Fatty acids profile, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of Saanen goats milk fed on dehydrated grape pomace

Fatty acids profile, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of Saanen goats milk fed on dehydrated grape pomace | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fatty acids profile, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of Saanen goats milk fed on dehydrated grape pomace Eduardo Michelon do Nascimento, Thadeu Mariniello Silva, Américo Fróes Garcez Neto, and 14 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Grape pomace is an agro-industrial by-product rich in phenolic compounds with the potential to be used in diets for goats and increase the nutraceutical properties of milk. This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating dehydrated grape pomace (DGP) into the diets of Saanen goats on the composition, fatty acid profile, nutritional indices of fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of their milk. Eight multiparous Saanen goats, averaging approximately four years of age and weighing 41.2 ± 5.56 kg, were employed in a double Latin square (4 x 4) design. Diets were formulated with increasing levels of grape pomace (0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg Dry Matter - DM), replacing cactus. The concentration of C18:2 n-6 cis and C18:3 n-3 increased (+ 21.9% and + 17.8%, respectively) with the grape pomace inclusion. There was a reduction in the atherogenic (-32.9%) and thrombogenic (-11.0%) indices of goat milk with the increase in DGP levels. There was a reduction in de novo fatty acids (-11.7%), Δ -9 desaturase of C14 (-26.5%) and C18 (-10.0%) indexes with the highest level of DGP. There was a quadratic effect for Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and a linear effect for phenolic compounds (PC), where the highest values were observed at the estimated levels of 160 g/kg and 210 g/kg DM, respectively. Supplementing dairy goats’ diets with dehydrated grape pomace up to 210 g/kg dry matter enhances the fatty acid profile and nutritional indices of fatty acids of Saanen goat milk without altering its basic composition. Atheronegic index. Conjugated linoleic acid. De novo fatty acids. Oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids. Thrombogenic index Introduction Dairy goat farming is commonly practiced in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, where goat milk is regarded as a functional food because of its bioactive compounds, which display antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and other beneficial activities (Thakur et al., 2024 ). Cactus pear is commonly used in semi-arid regions in feed ruminants, as it is a food rich in water and energy value, with 64.47% NFC (Abreu Filho et al., 2022 ), and has high palatability, however, due to its low concentration of fibrous carbohydrates, it must be associated with a source of fiber in the diet. For this, agro-industrial by-products obtained from processing oilseeds or the fruit industry present potential alternatives for animal feed that do not compete with human food and can help lower feeding costs (Marcos et al., 2020 ). Among the by-products used, grape pomace is notable as a source of roughage in dairy ruminants' diets, primarily used as silage or for dehydration (Santos et al., 2014 ; Renna et al., 2023 ). This product, derived from grape processing, consists of skins, seeds, and stems, and is highly regarded by researchers and the nutraceutical industry due to its bioactive compounds. When incorporated into the diets of ruminants, these compounds modulate the animals' immune systems and enhance the oxidative stability of their products (Buffa et al., 2020 ). The fatty acid profile of grape pomace, along with its phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, can positively influence the composition of milk fatty acids and their antioxidant capacity (Santos et al., 2014 ; Buffa et al., 2020 ; Renna et al., 2023 ), thereby contributing to improved functional properties (Buffa et al., 2020 ). Bennato et al. ( 2022 ) observed an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids without altering the overall composition of milk in dairy ewes. Phenolic compounds can influence the biohydrogenation process of fatty acids by modulating the microbial profile, which in turn affects the profile of these acids in milk (Nascimento et al., 2022 ). The same authors noted an increase in the proportions of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-6, C18:3 n-3, and long-chain fatty acids, along with a decrease in the amounts of C11:0, C12:0, C14:0, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and the atherogenicity index in goat milk fat. In dairy sheep, Tsiplakou and Zervas ( 2008 ) observed a decrease of 38.2% in medium-chain saturated fatty acids and an increase of 27.1% in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Alba et al. ( 2019 ) found that incorporating 2% grape flour into sheep feed enhanced the milk's antioxidant capacity, health, and production efficiency. Research on the use of grape pomace in dairy goat feed and its effects on goat milk quality is crucial for implementing new technologies in dairy goat nutrition, eliciting adaptive responses from the animals, and improving milk quality in arid and semi-arid regions, where goat milk serves as the primary food source for the population. Understanding the changes brought about by grape pomace on the composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk enables better guidance on utilizing this by-product in animal feed. This aims to increase the quantity of health-beneficial fatty acids for consumers while providing oxidative stability to the product and its derivatives. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing cactus pear with grape pomace on nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as the qualitative milk traits of lactating Saanen goats. We hypothesize that dehydrated grape pomace as a substitute for cactus pear in the diet of lactating goats will improve the fatty acid profile of milk, enhance the antioxidant potential and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, and consequently improve goat milk quality. Material and methods Animals, experimental design and treatments The research and procedures involving animals were performed following the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation established by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA). The study received approval from the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) at the Federal University of São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF) under protocol number 0004/241121. The experiment occurred at the Sheep and Goat Sector of UNIVASF, located on the Agricultural Sciences Campus in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The climate in this region is classified as semiarid (BSh) according to the Köppen climate classification, with an average temperature of 31.6ºC and a relative humidity of 46.1% during the study. Eight healthy, multiparous Saanen goats, averaging 4 years in age and weighing 41.2 ± 5.56 kg (mean ± standard error of the mean), were used in a double Latin square design (4x4). The treatments consisted of four diets in which cactus pear, serving as a source of roughage, was partially substituted with dehydrated grape pomace at 0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg based on dry matter (DM). The goats were housed in individual pens measuring 4.50 m 2 , each equipped with a feeder, drinker, and access to mineral salt ad libitum . The experiment lasted 80 days and was divided into four experimental periods of 20 days each, with the first 15 days allotted for adaptation to the diet, followed by five days for collection. Samples of the ingredients were collected and submitted for physicochemical analysis (Table 1 ). The diet on dry matter (DM) basis was composed of 600 g/kg of roughage based on Elephant grass ( Cenchrus purpureus Schum Syn. Pennisetum purpureus Schum), cactus and grape pomace, and 400 g/kg of concentrate: soybean meal, ground grain corn, cottonseed cake, soybean oil, mineral, and limestone salt (Table 2 ). This diet fulfilled the protein requirements (152.1 g/kg Crude protein-CP) for goats producing between 1.47 and 2.30 kg of milk per day (NRC, 2007). Table 1 Chemical composition of the ingredients Ingredients II Component I (g/kg DM) Elephant grass Cactus pear Dehydrated grape pomace Soybean meal Cottonseed cake Ground corn Dry matter 197.2 121.2 835.1 889.8 917.9 864.9 Ash 85.5 148.4 42.8 62.1 51.0 16.4 Crude protein 70.2 56.5 152.6 469.6 346.4 86.7 Ethereal extract 33.0 29.8 73.2 21.7 80.4 34.8 NDF 737.5 290.8 652.2 257.1 544.3 240.5 ADF 411.1 129.3 546.4 80.5 340.6 58.6 Lignin 66.4 19.1 343.4 0.2 121.2 14.1 NFC 84.8 516.7 103.6 194.1 63.6 633.2 TDN 527.9 605.0 284.0 644.3 594.2 747.2 Digestible energy 22.1 25.2 13.0 31.1 25.7 31.5 Abbreviations: NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; NFC: non-fibrous carbohydrates; TDN: total digestible nutrients. II Additional ingredients: soybean oil: energy equivalent = 2048.0 g/kg DM; limestone: calcitic equivalent: 370.0 g/kg DM; Vet Phos Leite®, VilaVet Animal Health, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil, product guarantee levels: Vit A = 300.000 UI/kg; P = 105.0 g/kg; Ca = 210.0 to 250.7 g/kg; S = 19.0 g/kg; Zn = 3281.0 mg/kg; Cu = 1353.0 mg/kg; Co = 120.0 mg/kg; I = 154.0 mg/kg; Se = 40.0 mg/kg; Mg = 15.0 g/kg; Mn = 1450.0 mg/kg;Na = 70.0 g/kg; Fe = 400.0 mg/kg; F = 1050.0 mg/kg; (1 kg of supplement). Table 2 Proportion of ingredients, chemical composition and fatty acid profile (g/100g FAME) of diets fed to lactating goats in the experimental period Component I Grape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM) 0 90 150 210 Ingredients (g/kg DM) Elephant grass 300 300 300 300 Cactus pear 300 210 150 90 Dehydrated grape pomace 0.00 90.0 150 210 Soybean meal 183.8 163.4 149.9 136.4 Cottonseed cake 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 Ground corn grain 131.9 165.8 188.4 211.0 Soybean oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Limestone 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.6 Mineral Supplement II 34.3 20.3 11.2 2.0 Nutritional composition (g/kg DM) Dry matter 454.2 516.1 557.3 598.6 Ash 125.0 101.2 85.2 69.3 Crude protein 149.6 151.6 153.0 154.4 Ethereal extract 38.2 41.4 44.1 46.9 Neutral detergent fiber 406.1 441.8 465.6 489.4 Acid detergent fiber 198.3 236.2 261.4 286.7 Lignin 32.4 62.1 81.8 101.6 Non-fibrous carbohydrates 302.2 282.5 269.4 256.3 Total digestible nutrients 622.9 602.6 589.2 575.8 Digestible energy 2.55 2.49 2.44 2.40 Fatty Acid (g/100g FAME) C12:0 0.865 0.653 0.711 0.509 C14:0 1.25 1.02 1.01 0.817 C16:0 33.3 31.2 29.7 30.5 C16:1 0.530 0.684 0.712 0.664 C17:0 0.495 0.445 0.428 0.464 C18:0 9.41 10.5 11.2 8.08 C18:1 n-9 cis 36.8 41.5 42.0 46.6 C20:0 1.14 1.21 1.32 1.30 C18:3 n-6 0.194 0.140 0.133 0.131 C18:3 n-3 13.3 10.0 9.84 8.14 C20:1 n-9 0.179 0.352 0.321 0.349 C22:0 0.954 0.963 1.12 1.05 C23:0 0.633 0.579 0.569 0.500 C24:0 0.981 0.876 0.943 0.885 C12:0 – lauric acid; C14:0 – myristic acid; C16:0 – palmitic acid; C16:1 - palmitoleic acid; C17:0 - heptadecanoic acid; C18:0 – stearic acid; C18:1 n-9 cis - oleic acid; C20:0 - arachidic acid; C18:3 n-6 - gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3 n-3 - alpha-linolenic acid; C20:1 n-9 - eicosenoic acid; C22:0 – behenic acid; C23:0 – tricosanoic acid C24:0 – lignoceric acid; IIVet Phos Leite®, VilaVet Animal Health, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil product guarantee levels: Vit A = 300.000 UI/kg; P = 105.0 g/kg; Ca = 210.0 to 250.7 g/kg; S = 19.0 g/kg; Zn = 3281.0 mg/kg; Cu = 1353.0 mg/kg; Co = 120.0 mg/kg; I = 154.0 mg/kg; Se = 40.0 mg/kg; Mg = 15.0 g/kg; Mn = 1450.0 mg/kg;Na = 70.0 g/kg; Fe = 400.0 mg/kg; F = 1050.0 mg/kg; (1 kg of supplement). The Tropical Winery in Lagoa Grande, Pernambuco, Brazil, supplied grape pomace for this study. The material was removed from the press after seven days of fermentation, yielding approximately 350 g/kg DM, primarily consisting of grape skins and seeds (Vitis vinifera cv. Carménère, BRS Magna, BRS Violeta, Itália, Benitaka, and BRS Vitória). Grape pomace underwent solar dehydration on a masonry floor, being turned every two hours and collected at the end of the day until the pomace attained approximately 850 g/kg DM. It was then crushed into 8 mm particles and stored in 60 x 115 cm polypropylene bags. The cactus used in the experiment was the Opuntia stricta Haw. Cactus pear was harvested by hand at the start of each experimental period, with an estimated dry matter content of 120 g/kg DM. Following the harvest, it was stored in shaded conditions and sliced daily into 20 mm pieces using a motorized slicer (FP3001n, Laboremus, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil). After milking, the animals were fed twice daily, at 0900 and 1700 h, with approximately 50% of the daily ration given in the morning and 50% in the afternoon. The diet was adjusted daily according to the amount of leftovers. Milk collection and physicochemical analysis Daily milk production (kg milk/day) was quantified during the five collection days of each experimental period. Milking was conducted manually twice a day, at 0800 and 1600 h, where samples were collected. Aliquots of 30 mL were taken during the morning and afternoon milking sessions and stored in sterile 300 mL bottles. These samples were maintained at -20ºC for later physicochemical analysis and lipid extraction. The milk was thawed gradually, and a 25 mL aliquot underwent physicochemical analysis to assess fat, defatted dry extract, density, protein, lactose, solids, freezing point, and salts using the Master Mini Milk Analyzer (AKSO®, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil), which is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor. The fat-corrected milk yield for 3.5% fat (FCMY) was calculated using the equation proposed by Sklan et al. ( 1992 ): FCMY = [0.432 + 0.1625 × % fat milk) × milk yield (kg/d)]. Lipids from milk and experimental diet samples were extracted according to Bligh and Dyer ( 1959 ) with modifications using a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and water (Santos et al., 2023 ). Subsequently, 25 mg of lipids were subjected to a transesterification procedure described in method 5509 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 1978). This procedure produced fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through alkaline catalysis (KOH 2 M in methanol; 200 µL) and then partitioned into 1 mL of hexane. The FAME extract was subjected to automatic injection and subsequent analysis using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID, Star CX 3400, Varian, Palo Alto, United States) following the methodologies established by Chamorro et al. ( 2024 ). One microliter of the extract was introduced in split mode (1:20), with the injector temperature set to 250°C. Hydrogen gas with a purity level of 99.999% was used as the carrier gas, kept at a steady pressure of 25 psi. The separation of analytes took place in an HP-88 capillary column (100 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; 0.20 µm stationary phase thickness; Bellefonte, USA). Initially, the column oven's temperature was set to start at 100°C for 1 minute. After that, it increased to 180°C at a rate of 15°C/min, followed by a gradual rise to 195°C at 0.5°C/min. Finally, it reached 230°C at 10°C/min, sustaining isothermal conditions for 5 minutes. The elucidation of fatty acids was carried out through a comparative analysis of the experimental retention times against those of reference compounds, which included FAME Mix 37 (P/N 47885-U), linoleic acid conjugated methyl ester isomers (P/N O5632), cis/trans isomers of linoleic acid methyl ester (P/N 47791), a mix of linolenic acid methyl ester isomers (P/N 47792), trans-vaccenic acid methyl ester (P/N 46905-U), and docosapentaenoic methyl ester (P/N 47563-U) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The findings were expressed as a percentage of the total chromatographic area, considering the correction factors relevant to the Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and the conversion from ester to acid (Visentainer, 2012 ). The atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were calculated using the equations proposed by Ulbricht and Southgate ( 1991 ), with modifications by Nudda et al. ( 2013 ), in which C12:0 replaced C18:0: AI = [C12:0 + (4 × C14:0) + C16:0]/[(PUFA) + (MUFA)] and TI = (C14:0 + C16:0)/[(0.5 × MUFA) + (0.5 × n-6) + (3 × n-3) + (n-3/n-6)]. The de novo fatty acids were calculated as the sum of C4:0 to C14:0 and 50% of C16:0 (Chilliard et al., 2007 ). The Δ -9 Desaturase ratios were determined according to Schennink et al. ( 2008 ) as follows: C14 index = [C14:1/(C14:0 + C14:1)] × 100, C16 index = [C16:1/(C16:0 + C16:1)] × 100, and C18 index = [C18:1 n-9cis/(C18:0 + C18:1 n-9 cis)] × 100. