Green SDG-Based Remediation of Sugarcane Vinasse via HA–nCaO: Integrating Computational Sustainability Evaluation with Innovative COD Removal, Organic Load, and pH Control

Green SDG-Based Remediation of Sugarcane Vinasse via HA–nCaO: Integrating Computational Sustainability Evaluation with Innovative COD Removal, Organic Load, and pH Control | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Green SDG-Based Remediation of Sugarcane Vinasse via HA–nCaO: Integrating Computational Sustainability Evaluation with Innovative COD Removal, Organic Load, and pH Control Mahmoud F. Mubarak, Ahmed M. Saleh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7285242/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The indiscriminate disposal of sugarcane vinasse, a deadly acid-soaked waste, has already begun to poison the planet. This monstrous byproduct is not just contaminating water and soil; it’s pushing ecosystems to the brink of collapse while its treatment remains a significant environmental challenge. In this study for the first time, a novel composite adsorbent was developed by integrating green-synthesized nano-calcium oxide (nCaO) with humic acid (HA), aiming to enhance the physicochemical remediation of vinasse. The HA–nCaO composite was synthesized via a simple aqueous co-precipitation method, followed by ultrasonic-assisted stabilization. Comprehensive characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET confirmed the formation of a mesoporous hybrid material with high surface area (112.6 m²/g), strong basicity, and functionalized surface chemistry. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the composite’s performance under varying conditions (dosage, contact time, temperature, and initial pH). The results demonstrated that at an optimal dosage of 5 g/L, the HA–nCaO composite achieved a COD removal of 82.4%, total organic carbon (TOC) reduction of 76.1%, and color removal efficiency of 89.5% within 90 minutes of treatment. Additionally, the acidic pH was effectively neutralized to a pH of 7.6 ± 0.2 without the need for external alkali agents. The integration of chalcogel facilitated partial precipitation of suspended solids and volatile fatty acids, reducing the organic load, with kinetic modeling revealing that COD removal followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.991), indicating a chemisorption-dominant mechanism. Furthermore, reusability tests showed that the composite retained over 68% of its efficiency after four regeneration cycles. Utilizing newly launched sustainability evaluation software metrics using Need Quality Sustainability (NQS) index with Koel’s Pyramid software computational metrics, this study achieves superior results in alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Vinasse treatment Humic acid Nano-calcium oxide COD reduction Organic pollutant removal UN Sustainable Development Goals Need Quality Sustainability (NQS) index Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables 1 to 7 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Suplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7285242","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":497849327,"identity":"805b5962-9598-4e01-bf57-3875c3333c5d","order_by":0,"name":"Mahmoud F. 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7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColor removal efficiency under varying treatment durations.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7285242/v1/c73a97b5996ebe0cac429981.jpg"},{"id":88921932,"identity":"04c320be-f10e-4e9a-9d42-ff32a9257534","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 17:38:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative performance of HA–nCaO, CaO, and HA on COD reduction.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7285242/v1/74d1f550bb75a59350a4d784.jpg"},{"id":88921156,"identity":"63f77256-3d97-40da-9a95-e14064d4abdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 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Sustainability Evaluation with Innovative COD Removal, Organic Load, and pH Control\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vinasse treatment, Humic acid, Nano-calcium oxide, COD reduction, Organic pollutant removal, UN Sustainable Development Goals, Need Quality Sustainability (NQS) index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7285242/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7285242/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe indiscriminate disposal of sugarcane vinasse, a deadly acid-soaked waste, has already begun to poison the planet. This monstrous byproduct is not just contaminating water and soil; it\u0026rsquo;s pushing ecosystems to the brink of collapse while its treatment remains a significant environmental challenge. In this study for the first time, a novel composite adsorbent was developed by integrating green-synthesized nano-calcium oxide (nCaO) with humic acid (HA), aiming to enhance the physicochemical remediation of vinasse. The HA\u0026ndash;nCaO composite was synthesized via a simple aqueous co-precipitation method, followed by ultrasonic-assisted stabilization. Comprehensive characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET confirmed the formation of a mesoporous hybrid material with high surface area (112.6 m\u0026sup2;/g), strong basicity, and functionalized surface chemistry. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the composite\u0026rsquo;s performance under varying conditions (dosage, contact time, temperature, and initial pH). The results demonstrated that at an optimal dosage of 5 g/L, the HA\u0026ndash;nCaO composite achieved a COD removal of 82.4%, total organic carbon (TOC) reduction of 76.1%, and color removal efficiency of 89.5% within 90 minutes of treatment. Additionally, the acidic pH was effectively neutralized to a pH of 7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 without the need for external alkali agents. The integration of chalcogel facilitated partial precipitation of suspended solids and volatile fatty acids, reducing the organic load, with kinetic modeling revealing that COD removal followed a pseudo-second-order model (R\u0026sup2; = 0.991), indicating a chemisorption-dominant mechanism. Furthermore, reusability tests showed that the composite retained over 68% of its efficiency after four regeneration cycles. Utilizing newly launched sustainability evaluation software metrics using Need Quality Sustainability (NQS) index with Koel\u0026rsquo;s Pyramid software computational metrics, this study achieves superior results in alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Green SDG-Based Remediation of Sugarcane Vinasse via HA–nCaO: Integrating Computational Sustainability Evaluation with Innovative COD Removal, Organic Load, and pH Control","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-12 17:21:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7285242/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-25T10:27:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T06:31:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-24T07:47:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"222510582918313820248790041869697901917","date":"2025-08-21T11:16:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"39443414699272343968567373212892815162","date":"2025-08-19T13:33:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-17T20:01:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T19:19:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T08:35:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19106943809226782877976369171191873365","date":"2025-08-08T18:25:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"29195891966345742141727780172240868637","date":"2025-08-08T16:07:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"53181576154250333318588624239494113331","date":"2025-08-07T10:50:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T10:40:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T10:22:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T08:44:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-06T17:48:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-06T17:44:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7088ccfc-2b43-4597-b97a-9dfbf53bc851","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":53063428,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":53063429,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53063430,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":53063431,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:04:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7285242","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26216-5","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-27 15:58:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 17:21:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-26216-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26216-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7285242","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7285242","identity":"rs-7285242","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}