned at the end of the introduction to improve structure and coherence. In the theoretical framework, new content has been added to summarize key topics and methodologies identified in the literature related to digital transformation and digital literacy. The Results and Discussion sections have been better aligned, ensuring a smoother transition and including comparisons with previous research to enrich the analysis. Additionally, elements previously found in the conclusion have been redistributed to reinforce the discussion. The conclusion has been reorganized to distinguish clearly between theoretical and practical implications, and a new Limitations section has been added to acknowledge methodological and contextual constraints. These changes collectively enhance the clarity, academic contribution, and practical relevance of the study. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez READ REVIEWER RESPONSES 1. Introduction According to Datta (2020) and Blyznyuk et al. (2021) , Digital Transformation (DT) positively impacts people’s daily lives and simplifies organizations, but for this to happen, people and organizations must be willing to change and restructure their attitudes towards DT and then the way they work. According to Ivanova and Putintseva (2020) , DT allows for a change in society in terms of relationships with organizations. Currently, DT is a necessity for any organization, whether public or private, because of the vertiginous acceleration that digitization has had in society, which has meant that many organizations have not yet adapted to DT ( Alvarenga et al., 2020 ). Although most organizations are already going through the DT process by incorporating digital technologies, many challenges must be overcome before fully embracing DT ( Rupeika-Apoga et al., 2022 ; Zhou et al., 2023 ). According to Tanushev (2022) , successful organizations in DT are more productive, efficient, technologically advanced, and therefore more competitive, digital technologies are quite broad ( Schneider & Kokshagina, 2021 ). The COVID-19 pandemic saw an acceleration of DT in organizations, helping lay the foundation for the implementation of this transformation ( Gabryelczyk, 2020 ). The same author stated that the pandemic forced an acceleration in the expansion of Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, as it became clear that resources were scarce. As for Al-Alawi et al. (2023) , COVID-19 made remote work the new normal, which meant that organizations had to ensure that their employees had the technology to carry out their professional activities. However, resistance to change is an important challenge in DT. COVID-19 has created a range of opportunities for innovation and transformation in organizations, associated with the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) ( Alam et al., 2022 ). DT adopts technology to transform services or business, replacing manual processes with digital processes, or upgrading existing technology with newer technology ( Boban & Klaric, 2021 ; Park, Lee & Chung, 2022 ; Stoumpos et al., 2023 ). Most modern information technologies offer new opportunities for greater efficiency in the quality of service of organizations; however, the resulting benefits may not be guaranteed depending on several factors, such as accessibility, adaptability, and specialized personnel ( Surnin et al., 2021 ). During DT, the main organizational processes are redesigned, new technological tools replace older tools, new capabilities are developed, and new ways of working are implemented ( Pittaway & Montazemi, 2020 ; Scupola & Mergel, 2022 ). Organizational size is the first variable to consider when discussing organizational change ( Tangi et al., 2020 ). DT requires organizations to adopt new strategies, organizational transformation, and new ways of implementing strategies ( Rêgo et al., 2022 ), which are mainly driven by organizational flexibility ( Sergei et al., 2023 ) thus improving their competitiveness ( Yu et al., 2022 ) and increasing their productivity and efficiency ( Balashov et al., 2020 ). According to Hanelt et al. (2021) , DT can be defined as the organizational change triggered and shaped by the widespread diffusion of digital technologies. Thus, DT can be defined as “the most profound and accelerating transformation for business activities, processes, competencies, and models to leverage the changes of digital technology and their impact in a strategic and prioritized way” ( Hamidi et al., 2018 , p. 723). The definition of DT can be broad, ranging from the profound transformation of organizational activities to the advanced use of digital technologies. DT will be a process of changing mindsets towards the use of technology, as people are at the center of DT and are responsible for its success. It is important, then, to make people part of the process, assuming them as a key factor of change; otherwise, people will not be part of the solution but part of the problem. People, processes, and technology are the three most important vectors in DT; however, if the digital literacy (DL) of the people involved is scarce, this could jeopardize this transformation. According to Fernández et al. (2023) , people are the most essential part of an organization; therefore, it is very important to ensure their involvement and training when implementing DT. According to Nadkarni and Prügl (2020) , all people who are part of an organization, regardless of their role or position, play a key role in the DT process, whether due to the simple need to acquire technical skills or the desirable involvement in taking advantage of all the potential of the adopted technologies, so that they can participate in the inevitable organizational transformation in these processes. The authors also refer to the problem of a possible division between older collaborators and less integration in the changes, in contrast with the new ones, which are more adapted to the technologies being adopted. The need to empower older people and adapt models and their usability are critical elements that need to be addressed for a better DT ( Zanutto, 2021 ; Lee et al., 2022 ). According to Bykov and Medvedera (2021) , DL among the younger population is generally present. Currently, people are the most important resources in organizations because without them, organizations do not exist; however, to have quality and motivated employees, it is necessary to train them with the digital skills necessary to perform their work effectively ( Glavas, Uroda & Mandic, 2021 ; Grgurevic et al., 2022 ; Galushi & Malatji, 2022 ; Jonathan et al., 2021 ). This need for digital skills was quite evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many people felt the need to find a new job or keep their current job, as organizations needed employees qualified in digital skills ( Stofkova et al., 2022 ). The authors also add that some digital knowledge was optional a few years ago, was not considered important, and soon became critical. It is necessary to reinforce the sharing of digital skills among employees during the DT process ( Dee et al., 2019 ; Bousdekis & Kardaras, 2020 ). According to Shin and Rakhmatullayev (2019) , Francisco et al. (2019) , and Datta et al. (2020) , the need for training is very important for those who do not have DL. The most popular DL concept is that of Paul Gilster. Gilster (1997) . He states that DL requires a profound change in the way we face the concept of literacy, and that it forces us to rethink the way we locate, evaluate, organize, read, and write information. Gilster defines DL as “the ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide variety of sources when it is present via computers.” ( Gilster, 1997 , p.1). Tabusum et al. (2014) defined DL as the ability to locate, organize, understand, evaluate, and analyze information using technology. The same author states that having DL is not just knowing how to use the computer, but knowing how to use digital technologies to communicate. Walton (2016) defined DL as the ability to find, evaluate, use, share, and create content using the Internet and ICT. Based on these authors, we can say that DL is a vital competence in the knowledge society, but that, at the same time, it can constitute a barrier to personal development and social integration if it is absent or underdeveloped in the population. The definition of DL changes according to different authors because new technologies and technological innovations change how people use technology and perform tasks. DL implies that the user can use information constructively. This theme brings important reflections about DL because with technology and processes being transformed, the discussion on DL is very important. According to Feher and Szabo (2019) , to digitally transform companies, they must transform their internal processes and their processes with their customers and business partners. The same authors also mentioned that company employees must be able to use technology and be digitally literate, as these skills are not just for the IT team. They add that organizations cannot transform overnight, and that the organizational culture itself and its employees cannot accept this type of DT. Al-Alawi et al. (2023) implemented well-established employee training and coaching as DT projects are subject to failure if employees adopt a passive position. This type of position on the part of employees can have consequences contrary to what was expected, that is, the relief of work that should exist with DT does not happen. Instead, we experience increased stress, increased workload, more time to process each case, and more demanding procedures ( Kuhlmann & Heuberger, 2023 ). To create sustainable and meaningful DT, employees of organizations will have to play a critical role in the adoption and application of new technologies in different areas of the business ( Ahn & Chen, 2022 ). According to Antunes (2022) , it is essential to understand the relationship between knowledge and DT. DT has become a constant, opening countless possibilities to enrich the digital knowledge of employees in organizations, forcing them to continually update their digital skills, which is why DL is a prominent topic ( Farias-Gaytan et al., 2022 ). Digitally transforming an organization may imply that people must be prepared and equipped with tools and, in this way, be the main drivers of this transformation. This makes it possible to rethink the processes associated with this transformation and use the added value of technology to carry out the respective implementations. Therefore, it is extremely important to reflect on the current state of digital skills in our society, more specifically, the digital skills of employees in organizations, and propose reforms and structural measures that are the true basis of sustainability. An organization’s DT involves the implementation of digital technologies in all processes and business areas, which can lead to a significant change in the way activities are carried out and how teams collaborate. However, for DT to be successful, it is essential that the organization’s employees have an adequate level of DL, that is, skills and competencies to effectively use digital technologies in their work. Therefore, the development of an explanatory model that relates DT to the DL of employees is crucial for the organization to be able to plan and implement strategies for developing digital capabilities, ensuring that all employees can make the most of the technologies. digital implemented. This can lead to greater DT success and an overall improvement in the organization’s efficiency and productivity. Kleinman et al. (1978) introduced the concept of the explanatory model and referred to the complex and culturally influenced process of interpretation that people make in relation to their own illness. This process includes giving meaning to symptoms, assigning causes to illnesses, and formulating expectations about treatment and outcomes. In summary, the explanatory model is a way in which everyone understands and explains their condition and health. Thus, explanatory models are simplified representations of reality that allow one to understand and explain the relationships between different variables that affect a phenomenon. Explanatory models are used to predict the behavior and outcome of a phenomenon and identify the variables that are most important for its occurrence. Several authors have addressed the concept of explanatory models in different areas of the study. According to Aznar-Díaz et al. (2020) and Romero-Rodríguez et al. (2022) , explanatory models can provide information on aspects that can influence the development of good pedagogical practices. In the area of technological innovation, there are also authors who address the concept of explanatory models, such as Ferreira and Torres (2017) , who address the process of technological innovation in organizations and present different explanatory models to understand this process. The authors discuss important concepts, such as innovation, technology, explanatory models, and the relationship between them. Recent contributions from authors such as Brazo et al. (2023) , Marino-Romero et al. (2024) and Brazo et al. (2025) , have deepened the understanding of digital transformation dynamics, particularly in contexts marked by external pressures, organizational readiness, and the evolving role of digital competencies. Brazo et al. (2023) explore the concept of coercive digitization, highlighting how organizations are often compelled to adopt digital technologies in response to external demands such as regulations or market pressures. Their study examines the impact of this forced digitization on organizational performance, revealing that while benefits may arise, it also presents significant challenges in managing information resources. The authors emphasize the strategic role of information management consulting as a support mechanism in navigating these challenges. In this context, employees' digital literacy becomes essential, as it enables rapid and effective adaptation to new technologies, particularly when adoption is