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method was conducted according to Rufino et al. ( 2009 ) and described by Nascimento et al. ( 2023 ). The FRAP reagent was synthesized by combining 25 mL of acetate buffer solution (300 mM; pH 3.6), 2.5 mL of a 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) solution (10 mM TPTZ in 40 mM HCl), and 2.5 mL of FeCl 3 (20 mM) in an aqueous medium. A 90 µL aliquot of the previously diluted milk sample was added to 2.7 mL of the FRAP reagent and kept at 37ºC in a water bath for 30 minutes. The absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm using a spectrophotometer, with calibration against the FRAP solution. The obtained results were subsequently analyzed against a standard curve of ferrous sulfate at concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 µmol/kg and expressed as mmol of Fe 2+ per kg of the analyzed sample. Phenolic compounds (PC) were determined using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu test (Singleton and Rossi, 1965 ). In a test tube, 100 µL of the milk sample, 7.90 mL of distilled water, and 0.50 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added. After 3 to 8 minutes, 1.50 mL of a saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution (20%) was added, and the mixture was allowed to rest for 2 hours. The absorbance was subsequently measured at 765 nm in a 10 mm optical path glass cuvette using a UV-visible spectrophotometer model UV 2000A (Instrutherm, Brazil), which was zeroed with the reagent blank. Based on a calibration curve, the results were expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 grams of milk (mg GAE/100 g). A calibration curve was created using various concentrations of gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich®) ranging from 1 to 85 µg/mL. The research utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the Agilent 1260 Infinity LC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) to identify phenolic compounds (PC) in the milk of goats fed 0 and 210 g/kg DM, as well as in the grape pomace and cactus pear utilized. This system includes a quaternary pump, vacuum degasser, temperature-controlled column compartment, autosampler, diode array detector (DAD), and refractive index detector (RID). The methodology proposed by Padilha et al. ( 2017 ) was followed, with some modifications described by Dutra et al. ( 2018 ). The compounds were initially separated using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus RP-C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm; 3.5 µm) and a Zorbax C18 pre-column (12.6 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm). The runtime was 33 minutes, with the following gradient: 0–5 min: 5% B; 5–14 min: 23% B; 14–30 min: 50% B; 30–33 min: 80% B. Barreto et al. (2023) delineated the mobile phases, which included a 0.1 M solution of phosphoric acid at a pH of 2.0 (referred to as A) and methanol acidified with 0.5% phosphoric acid (referred to as B). Phenolic compounds were identified at a wavelength of 220 nm for (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2; at 280 nm for gallic acid, syringic acid, hesperidin, cis-resveratrol, and naringenin; at 320 nm for caftaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and trans-resveratrol; and 360 nm for quercetin 3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol. Data acquisition and analysis were performed using OpenLAB CDS ChemStation Edition (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA). External standards of phenolic compounds were used to create calibration curves, and all analytical curves demonstrated R 2 values greater than 0.995. Statistical analysis The data underwent analysis of variance and regression analysis (both linear and quadratic) at a significance level of 5%, utilizing the Statistical Analysis System 9.1 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 2003). The statistical model used for regression analysis was: Yijk = µ + αi + βj + γk(ij) + eijk, where Yijk is the value observed in the experimental unit that received treatment k (in line i and column j), µ is the overall mean, αi is the effect of line i (animal), βj is the effect of column j (period), γk(ij) is the treatment effect k applied to line i and column j (inclusion levels of the residue, 0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg DM), and eijk represents random error. Once the phenolic compounds were significant (FOLIN), the phenolic compounds procyanidin B1 and B2 were identified for a comparative study between the control and the highest level of grape residue using analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. Results Tables 1 and 2 present the chemical composition of the experimental ingredients and the proportions of these ingredients in the diets, respectively. When formulating diets for ruminants in semi-arid regions (Table 1 ), various protein and energy sources are utilized to minimize reliance on traditional foodstuffs that compete with human food. The grape pomace used in this study had a crude protein (CP) value of 152.6 g/kg dry matter (DM), enabling a reduction in the amount of soybean meal (Table 2 ), which is a costly protein source in the semi-arid region. Among the ingredients used (Table 1 ), the grape pomace exhibited a high level of ether extract (EE), leading to an increase in this nutrient's presence in the experimental diets (Table 2 ). The descriptive analyses of the fatty acid profiles of the experimental diets, along with the FRAP, Folin, and PC results for cactus pear and dried grape pomace (DGP) used during the experimental period, are displayed in Tables 2 and 3 , respectively. Table 3 Descriptive summary of antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (Folin) and polyphenols concentration determined in dehydrated grape pomace and cactus pear cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana ( Opuntia stricta Haw) Variable DGP Cactus pear FRAP (mmol/kg) 49.4 14.2 Folin (mg GAE/100 g) 4128.3 1957.1 Polyphenols (mg/kg) DGP Cactus pear Mean Mean Cis -resveratrol 0.210 0.131 Catechin 1.42 n.d. Caffeic acid n.d. 0.276 Caftaric acid n.d. 11.0 Chlorogenic acid 0.856 1.80 Cyanidin 3-glucoside 0.061 n.d. Delphinidin 3-glucoside 0.187 n.d. Epicatechin 0.554 0.282 Epicatechin gallate n.d. 2.94 Epigallocatechin gallate 0.005 0.314 Hesperidin n.d. 0.960 Isorhamnetin 0.085 0.056 0.140 Kaempferol 3-glucoside 1.08 Malvidin 3-glucoside 1.00 n.d. Malvidin 3.5-diglucoside 4.58 n.d. Myricetin 0.106 5.543 Naringenin n.d. 0.201 Pelargonidin 3-glucoside 0.197 n.d. Peonidin 3-glucoside 0.099 n.d. Procyanidin A2 n.d. 0.591 Procyanidin B1 0.312 n.d. Procyanidin B2 n.d. 4.73 Petunidin 3-glucoside 0.943 n.d. n.d. p-Coumaric acid 0.240 Quercetin 3-glucoside 0.177 n.d. Rutin 0.019 0.197 trans -Resveratrol 0.062 3.92 Total phenolic compounds (mg/kg) 11.2 34.1 Abbreviations: DGP: dehydrated grape pomace; n.d.: compound not detected The DGP, as a substitute for cactus pear, did not alter the production and composition of goat's milk, averaging 1548 g; 4586 g; 22.4 g/kg; 85.1 g/kg; 1031.1; -0.562ºH; 31.3 g/kg; 46.8 g/kg; and 6.90 g/kg for milk yield, FCMY, fat content, solids, density, cryoscopic index, protein, lactose, and salts, respectively (Table 4 ). While the diets did not affect SFA C10:0 and C21:0, the fatty acids C4:0 (+ 49.9%), C6:0 (+ 31.6%), C8:0 (+ 17.4%), C18:0 (+ 55.9%), C20:0 (+ 22.6%), and C22:0 (+ 52.5%) increased linearly with the inclusion of DGP. In contrast, a linear decrease was noted for C11:0 (-142.6%), C12:0 (-31.2%), C13:0 (-89.6%), C14:0 (-15.5%), C15:0 (-30.0%), C16:0 (-21.2%), and C17:0 (-18.4%) with the inclusion of up to 210 g/kg of DGP, leading to an overall reduction in total SFA (-4.93%). A quadratic response was observed for C23:0 (P = 0.011) and C24:0 (P = 0.012), with the lowest values estimated at the inclusion of 100 g/kg and 125 g/kg of pomace, respectively (Table 5 ). Table 4 Milk production and composition of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace Variable Grape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM) SEM P -value 0 90 150 210 L Q Milk yield (kg/day) 1.42 1.51 1.74 1.52 0.132 0.362 0.219 FCMY 3.5% (kg/day) 3.36 5.22 5.51 4.26 0.689 0.496 0.125 Fat (g/kg) 21.0 23.3 24.0 21.2 1.862 0.940 0.484 Solids (g/kg) 81.9 85.2 87.1 86.2 1.305 0.251 0.448 Density 1029 1031 1031 1031 0.442 0.129 0.390 Cryoscopic index (º H) -0.539 -0.562 -0.577 -0.568 0.011 0.327 0.480 Protein (g/kg) 30.1 31.3 32.0 31.6 0.485 0.260 0.451 Lactose (g/kg) 45.5 46.9 47.9 47.4 0.719 0.255 0.453 Salts (g/kg) 6.65 6.91 7.06 7.00 0.102 0.248 0.437 Abbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L = linear and Q = quadratic effect; FCMY = Fat corrected milk yield for 3.5% fat. Table 5 Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in milk of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace Fatty acids Grape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM) SEM P -Value (g/100g do total) 0 90 150 210 L Q C4:0 1.010 1.248 1.333 1.514 0.069 0.002 0.773 C6:0 1.523 1.864 1.858 2.004 0.067 0.003 0.316 C8:0 2.167 2.564 2.459 2.543 0.070 0.046 0.160 C10:0 9.541 10.091 9.455 9.022 0.203 0.127 0.126 C11:0 0.228 0.144 0.124 0.094 0.014 < 0.001 0.207 C12:0 5.478 5.434 4.747 4.175 0.198 < 0.001 0.270 C13:0 0.182 0.125 0.115 0.096 0.010 0.002 0.252 C14:0 11.786 11.667 10.865 10.206 0.262 0.001 0.421 C14:1 0.164 0.143 0.123 0.110 0.012 0.004 0.796 C15:0 1.273 1.007 0.981 0.979 0.046 0.002 0.129 C16:0 32.770 28.433 28.781 27.044 0.588 < 0.001 0.021 C16:1 0.659 0.629 0.481 0.536 0.045 0.022 0.365 C17:0 0.741 0.631 0.635 0.626 0.016 0.009 0.070 C18:0 8.486 11.043 12.059 13.226 0.517 < 0.001 0.273 C18:1 n-9 trans 0.285 0.287 0.330 0.321 0.017 0.080 0.757 C18:1 n-7 trans 1.962 1.490 1.840 1.910 0.186 0.819 0.163 C18:1 n-9 cis 16.541 18.012 18.458 19.915 0.484 < 0.001 0.989 C18:1 n-7 cis 0.381 0.325 0.287 0.306 0.019 0.007 0.073 C18:2 n-6 cis 9 trans 12 0.125 0.152 0.160 0.165 0.010 0.014 0.284 C18:2 n-6 cis 2.661 3.072 3.050 3.244 0.117 0.004 0.370 C18:3 n-6 0.023 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.001 0.019 0.404 C18:3 n-3 0.269 0.293 0.300 0.317 0.014 0.031 0.825 C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 (CLA) 0.990 0.634 0.762 0.795 0.094 0.297 0.055 C20:0 0.217 0.228 0.265 0.266 0.009 0.003 0.713 C20:1 n-9 0.040 0.037 0.036 0.040 0.002 0.995 0.213 C20:2 0.017 0.018 0.016 0.020 0.001 0.735 0.507 C20:3 n-6 0.022 0.025 0.019 0.022 0.002 0.169 0.921 C20:4 0.173 0.147 0.153 0.139 0.007 0.008 0.461 C20:5 n-3 (EPA) 0.024 0.018 0.017 0.024 0.002 0.781 0.005 C21:0 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.063 0.003 0.079 0.906 C22:0 0.061 0.071 0.089 0.093 0.005 0.008 0.773 C22:5 n-3 (DPA) 0.078 0.042 0.053 0.084 0.008 0.453 0.001 C22:6 n-3 (DHA) 0.019 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.003 0.891 0.317 C23:0 0.031 0.020 0.027 0.034 0.002 0.274 0.011 C24:0 0.027 0.019 0.021 0.029 0.002 0.424 0.012 Total SFA 75.566 74.641 73.879 72.013 0.599 0.002 0.522 Total MUFA 20.032 20.924 21.555 23.137 0.618 0.002 0.584 Total PUFA 4.402 4.435 4.566 4.850 0.175 0.076 0.485 n-6 2.831 3.273 3.249 3.453 0.121 0.003 0.339 n-3 0.391 0.363 0.386 0.444 0.022 0.088 0.074 n-6/n-3 7.407 9.054 8.603 7.900 0.458 0.621 0.019 Abbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L = linear and Q = quadratic effect; C4:0 - butyric acid; C6:0 – caproic acid; C8:0 - caprylic acid; C10:0 - capric acid; C11:0 – undecanoic acid; C12:0 – lauric acid; C13:0 - tridecanoic acid; C14:0 – myristic acid; C14:1 - myristoleic acid; C15:0 - pentadecanoic acid; C16:0 – palmitic acid; C16:1 - palmitoleic acid; C17:0 - heptadecanoic acid; C18:0 – stearic acid; C18:1 n-9 trans - elaidic acid; C18:1 n-7 trans - trans-vaccenic acid; C18:1 n-9 cis - oleic acid; C18:1 n-7 cis – cis-vaccenic acid; C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12 - linoleic acid isomer; C18:2 n-6 cis - linoleic acid; C18:3 n-6 - gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3 n-3 - alpha-linolenic acid; C18:2 cis9, trans11 - conjugated linoleic acid isomer (CLA); C20:0 - arachidic acid; C20:1 n-9 - eicosenoic acid; C20:2 - eicosadienoic acid; C20:3 n-6 - dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; C20:4 - Arachidonic acid; C20:5 n-3 (EPA) - eicosapentaenoic acid; C21:0 –heneicosylic acid; C22:0 – behenic acid; C22:5 n-3 (DPA) - docosapentaenoic acid; C22:6 n-3 (DHA) - docosahexaenoic acid; C23:0 – tricosanoic acid C24:0 – lignoceric acid; Total SFA – total saturated fatty acids; Total MUFA – total monounsaturated fatty acids; Total PUFA - total polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6 - omega-6; n-3 - omega-3; n-6/n-3 - omega-6/omega-3 ratio. C4:0: y = 0.0023x + 1.0149 (R² = 0.9873); C6:0: y = 0.0022x + 1.5699 (R² = 0.8903); C8:0: y = 0.0016x + 2.2523 (R² = 0.6172); C11:0: y = -0.0006x + 0.2182 (R² = 0.9538); C12:0: y = -0.0064x + 5.6753 (R² = 0.8471); C13:0: y = -0.0004x + 0.1742 (R² = 0.9341); C14:0: y = -0.0077x + 11.999 (R² = 0.8738); C14:1: y = -0.0003x + 0.1645 (R² = 0.994);C15:0: y = -0.0014x + 1.2174 (R² = 0.7718); C16:0: y = 0.0001x2–0.0477x + 32.599 (R² = 0.9172); C16:1: y = -0.0007x + 0.6602 (R² = 0.6611); C17:0: y = -0.0005x + 0.7174 (R² = 0.7336); C18:0: y = 0.0224x + 8.687 (R² = 0.985); C18:1 n-9 cis: y = 0.0153x + 16.513 (R² = 0.9699); C18:1 n-7 cis: y = -0.0004x + 0.37 (R² = 0.7774); C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12: y = 0.0002x + 0.1293 (R² = 0.9152); C18:2 n-6 cis: y = 0.0026x + 2.7163 (R² = 0.8828); C18:3 n-6: y = -0.00001x + 0.0235 (R² = 0.4064); C18:3 n-3: y = 0.0002x + 0.2703 (R² = 0.9845); C20:0: y = 0.0003x + 0.2144 (R² = 0.8706); C20:4: y = -0.0001x + 0.1694 (R² = 0.7976); C20:5 n-3: 0.0000007x2–0.0001x + 0.0247 (R² = 0.9633); C22:0: y = 0.0002x + 0.0597 (R² = 0.9528); C22:5 n-3: 0.000003x2–0.0007x + 0.0777 (R² = 0.9961); C23:0: y = 0.000001x2–0.0002x + 0.0307 (R² = 0.9309); C24:0: 0.0000008x2–0.0002x + 0.0267 (R² = 0.9993); Total SFA: y = -0.0162x + 75.842 (R² = 0.9205), Total MUFA: y = 0.0141x + 19.824 (R² = 0.9332); n-6: y = 0.0028x + 2.8916 (R² = 0.8806); n-6/n-3: y = -0.0001x2 + 0.0269x + 7.4427 (R² = 0.9583). Total MUFA and C18:1 n-9 cis increased linearly (+ 15.5% and + 20.4%, respectively) with the inclusion of DGP. However, the levels of C14:1 (-49.1%), C16:1 (-22.9%), and C18:1 n-7 cis (-24.5%) decreased as DGP was incorporated into the diets (Table 5 ). Increases were seen in the concentrations of C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12 (+ 32.0%), C18:2 n-6 cis (+ 21.9%), and C18:3 n-3 (+ 17.8%), while decreases were observed for C18:3 n-6 (-4.5%) and C20:4 (-24.5%). A quadratic response was noted for C20:5 n-3 (P = 0.005) and C22:5 n-3 (P 0.05) by the levels of grape pomace, with average values recorded at 0.795 and 4.563 g/100g, respectively (Table 5 ). An increase in the amount of omega-6 (P = 0.003; + 22.0%) was observed in the diet containing 210 g/kg DM, while the omega-3 levels were unaffected by the diet, averaging 0.396 g/100g (Table 5 ). The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio exhibited a quadratic response with the addition of grape pomace (P = 0.019), with the highest value estimated at an inclusion of 134.5 g/kg DM (Table 5 ). A decrease in the AI (-32.9%; P < 0.001) and TI (-11.0%; P < 0.013) of goat milk was observed with the highest level of DGP (Table 6 ). The DGP had a quadratic effect on FRAP, with the highest value estimated at 160 g/kg DM. Table 6 Atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (Folin) and phenolic compounds in the milk of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace Variable Grape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM) SEM P- value 0 90 150 210 L Q Atherogenic index 3.54 3.26 2.99 2.66 0.129 < 0.001 0.849 Thrombogenic index 7.22 6.79 6.66 6.51 0.185 0.013 0.470 De novo fatty acids 48.3 47.4 45.4 43.2 0.828 < 0.001 0.468 Δ9-Desaturase rations C14 index 1.37 1.19 1.13 1.08 0.080 0.018 0.414 C16 index 1.97 2.20 1.65 1.96 0.149 0.404 0.819 C18 index 66.1 62.7 60.5 60.1 1.361 0.004 0.282 FRAP 0.189 0.296 0.308 0.300 0.024 < 0.001 < 0.001 Folin (mg GAE/100 g) 194.3 212.5 215.3 230.0 10.907 < 0.001 0.521 P- value Procyanidin B1 0.487 n.d. n.d. 0.358 0.112 0.584 Procyanidin B2 1.15 n.d. n.d. 1.39 0.071 0.098 Abbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L = linear and Q = quadratic effect; n.d.: compound not determined. De novo fatty acids = y = -0.0245x + 48.795 (R² = 0.9287); C14 index = y = -0.0014x + 1.3478 (R² = 0.9519); C18 index = y = -0.0299x + 65.732 (R² = 0.9457); AI = y = -0.0041x + 3.5789 (R² = 0.9815); TI = y = -0.0034x + 7.1732; (R² = 0.9653); FRAP = y = -0.000005x2 + 0.0016x + 0.1902 (R² = 0.9944); Folin: y = 0.1604x + 194.98 (R² = 0.959). A linear increase (P < 0.001) in phenolic compounds (FOLIN) was observed with a higher inclusion of grape pomace (Table 6 ). A linear decrease was observed in de novo fatty acids (P 0.05) by levels of DGP, which had an average value of 1.95 (Table 6 ). Diets did not affect procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 levels in goat milk, reported as average values of 0.42 and 1.27 mg/L, respectively (Table 6 ). Discussion The lack of effects on milk production and composition aligns with those reported by Santos et al. ( 2014 ) and Ianni et al. ( 2019 ). The discovery of beneficial fatty acids in grape pomace has spurred research to enhance the quality of dairy products, ultimately improving the quality of life for regular consumers. Park et al. ( 2007 ) indicate that C10:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 account for more than 75% of the fatty acids found in sheep and goat milk, aligning with the findings of this research (> 79%). Changes in the fatty acid profile of milk are related to the roughage or lipid sources used in ruminant supplementation and the quantity of these sources in the diet. For instance, high forage/concentrate ratios, linseed oil, or vitamin E supplementation can play a role (Chilliard et al., 2007 ). In this study, the change in fatty acid profile is due to the forage source used, with grape pomace substituting for cactus pear, resulting in higher contents of NDF and ADF (Table 2 ). These nutritional fractions provide acetate and α-hydroxybutyrate, which are key precursors for synthesizing short- and medium-chain fatty acids in the mammary gland (Catunda et al., 2016 ). The observed increases in C4:0, C6:0, and C8:0 fatty acids and decreases in C12:0 to C17:0 fatty acids occurred with the inclusion of 210 g/kg of grape pomace in this study. The increase in short-chain fatty acids indicates that grape pomace impacted de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland, which is consistent with Baghsiyah et al. ( 2023 ), who discovered that diets with higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table 2 ) decrease de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland (Table 5 ). The reduction of C11:0 to C17:0 suggests that DGP levels influenced rumen carbohydrate fermentation, likely due to the increased lignin content in the experimental diets (Table 2 ). Higher levels of grape pomace, as shown in Table 2 , reduce non-fibrous carbohydrates, decreasing the synthesis of de novo fatty acids in the mammary gland (Manso et al., 2016 ). Raising levels of short-chain fatty acids is highly desirable, as they improve the digestibility of goat milk compared to cow milk (Renna et al., 2023 ) and offer significant nutraceutical potential. Resconi et al. ( 2018 ) documented an increase in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, explaining that the higher dietary fiber content promotes a greater acetate-to-propionate ratio, subsequently enhancing the biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids in the mammary gland. The decrease in C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C16:1 in milk is due to their lower dietary levels (Table 2 ). Consequently, the intestine absorbs a smaller amount of these acids, resulting in decreased activity of Δ -9 desaturase in the mammary gland (Correddu et al., 2016 ). Another contributing factor is the decrease in fermentable carbohydrates as grape pomace inclusion increases, as these carbohydrates serve as precursors for de novo fatty acid synthesis (Moate et al., 2008 ). The reduction of C17:0 aligns with the findings presented by Renna et al. ( 2023 ) and Manso et al. ( 2016 ). Odd and branched-chain fatty acids, such as heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), may partially stem from the elongation of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) or from bacteria serving as indicators of ruminal function, reflecting changes in microbial populations due to dietary modifications (Manso et al., 2016 ). In this study, the increase in C18:0 can be attributed to the ruminal environment's influence on the accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates or its role in limiting the conversion of trans -11 C18:1 to C18:0, which is affected by changes in pH and the type of ingested lipids (Tsiplakou and Zervas, 2008 ). Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid, and its increase in goat milk may be justified by its higher presence in diets with greater grape pomace inclusion (Table 2 ). A significant reduction in the amount of C14:1 was also reported by Silva et al. ( 2016 ) which is attributed to the presence of tannins in mango meal. This acid is produced by the desaturation of C14:0, which occurs entirely in the mammary gland (Bennato et al., 2022 ). Therefore, the decrease in the concentration of C14:0 observed in this study as DGP inclusion increased (Table 2 ) resulted in a lower quantity of C14:1. The increase in the concentration of C18:1 n-9 cis is due to its higher levels when the grape pomace was added (Table 2 ), contributing to the oleic acid content in milk fat. Additionally, oleic acid is synthesized in the mammary gland through the Δ -9 desaturase enzyme, which uses stearic acid as a substrate, making it a primary source of C18:1 n-9 cis in milk (Manso et al., 2016 ). The decrease in cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 cis) is attributed to the lower amounts of its precursor (C18:3 n-3) in the diet, which in turn influences its biohydrogenation process in the rumen through changes in bacterial flora (Buffa et al., 2020 ). Manso et al. ( 2016 ) and Buffa et al. ( 2020 ) report that linoleic acid in milk originates from exogenous sources (diets). The increase in this acid in milk is dose-dependent, with the highest levels observed in goats fed 210 g/kg of grape pomace (Table 5 ) despite its absence in the fatty acid profile of the experimental diets (Table 2 ). Given that grape seeds are a rich source of linoleic acid (Correddu et al., 2016 ), we hypothesize that grinding the grape pomace into 8 mm particles enhanced seed breakdown, releasing C18:2 n-6 cis. Along with soybean oil, this contributed to the higher concentrations of this acid in milk with increased grape pomace inclusion (Table 5 ). A higher inclusion of grape pomace in the diet can increase the C18:3 n-3 that escapes biohydrogenation and accumulates in the milk (Manso et al., 2016 ). The lack of effect observed for C18:2 cis9, trans11 (Conjugated Linoleic Acid - CLA) is consistent with findings by Buffa et al. ( 2020 ) and Tsiplakou and Zervas ( 2008 ). Mammary glands synthesize CLA through Δ -9 desaturase of vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans11), an intermediate formed during the biohydrogenation of C18:3 n-3 in the rumen. With increased grape pomace inclusion in the diet, the linolenic acid concentration decreased (Table 2 ), resulting in lower levels of cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 cis). This, combined with the lack of effect on trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 trans), may explain why there is no effect on conjugated linoleic acid. The decrease in the amount of C20:4 differs from the findings reported by Manso et al. ( 2016 ), Ianni et al. ( 2019 ) and Ferreira et al. (2023), who attribute the increase in C20:4 to higher levels of its precursor (C18:2 n-6 cis). Although the amount of linoleic acid increased with the inclusion of grape pomace, the reduction in C20:4 can be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in grape pomace, which alter the biohydrogenation pattern in the rumen and consequently affect the availability of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (Scerra et al., 2021 ). The presence of arachidonic acid, along with other very long-chain fatty acids, plays a significant role in brain and retinal function (Martin et al., 2006 ). The quadratic behavior for EPA and DPA, along with the absence of effect for DHA, contrasts with the findings reported by Buffa et al. ( 2020 ). The low concentration of this acid in goat milk can be linked to the higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio, which reduces the acid's concentration and, in turn, may contribute to the development of allergic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. A decrease in total SFA and an increase in MUFA (mainly oleic acid) lead to a lower thrombogenic index, reducing cardiovascular disease incidence. This demonstrates that including grape pomace in lactating goats' diet can enhance milk's functional properties (Tsiplakou and Zervas, 2008 ; Ianni et al., 2019 ). Rising ω-6 values are associated with the elevated amount of C18:2 n-6 cis in the diet, as omega-6 cannot be synthesized by the animal (Martin et al., 2006 ). According to Correddu et al. ( 2016 ), grape pomace seeds enhance milk's C18:2 n-6 cis content, as observed in milk from animals fed with 210 g/kg of grape pomace. The absence of C18:2 n-6 in the experimental diets can be attributed to dehydrating the samples in an oven at 55º C for 72 hours, thereby supporting the findings of Özcan and Uslu ( 2023 ). An increased concentration of omega-6 in goat milk is not beneficial for human health, while higher levels of CLA and omega-3 are recommended due to their positive effects, including anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, antiatherogenic, and other benefits (Trinchese et al., 2019 ). For beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in humans, it is recommended to maintain the ω-6/ω-3 ratio below 4, as indicated by Manso et al. ( 2016 ). The reduction observed in this study for AI and TI indicates that milk from goats fed 210 g/kg of DGP may provide relative benefits. This finding highlights the potential of DGP as a valuable dietary component for dairy goats. Fatty acids in milk can originate from plasma lipoproteins or de novo synthesis in the mammary gland through acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (Chilliard and Ferlay, 2004 ). The lower de novo synthesis observed in goats fed 210 g/kg DM of grape residue is explained by the amount of fatty acids in the diet (Table 2 ). That reduces the intake of fermentable organic matter, which alters the acetate: propionate ratio in the rumen and decreases the precursors for de novo synthesis in the mammary gland (Chilliard and Ferlay, 2004 ). Ruminants can convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids via the enzyme stearoyl CoA desaturase. This enzyme introduces double bonds at positions 9 and 10 of the fatty acid (Schennink et al., 2008 ). The results observed in this study regarding the C14 index support those reported by Bennato et al. ( 2022 ), who reported a decrease of -25.94% in the C14 index of sheep milk after 60 days of feeding on grape residue. The decrease in the C14 index can be explained by the lower concentration of myristic acid in milk due to the increase in DGP levels (Table 6 ) since the only source of C14:1 in milk is the desaturation of C14:0 in the mammary gland (Bennato et al., 2022 ). The decrease in the C18:0 index observed in this study contrasts with the result observed by Bennato et al. ( 2022 ) who observed an increase of 5.06% for this index. Although the amount of C18:0 and C18:1 n-9 cis in this study increases with the substitution of cactus pear with grape pomace (Table 5 ) and stearic acid is the substrate most used by Δ -9 desaturase, a decrease in the C18 index cannot be easily explained (Tsiplakou and Zervas, 2008 ). Antioxidants consumed in diets can be transferred to animal products (Buffa et al., 2020 ). The phenolic compounds identified in this study differ from the findings of Bennato et al. ( 2023 ), who did not find procyanidin in the milk of sheep-fed grape pomace. Procyanidin, especially procyanidin B2, is widely found in the plant kingdom, particularly in fruits like apples, pears, grapes, and peaches (Chen et al., 2023 ). While phenolic compounds are often linked to reduced nutrient digestibility and, therefore, lower animal performance, including them in the diet of dairy ruminants may help prevent the oxidation of fatty acids in milk (Santos et al., 2014 ). Regarding grape pomace, higher quantities of procyanidins B1, B2, B3, and B4 are predominantly found in white grapes, whereas red grapes exhibit higher concentrations of anthocyanins (Torres et al., 2002 ; Bennato et al., 2023 ). Despite identifying numerous phenolic compounds in cactus pear and dehydrated grape pomace, only procyanidin B1 and B2 in the milk can be attributed to rapid microbial degradation and limited ruminal absorption of components such as quercetin. This results in lower plasma concentrations and, consequently, reduced levels in goat milk (Landau et al., 2023 ). Conclusion Incorporating up to 210 g/kg of dry matter from dehydrated grape pomace as a replacement for cactus pear in the diet of lactating goats does not affect milk production or its physicochemical composition. However, it reduces medium-chain and total saturated fatty acids while enhancing goat milk's