not voluntary or strategically planned. In their bibliometric analysis, Marino-Romero et al. (2024) examine the evolution of digital transformation in SMEs, identifying research trends, key topics, and knowledge gaps. Their findings indicate that digital transformation in small and medium-sized enterprises is closely tied to internal factors such as digital training of managers, organizational culture, and innovation capacity. The study reinforces the view that digital literacy is not merely a technical skill but a strategic asset that directly influences how organizations adopt, integrate, and leverage digital technologies. In a more recent study, Brazo et al. (2025) investigate the challenges faced by organizations undergoing mandatory digital transformation, asking whether such organizations are able to thrive or risk failure. The study offers a reflective perspective on how factors such as digital readiness, organizational resilience, and digital skills development shape the outcomes of digital transformation efforts. The findings show that organizations with higher levels of digital literacy demonstrate greater adaptability and innovation, even under adverse conditions, underscoring the importance of continuous investment in digital competence at all organizational levels. The exploratory nature of this study allows for the identification of several novel contributions to the literature on digital transformation and digital literacy. Addressing RQ1, the research reveals that although various frameworks and conceptual discussions exist, there is a notable gap in consolidated explanatory models that explicitly link DT to DL as a central driver. This study contributes by systematizing existing knowledge and proposing a structured model that fills this gap, offering a new theoretical perspective that integrates digital competencies as a foundation for successful transformation. Regarding RQ2, one of the key findings is the diversity of methodologies used in the literature to implement and assess DT processes, from case studies and mixed-method approaches to conceptual models and qualitative analyses. This study offers a comprehensive methodological mapping, which has not been previously synthesized in this way, and helps scholars and practitioners understand how different approaches support transformation initiatives. In response to RQ3, the study highlights that while there is increasing interest in explanatory models, few studies explicitly prioritize digital literacy as a primary factor. This research positions DL not as a peripheral skill but as a core variable in the success of DT efforts, especially in organizations that face structural, cultural, or regulatory challenges. This repositioning of DL as a strategic component is a significant theoretical innovation. Finally, RQ4 leads to the identification of critical contextual factors, particularly in local public administration, where digital transformation efforts are often influenced by public policies, budget constraints, and workforce skill levels. The study identifies a set of key variables, such as training opportunities, leadership commitment, and technological infrastructure, that mediate or moderate the relationship between DT and DL. By focusing on this specific organizational context, the research provides original insights that go beyond generic corporate environments, addressing a domain that has been underexplored in the literature. Thus, the importance of research and development of an explanatory model to understand the relationship between DT and DL of an organization’s employees is highlighted. It is critical that organizations understand how the DL of their employees can impact the organization’s DT, as this understanding can lead to more effective implementation and continuous improvement of DT. SLR is an important approach to identify and analyze relevant studies on DT and DL, and the description of these concepts can provide a solid basis for the development of an explanatory model. The scarcity of research investigating the relationship between these themes makes the need to conduct this research even more relevant. By exploring the impact that DL can have on DT, an explanatory model can help organizations develop more effective strategies to improve the DL of their employees, thereby increasing the success of DT. This can lead to an increase in the efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness of organizations. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In the next chapter, we present the methodology used for the Systematic Literature Review process. We then analyze the results obtained to answer the research questions and present some results obtained in relation to each of these questions, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the study. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical contributions before concluding the main findings and possible future research. 2. Method In this study, we followed Kitchenham’s guidelines (2004) , involving several activities, as shown in Figure 1 and is grouped into three main phases: Planning, Execution and Reporting. • Planning phase : In planning phase, the objective to be achieved by the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is defined, which includes formulating the research question and defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies to be selected. At this stage, it is also important to define the search terms and databases used in research. Finally, the quality of the retrieved papers was assessed. • Execution phase : In execution phase, a systematic search for relevant studies is carried out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined in the planning phase. Documenting the study selection process to ensure review transparency and replicability is important. In this phase, the selected studies were evaluated for their quality and relevance to the research questions. • Reporting phase : In reporting phase, data are synthesized and analyzed to answer the research questions. This phase included extracting relevant data from selected studies, analyzing the data, and interpreting the results. Figure 1. Systematic Literature Review process activities (adapted from Kitchenham (2004) ). 3. Results The research questions and their formulations must be chosen according to the focus and objective of the SLR. In this case, the research objective seeks to understand how DT impacts the DL of employees in local public administration, identifying the main factors that influence this relationship. This may include an analysis of the digital skills needed, the training and capacity building, and the barriers faced by employees in the use of digital technologies, among other relevant aspects. By proposing an explanatory model, this study aims to provide a solid theoretical framework that helps understand how DT affects the DL of employees in local public administration, thus enabling the development of more effective strategies to promote digital empowerment and the successful adoption of digital technologies in this specific context. To assist in the construction of the research questions and their search for evidence, it was necessary to define five fundamental points, namely, Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context (PICOC), as shown in Table 1 . Table 1. PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context). Population Local public administration employees Intervention Digital transformation Comparison There may not be a direct comparison, as the focus is to explore the relationship between DT and DL of the employees Outcome DL of local public administration employees Context Local public administration To begin the research, a strategy for searching articles was defined. Thus, in addition to the existence of other digital libraries used in an SLR, depending on the topic’s interdisciplinarity, the following are suggested: • Scopus – http://www.scopus.com • Science Direct – http://www.sciencedirect.com • IEEE – http://ieeexplore.ieee.org • Springer – http://link.springer.com We structured the research questions using logically organized keywords. To this end, it was necessary to define search strings with the terms to be searched in a way that contemplates the research questions. The logical functions “AND” and “OR” were used to concatenate words, as digital libraries support this type of chaining. It is important to emphasize that the process of defining the search strings is iterative and involves several cycles of experimentation, checking the articles found, and adjusting the search strings. String adjustment is relevant to gain more robustness and retrieve the most relevant primary articles ( Kitchenham and Charters, 2007 ). The search strings used were as follows: • TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“explanatory models”) AND (“techniques” OR “methods” OR “approaches”)). • TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital transformation”) AND (“review” OR “survey”)) • TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital literacy”) AND (“review” OR “survey”)) • TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital transformation” AND “digital literacy”)) The main concepts of this research were Digital Transformation, Digital Literacy and Explanatory Models. Four digital libraries were used in view of the scope of the search terms’ results, and a significant number of articles were found through the search strings. Table 2 shows the research analysis model carried out on the main concepts during the months of March and April 2023. Table 2. Research in digital libraries. ITEMS SCOPUS SCIENCE DIRECT IEEE SPRINGER SEARCH STRINGS TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“explanatory models”) AND (“techniques” OR “methods” OR “approaches”)) TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital transformation”) AND (“review” OR “survey”)) TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital literacy”) AND (“review” OR “survey”)) TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“digital transformation” AND “digital literacy”)) ARTICLES FOUND 7.492 21.492 894 27.621 After the search strings were structured and validated, it was necessary to delimit the criteria used to exclude and include the articles that were found. The purpose of defining the criteria is to identify the primary studies that provide direct evidence for the research questions ( Kitchenham & Charters, 2007 ). Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied to each article found in searches of digital library repositories, with some of the criteria defined based on practical issues of publications, such as the language in which it is written, type of publication, and year of publication. others. Secondary articles, summarized articles, technical reports, non-peer-reviewed publications, and redundant articles were excluded. If in the exclusion criteria it was enough for only the articles to be included in one of the criteria to be excluded from the review, in the inclusion criteria all the criteria had to be satisfied to be included in the final list of articles. For example, the timeframe entered in the search was delimited as an inclusion criterion. Another example of an inclusion criterion is the criterion of being only primary and peer-reviewed articles. The inclusion criteria are listed in Table 3 . Table 3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. ITEMS SCOPUS SCIENCE DIRECT IEEE SPRINGER INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies from 2018. Primary studies. Studies on explanatory models. Studies on DT. Studies on DL. Peer-reviewed studies. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (1) Studies prior to 2018. (2) Duplicate studies. (3) Studies in any language other than English. (4) Studies in any language other than Portuguese. (5) Secondary or tertiary studies. (6) Literature such as manuals, reports, theses, dissertations. (7) Short papers (4 pages or less). EXCLUDED ARTICLES (1) 2.171 9.182 268 10.817 EXCLUDED ARTICLES (2) 34 546 11 689 EXCLUDED ARTICLES (3, 4) 526 365 84 250 EXCLUDED ARTICLES (5) 4.616 10.720 382 14.818 EXCLUDED ARTICLES (6) 24 78 14 96 EXCLUDED ARTICLES (7) 75 599 129 951 SELECTION FILTERS Title and Abstract and/or Introduction and Conclusion and/or Full Reading ARTICLES ANALYSED 46 2 6 0 To obtain the final articles to be analyzed, the exclusion criteria were applied to 57.499 articles obtained initially. Table 4 shows the number of articles analyzed using selection filters. The number of articles in which the title and abstract were used, the number of articles in which the introduction and conclusion were used, and the number of articles in which there was full reading. Table 4. Selection Filters. SELECTION FILTERS SCOPUS SCIENCE DIRECT IEEE SPRINGER Title and Abstract 4 0 1 0 Introduction and Conclusion 10 0 2 0 Full Reading 32 2 3 0 Thus, Figure 2 summarizes the excluded articles in the four digital libraries. Figure 2. Papers filtering (excluded articles). After applying the exclusion criteria and defined criteria to assess the quality of the articles, it was found that 39 articles did not contain any criteria as defined, 22 articles contained some criteria as defined, and 32 articles met the defined criteria, as shown in Figure 3 . In Figure 4 , the year of publication of the articles selected for SLR was verified. Figure 3. Quality of articles selected for data extraction. Figure 4. Year of publication of articles selected for SLR. After performing a quality assessment and obtaining a set of 54 articles valid for the SLR, it was necessary to collect data from these articles to answer the research questions. To date, we have been able to identify 54 articles in the traditional review model and 93 articles in the snowballing model. The most cited article had all its references in English, and in one specific case, an article appeared as a result of three different strings. These data, being an SLR, must be carefully extracted. It is important to extract and organize the most general data from the articles, such as the title of the article, authors of the article, year of publication of the article, country of the article, and type of publication of the article (for example, if it was published in a conference or if it is a chapter of a book), among others. Thus, 54 articles have the essential criteria to be analysed for data extraction. After completing the search and selection of articles, a set of articles was selected, which served as the input for the next steps of the SLR protocol. One of the steps is the quality assessment of these articles, which is useful for increasing the accuracy of the data extraction results, thus enabling greater credibility of the results. Kitchenham and Charters (2007) argued that the execution of the quality assessment of the included studies is critical for the following reasons: • Provide even more detail to apply exclusion/inclusion criteria. • Investigate whether quality differences explain differences in article results. • Quality assessment is a way to give more value to the importance of individual articles when the results are synthesized. • This step can guide the interpretation of results and determine the strength of inferences. • Can guide the recommendation of future work. In an SLR, several criteria can be used to measure the quality of articles. Kitchenham and Charters (2007) referred to several sources that can help define the quality criteria that can be evaluated. These criteria are usually based on instruments containing checklists of factors, normally using a numerical scale that must be evaluated in each article. In this case, the scales of 0, 0.5, and 1. Scale 0 indicates that no criterion is in accordance with what was defined; the 0.5 scales to define that some criteria are in accordance with what was defined; and scale 1 indicates that the criteria are in accordance with what was defined. Several issues can be considered when assessing the quality of research articles. It is important to note that the relevance and weight assigned to each of these issues may vary depending on the context of the research and the specific criteria of the review. Some of the questions and their relevance are listed in Table 5 . Table 5. Questions and their relevance. QUESTIONS RELEVANCE VALUE Author qualification Are the authors' experience and credits relevant to the field of study? 0.5 Reliable sources Have the articles been published in reputable peer-reviewed scientific journals? 1 Methodology Is the methodology used clearly described and appropriate for the research question? 1 Sample Is the sample representative and sufficiently large? Are the criteria for selecting participants appropriate? 1 Validity and reliability Does the study use valid and reliable measures and instruments? Are strategies to ensure internal and external validity mentioned? 1 Data analysis Is the quantitative or qualitative analysis appropriate and rigorous? Are the results presented clearly and are they consistent with the data collected? 1 References Are the articles cited relevant, current and do they cover the relevant literature? 0.5 Contribution to the study Does the study offer new perspectives, insights or significant contributions to the field of study? Do the results have relevant practical or theoretical implications? 1 Regarding the exclusion of articles, during the review process, exclusion criteria can be established based on the specific aims and criteria of the research, with the value to be assigned being zero (0). Some common criteria may include direct relevance to the research questions, methodological quality, lack of relevant data or lack of significant contribution to the field of study. It is important to note that the assessment of the quality of articles is a subjective process, and that the final selection of articles should be made based on a combination of criteria and critical judgment. A total of 54 articles were selected for analysis and data extraction, as shown in Figure 5 , the dispersion of articles analyzed on DT, DL and Explanatory Models, and most of the articles found (47 articles) refer to DT, eight articles refer to DL, and only two articles refer to Explanatory Models. Figure 5. Number of articles selected by category. According to Figure 6 , the chronology of the selected articles on the research concepts is observed, as shown in Figure 7 percent of them. Figure 6. Chronology of selected articles. Figure 7. Chronology of selected articles. After analyzing the selected articles and applying the inclusion criteria using the defined scale to validate the quality of the articles, 54 articles were obtained. Table 6 presents the authors, year, and place of publication of the analyzed articles. Table 6. Articles analyzed. AUTHOR YEAR PUBLICATION 1 P. Fehér; Z. Szabó 2018 International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA) 2 Francisco, E., Ferreira, H., Goulart, I. 2019 Texto Livre 3 S. Shin; Z. M. Rakhmatullayev 2019 International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology, ICACT 4 Dee Lemos Santos F.M., Vasconcelos A., Tribolet J., Viana P. 2019 ICEIS 2019 - Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems 5 Inmaculada Aznar-Díaz, Francisco-Javier Hinojo-Lucena, María-Pilar Cáceres-Reche, José-María Romero-Rodríguez 2020 Computers and Education 6 Ivanova M., Putintseva N. 2020 ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 7 Datta P., Walker L., Amarilli F. 2020 Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases 8 Tangi L., Janssen M., Benedetti M., Noci G. 2020 Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 9 Alvarenga A., Matos F., Godina R., Matias J.C.O. 2020 Sustainability (Switzerland) 10 Bousdekis A., Kardaras D. 2020 Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics, CBI 2020 11 Bower L.L. 2020 ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 12 Datta P. 2020 Communications of the Association for Information Systems 13 Gabryelczyk R. 2020 Information Systems Management 14 Jeffrey J. Pittaway, Ali Reza Montazemi 2020 Government Information Quarterly 15 Balashov A., Barabanov A., Degtereva V., Ivanov M. 2020 ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 16 I. A. Bykov; M. V. Medvedeva 2021 Proceedings of the 2021 Communication Strategies in Digital Society Seminar, ComSDS 2021 17 Schneider, S., Kokshagina, O. 2021 Creativity and Innovation Management 18 Blyznyuk A., Melnyk I., Hrinchenko Y., Solomko A., Lernyk S., Moshak O. 2021 Journal of Information Technology Management 19 Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., Antunes Marante, C. 2021 Journal of Management Studies 20 Viana A.C.A. 2021 Revista Eurolatinoamericana de Derecho Administrativo 21 Zanutto, O. 2021 International Journal of Care and Caring 22 O. Surnin; A. Stolbova; P. Sitnikov; I. Efanov; A. Ivaschenko; N. Ilyasova 2021 Proceedings of ITNT 2021-7th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology 23 Boban M., Klaric M. 2021 2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology, MIPRO 2021 - Proceedings 24 Glavas J., Uroda I., Mandic B. 2021 2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology, MIPRO 2021 - Proceedings 25 G. M. Jonathan; K. S. Hailemariam; B. K. Gebremeskel; S. D. Yalew 2021 2021 IEEE 12th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference, IEMCON 2021 26 Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., Marín-Marín, J.-A., Hinojo-Lucena, F.-J., Gómez-García, G. 2022 Social Science Computer Review 27 Stofkova, J., Poliakova, A., Stofkova, K.R., Malega, P., Krejnus, M., Binasova, V., Daneshjo, N. 2022 Sustainability (Switzerland) 28 Rêgo, B.S., Jayantilal, S., Ferreira, J.J., Carayannis, E.G. 2022 Journal of the Knowledge Economy 29 Ahn M.J., Chen Y.-C. 2022 Government Information Quarterly 30 Park, J.-Y., Chung, D.R. 2022 Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 31 Scupola A., Mergel I. 2022 Government Information Quarterly 32 Grgurevic D., Sosko G.B., Buntak K., Kurti F. 2022 International Journal for Quality Research 33 Galushi L.T., Malatji T.L. 2022 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 34 Alam, K., Ali, M.A., Erdiaw-Kwasie, M.O., Murray, P.A., Wiesner, R. 2022 Sustainability (Switzerland) 35 A. Pariyasiri 2022 International Conference on Digital Government Technology and Innovation, DGTi-Con 2022 - Proceedings 36 Rupeika-Apoga, R., Bule, L., Petrovska, K. 2022 Journal of Risk and Financial Management 37 Tanushev, C. 2022 Economic Alternatives 38 Lee, H., Lim, J.-A., Nam, H.-K. 2022 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 39 Antunes R. 2022 ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 40 Yu, J., Wang, J., Moon, T. 2022 Sustainability (Switzerland) 41 Farias-Gaytan, S., Aguaded, I., Ramirez-Montoya, M.-S. 2022 Education and Information Technologies 42 Sergei, T., Arkady, T., Natalya, L., Pathak, R.D., Samson, D., Husain, Z., Sushil, S. 2023 Australian Journal of Management 43 Kuhlmann S., Heuberger M. 2023 Public Money and Management 44 Stoumpos, A.I., Kitsios, F., Talias, M.A. 2023 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 45 Fernández, A., Gómez, B., Binjaku, K., Meçe, E.K. 2023 Education and Information Technologies 46 Frățilă A., Păunescu M., Nichita E.-M., Lazăr P. 2023 Journal of Business Economics and Management 47 Shenkoya, T., Kim, E. 2023 Sustainability (Switzerland) 48 Razak, N.A., Rasli, R.M., Ahmad, N.A., Malik, S. 2023 International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education 49 Irani Z., Abril R.M., Weerakkody V., Omar A., Sivarajah U. 2023 Government Information Quarterly 50 Niță, V., Guțu, I. 2023 International journal of environmental research and public health 51 Al-Alawi, A.I., Messaadia, M., Mehrotra, A., Sanosi, S.K., Elias, H., Althawadi, A.H. 2023 Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 52 Crișan, E.L., Marincean, A. 2023 Information Systems and e-Business Management 53 Zhou, L., Xia, Q., Sun, H., Zhang, L., Jin, X. 2023 Sustainability (Switzerland) 54 Ali, A., Raza, A.A., Qazi, I.A. 2023 Development Engineering The number of citations of the articles analysed are those shown in Table 7 . Table 7. List of articles (citations). PUBLICATION NUMBER OF QUOTES NUMBER OF ARTICLES 2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology, MIPRO 2021 - Proceedings 0 2 2021 IEEE 12th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference, IEMCON 2021 2 1 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 0 1 ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 1 4 Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 1 1 Australian Journal of Management 0 1 Communications of the Association for Information Systems 15 1 Computers and Education 13 1 Creativity and Innovation Management 21 1 Development Engineering 0 1 Economic Alternatives 0 1 Education and Information Technologies 11 2 Government Information Quarterly 64 4 ICEIS 2019 - Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems 1 1 Information Systems and e-Business Management 0 1 Information Systems Management 45 1 International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT) 12 1 International Conference on Digital Government Technology and Innovation, DGTi-Con 2022 - Proceedings 0 1 International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA) 1 1 International Journal for Quality Research 0 1 International Journal of Care and Caring 2 1 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2 3 International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education 0 1 Journal of Business Economics and Management 0 1 Journal of Information Technology Management 0 1 Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases 11 1 Journal of Management Studies 261 1 Journal of Risk and Financial Management 10 1 Journal of the Knowledge Economy 9 1 Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 0 1 Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 16 1 Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics, CBI 2020 11 1 Proceedings of ITNT 2021-7th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology 1 1 Proceedings of the 2021 Communication Strategies in Digital Society Seminar, ComSDS 2021 0 1 Public Money and Management 8 1 Revista Eurolatinoamericana de Derecho Administrativo 0 1 Social Science Computer Review 6 1 Sustainability (Switzerland) 51 6 Texto Livre 1 1 To provide a more detailed answer to the request questions, additional articles had to be analyzed. Due to the relevance of the topic, articles prior to 2018 were considered, as well as other articles with some relevance. These articles are described in the corresponding tables. This study is exploratory in nature. Thus, the investigation research will have the Research Questions (RQ): • RQ 1 : Are there explanatory models that support DT, with a focus on DL? Although there are still no fully established explanatory models for the relationship between DT and DL, there are theoretical approaches that support DT with a focus on DL. Some of these approaches are listed in Table 8 . • Dynamic Capabilities Model : This model emphasizes the importance of the culture of learning and innovation in the development of digital competencies. This suggests that organizations should adopt an iterative and experimental approach to develop digital skills, focusing on capabilities such as adaptability, innovation, and continuous learning. • Digital Skills Model : This model suggests that organizations should develop a digital skills management strategy to identify, measure, and develop the skills needed for DT. This emphasizes the importance of training and developing digital skills for employees and the need to align digital skills with the organization’s strategic objectives. • Digital Ecosystem Model : This model suggests that organizations should adopt a collaborative and open approach to DT, involving external partners, customers, and other stakeholders. It emphasizes the importance of the co-creation of value and collaboration in the development of digital competences and innovation. Table 8. Approaches supporting DT in DL. MODEL AUTHOR PUBLICATION DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES MODEL Teece (2016) Dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial management in large organizations: Toward a theory of the (entrepreneurial) firm Makadok et al. (2018) A practical guide for making theory contributions in strategic management Alam et al. (2013) Relationships between innovation capabilities, business performance, marketing performance and financial performance: A literature review Chesbrough & Vanhaverbeke (2018) Open innovation and Public Policy in the EU with implications for SMEs Winter (2018) Pisano on dynamic capability: why size matters DIGITAL SKILLS MODEL Vuorikari et al. (2022) DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens-With new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes Fenech et al. (2019) The changing role of human resource management in an era of digital transformation Mehrvarz et al. (2021) The mediating role of digital informal learning in the relationship between students’ digital competence and their academic performance Pirola et al. (2020) Digital readiness assessment of Italian SMEs: a case study research Selimović et al. (2021) Digital workplace transformation in the financial service sector: Investigating the relationship between employees’ expectations and intentions Hernandez-de-Menendez et al. (2020) Competencies for industry 4.0 DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL Parker et al. (2016) Platform revolution: How networked markets are transforming the economy and how to make them work for you Adner & Kapoor (2016) Innovation ecosystems and the pace of substitution: Re-examining technology S-curves Schreieck et al. (2017) The Platform Owner’s Challenge to Capture Value-Insights from a Business-to-Business IT Platform Van Alstyne et al. (2016) Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy These models can provide a useful starting point for organizations wishing to promote DL in their DT. However, it is important to remember that every organization is unique and may need to adapt these theoretical approaches to meet their specific needs. As mentioned, there are still no established explanatory models that can explain the relationship between DT and DL, which means that research in this area is fundamental for organizations to better understand how DT affects DL and how they can promote DL in their daily tasks. The survey can help organizations develop effective strategies to improve DL among their employees and ensure that digital technologies are used in the best possible way to meet business needs. In summary, the relationship between DT and DL is crucial to the success of organizations in the digital age, and research is critical to better understand this relationship. I believe that the lack of established explanatory models can make it difficult to understand the impacts of DT on DL, as these models can help clarify how different variables and factors relate to each other and how DT can affect DL. They can also help predict the possible consequences of adopting digital technologies and identify areas in which DL needs to be improved. • RQ2 : What methodologies support the implemented processes involving DT? Digital transformation has been one of the main trends in organizations in recent years. It involves the integration of digital technologies in all aspects of business, including internal processes, customer relationships, products, and services, among others. To implement this transformation successfully, it is essential to develop appropriate methodologies. Methodologies may vary depending on the context of the organization and its specific needs. In the literature, some authors specify these methodologies as understanding employee needs and developing employee-centric solutions, while others approach the methodology as iterative and incremental to develop solutions, which emphasizes collaboration and continuous delivery of value to the customer. There are also authors who advocate continuous process improvement, eliminating waste, and maximizing the value delivered to the customer. All of these approaches can be combined or adapted to meet the needs of organizations. It is important to have a clear and efficient process to manage DT and ensure its successful implementation. Table 9 shows some methodologies that can be used to support DT processes. It is important to remember that each organization is unique and may require different approaches, depending on its specific needs. Some methodologies are commonly used to support DT processes. The methodologies mentioned above are frequently used in DT projects because they have demonstrated success in a variety of situations. Each methodology has its own advantages and specific approaches; however, they all share the ability to support DT in different ways. • Agile : The agile methodology is often used in DT projects to enable an iterative and incremental approach to delivering results. This helps ensure that teams quickly adapt to changing business and market needs ( Ionel, 2009 ). • Design Thinking : This approach focuses on the user and understanding their needs, priorities, and challenges. Teams can develop more user-centric solutions using a series of techniques and tools ( Lewrick et al., 2020 ). • Lean : This methodology emphasizes eliminating waste and increasing efficiency, thereby making the DT process more agile and effective. It focuses on creating value for the customer and reducing the lead and cycle times ( Staats & Upton, 2009 ). • Six Sigma : This methodology emphasizes the elimination of defects and continuous process improvement. It can be used to help organizations identify areas for improvement and implement changes to ensure more efficient and effective DT ( Tjahjono et al., 2010 ). Table 9. Summary of DT methodologies. AUTHOR METHODOLOGIES Agile Design Thinking Lean Six Sigma Dee et al. (2019) X Feher & Szabo (2019) X Francisco et al. (2019) X Shin & Rakhmatullayev (2019) X Balashov et al. (2020) X Bousdekis & Kardaras (2020) X Datta (2020) X Datta et al. (2020) X Nadkarni & Prügl (2020) X Pittaway & Montazemi (2020) X Tangi et al. (2020) X Blyznyuk et al. (2021) X Boban & Klaric (2021) X Glavas et al. (2021) X Jonathan et al. (2021) X Surnin et al. (2021) X Zanutto (2021) X Ahn & Chen (2022) X Antunes (2022) X X Farias-Gaytan et al. (2022) X Galushi & Malatji (2022) X Grgurevic et al. (2022) X X Lee et al. (2022) X Park, et al. (2022) X Rêgo et al. (2022) X X Scupola & Mergel (2022) X Stofkova et al. (2022) X Yu et al. (2022) X Fernández et al. (2023) X X Kuhlmann & Heuberger (2023) X Sergei et al. (2023) X Studies on DT may not focus on a specific methodology but on a broader, integrated approach that combines several methodologies and strategies. DT is a continuous and dynamic process that allows organizations to meet ever-changing demands. However, successful adoption of these technologies depends on several factors, including the accessibility of the technology, adaptability of organizations to changes arising from the adoption of the technology, and availability of specialized personnel to implement and maintain the technology. If these factors are not properly considered, the expected benefits of adopting the technology may not be guaranteed and may even harm the organization. Therefore, it is important for organizations to carefully analyze the factors involved in the adoption of new technologies before making decisions. However, it is important to note that the size of an organization is not the only factor to consider when discussing organizational change. Other factors, such as organizational culture, financial resources, and the DL of employees can also play an important role in the success of DT. In addition, DT is not a single and continuous process, but a journey of evolution that requires constant monitoring, adjustments, and updates using the most appropriate methodology. • RQ3 : What are the research perspectives on explanatory models involving DT and DL as the primary factors? There are several research perspectives in the literature on the explanatory models of DT and DL. some of these perspectives are include in Table 10 . • Models of technology adoption : These models examine why people do or do not adopt digital technologies and how DL can influence that process. • Digital empowerment models : These focus on people’s ability to understand, evaluate, and use digital information critically and effectively. • Digital governance models : These models examine how organizations manage and regulate the use of digital technologies, and how DL can affect these processes. • Digital innovation models : These models focus on how organizations can use DL to drive innovation and DT. Table 10. Perspectives involving DT with DL. MODELS AUTHOR PUBLICATION MODELS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION Venkatesh et al. (2016) Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: A synthesis and the road ahead Wejnert (2002) Integrating models of diffusion of innovations: A conceptual framework Zhang et al. (2012) A meta-analysis of mobile commerce adoption and the moderating effect of culture Blut & Wang (2020) Technology readiness: a meta-analysis of conceptualizations of the construct and its impact on technology usage DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT MODELS Gilster (1997) Digital Literacy Pettersson (2018) On the issues of digital competence in educational contexts – a review of literature Ferrari & Punie (2013) DIGCOMP: A framework for developing and understanding digital competence in Europe Zhao et al. (2021) Digital competence in higher education research: A systematic literature review Bilbao et al. (2021) A systematic literature review about the level of digital competences defined by DigCompEdu in higher education DIGITAL GOVERNANCE MODELS Spanaki & Papazafeiropoulou (2016) The implementation of governance, risk, and compliance IS: Adoption lifecycle and enterprise value Shubha (2017) Leading digital transformation with e-Governance competency framework Mergel et al. (2021) Digital transformation of the German state Homburg (2018) ICT, e-government and e-governance: bits & bytes for public administration Alvarenga et al. (2020) Digital transformation and knowledge management in the public sector DIGITAL INNOVATION MODELS Westerman et al. (2014) Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation Vaska et al. (2021) The digital transformation of business model innovation: A structured literature review Dodgson et al. (2008) The management of technological innovation: strategy and practice Chawla & Goyal (2022) Emerging trends in digital transformation: a bibliometric analysis Ciampi et al. (2021) Exploring the impact of big data analytics capabilities on business model innovation: The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation Feroz et al. (2021) Digital transformation and environmental sustainability: A review and research agenda All these research perspectives on explanatory models involve DT and DL. This field is constantly evolving, and new research perspectives are emerging as technology and society continue to change. Challenges to overcome include resistance to change, which is one of the main obstacles facing DT. On the other hand, COVID-19 has also opened a range of opportunities for innovation and transformation in organizations, allowing them to take advantage of ICT to adapt to an increasingly digitized world. In addition, sharing digital skills between employees can contribute to the creation of a more collaborative and creative work environment in which new ideas and solutions are developed together. In the era of DT, technology has become an integral part of business operations and the success of an organization depends on the ability of employees to use digital tools and processes. Digital transformation cannot be achieved overnight and requires cultural change within organizations as well as a change in the mindset of employees to accept and embrace this change. Therefore, education and training in digital skills are essential to help organizations and their employees face the challenges of DT and adapt to new ways of working. Digital Literacy is an essential skill for the success of DT and should be valued by organizations; however, employees may not be prepared for this change, making a careful and planned approach to DT essential. Thus, DT involves a change in mindset towards the use of technology, and people are essential for the success of this process. It is important for organizations to provide their employees with the necessary resources and training so that they can adapt to technological changes and incorporate new tools into their work routines. In addition, cultural and organizational changes must be encouraged so that employees feel motivated to adopt new work practices. Digital transformation should not be seen only as a technological issue, but also as a holistic change that affects the culture, processes, and people within organizations. The adoption of new technologies and methodologies in organizations can lead to the need to update the capabilities and skills of employees. Digital transformation has a significant impact on the way organizations operate, and for them to take full advantage of new technologies and methodologies, it is important that their employees are trained to work with them. As organizations digitally transform, employees must learn to use new digital tools and work with new systems and processes. This may require them to develop new capabilities, such as the ability to analyze data. Digital transformation can also create new opportunities for employees, such as working on new projects and in different areas of the organization. To ensure that employees are prepared for DT, organizations need to invest in training and education programs that help them develop the necessary skills and competencies. This should be ongoing and regularly updated to reflect changes in the ever-evolving digital environment. Finally, through a comparative analysis of all articles researched and selected, it appears that DL is a very important factor in organizations for the success of DT, being its crucial relationship within organizations. • RQ4 : Which factors or variables impact the relationship between DT and DL among local public administration employees? Studies