antioxidant activity and monounsaturated fatty acid levels. Therefore, including 210 g/kg dry matter of grape pomace is recommended for its potential to improve the antioxidant capacity and increase the concentration of health-promoting fatty acids in milk. Although the results using grape pomace as a substitute for cactus pear have positively modified goat milk quality, it is suggested that further studies evaluate the use of grape pomace with a larger number of animals, reporting effects on the lactation curve, economic viability, feed efficiency measures, rumen parameters, greenhouse gas mitigation, protein and energy metabolism. Declarations Financial support This study was financed in part by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brasil (CNPq) - Finance Code 408334/2021-5; and Science and Technology Support Foundation of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE) - Finance code APQ-1493-5.04/22. This project was developed with support from the Bahia State Research Support Foundation (FAPESB) through the granting of a Doctoral scholarship. Competing Interests All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Ethics approval The experimental procedures adhered to the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation established by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and received approval from the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) at the Federal University of São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), under protocol no. 0004/241121. Declaration of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors’ contribution E.M. Nascimento: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing - Review & Editing. T.M. Silva: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing. A.F. Garcez Neto: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing. F.B. Reis: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Validation. E.B.L. Santos: Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. V.A. Silva: Investigation, Data curation, Validation. A.G.V.O. Lima: Formal analysis, Software, Writing - Review & Editing. M.W.S. Cordeiro: Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing - Review & Editing. R. Wagner: Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing - Review & Editing. A.J.B.A. Carvalho: Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. M.S. Lima: Validation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. S.A. Moraes: Funding acquisition, Methodology. T.V. Voltolini: Funding acquisition, Methodology. Writing - Review & Editing. M.A.A. Queiroz: Funding acquisition, Methodology. S.A.F. Melo: Investigation, Data curation, Validation. S.N. Barbosa: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation. D.R. Menezes: Conceptualization, Investigation, Software, Funding acquisition, Validation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing. All authors contributed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Tropical Winery for donating the grape pomace, Casa de Queijos da Nia for providing part of its animals for this study, the Animal Nutrition Laboratory (LANA) of the Federal University of Paraná – Campus Palotina, Embrapa – Semiarid, Federal University of Santa Maria, Federal Institute of Sertão Pernambucano for the analyzes carried out. Data Availability Statement The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Abreu Filho, G., Silva, R.R., da Silva, F.F., da Silva, A.P.G., Paixão, T.P., de Souza, S.O., de Melo Lisboa, M., Barroso, D.S., Silva, J.W.D., Alba, H.D.R. and de Carvalho, G.G.P., 2022. 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12:02:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90427332,"identity":"96a818bc-45f0-4a7e-af32-f64a1478300e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 14:54:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1413684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7052914/v1/1952f14b-3825-4f76-8787-bf3e384542ed.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Fatty acids profile, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of Saanen goats milk fed on dehydrated grape pomace","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDairy goat farming is commonly practiced in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, where goat milk is regarded as a functional food because of its bioactive compounds, which display antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and other beneficial activities (Thakur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Cactus pear is commonly used in semi-arid regions in feed ruminants, as it is a food rich in water and energy value, with 64.47% NFC (Abreu Filho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and has high palatability, however, due to its low concentration of fibrous carbohydrates, it must be associated with a source of fiber in the diet. For this, agro-industrial by-products obtained from processing oilseeds or the fruit industry present potential alternatives for animal feed that do not compete with human food and can help lower feeding costs (Marcos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among the by-products used, grape pomace is notable as a source of roughage in dairy ruminants' diets, primarily used as silage or for dehydration (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Renna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis product, derived from grape processing, consists of skins, seeds, and stems, and is highly regarded by researchers and the nutraceutical industry due to its bioactive compounds. When incorporated into the diets of ruminants, these compounds modulate the animals' immune systems and enhance the oxidative stability of their products (Buffa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The fatty acid profile of grape pomace, along with its phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, can positively influence the composition of milk fatty acids and their antioxidant capacity (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Buffa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Renna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), thereby contributing to improved functional properties (Buffa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBennato et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) observed an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids without altering the overall composition of milk in dairy ewes. Phenolic compounds can influence the biohydrogenation process of fatty acids by modulating the microbial profile, which in turn affects the profile of these acids in milk (Nascimento et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The same authors noted an increase in the proportions of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-6, C18:3 n-3, and long-chain fatty acids, along with a decrease in the amounts of C11:0, C12:0, C14:0, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and the atherogenicity index in goat milk fat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn dairy sheep, Tsiplakou and Zervas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) observed a decrease of 38.2% in medium-chain saturated fatty acids and an increase of 27.1% in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Alba et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) found that incorporating 2% grape flour into sheep feed enhanced the milk's antioxidant capacity, health, and production efficiency. Research on the use of grape pomace in dairy goat feed and its effects on goat milk quality is crucial for implementing new technologies in dairy goat nutrition, eliciting adaptive responses from the animals, and improving milk quality in arid and semi-arid regions, where goat milk serves as the primary food source for the population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the changes brought about by grape pomace on the composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk enables better guidance on utilizing this by-product in animal feed. This aims to increase the quantity of health-beneficial fatty acids for consumers while providing oxidative stability to the product and its derivatives. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing cactus pear with grape pomace on nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as the qualitative milk traits of lactating Saanen goats. We hypothesize that dehydrated grape pomace as a substitute for cactus pear in the diet of lactating goats will improve the fatty acid profile of milk, enhance the antioxidant potential and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, and consequently improve goat milk quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnimals, experimental design and treatments\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The research and procedures involving animals were performed following the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation established by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA). The study received approval from the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) at the Federal University of S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley (UNIVASF) under protocol number 0004/241121. The experiment occurred at the Sheep and Goat Sector of UNIVASF, located on the Agricultural Sciences Campus in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The climate in this region is classified as semiarid (BSh) according to the K\u0026ouml;ppen climate classification, with an average temperature of 31.6\u0026ordm;C and a relative humidity of 46.1% during the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEight healthy, multiparous Saanen goats, averaging 4 years in age and weighing 41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56 kg (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean), were used in a double Latin square design (4x4). The treatments consisted of four diets in which cactus pear, serving as a source of roughage, was partially substituted with dehydrated grape pomace at 0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg based on dry matter (DM). The goats were housed in individual pens measuring 4.50 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, each equipped with a feeder, drinker, and access to mineral salt \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e. The experiment lasted 80 days and was divided into four experimental periods of 20 days each, with the first 15 days allotted for adaptation to the diet, followed by five days for collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples of the ingredients were collected and submitted for physicochemical analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The diet on dry matter (DM) basis was composed of 600 g/kg of roughage based on Elephant grass (\u003cem\u003eCenchrus purpureus\u003c/em\u003e Schum Syn. \u003cem\u003ePennisetum purpureus\u003c/em\u003e Schum), cactus and grape pomace, and 400 g/kg of concentrate: soybean meal, ground grain corn, cottonseed cake, soybean oil, mineral, and limestone salt (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This diet fulfilled the protein requirements (152.1 g/kg Crude protein-CP) for goats producing between 1.47 and 2.30 kg of milk per day (NRC, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the ingredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients \u003csup\u003eII\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComponent \u003csup\u003eI\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElephant grass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCactus pear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDehydrated grape pomace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCottonseed cake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround corn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e835.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e889.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e917.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e864.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e469.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e346.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthereal extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e737.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e652.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e257.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e544.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e411.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e546.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLignin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e343.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e516.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e633.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTDN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e527.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e605.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e644.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e594.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e747.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigestible energy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eAbbreviations: NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; NFC: non-fibrous carbohydrates; TDN: total digestible nutrients.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eII Additional ingredients: soybean oil: energy equivalent\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2048.0 g/kg DM; limestone: calcitic equivalent: 370.0 g/kg DM; Vet Phos Leite\u0026reg;, VilaVet Animal Health, S\u0026atilde;o Jos\u0026eacute; dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil, product guarantee levels: Vit A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300.000 UI/kg; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105.0 g/kg; Ca\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210.0 to 250.7 g/kg; S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.0 g/kg; Zn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3281.0 mg/kg; Cu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1353.0 mg/kg; Co\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120.0 mg/kg; I\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;154.0 mg/kg; Se\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.0 mg/kg; Mg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.0 g/kg; Mn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1450.0 mg/kg;Na\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70.0 g/kg; Fe\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400.0 mg/kg; F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1050.0 mg/kg; (1 kg of supplement).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProportion of ingredients, chemical composition and fatty acid profile (g/100g FAME) of diets fed to lactating goats in the experimental period\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComponent \u003csup\u003eI\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElephant grass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCactus pear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDehydrated grape pomace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCottonseed cake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround corn grain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e211.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMineral Supplement \u003csup\u003eII\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutritional composition (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e454.