have addressed several factors and variables that influence the relationship between DT and DL among local public administration employees. These include access to technological resources and infrastructure, availability of training and capacity building in digital environments, organizational culture and leadership support, resistance to change, collaborative work environments, and policies and regulations related to digital technology. In addition, variables such as employees’ educational level, previous experience with digital technologies, level of DL, continuous training, technology adoption, job satisfaction, role, and age were also addressed. By addressing these factors and variables, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence the relationship between local public administration employees’ DL and DT. Some factors that may impact the relationship between DT and the DL of local public administration employees are included in Table 11 . • Access to resources and technological infrastructure : This refers to the availability of digital resources, such as computers, software, internet connectivity, and appropriate systems. Easy and reliable access to these resources facilitates employees’ DL, enabling them to effectively use digital technologies. • Training and capacity building in digital environments : The existence of training and capacity-building programs in digital environments is crucial for improving employees’ DL. Appropriate training provides the knowledge, skills, and practices necessary for employees to use digital technologies effectively in their daily tasks. • Organizational culture and leadership support : An organizational culture that values DT and provides support and guidance from leadership is essential. When organizational leaders demonstrate enthusiasm and support for DT, they positively influence employees’ DL, encouraging them to embrace and explore digital technologies. • Resistance to change : Employees’ resistance to change can negatively impact DL. An unwillingness to learn new technologies and adapt to digital processes can make it difficult to use digital tools effectively and affect employees’ DL. • Collaborative work environment : A work environment that promotes collaboration and digital knowledge sharing among employees is conducive to DL. The exchange of experience, questions, and mutual knowledge facilitates the acquisition and development of digital skills. • Policies and regulations related to digital technology : Policies and regulations that address data security, privacy, and the ethical use of digital technology can affect employees’ DL. Clear guidance and appropriate guidelines provide the context for the responsible use of digital technologies. Table 11. Factors that may impact the relationship between DT and DL. FACTORS AUTHOR PUBLICATION ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Asgarkhani, M. (2005) Digital government and its effectiveness in public management reform: A local government perspective Bakon, K. A., Elias, N. F., & Abusamhadana, G. A. (2020) Culture and digital divide influence on e-government success of developing countries: A literature review Papadomichelaki, X., & Mentzas, G. (2011) Analysing e-government service quality in Greece Olphert, C. W., Damodaran, L., & May, A. J. (2005) Towards digital inclusion-engaging older people in the ‘digital world’ TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTS Kateryna, A. et al. (2020) Digital literacy development trends in the professional environment Colbert, A., Yee, N., & George, G. (2016) The digital workforce and the workplace of the future Çetin, E. (2021) Digital storytelling in teacher education and its effect on the digital literacy od pre-service teachers Zulu, S. L., Saad, A. M., & Gledson, B. (2023) Individual Characteristics as Enablers of Construction Employees’ Digital Literacy: As Exploration of Leaders’ Opinions ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP SUPPORT Church, A. H., & Burke, W. W. (2017) Four trends shaping the future of organizations and organization development Jonathan, G. M. et al. (2021) Public sector digital transformation: challenges for information technology leaders Ashok, M. et al. (2021) How to counter organizational inertia to enable knowledge management practices adoption in public sector organizations McCarthy, P., Sammon, D., & Alhassan, I. (2021) Digital transformation leadership characteristics: A literature analysis RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Scholkmann, A. B. (2021) Resistance to (digital) change: Individual, systemic and learning-related perspectives Vial, G. (2021) Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda Basyal, D. K., & Wan, P. D. J. (2020) Employees’ resistance to change and technology acceptance in Nepal Goldman, S. R., & Scardamalia, M. (2013) Managing understanding, applying, and creating knowledge in the information age: Next-generation challenges and opportunities COLLABORATIVE WORK ENVIRONMENT Foerster-Metz, U. S. et al. (2018) Digital transformation and its implications or organizational behaviour Appio, F. P. et al. (2021) Digital transformation and innovation management: A synthesis of existing research and an agenda for future studies Shin, D., & Konrad, A. M. (2017) Causality between high-performance work systems and organizational performance Schneckenberg, D., Truong, Y., & Mazloomi, H. (2015) Microfoundations of innovative capabilities: The leverage of collaborative technologies on organizational learning and knowledge management in a multinational corporation POLICIES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Al-Sebie, M. (2014) Organizational challenges facing integrating e-government systems: an empirical study Asgarkhani, M. (2005) Digital government and its effectiveness in public management reform: A local government perspective Weerakkody, V. et al. (2016) Digitally-enabled service transformation in the public sector: The lure of institutional pressure and strategic response towards change Misuraca, G., Barcevicius, E., & Codagnone, C. (2020) Shaping Digital Government Transformations in the EU Some variables that may impact the relationship between DT and the DL of local public administration employees are included in Table 12 . • Digital literacy level : Refers to the ability of employees to effectively use digital technologies to perform their tasks and achieve organizational goals. A high DL level indicates proficiency and confidence in using digital tools. • Technology adoption : Reflects the degree to which employees adopt and incorporate digital technologies into their work routines and organizational processes. A high adoption rate indicated a positive relationship between DT and DL. • Job satisfaction : This relates to employee satisfaction with the use of digital technologies in the workplace. Employees who feel satisfied with the use of digital tools may indicate a positive relationship between DT and DL. • Age : Employees’ age can influence DL, with different levels of digital familiarity and skills between different age groups. • Previous experience : Employees’ prior experiences with digital technologies can affect their DL. Those with previous experience may have an advantage in adopting and using digital tools. • Educational level : Employees’ educational level can influence DL, and evidence suggests that people with higher educational levels tend to have better digital skills. • Role/Department : The role of department employees can affect their DL, as different departments may have specific digital needs and requirements. • Ongoing training : The availability of technology training opportunities can be an important factor in improving employees’ DL over time. Table 12. Variables that may impact the relationship between DT and DL. VARIABLES AUTHOR PUBLICATION DIGITAL LITERACY LEVEL Peng, D., & Yu, Z. (2022) A literature review of digital literacy over two decades Jamil, M. I. M., & Almunawar, M. N. (2021) Importance of Digital Literacy and Hindrance Brought About by Digital Divide Oh, S. S. et al. (2021) Measurement of digital literacy among older adults: systematic review Tinmaz, H. et al. (2022) A systematic review on digital literacy TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION Park, N. et al. (2009) User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model Straub, E. T. (2009) Understanding technology adoption: Theory and future directions for informal learning Morris, M. G., & Venkatesh, V. (2000) Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force Taherdoost, H. (2018) A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories JOB SATISFACTION Cetindamar, D., Abedin, B., & Shirahada, K. (2021) The role of employees in digital transformation: a preliminary study on how employees’ digital literacy impacts use of digital technologies Savić, D. (2020) COVID-19 and work from home: Digital transformation of the workforce Fleischer, J., & Wanckel, C. (2023) Job satisfaction and the digital transformation of the public sector: The mediating role of job autonomy Nagel, L. (2020) The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of work AGE Manor, S., & Herscovici, A. (2021) Digital ageism: A new kind of discrimination Lagacé, M. et al. (2015) How ageism contributes to the second-level digital divide: The case of Canadian seniors Choi, E. Y. et al. (2020) Does perceived ageism widen the digital divide? And does it vary by gender? Mannheim, I. et al. (2023) The Role of Ageism in the Acceptance and Use of Digital Technology PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1997) The role of innovation characteristics and perceived voluntariness in the acceptance of information technologies Taherdoost, H. (2018) A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories Tarhini, A., Arachchilage, N. A. G., & Abbasi, M. S. (2015) A critical review of theories and models of technology adoption and acceptance in information system research Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012) Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Lee, S. H. (2014) Digital literacy education for the development of digital literacy Boechler, P., Dragon, K., & Wasniewski, E. (2014) Digital literacy concepts and definitions: Implications for educational assessment and practice Spires, H. A., Paul, C. M., & Kerkhoff, S. N. (2019) Digital literacy for the 21st century Zhao, M., Liao, H. T., & Sun, S. P. (2020) An education literature review on digitization, digitalization, datafication, and digital transformation ROLE/DEPARTMENT Bharadwaj, A. et al. (2013) Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights Schwertner, K. (2017) Digital transformation of business Zhang, J., & Chen, Z. (2023) Exploring Human Resource Management Digital Transformation in the Digital Age Aarons, G. A., Hurlburt, M., & Horwitz, S. M. (2011) Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors ONGOING TRAINING Kateryna, A. et al. (2020) Digital literacy development trends in the professional environment Oliveira, K. K. D. S., & de SOUZA, R. A. (2022) Digital transformation towards education 4.0 Abd-Rabo, A., & Hashaiked, S. (2021) The digital transformation revolution Manana, T., & Mawela, T. (2022) Digital Skills of Public Sector Employees for Digital Transformation In addition to the factors and variables described above, other control variables can also be considered, such as the demographic and organizational characteristics of employees. These variables may influence the relationship between DT and DL. These additional factors and variables can provide a more comprehensive view of the elements that may influence the relationship between DT and DL among local public administration employees. The findings from the systematic literature review provide a structured overview of how digital literacy influences digital transformation processes. These results not only identify recurring variables and methodological approaches but also reveal gaps in the theoretical integration of both concepts. In the following section, these findings are critically examined in light of the existing literature, with the aim of deepening the understanding of their implications and positioning them within a broader organizational and strategic context. The discussion also reflects on how the identified variables interact within the proposed explanatory model, offering insights into both theoretical contributions and practical applications. 4. Discussion The relationship between DT and DL of local public administration employees was analyzed based on different factors and variables. The findings reveal important aspects that can influence employees’ DL and guide research in this field. One of the key factors is the access to technological resources and infrastructure. The availability of devices, Internet connectivity, and other adequate resources have been identified as elements that positively impact DL. On the other hand, a lack of access to these resources can hinder the development of necessary digital skills. Training and capacity building in digital environments also play crucial roles in DL. Effective training and capacity-building programs have been associated with improvements in employee DL. However, the lack of learning and development opportunities is a significant barrier. Organizational culture and leadership support were identified as influential factors in DL. An organizational culture that values innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning encourages employee DL. Leadership support is key to promoting the adoption of digital technologies and the development of necessary skills. Resistance to change has emerged as a challenge to overcome in improving the DL. Effective strategies to address resistance to change are needed to promote employee DL and ensure the successful adoption of digital technologies. A collaborative work environment has been highlighted as a facilitator of DL development. An environment that promotes knowledge exchange, collaboration, and cooperation among employees contributes to enhancing digital skills. Policies and regulations related to digital technology also affect employees’ DL. Clear policies and well-defined regulations are essential to provide guidance and establish guidelines for the use of digital technologies. A lack of adequate policies can create uncertainty and hinder DL development. These findings highlight the importance of access to technological resources and infrastructure, adequate training and capacity building, favorable organizational culture, overcoming resistance to change, a collaborative work environment, and appropriate policies to promote the DL of local government employees. They provide insights into the factors that influence DL and highlight key areas that require further research. Several research directions can be explored in studying the relationship between DT and DL of local public administration employees. 