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e516.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e557.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e598.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthereal extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral detergent fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e406.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e441.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e465.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e489.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcid detergent fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e261.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e286.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLignin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-fibrous carbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e302.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e256.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal digestible nutrients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e622.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e602.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e575.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigestible energy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty Acid (g/100g FAME)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC12:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.711\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC14:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC16:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC16:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.530\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.684\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC17:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.445\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:1 n-9 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:3 n-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:3 n-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:1 n-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC22:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC23:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC24:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eC12:0 \u0026ndash; lauric acid; C14:0 \u0026ndash; myristic acid; C16:0 \u0026ndash; palmitic acid; C16:1 - palmitoleic acid; C17:0 - heptadecanoic acid; C18:0 \u0026ndash; stearic acid; C18:1 n-9 cis - oleic acid; C20:0 - arachidic acid; C18:3 n-6 - gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3 n-3 - alpha-linolenic acid; C20:1 n-9 - eicosenoic acid; C22:0 \u0026ndash; behenic acid; C23:0 \u0026ndash; tricosanoic acid C24:0 \u0026ndash; lignoceric acid;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eIIVet Phos Leite\u0026reg;, VilaVet Animal Health, S\u0026atilde;o Jos\u0026eacute; dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil product guarantee levels: Vit A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300.000 UI/kg; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105.0 g/kg; Ca\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210.0 to 250.7 g/kg; S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.0 g/kg; Zn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3281.0 mg/kg; Cu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1353.0 mg/kg; Co\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120.0 mg/kg; I\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;154.0 mg/kg; Se\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.0 mg/kg; Mg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.0 g/kg; Mn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1450.0 mg/kg;Na\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70.0 g/kg; Fe\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400.0 mg/kg; F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1050.0 mg/kg; (1 kg of supplement).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Tropical Winery in Lagoa Grande, Pernambuco, Brazil, supplied grape pomace for this study. The material was removed from the press after seven days of fermentation, yielding approximately 350 g/kg DM, primarily consisting of grape skins and seeds (Vitis vinifera cv. Carm\u0026eacute;n\u0026egrave;re, BRS Magna, BRS Violeta, It\u0026aacute;lia, Benitaka, and BRS Vit\u0026oacute;ria). Grape pomace underwent solar dehydration on a masonry floor, being turned every two hours and collected at the end of the day until the pomace attained approximately 850 g/kg DM. It was then crushed into 8 mm particles and stored in 60 x 115 cm polypropylene bags.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cactus used in the experiment was the \u003cem\u003eOpuntia stricta\u003c/em\u003e Haw. Cactus pear was harvested by hand at the start of each experimental period, with an estimated dry matter content of 120 g/kg DM. Following the harvest, it was stored in shaded conditions and sliced daily into 20 mm pieces using a motorized slicer (FP3001n, Laboremus, Campina Grande, Para\u0026iacute;ba, Brazil). After milking, the animals were fed twice daily, at 0900 and 1700 h, with approximately 50% of the daily ration given in the morning and 50% in the afternoon. The diet was adjusted daily according to the amount of leftovers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMilk collection and physicochemical analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily milk production (kg milk/day) was quantified during the five collection days of each experimental period. Milking was conducted manually twice a day, at 0800 and 1600 h, where samples were collected. Aliquots of 30 mL were taken during the morning and afternoon milking sessions and stored in sterile 300 mL bottles. These samples were maintained at -20\u0026ordm;C for later physicochemical analysis and lipid extraction. The milk was thawed gradually, and a 25 mL aliquot underwent physicochemical analysis to assess fat, defatted dry extract, density, protein, lactose, solids, freezing point, and salts using the Master Mini Milk Analyzer (AKSO\u0026reg;, S\u0026atilde;o Leopoldo, RS, Brazil), which is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor. The fat-corrected milk yield for 3.5% fat (FCMY) was calculated using the equation proposed by Sklan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e): FCMY = [0.432\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1625 \u0026times; % fat milk) \u0026times; milk yield (kg/d)].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLipids from milk and experimental diet samples were extracted according to Bligh and Dyer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e) with modifications using a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and water (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, 25 mg of lipids were subjected to a transesterification procedure described in method 5509 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 1978). This procedure produced fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through alkaline catalysis (KOH 2 M in methanol; 200 \u0026micro;L) and then partitioned into 1 mL of hexane. The FAME extract was subjected to automatic injection and subsequent analysis using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID, Star CX 3400, Varian, Palo Alto, United States) following the methodologies established by Chamorro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne microliter of the extract was introduced in split mode (1:20), with the injector temperature set to 250\u0026deg;C. Hydrogen gas with a purity level of 99.999% was used as the carrier gas, kept at a steady pressure of 25 psi. The separation of analytes took place in an HP-88 capillary column (100 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm i.d.; 0.20 \u0026micro;m stationary phase thickness; Bellefonte, USA). Initially, the column oven's temperature was set to start at 100\u0026deg;C for 1 minute. After that, it increased to 180\u0026deg;C at a rate of 15\u0026deg;C/min, followed by a gradual rise to 195\u0026deg;C at 0.5\u0026deg;C/min. Finally, it reached 230\u0026deg;C at 10\u0026deg;C/min, sustaining isothermal conditions for 5 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe elucidation of fatty acids was carried out through a comparative analysis of the experimental retention times against those of reference compounds, which included FAME Mix 37 (P/N 47885-U), linoleic acid conjugated methyl ester isomers (P/N O5632), cis/trans isomers of linoleic acid methyl ester (P/N 47791), a mix of linolenic acid methyl ester isomers (P/N 47792), trans-vaccenic acid methyl ester (P/N 46905-U), and docosapentaenoic methyl ester (P/N 47563-U) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The findings were expressed as a percentage of the total chromatographic area, considering the correction factors relevant to the Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and the conversion from ester to acid (Visentainer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were calculated using the equations proposed by Ulbricht and Southgate (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), with modifications by Nudda et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), in which C12:0 replaced C18:0: AI = [C12:0 + (4 \u0026times; C14:0)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0]/[(PUFA) + (MUFA)] and TI = (C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0)/[(0.5 \u0026times; MUFA) + (0.5 \u0026times; n-6) + (3 \u0026times; n-3) + (n-3/n-6)]. The \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids were calculated as the sum of C4:0 to C14:0 and 50% of C16:0 (Chilliard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e Desaturase ratios were determined according to Schennink et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) as follows: C14 index = [C14:1/(C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C14:1)] \u0026times; 100, C16 index = [C16:1/(C16:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:1)] \u0026times; 100, and C18 index = [C18:1 n-9cis/(C18:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:1 n-9 cis)] \u0026times; 100.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method was conducted according to Rufino et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and described by Nascimento et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The FRAP reagent was synthesized by combining 25 mL of acetate buffer solution (300 mM; pH 3.6), 2.5 mL of a 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) solution (10 mM TPTZ in 40 mM HCl), and 2.5 mL of FeCl\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (20 mM) in an aqueous medium. A 90 \u0026micro;L aliquot of the previously diluted milk sample was added to 2.7 mL of the FRAP reagent and kept at 37\u0026ordm;C in a water bath for 30 minutes. The absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm using a spectrophotometer, with calibration against the FRAP solution. The obtained results were subsequently analyzed against a standard curve of ferrous sulfate at concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 \u0026micro;mol/kg and expressed as mmol of Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e per kg of the analyzed sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds (PC) were determined using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu test (Singleton and Rossi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e). In a test tube, 100 \u0026micro;L of the milk sample, 7.90 mL of distilled water, and 0.50 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added. After 3 to 8 minutes, 1.50 mL of a saturated Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution (20%) was added, and the mixture was allowed to rest for 2 hours. The absorbance was subsequently measured at 765 nm in a 10 mm optical path glass cuvette using a UV-visible spectrophotometer model UV 2000A (Instrutherm, Brazil), which was zeroed with the reagent blank. Based on a calibration curve, the results were expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 grams of milk (mg GAE/100 g). A calibration curve was created using various concentrations of gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich\u0026reg;) ranging from 1 to 85 \u0026micro;g/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the Agilent 1260 Infinity LC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) to identify phenolic compounds (PC) in the milk of goats fed 0 and 210 g/kg DM, as well as in the grape pomace and cactus pear utilized. This system includes a quaternary pump, vacuum degasser, temperature-controlled column compartment, autosampler, diode array detector (DAD), and refractive index detector (RID).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe methodology proposed by Padilha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) was followed, with some modifications described by Dutra et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The compounds were initially separated using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus RP-C18 column (100 \u0026times; 4.6 mm; 3.5 \u0026micro;m) and a Zorbax C18 pre-column (12.6 \u0026times; 4.6 mm; 5 \u0026micro;m). The runtime was 33 minutes, with the following gradient: 0\u0026ndash;5 min: 5% B; 5\u0026ndash;14 min: 23% B; 14\u0026ndash;30 min: 50% B; 30\u0026ndash;33 min: 80% B. Barreto et al. (2023) delineated the mobile phases, which included a 0.1 M solution of phosphoric acid at a pH of 2.0 (referred to as A) and methanol acidified with 0.5% phosphoric acid (referred to as B).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds were identified at a wavelength of 220 nm for (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2; at 280 nm for gallic acid, syringic acid, hesperidin, cis-resveratrol, and naringenin; at 320 nm for caftaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and trans-resveratrol; and 360 nm for quercetin 3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol. Data acquisition and analysis were performed using OpenLAB CDS ChemStation Edition (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA). External standards of phenolic compounds were used to create calibration curves, and all analytical curves demonstrated R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values greater than 0.995.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data underwent analysis of variance and regression analysis (both linear and quadratic) at a significance level of 5%, utilizing the Statistical Analysis System 9.1 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 2003). The statistical model used for regression analysis was: Yijk\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;αi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;βj\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;γk(ij)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;eijk, where Yijk is the value observed in the experimental unit that received treatment k (in line i and column j), \u0026micro; is the overall mean, αi is the effect of line i (animal), βj is the effect of column j (period), γk(ij) is the treatment effect k applied to line i and column j (inclusion levels of the residue, 0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg DM), and eijk represents random error. Once the phenolic compounds were significant (FOLIN), the phenolic compounds procyanidin B1 and B2 were identified for a comparative study between the control and the highest level of grape residue using analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e present the chemical composition of the experimental ingredients and the proportions of these ingredients in the diets, respectively. When formulating diets for ruminants in semi-arid regions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), various protein and energy sources are utilized to minimize reliance on traditional foodstuffs that compete with human food. The grape pomace used in this study had a crude protein (CP) value of 152.6 g/kg dry matter (DM), enabling a reduction in the amount of soybean meal (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which is a costly protein source in the semi-arid region. Among the ingredients used (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), the grape pomace exhibited a high level of ether extract (EE), leading to an increase in this nutrient's presence in the experimental diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The descriptive analyses of the fatty acid profiles of the experimental diets, along with the FRAP, Folin, and PC results for cactus pear and dried grape pomace (DGP) used during the experimental period, are displayed in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive summary of antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (Folin) and polyphenols concentration determined in dehydrated grape pomace and cactus pear cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (\u003cem\u003eOpuntia stricta\u003c/em\u003e Haw)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCactus pear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFRAP (mmol/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolin (mg GAE/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4128.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1957.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyphenols (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCactus pear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCis\u003c/em\u003e-resveratrol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatechin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaffeic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaftaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyanidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDelphinidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpicatechin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpicatechin gallate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpigallocatechin gallate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHesperidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsorhamnetin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKaempferol 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvidin 3.5-diglucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyricetin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.543\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNaringenin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePelargonidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeonidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcyanidin A2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcyanidin B1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcyanidin B2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePetunidin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-Coumaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuercetin 3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRutin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-Resveratrol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic compounds (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eAbbreviations: DGP: dehydrated grape pomace; n.d.: compound not detected\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe DGP, as a substitute for cactus pear, did not alter the production and composition of goat's milk, averaging 1548 g; 4586 g; 22.4 g/kg; 85.1 g/kg; 1031.1; -0.562\u0026ordm;H; 31.3 g/kg; 46.8 g/kg; and 6.90 g/kg for milk yield, FCMY, fat content, solids, density, cryoscopic index, protein, lactose, and salts, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). While the diets did not affect SFA C10:0 and C21:0, the fatty acids C4:0 (+\u0026thinsp;49.9%), C6:0 (+\u0026thinsp;31.6%), C8:0 (+\u0026thinsp;17.4%), C18:0 (+\u0026thinsp;55.9%), C20:0 (+\u0026thinsp;22.6%), and C22:0 (+\u0026thinsp;52.5%) increased linearly with the inclusion of DGP. In contrast, a linear decrease was noted for C11:0 (-142.6%), C12:0 (-31.2%), C13:0 (-89.6%), C14:0 (-15.5%), C15:0 (-30.0%), C16:0 (-21.2%), and C17:0 (-18.4%) with the inclusion of up to 210 g/kg of DGP, leading to an overall reduction in total SFA (-4.93%). A quadratic response was observed for C23:0 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) and C24:0 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012), with the lowest values estimated at the inclusion of 100 g/kg and 125 g/kg of pomace, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMilk production and composition of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMilk yield (kg/day)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCMY 3.5% (kg/day)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFat (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.862\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolids (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDensity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCryoscopic index (\u0026ordm; H)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.539\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLactose (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalts (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAbbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;linear and Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;quadratic effect; FCMY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fat corrected milk yield for 3.5% fat.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in milk of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(g/100g do total)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.333\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC6:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.864\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC8:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.564\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.543\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC10:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC11:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC12:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.434\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC13:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC14:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.786\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC14:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC15:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC16:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC16:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC17:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:1 n-9 \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:1 n-7 \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:1 n-9 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:1 n-7 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:2 n-6 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e9 \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:2 n-6 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.661\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:3 n-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:3 n-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18:2 \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e9 \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e11 (CLA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:1 n-9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:3 n-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC20:5 n-3 (EPA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC21:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC22:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC22:5 n-3 (DPA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC22:6 n-3 (DHA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC23:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC24:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal SFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.641\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal MUFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal PUFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.435\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en-6/n-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.603\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.900\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eAbbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;linear and Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;quadratic effect; C4:0 - butyric acid; C6:0 \u0026ndash; caproic acid; C8:0 - caprylic acid; C10:0 - capric acid; C11:0 \u0026ndash; undecanoic acid; C12:0 \u0026ndash; lauric acid; C13:0 - tridecanoic acid; C14:0 \u0026ndash; myristic acid; C14:1 - myristoleic acid; C15:0 - pentadecanoic acid; C16:0 \u0026ndash; palmitic acid; C16:1 - palmitoleic acid; C17:0 - heptadecanoic acid; C18:0 \u0026ndash; stearic acid; C18:1 n-9 trans - elaidic acid; C18:1 n-7 trans - trans-vaccenic acid; C18:1 n-9 cis - oleic acid; C18:1 n-7 cis \u0026ndash; cis-vaccenic acid; C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12 - linoleic acid isomer; C18:2 n-6 cis - linoleic acid; C18:3 n-6 - gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3 n-3 - alpha-linolenic acid; C18:2 cis9, trans11 - conjugated linoleic acid isomer (CLA); C20:0 - arachidic acid; C20:1 n-9 - eicosenoic acid; C20:2 - eicosadienoic acid; C20:3 n-6 - dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; C20:4 - Arachidonic acid; C20:5 n-3 (EPA) - eicosapentaenoic acid; C21:0 \u0026ndash;heneicosylic acid; C22:0 \u0026ndash; behenic acid; C22:5 n-3 (DPA) - docosapentaenoic acid; C22:6 n-3 (DHA) - docosahexaenoic acid; C23:0 \u0026ndash; tricosanoic acid C24:0 \u0026ndash; lignoceric acid; Total SFA \u0026ndash; total saturated fatty acids; Total MUFA \u0026ndash; total monounsaturated fatty acids; Total PUFA - total polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6 - omega-6; n-3 - omega-3; n-6/n-3 - omega-6/omega-3 ratio.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eC4:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0023x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.0149 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9873); C6:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0022x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5699 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8903); C8:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0016x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.2523 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.6172); C11:0: y = -0.0006x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2182 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9538); C12:0: y = -0.0064x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.6753 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8471); C13:0: y = -0.0004x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1742 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9341); C14:0: y = -0.0077x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;11.999 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8738); C14:1: y = -0.0003x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1645 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.994);C15:0: y = -0.0014x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.2174 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.7718); C16:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001x2\u0026ndash;0.0477x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;32.599 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9172); C16:1: y = -0.0007x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.6602 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.6611); C17:0: y = -0.0005x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.7174 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.7336); C18:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0224x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.687 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.985); C18:1 n-9 cis: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0153x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;16.513 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9699); C18:1 n-7 cis: y = -0.0004x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.37 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.7774); C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1293 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9152); C18:2 n-6 cis: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0026x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.7163 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8828); C18:3 n-6: y = -0.00001x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0235 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.4064); C18:3 n-3: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2703 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9845); C20:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0003x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2144 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8706); C20:4: y = -0.0001x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1694 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.7976); C20:5 n-3: 0.0000007x2\u0026ndash;0.0001x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0247 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9633); C22:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0597 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9528); C22:5 n-3: 0.000003x2\u0026ndash;0.0007x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0777 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9961); C23:0: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000001x2\u0026ndash;0.0002x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0307 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9309); C24:0: 0.0000008x2\u0026ndash;0.0002x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0267 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9993); Total SFA: y = -0.0162x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;75.842 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9205), Total MUFA: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0141x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;19.824 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9332); n-6: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0028x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.8916 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.8806); n-6/n-3: y = -0.0001x2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0269x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7.4427 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9583).