1. To assess the impact of individual variables such as age, previous experience, educational level, and function/department on the DL of local public administration employees. • How does employees’ age influence their willingness and ability to adopt digital technologies and develop DL? • Is there a correlation between employees’ previous experience with technology and their ability to adapt to DT and improve their DL? • What is the role of employees’ educational level in acquiring digital skills, and how does this affect DL? • Is there a difference in DL between different functions/departments in local public administration and how can this be addressed? 2. To investigate the relationship between employees’ DL and technology adoption, job satisfaction, and current DL levels. • Is there a correlation between employees’ DL level and their job satisfaction? • How does employee DL influence their willingness to adopt new technologies and promote DT in their daily tasks and activities? • To what extent does the current level of employee DL affect the effectiveness of training and capacity-building initiatives in digital environments? 3. Explore the influence of methodologies such as Agile, Design Thinking, Lean and Six Sigma in promoting DL and supporting DT in local public administration. • How can agile methodologies, such as agile, be applied to boost the DL of local public administration employees? • To what extent can the Design Thinking approach help identify employees’ DL needs and develop user-centered solutions? • How can Lean principles be used to optimize processes and improve employees’ DL? • What is the role of Six Sigma in continuously improving employee DL and reducing knowledge gaps? 4. Investigate digital governance best practices in local public administration and how they affect employee DL. This research explores the following: • How do digital governance policies and regulations impact employees’ DL? • What are the best digital governance strategies that promote effective DL? • How can digital governance be aligned with DT initiatives to support the development of employee DL? These research directions address key aspects of the relationship between DT and DL among local public administration employees, allowing for further analysis and providing relevant insights for research. Several open questions make this research on the relationship between DT and DL of local public administration employees highly relevant: 1. What is the specific impact of DT on operational efficiency and public service delivery by the local public administration? It is important to investigate how DT affects the efficiency of processes and delivery of public services. 2. What are the main challenges faced by local public administration when dealing with resistance to change during DT, and how can these challenges be overcome? Resistance to change is a common obstacle in DT. It is important to understand the specific challenges faced by local public administrations and to explore strategies to overcome resistance. 3. What are the main obstacles and gaps that local public administration employees encounter when trying to improve their DL, and how can they be addressed? Identifying the obstacles and gaps in employee DL is essential for developing effective capacity-building strategies. 4. What are the best strategies and approaches for providing effective training and capacity building in digital environments for local public administration employees? Identifying the best practices for training and capacity building is crucial for boosting employee DL. These open questions highlight the relevance and importance of this study. By addressing these knowledge gaps, this research will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between DT and DL in local public administration, as well as provide practical guidance for improving operational efficiency, overcoming resistance to change, addressing barriers in DL, and developing effective training and capacity-building strategies. No explanatory models were found in the literature on the relationship between DT and DL, which makes research in this area even more relevant. Some authors, such as Eshet, Y. (2004) , Jaeger, P. T. et al. (2012) , Cetindamar Kozanoglu, D., & Abedin, B. (2021) , Sanders, C. K., & Scanlon, E. (2021) and Brown, N., & Brown, I. (2019) mention the relevance of this relationship. For example, Eshet, Y. (2004) , explores the key concepts of DL and the importance of survival skills in the digital age. Jaeger, P. T. et al. (2012) , discusses how digital inclusion and DL are fundamental to education and civic participation in the digital age. On the other and, Cetindamar Kozanoglu, D., & Abedin, B. (2021) , explores the importance of DL in the context of DT in organizations. Sanders, C. K., & Scanlon, E. (2021) , investigates how DL affects digital inclusion, especially among low-income populations. Finally, Brown, N., & Brown, I. (2019) examines the relationship between DT and digital skills, including DL. 5. Conclusions and Future Research In conclusion, SLR is carried out mainly to identify, evaluate, and interpret the studies carried out and published in the literature. Through SLR, we were able to collect evidence on the topic to be addressed, detect, and identify opportunities for research work. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out an SLR before starting the research, as this way, it is possible to clearly assess the research area and how the research proposal can contribute to giving more value to what has already been published. The scientific production of DT and DL in the context of organizations is a topic of interest in the scientific community. The results of this investigation clearly show that studies predominating DT are currently a topic with some relevance. DT and its impact on DL are topics of interest to organizations, as influencing processes imply proper functioning. In this investigation, interest in these concepts over the last five years is evident. The adoption of new technologies and methodologies in organizations impacts the digital training of their employees, as it requires them to develop new digital skills to be prepared for DT. Table 13 presents some of the main conclusions and results of the SLR for DT and DL. Table 13. Conclusions and results found in SLR about DT and DL. SLR about DT and DL CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS The impact of DT on organizations The reviews showed that DT has a significant impact on organizations, increasing efficiency, improving the customer experience and driving innovation DT challenges Many reviews highlighted the challenges of DT, such as cultural resistance, lack of digital training and information security DL in Education In the context of DL, the reviews highlighted the importance of including DL in formal and continuing education to empower people to use technology effectively Digital skills Some reviews have pointed to the existence of difference digital skills, where certain socio-economic groups have more limited digital access and knowledge than others DL models and frameworks Reviews have identified a variety of DL models and frameworks that help to better understand the concept and its dimensions Changes in the workplace The DT is redefining the skills needed in the workplace, with an increasing emphasis on digital knowledge and adaptability This SLR research on the relationship between DT and DL, with the aim of creating an explanatory model, can stand out from previous reviews and add value for several reasons: • The emphasis on creating an explanatory model distinguishes reviews from traditional reviews that summarize and synthesize existing findings. An explanatory model can help clarify the causal relationships and complex interactions between the concepts of DT and DL. • This review can contribute to theory by developing a conceptual model that helps explain how DT affects DL and vice versa. This provides a solid theoretical framework for future research. • By creating an explanatory model, we can identify gaps in the literature where the relationship between DT and DL has not been sufficiently explored. These gaps can guide future research in this area. • The explanatory model has practical implications such as guidelines for organizations and adding a valuable practical component to the review. • This review explores the relationship between DT and DL in specific contexts, allowing for a more contextualized analysis of the implications and results. • In addition to developing an explanatory model, we expect to synthesize the existing evidence to support the relationships presented in the model. This will help to reinforce the conclusions and strengthen the validity of the model. Technology has innovation as its main factor, having to adapt to its context and generate new learning. DT has had a systemic reach in organizations over the last five years, in which the development of employees’ digital skills contributes to the adoption of new technologies that support DT. It is important for organizations to generate strategies that guarantee systemic DT so that their services and processes evolve at a good pace. It is essential that the incorporation of technologies is accompanied by strategies that favor employees, thus promoting an increase in DL. This incorporation of technology has led organizations to rethink their processes, bearing in mind that technologies are a means of support and that their employees must be prepared for changes, especially digital changes. It is noteworthy that it was possible to answer the research questions, noting that DT is an emerging theme in organizations, especially in improving technology and adapting organizational processes, where DL is essential for improving and facilitating work. It is verified in the SLR that the concepts of DT and DL, as well as their relationship, allow a broad discussion on the subject, providing a deepening of the concepts related to each other, with the objective of strengthening their investigation. Thus, there is a need to implement an explanatory model of the relationship between DT and DL. The methodological approach used in this study can serve as a model for other researchers investigating similar topics. The implementation of an explanatory model can be a crucial step in the current research and serves as a basis for future research. Some areas that could be explored in future research include the following. • Comparing Models: Explanatory models can vary in terms of complexity and emphasis on different variables. Future research could compare different models to determine the most effective in explaining the relationship between DT and DL. • Longitudinal Studies: Investigating how the relationship between DT and DL evolves over time can be an interesting area of research. Longitudinal studies can help identify the trends, changes, and factors that influence this relationship over time. • Case Analysis: Future research could focus on detailed case studies of local public administration organizations that have undergone successful digital transformation. This would allow for a deeper analysis of the practices and strategies that have led to positive DL results. • Effects of DL on Local Public Administration: In addition to understanding how DT affects DL, it is important to investigate how employee DL affects local public administration in terms of efficiency, quality of services, and innovation. This is an area that could be explored in future research. • Impact on Society: In addition to the effects on public administration, investigating how the relationship between DT and DL impacts society in general could be a relevant area of research. How does improving the DL of local public administration employees affect citizen participation and delivery of public services? There are just a few suggestions for future research that can build on the explanatory model that will be developed. Each of these areas of research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between DT and DL, and offer valuable insights for local public administration. 