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal MUFA and C18:1 n-9 cis increased linearly (+\u0026thinsp;15.5% and +\u0026thinsp;20.4%, respectively) with the inclusion of DGP. However, the levels of C14:1 (-49.1%), C16:1 (-22.9%), and C18:1 n-7 cis (-24.5%) decreased as DGP was incorporated into the diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Increases were seen in the concentrations of C18:2 n-6 cis9 trans12 (+\u0026thinsp;32.0%), C18:2 n-6 cis (+\u0026thinsp;21.9%), and C18:3 n-3 (+\u0026thinsp;17.8%), while decreases were observed for C18:3 n-6 (-4.5%) and C20:4 (-24.5%). A quadratic response was noted for C20:5 n-3 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005) and C22:5 n-3 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with the lowest values estimated for the inclusion of 71.4 g/kg DM and 116.7 g/kg DM of pomace, respectively. The total amounts of C18:2 cis9, trans11, and PUFA were unaffected (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) by the levels of grape pomace, with average values recorded at 0.795 and 4.563 g/100g, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn increase in the amount of omega-6 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003; + 22.0%) was observed in the diet containing 210 g/kg DM, while the omega-3 levels were unaffected by the diet, averaging 0.396 g/100g (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio exhibited a quadratic response with the addition of grape pomace (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019), with the highest value estimated at an inclusion of 134.5 g/kg DM (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). A decrease in the AI (-32.9%; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and TI (-11.0%; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.013) of goat milk was observed with the highest level of DGP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The DGP had a quadratic effect on FRAP, with the highest value estimated at 160 g/kg DM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAtherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (Folin) and phenolic compounds in the milk of goats fed with different levels of dehydrated grape pomace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrape Pomace Levels (g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAtherogenic index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrombogenic index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.470\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDe novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ9-Desaturase rations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC14 index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC16 index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC18 index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.361\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFRAP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolin\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg GAE/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcyanidin B1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcyanidin B2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eAbbreviations: SEM: standard error of the mean; L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;linear and Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;quadratic effect; n.d.: compound not determined. \u003cem\u003eDe novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.0245x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;48.795 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9287); C14 index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.0014x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.3478 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9519); C18 index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.0299x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;65.732 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9457); AI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.0041x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.5789 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9815); TI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.0034x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7.1732; (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9653); FRAP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;y = -0.000005x2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0016x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1902 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.9944); Folin: y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1604x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;194.98 (R\u0026sup2; = 0.959).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA linear increase (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) in phenolic compounds (FOLIN) was observed with a higher inclusion of grape pomace (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). A linear decrease was observed in \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; -11.9%), the Δ-9 desaturase index of C14 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018; -26.5%), and C18 (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004; -10.0%) with the highest level of DGP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The C16 index was not significantly affected (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) by levels of DGP, which had an average value of 1.95 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Diets did not affect procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 levels in goat milk, reported as average values of 0.42 and 1.27 mg/L, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe lack of effects on milk production and composition aligns with those reported by Santos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and Ianni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The discovery of beneficial fatty acids in grape pomace has spurred research to enhance the quality of dairy products, ultimately improving the quality of life for regular consumers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePark et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that C10:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 account for more than 75% of the fatty acids found in sheep and goat milk, aligning with the findings of this research (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;79%). Changes in the fatty acid profile of milk are related to the roughage or lipid sources used in ruminant supplementation and the quantity of these sources in the diet. For instance, high forage/concentrate ratios, linseed oil, or vitamin E supplementation can play a role (Chilliard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the change in fatty acid profile is due to the forage source used, with grape pomace substituting for cactus pear, resulting in higher contents of NDF and ADF (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These nutritional fractions provide acetate and α-hydroxybutyrate, which are key precursors for synthesizing short- and medium-chain fatty acids in the mammary gland (Catunda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe observed increases in C4:0, C6:0, and C8:0 fatty acids and decreases in C12:0 to C17:0 fatty acids occurred with the inclusion of 210 g/kg of grape pomace in this study. The increase in short-chain fatty acids indicates that grape pomace impacted \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland, which is consistent with Baghsiyah et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who discovered that diets with higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) decrease \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The reduction of C11:0 to C17:0 suggests that DGP levels influenced rumen carbohydrate fermentation, likely due to the increased lignin content in the experimental diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Higher levels of grape pomace, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, reduce non-fibrous carbohydrates, decreasing the synthesis of \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids in the mammary gland (Manso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Raising levels of short-chain fatty acids is highly desirable, as they improve the digestibility of goat milk compared to cow milk (Renna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and offer significant nutraceutical potential. Resconi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) documented an increase in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, explaining that the higher dietary fiber content promotes a greater acetate-to-propionate ratio, subsequently enhancing the biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids in the mammary gland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe decrease in C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C16:1 in milk is due to their lower dietary levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, the intestine absorbs a smaller amount of these acids, resulting in decreased activity of Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase in the mammary gland (Correddu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Another contributing factor is the decrease in fermentable carbohydrates as grape pomace inclusion increases, as these carbohydrates serve as precursors for \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acid synthesis (Moate et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The reduction of C17:0 aligns with the findings presented by Renna et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Manso et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Odd and branched-chain fatty acids, such as heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), may partially stem from the elongation of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) or from bacteria serving as indicators of ruminal function, reflecting changes in microbial populations due to dietary modifications (Manso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the increase in C18:0 can be attributed to the ruminal environment's influence on the accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates or its role in limiting the conversion of \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-11 C18:1 to C18:0, which is affected by changes in pH and the type of ingested lipids (Tsiplakou and Zervas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid, and its increase in goat milk may be justified by its higher presence in diets with greater grape pomace inclusion (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A significant reduction in the amount of C14:1 was also reported by Silva et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) which is attributed to the presence of tannins in mango meal. This acid is produced by the desaturation of C14:0, which occurs entirely in the mammary gland (Bennato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the decrease in the concentration of C14:0 observed in this study as DGP inclusion increased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) resulted in a lower quantity of C14:1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increase in the concentration of C18:1 n-9 cis is due to its higher levels when the grape pomace was added (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), contributing to the oleic acid content in milk fat. Additionally, oleic acid is synthesized in the mammary gland through the Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase enzyme, which uses stearic acid as a substrate, making it a primary source of C18:1 n-9 cis in milk (Manso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The decrease in cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 cis) is attributed to the lower amounts of its precursor (C18:3 n-3) in the diet, which in turn influences its biohydrogenation process in the rumen through changes in bacterial flora (Buffa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManso et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and Buffa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) report that linoleic acid in milk originates from exogenous sources (diets). The increase in this acid in milk is dose-dependent, with the highest levels observed in goats fed 210 g/kg of grape pomace (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) despite its absence in the fatty acid profile of the experimental diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Given that grape seeds are a rich source of linoleic acid (Correddu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), we hypothesize that grinding the grape pomace into 8 mm particles enhanced seed breakdown, releasing C18:2 n-6 cis. Along with soybean oil, this contributed to the higher concentrations of this acid in milk with increased grape pomace inclusion (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA higher inclusion of grape pomace in the diet can increase the C18:3 n-3 that escapes biohydrogenation and accumulates in the milk (Manso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The lack of effect observed for C18:2 cis9, trans11 (Conjugated Linoleic Acid - CLA) is consistent with findings by Buffa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Tsiplakou and Zervas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Mammary glands synthesize CLA through Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase of vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans11), an intermediate formed during the biohydrogenation of C18:3 n-3 in the rumen. With increased grape pomace inclusion in the diet, the linolenic acid concentration decreased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), resulting in lower levels of cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 cis). This, combined with the lack of effect on trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7 trans), may explain why there is no effect on conjugated linoleic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe decrease in the amount of C20:4 differs from the findings reported by Manso et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Ianni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Ferreira et al. (2023), who attribute the increase in C20:4 to higher levels of its precursor (C18:2 n-6 cis). Although the amount of linoleic acid increased with the inclusion of grape pomace, the reduction in C20:4 can be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in grape pomace, which alter the biohydrogenation pattern in the rumen and consequently affect the availability of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (Scerra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of arachidonic acid, along with other very long-chain fatty acids, plays a significant role in brain and retinal function (Martin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe quadratic behavior for EPA and DPA, along with the absence of effect for DHA, contrasts with the findings reported by Buffa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The low concentration of this acid in goat milk can be linked to the higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio, which reduces the acid's concentration and, in turn, may contribute to the development of allergic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. A decrease in total SFA and an increase in MUFA (mainly oleic acid) lead to a lower thrombogenic index, reducing cardiovascular disease incidence. This demonstrates that including grape pomace in lactating goats' diet can enhance milk's functional properties (Tsiplakou and Zervas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Ianni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRising ω-6 values are associated with the elevated amount of C18:2 n-6 cis in the diet, as omega-6 cannot be synthesized by the animal (Martin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). According to Correddu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), grape pomace seeds enhance milk's C18:2 n-6 cis content, as observed in milk from animals fed with 210 g/kg of grape pomace. The absence of C18:2 n-6 in the experimental diets can be attributed to dehydrating the samples in an oven at 55\u0026ordm; C for 72 hours, thereby supporting the findings of \u0026Ouml;zcan and Uslu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn increased concentration of omega-6 in goat milk is not beneficial for human health, while higher levels of CLA and omega-3 are recommended due to their positive effects, including anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, antiatherogenic, and other benefits (Trinchese et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). For beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in humans, it is recommended to maintain the ω-6/ω-3 ratio below 4, as indicated by Manso et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reduction observed in this study for AI and TI indicates that milk from goats fed 210 g/kg of DGP may provide relative benefits. This finding highlights the potential of DGP as a valuable dietary component for dairy goats. Fatty acids in milk can originate from plasma lipoproteins or \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e synthesis in the mammary gland through acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (Chilliard and Ferlay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The lower \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e synthesis observed in goats fed 210 g/kg DM of grape residue is explained by the amount of fatty acids in the diet (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). That reduces the intake of fermentable organic matter, which alters the acetate: propionate ratio in the rumen and decreases the precursors for \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e synthesis in the mammary gland (Chilliard and Ferlay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuminants can convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids via the enzyme stearoyl CoA desaturase. This enzyme introduces double bonds at positions 9 and 10 of the fatty acid (Schennink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The results observed in this study regarding the C14 index support those reported by Bennato et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who reported a decrease of -25.94% in the C14 index of sheep milk after 60 days of feeding on grape residue. The decrease in the C14 index can be explained by the lower concentration of myristic acid in milk due to the increase in DGP levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) since the only source of C14:1 in milk is the desaturation of C14:0 in the mammary gland (Bennato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The decrease in the C18:0 index observed in this study contrasts with the result observed by Bennato et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) who observed an increase of 5.06% for this index. Although the amount of C18:0 and C18:1 n-9 cis in this study increases with the substitution of cactus pear with grape pomace (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and stearic acid is the substrate most used by Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase, a decrease in the C18 index cannot be easily explained (Tsiplakou and Zervas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntioxidants consumed in diets can be transferred to animal products (Buffa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The phenolic compounds identified in this study differ from the findings of Bennato et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who did not find procyanidin in the milk of sheep-fed grape pomace. Procyanidin, especially procyanidin B2, is widely found in the plant kingdom, particularly in fruits like apples, pears, grapes, and peaches (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). While phenolic compounds are often linked to reduced nutrient digestibility and, therefore, lower animal performance, including them in the diet of dairy ruminants may help prevent the oxidation of fatty acids in milk (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding grape pomace, higher quantities of procyanidins B1, B2, B3, and B4 are predominantly found in white grapes, whereas red grapes exhibit higher concentrations of anthocyanins (Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Bennato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Despite identifying numerous phenolic compounds in cactus pear and dehydrated grape pomace, only procyanidin B1 and B2 in the milk can be attributed to rapid microbial degradation and limited ruminal absorption of components such as quercetin. This results in lower plasma concentrations and, consequently, reduced levels in goat milk (Landau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIncorporating up to 210 g/kg of dry matter from dehydrated grape pomace as a replacement for cactus pear in the diet of lactating goats does not affect milk production or its physicochemical composition. However, it reduces medium-chain and total saturated fatty acids while enhancing goat milk's antioxidant activity and monounsaturated fatty acid levels. Therefore, including 210 g/kg dry matter of grape pomace is recommended for its potential to improve the antioxidant capacity and increase the concentration of health-promoting fatty acids in milk. Although the results using grape pomace as a substitute for cactus pear have positively modified goat milk quality, it is suggested that further studies evaluate the use of grape pomace with a larger number of animals, reporting effects on the lactation curve, economic viability, feed efficiency measures, rumen parameters, greenhouse gas mitigation, protein and energy metabolism.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFinancial support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was financed in part by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brasil (CNPq) - Finance Code 408334/2021-5; and Science and Technology Support Foundation of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE) - Finance code APQ-1493-5.04/22. This project was developed with support from the Bahia State Research Support Foundation (FAPESB) through the granting of a Doctoral scholarship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e The experimental procedures adhered to the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation established by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and received approval from the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) at the Federal University of S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), under protocol no. 0004/241121.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eE.M. Nascimento: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. T.M. Silva: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. A.F. Garcez Neto: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. F.B. Reis: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Validation. E.B.L. Santos: Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. V.A. Silva: Investigation, Data curation, Validation. A.G.V.O. Lima: Formal analysis, Software, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. M.W.S. Cordeiro: Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. R. Wagner: Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. A.J.B.A. Carvalho: Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. M.S. Lima: Validation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. S.A. Moraes: Funding acquisition, Methodology. T.V. Voltolini: Funding acquisition, Methodology. Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. M.A.A. Queiroz: Funding acquisition, Methodology. S.A.F. Melo: Investigation, Data curation, Validation. S.N. Barbosa: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation. D.R. Menezes: Conceptualization, Investigation, Software, Funding acquisition, Validation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. All authors contributed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Tropical Winery for donating the grape pomace, Casa de Queijos da Nia for providing part of its animals for this study, the Animal Nutrition Laboratory (LANA) of the Federal University of Paran\u0026aacute; \u0026ndash; Campus Palotina, Embrapa \u0026ndash; Semiarid, Federal University of Santa Maria, Federal Institute of Sert\u0026atilde;o Pernambucano for the analyzes carried out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbreu Filho, G., Silva, R.R., da Silva, F.F., da Silva, A.P.G., Paix\u0026atilde;o, T.P., de Souza, S.O., de Melo Lisboa, M., Barroso, D.S., Silva, J.W.D., Alba, H.D.R. and de Carvalho, G.G.P., 2022. Effects of replacing ground corn with Nopalea cochenillifera meal on the intake, performance, and economic viability of grazing steers Tropical Animal Health and Production, 54 (Springer Netherlands). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-03029-y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlba, D.F., Campigotto, G., Cazarotto, C.J., dos Santos, D.S., Gebert, R.R., Reis, J.H., Souza, C.F., Baldissera, M.D., Gindri, A.L., Kempka, A.P., Palmer, E.A., Vedovatto, M. and Da Silva, A.S., 2019. Use of grape residue flour in lactating dairy sheep in heat stress: Effects on health, milk production and quality Journal of Thermal Biology, 82, 197\u0026ndash;205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.007. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndrade Barreto, S.M., Martins da Silva, A.B., Prud\u0026ecirc;ncio Dutra, M. da C., Costa Bastos, D., de Brito Ara\u0026uacute;jo Carvalho, A.J., Cardoso Viana, A., Narain, N. and dos Santos Lima, M., 2023. Effect of commercial yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on fermentation metabolites, phenolic compounds, and bioaccessibility of Brazilian fermented oranges Food Chemistry, 408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaghsiyah, M.B., Bashtani, M., Farhangfar, S.H. and Sarir, H., 2023. Effect of Grape By-Products Inclusion on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Milk Fatty Acid Composition in Lactating Saanen Goats Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 13, 731\u0026ndash;742 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBennato, F., Ianni, A., Florio, M., Grotta, L., Pomilio, F., Saletti, M.A. and Martino, G., 2022. Nutritional Properties of Milk from Dairy Ewes Fed with a Diet Containing Grape Pomace Foods, 11, 1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131878. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBennato, F., Ianni, A., Oliva, E., Franceschini, N., Grotta, L., Sergi, M. and Martino, G., 2023. 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Rapid determination of flavonoids and phenolic acids in grape juices and wines by RP-HPLC/DAD: Method validation and characterization of commercial products of the new Brazilian varieties of grape Food Chemistry, 228, 106\u0026ndash;115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.137. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark, Y.W., Ju\u0026aacute;rez, M., Ramos, M. and Haenlein, G.F.W., 2007. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk Small Ruminant Research, 68, 88\u0026ndash;113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRenna, M., Mart\u0026iacute;nez Mar\u0026iacute;n, A.L., Lussiana, C., Colonna, L., Mimosi, A. and Cornale, P., 2023. 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The effect of dietary inclusion of olive tree leaves and grape marc on the content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the milk of dairy sheep and goats Journal of Dairy Research, 75, 270\u0026ndash;278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029908003270.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlbricht T.L., Southgate, D.A., 1991. Review article - Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet 338, 985-992. http://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-M. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisentainer, J.V., 2012. Aspectos anal\u0026iacute;ticos da resposta do detector de ioniza\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde; o em chama para \u0026eacute;steres de \u0026aacute;cidos graxos em biodiesel e alimentos Quimica Nova, 35, 274\u0026ndash;279. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000200008. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Atheronegic index. Conjugated linoleic acid. De novo fatty acids. Oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids. Thrombogenic index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGrape pomace is an agro-industrial by-product rich in phenolic compounds with the potential to be used in diets for goats and increase the nutraceutical properties of milk. This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating dehydrated grape pomace (DGP) into the diets of Saanen goats on the composition, fatty acid profile, nutritional indices of fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of their milk. Eight multiparous Saanen goats, averaging approximately four years of age and weighing 41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56 kg, were employed in a double Latin square (4 x 4) design. Diets were formulated with increasing levels of grape pomace (0, 90, 150, and 210 g/kg Dry Matter - DM), replacing cactus. The concentration of C18:2 n-6 cis and C18:3 n-3 increased (+\u0026thinsp;21.9% and +\u0026thinsp;17.8%, respectively) with the grape pomace inclusion. There was a reduction in the atherogenic (-32.9%) and thrombogenic (-11.0%) indices of goat milk with the increase in DGP levels. There was a reduction in \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e fatty acids (-11.7%), Δ\u003csup\u003e-9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase of C14 (-26.5%) and C18 (-10.0%) indexes with the highest level of DGP. There was a quadratic effect for Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and a linear effect for phenolic compounds (PC), where the highest values were observed at the estimated levels of 160 g/kg and 210 g/kg DM, respectively. Supplementing dairy goats\u0026rsquo; diets with dehydrated grape pomace up to 210 g/kg dry matter enhances the fatty acid profile and nutritional indices of fatty acids of Saanen goat milk without altering its basic composition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fatty acids profile, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of Saanen goats milk fed on dehydrated grape pomace","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-27 11:04:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052914/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ecff4e4-d3be-45ba-ab5c-0921c5756fb0","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-02T14:46:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-27 11:04:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7052914","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7052914","identity":"rs-7052914","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}