6. Limitations While this study provides relevant insights into the relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy, several limitations must be acknowledged. First, as a systematic literature review, the study is inherently limited by the availability and scope of existing research. The analysis depends on the quality, focus, and methodological rigor of the selected primary studies, which may not uniformly address all aspects of the DT-DL relationship. Second, the selection of databases and the chosen keywords and inclusion criteria may have led to the exclusion of potentially relevant studies published in other sources or languages. As such, the findings may not fully capture the global or interdisciplinary scope of the topic. Third, the proposed explanatory model is theoretical in nature, developed from patterns and variables identified in the literature. Although it offers conceptual clarity, it has not yet been empirically tested, and its applicability across different organizational contexts, especially outside local public administration, should be approached with caution. Finally, while the study focuses on public sector organizations, especially local public administration, the context-specific variables identified may not be generalizable to private sector organizations or to different administrative or cultural environments. Future empirical research is needed to validate and refine the model in various settings. Data availability statement All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required. Extended data Figshare: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review. Extended data – Table 1-Search strategy for techniques or methods or approaches to explanatory models.docx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331788 ( Arnaud et al. , 2023a ). Figshare: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review. Extended data – Table 2-Search strategy for review or survey on digital transformation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331785 ( Arnaud et al. , 2023b ). Figshare: Working title: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review. Extended data – Table 3-Search strategy for review or survey on digital literacy.docx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331782 ( Arnaud et al. , 2023c ). Figshare: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review. Extended data – Table 4-Search strategy for digital transformation and digital literacy.docx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331791 ( Arnaud et al. , 2023d ). Figshare: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review. Extended data – PRISMA_2020_flow_diagram.docx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331863.v1 ( Arnaud, 2024 ). Figshare: PRISMA checklist for ‘The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review’. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25331848 ( Arnaud et al. , 2023e ). LICENCE CC0 Acknowledgments We would like to thank INESC TEC for their contributions during the whole project. References Aarons GA, Hurlburt M, Horwitz SM: Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors. Adm. Policy Ment. Health Ment. Health Serv. Res. 2011; 38 : 4–23. 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Publisher Full Text Zulu SL, Saad AM, Gledson B: Individual Characteristics as Enablers of Construction Employees’ Digital Literacy: An Exploration of Leaders’ Opinions. Sustainability. 2023; 15 (2): 1531. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Apr 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Instituto Politecnico do Cavado e do Ave, Barcelos, Braga, 4750-810, Portugal 2 Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, Porto, Porto District, 4200-465, Portugal 3 Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Lisbon, 1269-001, Portugal 4 Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal José Arnaud Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Henrique São Mamede Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Frederico Branco Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information INESC TEC - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 10 Jun 2025, 13:253 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.2 version 1 Published: 05 Apr 2024, 13:253 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.1 Copyright © 2025 Arnaud J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Arnaud J, São Mamede H and Branco F. The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146991.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Jun 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Gkrimpizi T. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183406.r403692 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v2#referee-response-403692 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 02 Sep 2025 Thomais Gkrimpizi , International Hellenic University, Thermi, Greece Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183406.r403692 Dear authors, I really liked the draft and found the article particularly interesting. I suggest some corrections before resubmission, which I list below, and I sincerely hope that they will help you further strengthen the manuscript. I wish you ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear authors, I really liked the draft and found the article particularly interesting. I suggest some corrections before resubmission, which I list below, and I sincerely hope that they will help you further strengthen the manuscript. I wish you every success in the editing and publication process. In the following lines, I share my comments on your manuscript: Methodology According to the methodology used in this article and in Figure 1, the first step is to define the research questions (RQs). The RQs form the basis for the next step and are part of the methodology. After that, it is necessary to define the search process. The next step requires the definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, it is necessary to define the quality assessment. Therefore, in this section, you must include all these steps. For this reason, it is necessary to restructure the article and transfer many of the findings from the results section to the methodology section. Results In this section, you need to refer only to the results from the findings, which should be done in accordance with the research questions mentioned in the methodology (section 2). Discussion In a discussion, you should develop your own ideas, taking into account everything mentioned in the results. The abstract states: “Based on these findings, an explanatory model was developed that maps the interaction between these variables and their impact on digital transformation outcomes”. The explanatory model should be clear, which, in my opinion, is unclear. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Partly If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: digital transformation, project management. digital education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Gkrimpizi T. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183406.r403692 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v2#referee-response-403692 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 05 Apr 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Palos-Sanchez PR. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r382360 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-382360 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 03 Jun 2025 Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez , Department of Financial Economy and Operation Management, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Seville, Seville, Spain Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r382360 Thank you very much for the opportunity to read your manuscript entitled: “The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review" submitted for the F1000 Journal. This paper seeks to understand how digital ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you very much for the opportunity to read your manuscript entitled: “The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review" submitted for the F1000 Journal. This paper seeks to understand how digital literacy can impact Digital Transformation in organizations and, through the construction of an explanatory model, allows the identification of variables that influence this relationship by developing strategies to improve the digital literacy of employees in organizations. The following are my comments, all intended to improve the final result of this research work. The focus of the paper Overall, this is an interesting research topic, closely related to the digital transformation and digital literacy. Abstract The abstract presents the main research objectives and methodology; however, the methodology are not shown completely (lack of number of analyzed documents); the research findings and implications are not clear. Introduction - The explanation of originality (research gap) uses too little evidence from previous studies, and when used, these studies are too old. This leads to the concern about the research novelty, especially in recent times. For example, must cited recent works or reviews about digital transformation: Brazo, P., Velicia-Martín, F., Palos-Sanchez, P. R., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2023). The Effect of Coercive Digitization on Organizational Performance: How Information Resource Management Consulting Can Play a Supporting Role. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM) , 31(2), 1-23. http://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.326282 Marino-Romero JA, Palos-Sanchez PR and Velicia-Martin FA (2023). Evolution of digital transformation in SMEs management through a bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Volume 199, 123014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123014 Brazo, Pedro; Velicia-Martín, Félix; Palos-Sánchez, Pedro; Roldán, José L. (2024). Thrive or Dive: Navigating the Waves of Mandatory Digital Transformation. European Business Review . 10.1108/EBR-03-2024-0097 Theoretical part - The authors should add findings in terms of topics, methods,... related to digital transformation and digital literacy that the authors has summarized from the systematic literature review. The aim, Methodology, and Data - Research aims and research questions were presented in the Results section but specific statements on the research novelties are not well-explained. I propose to show in final introduction section and developpe in results. Results Discussion There is no link between the result part with the discussion part. Therefore, it seems that the results obtained from the study provide interesting discussions or implications. However, authors do not compare with another author or results. Probably, they need move paragraphs from conclusions (with references) to discussion. Conclusion - The conclusion could be divided in practical and theoretical implications. - The authors should add the limitation of the research/results. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Yes References 1. Brazo P, Velicia-Martín F, Palos-Sanchez P, Rodrigues R: The Effect of Coercive Digitization on Organizational Performance. Journal of Global Information Management . 2023; 31 (2): 1-23 Publisher Full Text 2. Marino-Romero J, Palos-Sánchez P, Velicia-Martín F: Evolution of digital transformation in SMEs management through a bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change . 2024; 199 . Publisher Full Text 3. Brazo P, Velicia-Martín F, Palos-Sanchez P, Roldán J: Thrive or dive: navigating the waves of mandatory digital transformation. European Business Review . 2025; 37 (3): 486-516 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: digital economy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Palos-Sanchez PR. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r382360 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-382360 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 11 Sep 2025 José Arnaud , Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal 11 Sep 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic Literature Review” , and for your constructive and insightful comments. We truly appreciate your suggestions, which have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, relevance, and academic rigor of our work. In response to your feedback, the manuscript has been thoroughly revised. The main changes include: An expanded abstract, now including the number of articles analyzed, clearer results, and more explicit implications. A revised introduction, which incorporates recent and relevant literature to reinforce the originality and relevance of the study. Improved articulation of the research gap and clearer positioning of the research questions at the end of the introduction. A strengthened theoretical section, with a synthesis of key findings from the literature in terms of topics, methodologies, and research approaches. A clearer connection between results and discussion, including comparisons with previous studies and integration of referenced insights. A more detailed conclusion, now organized into theoretical and practical implications, along with a dedicated limitations section. We are grateful for your time and for the opportunity to improve our manuscript. We hope that the revised version meets your expectations and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing research on digital transformation and digital literacy. Kind regards, José Arnaud On behalf of all co-authors Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic Literature Review” , and for your constructive and insightful comments. We truly appreciate your suggestions, which have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, relevance, and academic rigor of our work. In response to your feedback, the manuscript has been thoroughly revised. The main changes include: An expanded abstract, now including the number of articles analyzed, clearer results, and more explicit implications. A revised introduction, which incorporates recent and relevant literature to reinforce the originality and relevance of the study. Improved articulation of the research gap and clearer positioning of the research questions at the end of the introduction. A strengthened theoretical section, with a synthesis of key findings from the literature in terms of topics, methodologies, and research approaches. A clearer connection between results and discussion, including comparisons with previous studies and integration of referenced insights. A more detailed conclusion, now organized into theoretical and practical implications, along with a dedicated limitations section. We are grateful for your time and for the opportunity to improve our manuscript. We hope that the revised version meets your expectations and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing research on digital transformation and digital literacy. Kind regards, José Arnaud On behalf of all co-authors Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 11 Sep 2025 José Arnaud , Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal 11 Sep 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic Literature Review” , and for your constructive and insightful comments. We truly appreciate your suggestions, which have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, relevance, and academic rigor of our work. In response to your feedback, the manuscript has been thoroughly revised. The main changes include: An expanded abstract, now including the number of articles analyzed, clearer results, and more explicit implications. A revised introduction, which incorporates recent and relevant literature to reinforce the originality and relevance of the study. Improved articulation of the research gap and clearer positioning of the research questions at the end of the introduction. A strengthened theoretical section, with a synthesis of key findings from the literature in terms of topics, methodologies, and research approaches. A clearer connection between results and discussion, including comparisons with previous studies and integration of referenced insights. A more detailed conclusion, now organized into theoretical and practical implications, along with a dedicated limitations section. We are grateful for your time and for the opportunity to improve our manuscript. We hope that the revised version meets your expectations and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing research on digital transformation and digital literacy. Kind regards, José Arnaud On behalf of all co-authors Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic Literature Review” , and for your constructive and insightful comments. We truly appreciate your suggestions, which have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, relevance, and academic rigor of our work. In response to your feedback, the manuscript has been thoroughly revised. The main changes include: An expanded abstract, now including the number of articles analyzed, clearer results, and more explicit implications. A revised introduction, which incorporates recent and relevant literature to reinforce the originality and relevance of the study. Improved articulation of the research gap and clearer positioning of the research questions at the end of the introduction. A strengthened theoretical section, with a synthesis of key findings from the literature in terms of topics, methodologies, and research approaches. A clearer connection between results and discussion, including comparisons with previous studies and integration of referenced insights. A more detailed conclusion, now organized into theoretical and practical implications, along with a dedicated limitations section. We are grateful for your time and for the opportunity to improve our manuscript. We hope that the revised version meets your expectations and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing research on digital transformation and digital literacy. Kind regards, José Arnaud On behalf of all co-authors Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Farias-Gaytan S. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r297239 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-297239 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 18 Jul 2024 Silvia Farias-Gaytan , Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r297239 Each section is well-organized and describes each phase and results in accordance with the objective and research questions. An aspect that can be included as part of the conclusion is about the limitations encountered during the study, in order ... Continue reading READ ALL Each section is well-organized and describes each phase and results in accordance with the objective and research questions. An aspect that can be included as part of the conclusion is about the limitations encountered during the study, in order to serve as a reference for other researchers. A suggestion, that the abstract be structured following IMRDC and that the methodology used be stated because it has not been included. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: educational innovation, higher education, digital transformation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Farias-Gaytan S. Reviewer Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r297239 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-297239 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Apr 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 10 Jun 25 read Version 1 05 Apr 24 read read Silvia Farias-Gaytan , Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez , University of Seville, Seville, Spain Thomais Gkrimpizi , International Hellenic University, Thermi, Greece Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gkrimpizi T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Sep 2025 | for Version 2 Thomais Gkrimpizi , International Hellenic University, Thermi, Greece 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gkrimpizi T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear authors, I really liked the draft and found the article particularly interesting. I suggest some corrections before resubmission, which I list below, and I sincerely hope that they will help you further strengthen the manuscript. I wish you every success in the editing and publication process. In the following lines, I share my comments on your manuscript: Methodology According to the methodology used in this article and in Figure 1, the first step is to define the research questions (RQs). The RQs form the basis for the next step and are part of the methodology. After that, it is necessary to define the search process. The next step requires the definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, it is necessary to define the quality assessment. Therefore, in this section, you must include all these steps. For this reason, it is necessary to restructure the article and transfer many of the findings from the results section to the methodology section. Results In this section, you need to refer only to the results from the findings, which should be done in accordance with the research questions mentioned in the methodology (section 2). Discussion In a discussion, you should develop your own ideas, taking into account everything mentioned in the results. The abstract states: “Based on these findings, an explanatory model was developed that maps the interaction between these variables and their impact on digital transformation outcomes”. The explanatory model should be clear, which, in my opinion, is unclear. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Partly If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise digital transformation, project management. digital education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Gkrimpizi T. Peer Review Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183406.r403692) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v2#referee-response-403692 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Palos-Sanchez P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 03 Jun 2025 | for Version 1 Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez , Department of Financial Economy and Operation Management, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Seville, Seville, Spain 0 Views copyright © 2025 Palos-Sanchez P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you very much for the opportunity to read your manuscript entitled: “The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review" submitted for the F1000 Journal. This paper seeks to understand how digital literacy can impact Digital Transformation in organizations and, through the construction of an explanatory model, allows the identification of variables that influence this relationship by developing strategies to improve the digital literacy of employees in organizations. The following are my comments, all intended to improve the final result of this research work. The focus of the paper Overall, this is an interesting research topic, closely related to the digital transformation and digital literacy. Abstract The abstract presents the main research objectives and methodology; however, the methodology are not shown completely (lack of number of analyzed documents); the research findings and implications are not clear. Introduction - The explanation of originality (research gap) uses too little evidence from previous studies, and when used, these studies are too old. This leads to the concern about the research novelty, especially in recent times. For example, must cited recent works or reviews about digital transformation: Brazo, P., Velicia-Martín, F., Palos-Sanchez, P. R., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2023). The Effect of Coercive Digitization on Organizational Performance: How Information Resource Management Consulting Can Play a Supporting Role. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM) , 31(2), 1-23. http://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.326282 Marino-Romero JA, Palos-Sanchez PR and Velicia-Martin FA (2023). Evolution of digital transformation in SMEs management through a bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Volume 199, 123014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123014 Brazo, Pedro; Velicia-Martín, Félix; Palos-Sánchez, Pedro; Roldán, José L. (2024). Thrive or Dive: Navigating the Waves of Mandatory Digital Transformation. European Business Review . 10.1108/EBR-03-2024-0097 Theoretical part - The authors should add findings in terms of topics, methods,... related to digital transformation and digital literacy that the authors has summarized from the systematic literature review. The aim, Methodology, and Data - Research aims and research questions were presented in the Results section but specific statements on the research novelties are not well-explained. I propose to show in final introduction section and developpe in results. Results Discussion There is no link between the result part with the discussion part. Therefore, it seems that the results obtained from the study provide interesting discussions or implications. However, authors do not compare with another author or results. Probably, they need move paragraphs from conclusions (with references) to discussion. Conclusion - The conclusion could be divided in practical and theoretical implications. - The authors should add the limitation of the research/results. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Yes References 1. Brazo P, Velicia-Martín F, Palos-Sanchez P, Rodrigues R: The Effect of Coercive Digitization on Organizational Performance. Journal of Global Information Management . 2023; 31 (2): 1-23 Publisher Full Text 2. Marino-Romero J, Palos-Sánchez P, Velicia-Martín F: Evolution of digital transformation in SMEs management through a bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change . 2024; 199 . Publisher Full Text 3. Brazo P, Velicia-Martín F, Palos-Sanchez P, Roldán J: Thrive or dive: navigating the waves of mandatory digital transformation. European Business Review . 2025; 37 (3): 486-516 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise digital economy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 11 Sep 2025 José Arnaud, Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your careful reading of our manuscript entitled “The Relationship between Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy – An Explanatory Model: Systematic Literature Review” , and for your constructive and insightful comments. We truly appreciate your suggestions, which have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, relevance, and academic rigor of our work. In response to your feedback, the manuscript has been thoroughly revised. The main changes include: An expanded abstract, now including the number of articles analyzed, clearer results, and more explicit implications. A revised introduction, which incorporates recent and relevant literature to reinforce the originality and relevance of the study. Improved articulation of the research gap and clearer positioning of the research questions at the end of the introduction. A strengthened theoretical section, with a synthesis of key findings from the literature in terms of topics, methodologies, and research approaches. A clearer connection between results and discussion, including comparisons with previous studies and integration of referenced insights. A more detailed conclusion, now organized into theoretical and practical implications, along with a dedicated limitations section. We are grateful for your time and for the opportunity to improve our manuscript. We hope that the revised version meets your expectations and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing research on digital transformation and digital literacy. Kind regards, José Arnaud On behalf of all co-authors View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Palos-Sanchez PR. Peer Review Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r382360) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-382360 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Farias-Gaytan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Jul 2024 | for Version 1 Silvia Farias-Gaytan , Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico 0 Views copyright © 2024 Farias-Gaytan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Each section is well-organized and describes each phase and results in accordance with the objective and research questions. An aspect that can be included as part of the conclusion is about the limitations encountered during the study, in order to serve as a reference for other researchers. A suggestion, that the abstract be structured following IMRDC and that the methodology used be stated because it has not been included. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise educational innovation, higher education, digital transformation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Farias-Gaytan S. Peer Review Report For: The relationship between digital transformation and digital literacy - an explanatory model: Systematic literature review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :253 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161124.r297239) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-253/v1#referee-response-297239 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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